1
|
Valderas-García E, Castilla-Gómez de Agüero V, González Del Palacio L, Galli G, Escala N, Ruiz-Somacarrera M, González-Warleta M, Del Olmo E, Balaña-Fouce R, Martínez-Valladares M. New benzimidazole derivative compounds with in vitro fasciolicidal properties. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:173. [PMID: 38570858 PMCID: PMC10993450 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control of the zoonotic food-borne parasite Fasciola hepatica remains a major challenge in humans and livestock. It is estimated that annual economic losses due to fasciolosis can reach US$3.2 billion in agriculture and livestock. Moreover, the wide distribution of drug-resistant parasite populations and the absence of a vaccine threaten sustainable control, reinforcing the need for novel flukicides. METHODS The present work analyses the flukicidal activity of a total of 70 benzimidazole derivatives on different stages of F. hepatica. With the aim to select the most potent ones, and screenings were first performed on eggs at decreasing concentrations ranging from 50 to 5 µM and then on adult worms at 10 µM. Only the most effective compounds were also evaluated using a resistant isolate of the parasite. RESULTS After the first screenings at 50 and 10 µM, four hit compounds (BZD31, BZD46, BZD56, and BZD59) were selected and progressed to the next assays. At 5 µM, all hit compounds showed ovicidal activities higher than 71% on the susceptible isolate, but only BZD31 remained considerably active (53%) when they were tested on an albendazol-resistant isolate, even with values superior to the reference drug, albendazole sulfoxide. On the other hand, BZD59 displayed a high motility inhibition when tested on adult worms from an albendazole-resistant isolate after 72 h of incubation. CONCLUSIONS BZD31 and BZD59 compounds could be promising candidates for the development of fasciolicidal compounds or as starting point for the new synthesis of structure-related compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elora Valderas-García
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Verónica Castilla-Gómez de Agüero
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Laura González Del Palacio
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Giulio Galli
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Nerea Escala
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Somacarrera
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigacións Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL-Xunta de Galicia, Abegondo, 15318, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Esther Del Olmo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Valladares
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dube A, Kalinda C, Manyangadze T, Mindu T, Chimbari MJ. Effects of temperature on the life history traits of intermediate host snails of fascioliasis: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011812. [PMID: 38048345 PMCID: PMC10721167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of climate change has led to variations in various biological processes, leading to altered transmission dynamics of infectious diseases, including snail-borne diseases (SBDs). Fascioliasis is one of the neglected zoonotic tropical snail-borne diseases caused by the trematode of the genus Fasciola. This review focused on laboratory experimental and model studies that evaluate the potential effect of temperature change on the ecology and biology of the intermediate host snails (IHS) of Fasciola. METHODS A literature search was conducted on Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, and PubMed databases using predefined medical subject heading terms, Boolean operators, and truncation symbols in combination with direct keywords: Fasciolosis AND Temperature, Lymnaea OR Austropeplea OR Radix OR Galba OR Fossaria OR Pseudosuccinea AND growth, fecundity, AND survival at the global scale. Other search terms used were (Fascioliasis AND Temperature), (Lymnaea AND Temperature), (Austropeplea AND Temperature), (Fossaria AND Temperature), (Galba AND Temperature), (Pseudosuccinea AND Temperature), and (Radix AND Temperature). RESULTS The final synthesis included thirty-five published articles. The studies reviewed indicated that temperature rise may alter the distribution, and optimal conditions for breeding, growth, and survival of IHS, ultimately resulting in changing the transmission dynamics of fascioliasis. The literature also confirmed that the life history traits of IHS and their interaction with the liver fluke parasites are driven by temperature, and hence climate change may have profound outcomes on the population size of snails, parasite density, and disease epidemiology. CONCLUSION We concluded that understanding the impact of temperature on the growth, fecundity, and survival of IHS may broaden our knowledge of the possible effects of climate change and hence inform fascioliasis control programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agrippa Dube
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Chester Kalinda
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University of Global Health Equity (UGHE), Bill and Joyce Cummings Institute of Global Health, Kigali Heights, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Tawanda Manyangadze
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Geosciences Department, School Geosciences, Disaster and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Bindura University of Science and Technology, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Tafadzwa Mindu
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Moses John Chimbari
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Office of the Pro-Vice Chancellor: Academic Affairs, Research and Innovation, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yousaf MS, Kamani L, Fareed G, Khan AMK. A common presentation of uncommon disease - Biliary Fasciola Hepatica. Trop Doct 2023; 53:502-504. [PMID: 37165596 DOI: 10.1177/00494755231174264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary fascioliasis is one of the rare but important parasitic infection in endemic areas such as Pakistan. Clinical manifestations overlap with common clinical conditions such as hepatitis and biliary stones causing common bile duct obstruction. Fascioliasis is a zoonotic infection caused by a leaf-shaped organism known as Fasciola Hepatica. Humans are accidentally infected by consuming contaminated water or food, especially undercooked cattle and sheep liver or raw green vegetables. We report three cases with similar clinical manifestations presenting in two different cities in Pakistan. After detailed clinical evaluation and laboratory investigations, the diagnosis was established by abdominal ultrasound and diagnostic and therapeutic cholangiography. Patients were followed till complete resolution of their symptoms and normalisation of liver function tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mian Shah Yousaf
- Assistant Professor, Peshawar Medical College, Peshawar, Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Lubna Kamani
- Consultant, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Sind, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Fareed
- Consultant, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Sind, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ibrahim N, Abdel Khalek EM, Makhlouf NA, Abdel-Gawad M, Mekky M, Ramadan HKA, Abu-Elfatth A, El-Latif NA, Hassan MK, Eldeeb R, Abdelmalek M, Abd-Elsalam S, Attia H, Mohammed AQ, Aboalam H, Farouk M, Alboraie M. Clinical characteristics of human fascioliasis in Egypt. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16254. [PMID: 37758788 PMCID: PMC10533839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42957-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of epidemiological data on fascioliasis in Egypt regarding disease characteristics and treatment outcomes across different governorates. We aimed to identify the demographic, epidemiologic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients diagnosed with fascioliasis in Egypt. Data on human fascioliasis were collected retrospectively from patients' medical records in the period between January 2018 and January 2020. The study included 261 patients. More than 40% of enrolled patients were in the age group of 21-40 years old. Geographically, 247 (94.6%) were from Assiut Governorate with 69.3% were from rural areas. The most frequent symptoms were right upper quadrant pain (96.9%), and fever (80.1%). Eosinophilia was found in 250 cases (95.8%). Hepatic focal lesions were detected in 131 (50.2%); out of them 64/131 (48.9%) had a single lesion. All patients received a single dose of 10 mg/kg of triclabendazole, 79.7% responded well to a single dose, while in 20.3% a second ± a third dose of treatment was requested. After therapy, there was a reduction in leucocytes, Fasciola antibodies titer, eosinophilic count, bilirubin, and liver enzymes with an increase in hemoglobin level. According to our findings, a high index of suspicion should be raised in cases with fever, right upper abdominal pain, and peripheral eosinophilia, and further imaging workup is mandated to detect hepatic focal lesions. Prompt treatment by triclabendazole can serve as a standard-of-care regimen even for suspected cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagat Ibrahim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Assiut Liver Center, Ministry of Health, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Nahed A Makhlouf
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Abdel-Gawad
- Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Infectious Diseases Department, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71631, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Mekky
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Haidi Karam-Allah Ramadan
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abu-Elfatth
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Naglaa Abd El-Latif
- Parasitology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa Khalaf Hassan
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Assiut Liver Center, Ministry of Health, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rabab Eldeeb
- Tropical Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelmalek
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Hanaa Attia
- General Manager of Endemic Diseases Control, Ministry of Health, Behera, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Qasem Mohammed
- Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Infectious Diseases Department, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71631, Egypt
| | - Hani Aboalam
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Assiut Liver Center, Ministry of Health, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Farouk
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Luxor University, Luxor, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Alboraie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alvi MA, Khalid A, Ali RMA, Saqib M, Qamar W, Li L, Ahmad B, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Genetic variation and population structure of Fasciola hepatica: an in silico analysis. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2155-2173. [PMID: 37458821 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a trematode leading to heavy economic setbacks to the livestock sector globally. The population's genetic information and intimate kinship level are frequently assessed using analysis of mitochondrial DNA. In this analysis, we retrieved cox1 (n = 247) and nad1 (n = 357) sequences of F. hepatica from the NCBI GenBank database and aligned the sequences with the respective reference sequences using MEGA software. The median joining network was drawn using PopArt software while neutrality and diversity indices were estimated with the help of DnaSp software. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed using the MEGA software package. A total of 46 and 98 distinctive haplotypes were observed for cox1 and nad1 genes, respectively. Diversity indices indicated high haplotype and nucleotide diversities in both genes. Positive Tajima's D and Fu's Fs values were found for the entire population of both the genes under study. The cox1 and nad1 gene segments in this study showed high Tajima's D values, suggesting a low likelihood of future population growth. The Tajima's D value of the nad1 gene sequence is lower (2.14910) than that of the cox1 gene sequence (3.40314), which suggests that the former is growing at a slower rate. However, the region-wise analysis revealed that both the cox1 and nad1 genes showed deviation from neutrality suggesting a recent population expansion as a result of an excess of low-frequency polymorphism. Furthermore, the overall host-wise analysis showed positive and significant Tajima's D values for the cox1 and nad1 gene sequences. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to provide insights into genetic variations and population structure of F. hepatica at a global scale using cox1 and nad1 genes. Our findings suggest the existence of specific variants of F. hepatica in different parts of the world and provide information on the molecular ecology of F. hepatica. The results of this study also mark a critical development in upcoming epidemiological investigations on F. hepatica and will also contribute to understanding the global molecular epidemiology and population structure of F. hepatica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Khalid
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Athar Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
de Mello AB, Baccega BF, Martins FO, da Rosa Farias NA, de Giacometi M, da Fonseca RN, de Oliveira Hübner S, Soares MP, Oliveira CB. Microscopic alterations in Fasciola hepatica treated with the essential oils of Pelargonium graveolens and Citrus aurantium. Vet Parasitol 2023; 314:109863. [PMID: 36565643 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is one of the most important parasitic diseases in animal health, affecting mainly ruminants, causing economic and productivity losses. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro ovicidal and adulticidal activity of essential oils (EOs) from Pelargonium graveolens (geranium) and Citrus aurantium (sour orange) on Fasciola hepatica. Performed Gas Chromatography of EOs P. graveolens and C. aurantium, with major compound, citronellol (31.37 %) and limonene (93.89 %), respectively. For the cytotoxicity assay, the sour orange EO showed to be promising when used in lower concentrations. For the ovicidal tests, the eggs were incubated with geranium EOs at concentrations from 4.5 to 0.03375 mg/mL and sour orange at concentrations from 4.25 to 0.031875 mg/mL, along with controls. The viable eggs were counted on the 14th day post-incubation. Adult forms of F. hepatica were incubated containing the EOs and observed for 24 h after treatment, as well as the control groups. Later the specimens were fixed for histological analysis. Geranium and sour orange EOs in trematode eggs at the concentrations tested were 100 % effective in inactivating hatching (p < 0.05) when compared to the untreated control. In the adulticidal test, the essential oil of P. graveolens at both concentrations tested (0.0675 and 0.03375) within 15 h, promoted the death of flukes. For C. aurantium, 18 h was enough to inactivate all specimens, up to a concentration of 0.06375. The histological analysis, observed the accumulation of liquid in the tegument in the specimens incubated in C. aurantium and P. graveolens, with vacuolization in the tegument and spines, preventing externalization. The results of the study present OEs with efficient ovicidal and adulticidal activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Fruet Baccega
- Federal University of Pelotas, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mauro Pereira Soares
- Federal University of Pelotas, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang J, He K, Wu Z, Jin W, Wu W, Guo Y, Zhang W, Di W. Development of a colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip for the rapid detection of antibodies against Fasciola gigantica in buffalo. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1004932. [PMID: 36187830 PMCID: PMC9523912 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1004932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundFasciola gigantica, a tropical liver fluke, infects buffalo in Asian and African countries, causing significant economic losses and posing public health threats. The diagnostic of buffalo fascioliasis caused by F. gigantica is vital in fascioliasis control and preventation. The 22nd gel filtration chromatography fraction of F. gigantica Excretory-Secretory Products (FgESP), namely Fasciola 22 (F22), which was used as a diagnostic antigen in indirect ELISA, has demonstrated great potential for fascioliasis diagnosing. In the absence of rapid diagnostic methods, the use of a colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip based on F22 was applied to detect F. gigantica infection in buffalo.MethodsIn the present study, the 22nd gel filtration chromatography fraction of FgESP (F22) was used as an antigen to establish the colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip (ICS). The nitrocellulose membrane was incubated with F22 at the test line (T line) and goat anti-mouse secondary antibody at the control line (C line). The mouse anti-buffalo secondary antibody 2G7 conjugated to colloidal gold particles was used as the detection system for line visualization. The strip was assembled and developed by optimizing reaction conditions. The sensitivity, specificity, stability, and early diagnostic value of the strip were evaluated employing buffalo-derived sera.ResultsAn immunochromatographic strip for the rapid detection of antibodies against F. gigantica-FgICS was developed. The strip demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity tests confirmed positive results even when the positive reference serum was diluted 4,096 times. Except for one Schistosoma japonicum-positive serum that tested positive via FgICS, specificity tests confirmed no cross-reactivity with other positive sera of Schistosoma japonicum and Babesia bovis. The strip remained stable after storage at 4°C for up to 3 months. In infected buffalo, antibodies could be detected as early as 14–21 days post-infection. The detection of 17 positive sera yielded an 82.4% positive rate via FgICS vs. a 100.0% positive rate via ELISA based on FgESP. For FgICS, the 95% confidence interval of sensitivity was 84.8–95.4%, while specificity was 4.2–14.7%.ConclusionThe immunochromatographic strip FgICS developed in this study provides a simple and rapid method of F. gigantica antibody detection and infected buffalo monitoring in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kangxin He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhengjiao Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weikun Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wende Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanfeng Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Weiyu Zhang
| | - Wenda Di
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Wenda Di
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Quinteros SL, O'Brien B, Donnelly S. Exploring the role of macrophages in determining the pathogenesis of liver fluke infection. Parasitology 2022; 149:1364-1373. [PMID: 35621040 PMCID: PMC11010472 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The food-borne trematodes, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, are classified as group 1 biological carcinogens: definitive causes of cancer. By contrast, infections with Fasciola hepatica, also a food-borne trematode of the phylum Platyhelminthes, are not carcinogenic. This review explores the premise that the differential activation of macrophages during infection with these food-borne trematodes is a major determinant of the pathological outcome of infection. Like most helminths, the latter stages of infection with all 3 flukes induce M2 macrophages, a phenotype that mediates the functional repair of tissue damaged by the feeding and migratory activities of the parasites. However, there is a critical difference in how the development of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages is regulated during infection with these parasites. While the activation of the M1 macrophage phenotype is largely suppressed during the early stages of infection with F. hepatica, M1 macrophages predominate in the bile ducts following infection with O. viverrini and C. sinensis. The anti-microbial factors released by M1 macrophages create an environment conducive to mutagenesis, and hence the initiation of tumour formation. Subsequently, the tissue remodelling processes induced by the M2 macrophages promote the proliferation of mutated cells, and the expansion of cancerous tissue. This review will also explore the interactions between macrophages and parasite-derived signals, and their contributions to the stark differences in the innate immune responses to infection with these parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susel Loli Quinteros
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Bronwyn O'Brien
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Sheila Donnelly
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kurnianto H, Ramanoon SZ, Aziz NAA, Indarjulianto S. Prevalence, risk factors, and infection intensity of fasciolosis in dairy cattle in Boyolali, Indonesia. Vet World 2022; 15:1438-1448. [PMID: 35993064 PMCID: PMC9375217 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1438-1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Fasciolosis is a significant problem in veterinary and public health, causing huge economic losses. Epidemiological studies of fasciolosis in dairy cattle in Indonesia are few and existing reports primarily focus on prevalence. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors, and infection intensity of fasciolosis in dairy cattle in Boyolali, Indonesia.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 400 dairy cattle from 72 household farms in eight subdistricts. Fecal samples (n=400) were examined using the Flukefinder® kit and the simple sedimentation technique was the gold standard for fasciolosis. In-person interviews using questionnaires collected data on farmers, farms, and animal characteristics. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associated risk factors for fasciolosis, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The overall prevalence of fasciolosis in dairy cattle in Boyolali, Indonesia, was 16.50% (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.85-20.15) at the animal level (n = 400), whereas 40.28% at household farms (n = 72) level (95% CI 18.67-51.88). The relative sensitivity and specificity of the Flukefinder® kit compared with those of the gold standard were 79.49% and 92.52%, respectively, with a moderate agreement (kappa=0.59; p < 0.001). Fasciolosis was more likely in cattle originating from the Mojosongo subdistrict than from other subdistricts (odds ratio (OR)=5.28, 95% CI 1.22-22.94); from farms that did not process manure versus from those that did (OR = 3.03, 95% CI 1.43-4.71); and with farmers that had never attended extension programs compared with those who had (OR = 4.72, 95% CI 1.99-11.19). Studied cattle were mostly affected by light Fasciola spp. infections (92.4%, 95% CI 77.8-100%) followed by moderate (6.1%, 95% CI 0-22.2%) and heavy (1.5%, 95% CI 0-5.6%) infections.
Conclusion: Fasciolosis is prevalent in dairy cattle in Boyolali, Indonesia. Control efforts should target the high-risk Mojosongo subdistrict, emphasize the importance of processing manure, and encourage farmers to attend extension programs. Flukefinder® is a practical on-site diagnostic kit for fasciolosis in Indonesian dairy farms. Parasite species identification and a malacological survey of intermediate hosts of Fasciola spp. in the farming environment are required for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heri Kurnianto
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Agriculture Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia
| | - Siti Zubaidah Ramanoon
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azlina Abdul Aziz
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soedarmanto Indarjulianto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
A Comparative Study of Fasciola Parasite Infection Rates in Local and Imported Sheep in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.2.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica are two trematodes (liver flukes) that cause water- and food-borne disease Fasciolosis. Many animals are involved in the life cycle of the Fasciola spp., such as sheep, cattle, and camels, and humans are the definitive host. This work investigated the prevalence of Fasciola among imported and local slaughtered sheep and the relation between infection rate and seasons of the year. A total of 720,290 local and imported sheep (251,701 and 468,489, respectively) were slaughtered in a Jeddah slaughterhouse (Western region of Saudi Arabia) over the periods of 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020. In the three years of inspection, the infection rate at slaughter was higher among imported than local sheep. In 2017-2018, both local and imported sheep had the highest level of infection in the spring and the lowest in the winter. However, in 2018-2019, the highest rate of infection for both was documented in the summer and the lowest in the winter. Lastly, in 2019-2020, the highest rate of infection for local sheep was observed in the summer of 2020 and the lowest rate of infection was observed in the spring of 2020. Among imported sheep, the highest rate of infection was in the summer and the lowest was in winter for both 2019 and 2020. To control this disease, there is the need to apply for successful integrated programs and practice adaptive management techniques.
Collapse
|
11
|
Barbour T, Cwiklinski K, Lalor R, Dalton JP, De Marco Verissimo C. The Zoonotic Helminth Parasite Fasciola hepatica: Virulence-Associated Cathepsin B and Cathepsin L Cysteine Peptidases Secreted by Infective Newly Excysted Juveniles (NEJ). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123495. [PMID: 34944270 PMCID: PMC8698070 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fasciolosis, caused by the worm parasite Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke), is a global disease of farm animals and a neglected disease of humans. Infection arises from the ingestion of resistant metacercariae that contaminate vegetation. Within the intestine, the parasite excysts as an active larvae, the newly excysted juvenile (NEJ), that borrows through the intestinal wall to infect the host and migrates to the liver. NEJ release, tissue penetration and migration are facilitated by enzymes secreted by the parasite, namely, cathepsin B1 (FhCB1), cathepsin B2 (FhCB2), cathepsin B3 (FhCB3) and cathepsin L3 (FhCL3). While our knowledge of these enzymes is growing, we have yet to understand why the parasites require all four of them to invade the host. In this study, we produced functional recombinant forms of these enzymes and demonstrated that they vary greatly in terms of activity, optimal pH and substrate specificity, suggesting that, combined, these enzymes provide the parasite with an efficient digestion system for different host tissues and molecules. We also identified several compounds that inhibited the activity of these enzymes, but did not affect the ability of the larvae to excyst or survive. However, this does not exclude these enzymes as targets for development of drugs or vaccines. Abstract Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica is a major global disease of livestock and an important neglected helminthiasis of humans. Infection arises when encysted metacercariae are ingested by the mammalian host. Within the intestine, the parasite excysts as a newly excysted juvenile (NEJ) that penetrates the intestinal wall and migrates to the liver. NEJ excystment and tissue penetration are facilitated by the secretion of cysteine peptidases, namely, cathepsin B1 (FhCB1), cathepsin B2 (FhCB2), cathepsin B3 (FhCB3) and cathepsin L3 (FhCL3). While our knowledge of these peptidases is growing, we have yet to understand why multiple enzymes are required for parasite invasion. Here, we produced functional recombinant forms of these four peptidases and compared their physio-biochemical characteristics. Our studies show great variation of their pH optima for activity, substrate specificity and inhibitory profile. Carboxy-dipeptidase activity was exhibited exclusively by FhCB1. Our studies suggest that, combined, these peptidases create a powerful hydrolytic cocktail capable of digesting the various host tissues, cells and macromolecules. Although we found several inhibitors of these enzymes, they did not show potent inhibition of metacercarial excystment or NEJ viability in vitro. However, this does not exclude these peptidases as targets for future drug or vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara Barbour
- School of Biological Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (T.B.); (K.C.); (J.P.D.)
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- School of Biological Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (T.B.); (K.C.); (J.P.D.)
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Richard Lalor
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - John Pius Dalton
- School of Biological Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (T.B.); (K.C.); (J.P.D.)
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Carolina De Marco Verissimo
- School of Biological Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (T.B.); (K.C.); (J.P.D.)
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lalor R, Cwiklinski K, Calvani NED, Dorey A, Hamon S, Corrales JL, Dalton JP, De Marco Verissimo C. Pathogenicity and virulence of the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola Gigantica that cause the zoonosis Fasciolosis. Virulence 2021; 12:2839-2867. [PMID: 34696693 PMCID: PMC8632118 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1996520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis caused by the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica is one of the most important neglected parasitic diseases of humans and animals. The ability of the parasites to infect and multiply in their intermediate snail hosts, and their adaptation to a wide variety of mammalian definitive hosts contribute to their high transmissibility and distribution. Within the mammalian host, the trauma caused by the immature flukes burrowing through the liver parenchyma is associated with most of the pathogenesis. Similarly, the feeding activity and the physical presence of large flukes in the bile ducts can lead to anemia, inflammation, obstruction and cholangitis. The high frequency of non-synonymous polymorphisms found in Fasciola spp. genes allows for adaptation and invasion of a broad range of hosts. This is also facilitated by parasite’s excretory-secretory (ES) molecules that mediate physiological changes that allows their establishment within the host. ES contains cathepsin peptidases that aid parasite invasion by degrading collagen and fibronectin. In the bile ducts, cathepsin-L is critical to hemoglobin digestion during feeding activities. Other molecules (peroxiredoxin, cathepsin-L and Kunitz-type inhibitor) stimulate a strong immune response polarized toward a Treg/Th2 phenotype that favors fluke’s survival. Helminth defense molecule, fatty acid binding proteins, Fasciola-specific glycans and miRNAs modulate host pro-inflammatory responses, while antioxidant scavenger enzymes work in an orchestrated way to deter host oxidant-mediated damage. Combining these strategies Fasciola spp. survive for decades within their mammalian host, where they reproduce and spread to become one of the most widespread zoonotic worm parasites in the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lalor
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nichola Eliza Davies Calvani
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Amber Dorey
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Siobhán Hamon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jesús López Corrales
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - John Pius Dalton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Carolina De Marco Verissimo
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rehman ZU, Martin K, Zahid O, Ali Q, Rashid I, Hafeez MA, Ahmad N, Ashraf K, Betson M, Sargison ND, Chaudhry U. High-throughput sequencing of Fasciola spp. shows co-infection and intermediate forms in Balochistan, but only Fasciola gigantica in the Punjab province of Pakistan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 94:105012. [PMID: 34302994 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica are digenetic trematodes causing fasciolosis in ruminants. The host and geographical distribution of both Fasciola species are influenced by environmental and climatic conditions favouring survival and development of free-living stages and intermediate hosts, and livestock management practices. The aim of the present study was to describe the host distribution of the two Fasciola species in buffalo, cattle, goats, and sheep in the Balochistan and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. 359 flukes were collected from a total of 32 livers from the four livestock species. Deep amplicon sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region 2 of ribosomal DNA (rDNA ITS-2) and mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase 1 (mtDNA ND-1) loci confirmed co-infection of F. hepatica and F. gigantica in Balochistan and single species F. gigantica infection in Punjab. In Balochistan, co-infections and hybrids of both Fasciola species were identified in cattle, with more F. hepatica detected than F. gigantica. However, F. hepatica was the only species identified in goats, and F. gigantica was the only species identified in buffalo. In Punjab, all flukes were confirmed as F. gigantica in each of the four livestock species. Overall, the results indicate differences in the host and geographical distribution of F. gigantica and F. hepatica, and provide useful knowledge for the development of control strategies for livestock and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ur Rehman
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Kirsty Martin
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Osama Zahid
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Qasim Ali
- Department of Parasitology, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtoon Khah, Pakistan
| | - Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Mian Abdul Hafeez
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmad
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Ashraf
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Martha Betson
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Neil D Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan; Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Leerapun A, Puasripun S, Kijdamrongthum P, Thongsawat S. Human fascioliasis presenting as liver abscess: clinical characteristics and management. Hepatol Int 2021; 15:804-811. [PMID: 33866512 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-021-10180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human fascioliasis, caused by the liver flukes F. hepatica, and F. gigantica, is a neglected tropical disease that causes health problems in many regions of the world. This disease can be classified as either acute or chronic based depending on the clinical manifestations and laboratory findings. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the demographic data, clinical features, radiologic manifestations, and the response to specific treatment of patients diagnosed with hepatic fascioliasis as well as fasciola liver abscess in Thailand. RESULTS A total of 175 patients were included in the study, 126 patients were females (72%), while the mean age was 47.8 years (16-84 years). The most common symptoms were abdominal pain (74.9%), weight loss (29.1%) and fever (28%). Peripheral eosinophilia was observed in 92% of patients. The typical radiologic findings discovered conglomerated hypodensity which are rim-enhancing lesions located in the subcapsular and peripheral region of the liver. Most of patients were improved after a single dose of triclabendazole treatment. Adding antibiotic had no statistical impact on treatment outcome (p = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS Human fascioliasis presents with a wide clinical spectrum; therefore, a high index of suspicion is required to establish a correct diagnosis. Clinicians need to be aware of hepatic fascioliasis when patients in such endemic areas present as hypereosinophilia and typical liver imaging. Prompt specific treatments will contribute towards a satisfactory outcome in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apinya Leerapun
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Siripa Puasripun
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Phuripong Kijdamrongthum
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Satawat Thongsawat
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mirzadeh A, Jafarihaghighi F, Kazemirad E, Sabzevar SS, Tanipour MH, Ardjmand M. Recent Developments in Recombinant Proteins for Diagnosis of Human Fascioliasis. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:13-25. [PMID: 32974849 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fascioliasis is an important neglected tropical disease that causes severe injury to the bile ducts and liver. Therefore, a rapid and accurate method for detection of Fasciola hepatica infection plays a vital role in early treatment. Currently, the diagnosis of fascioliasis is mainly conducted via serological tests using the excretory/secretory (E/S) products, which might cross-react with antigens from other helminth parasitic diseases. Hence, the development of serodiagnosis test using recombinant antigens may contribute to differentiate fascioliasis from other helminth infections. In the past 20 years, many attempts have been made to exert different F. hepatica recombinant antigens to obtain a well-established standard assay with high accuracy. In this review, we address recent studies that refer to the development of serodiagnosis tests for diagnosis of human fascioliasis based on the candidate recombinant antigens produced by different approaches. Meanwhile, in the present review, some main factors have been highlighted to improve the accuracy of diagnostic tests such as the effect of refolding methods to recover antigens' tertiary structure as well as applying a mixture of recombinant antigens with the highest sensitivity and specificity to improve the accuracy of diagnostic tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Mirzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Farid Jafarihaghighi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, 1584743311, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Kazemirad
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokouh Shahrokhi Sabzevar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Tanipour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mehdi Ardjmand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, 1584743311, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yirsaw A, Baldwin CL. Goat γδ T cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103809. [PMID: 32795585 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Goats are important food animals and are disseminated globally because of their high adaptability to varying environmental conditions and feeding regimes that provide them with a comparative advantage. Productivity is impacted by infectious diseases; this then contributes to societal poverty, food insecurity, and international trade restrictions. Since γδ T cells have been shown to have vital roles in immune responses in other mammals we reviewed the literature regarding what is known about their functions, distribution in tissues and organs and their responses to a variety of infections in goats. It has been shown that caprine γδ T cells produce interferon-γ and IL-17, are found in a variety of lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues and constitute a significant population of blood mononuclear cells. Their representation in tissues and their functional responses may be altered concomitant with infection. This review summarizes caprine γδ T cell responses to Brucella melitensis, Fasciola hepatica, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), and Schistosoma bovis in infected or vaccinated goats. Caprine γδ T cells have also been evaluated in goats infected with M. caprae, Ehrilichia ruminantium, Haemonchus contortus and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus but found to have an unknown or limited response or role in either protective immunity or immunopathogenesis in those cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alehegne Yirsaw
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rokni MB, Bashiri H, Raeghi S, Teimouri A, Shojaeimotlagh V, Shiee MR, Bozorgomid A. Molecular phylogenetic and genetic variability of Fasciola gigantica in Kermanshah province, western Iran with an overview to understand haplotypes distribution in Asia and Africa. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2020; 11:265-271. [PMID: 33133464 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2019.98547.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, diagnostic tools to detect and differentiate Fasciola species have improved, but our understanding of the distribution of haplotypes and population structure of this parasite is less clear. This study was designed to survey this gap in the F. gigantica epidemiology in Kermanshah province, western Iran from 2015 to 2017. Sixty-eight Fasciola isolates were collected from slaughterhouses from this province. We evaluated the PCR-RFLP assay of the ITS1 genes for the identification of Fasciola species using the RsaI enzyme. After Fasciola species identification, the partial sequence of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) gene of F. gigantica was used for subsequent construction of the phylogenetic tree and network analysis. Based on the PCR-PRFLP profile, one (6.25%) of sheep isolates and 19 (39.60%) of cattle isolates were detected as F. gigantica, whereas 93.75% of sheep isolates, 60.40% of cattle isolates and all of the goat isolates were F. hepatica. In the 20 analyzed flukes, five ND1 haplotypes were detected. Statistically significant genetic differentiation was demonstrated between the Iran population and all the other populations. Evidence is presented for the existence of two well-separated populations: African and West Asian gigantica flukes and East Asian gigantica flukes. Genetic relationships among haplotypes were associated with geographical divisions. Also, our results have heightened our knowledge about the genetic diversity of F. gigantic, providing the first evidence for the existence of two well-separated populations of this parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagher Rokni
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homayoon Bashiri
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saber Raeghi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Aref Teimouri
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Shojaeimotlagh
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shiee
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Bozorgomid
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
González-Miguel J, Becerro-Recio D, Siles-Lucas M. Insights into Fasciola hepatica Juveniles: Crossing the Fasciolosis Rubicon. Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:35-47. [PMID: 33067132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unraveling the molecular interactions governing the first contact between parasite and host tissues is of paramount importance to the development of effective control strategies against parasites. In fasciolosis, a foodborne trematodiasis caused mainly by Fasciola hepatica, these early interactions occur between the juvenile worm and the host intestinal wall a few hours after ingestion of metacercariae, the infectious stage of the parasite. However, research on these early events is still scarce and the majority of studies have focused on the adult worm. Here, we review current knowledge on the biology and biochemistry of F. hepatica juveniles and their molecular relationships with the host tissues and identify the research needs and gaps to be covered in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier González-Miguel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - David Becerro-Recio
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rinaldi L, Folliero V, Restivo L, Foglia F, Franci G, Chianese A, Iuliano N, De Luca S, Guerrera B, Del Viscovo L, Adinolfi LE. Atypical Presentation of a Rare Parasitic Infection with Fasciola hepatica: A Multidisciplinary Case Report. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2020; 21:e924704. [PMID: 32936789 PMCID: PMC7520130 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.924704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease caused by Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica). This infection is associated with a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms such as fever, eosinophilia, and gastrointestinal symptoms. CASE REPORT We report a case of F. hepatica abdominal mass in the peri-pancreatic region in a 58-year-old man, returned from Venezuela. The patient developed abdominal pain, nausea, anorexia, and weakness. Radiological investigations showed hepatomegaly, as well as mild intra-hepatic and extrahepatic ductal dilatation. The increase in eosinophilia, elevated total IgE titer, and anamnestic data suggested the hypothesis of parasitic infection. The diagnosis was established by high serological titer against F. hepatica. CONCLUSIONS The development of abdominal mass, with jaundice and dilation of the biliary tract, does not always suggest the presence of heteroplasia. Systemic parasitosis represents a not negligible event, especially considering the personal history of life in endemic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciano Restivo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Carlo Regional Hospital, Potenza, Italy
| | - Francesco Foglia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Salerno Medical School, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Natalina Iuliano
- Department of General and Specialist Medicine, Internal Medicine Unit, S. G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | - Serena De Luca
- Department of Advanced Biochemical Sciences, Radiology Unit, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Guerrera
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Del Viscovo
- Department of Precision Medicine, Section of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Elio Adinolfi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chetri PB, Shukla R, Tripathi T. Identification and characterization of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase from the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13372. [PMID: 32770017 PMCID: PMC7415141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver fluke zoonoses, Fasciola spp. are parasitic helminths infecting humans and animals globally. Recent sequencing of the genome of Fasciola gigantica has provided a basis to understand the biochemistry of this parasite. Here, we identified the cytosolic malate dehydrogenase in F. gigantica (FgMDH) and characterized the enzyme biochemically and structurally. F. gigantica encodes a single cytosolic MDH, a key enzyme of the citric acid cycle. It catalyzes the reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate using NAD+. The Fgmdh gene was amplified and cloned for expression of the recombinant protein. The purified protein showed a molecular weight of ~ 36 kDa that existed in a dimeric form in solution. The recombinant enzyme was catalytically active as it catalyzed both forward and reverse reactions efficiently. The kinetic parameters were determined for both directions. The structure of FgMDH and human MDH were modeled and validated. The superimposition of both the model structures showed overall structural similarity in the active site loop region, however, the conformation of the residues was different. Molecular docking elucidated the binding sites and affinities of the substrates and cofactors to the enzyme. Simulation of molecular dynamics and principal component analysis indicated the stability of the systems and collective motions, respectively. Understanding the structural and functional properties of MDH is important to better understand the roles of this enzyme in the biochemistry of the parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Purna Bahadur Chetri
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Rohit Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India.,Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu J, Wu L, Sun Y, Wei Y, Zheng L, Zhang J, Pang Z, Yang Y, Lu Y. Proteomics and bioinformatics analysis of Fasciola hepatica somatic proteome in different growth phases. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2837-2850. [PMID: 32757109 PMCID: PMC7403185 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica) is a well-known zoonotic parasite that is crucial for economic and public health worldwide. Quantitative proteomics studies have been performed on proteins expressed by F. hepatica to investigate the differential expression of proteomes in different growth phases. And the screening of several marker proteins for use as early diagnostic antigens is essential. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was conducted to analyze the differences in the expression of F. hepatica somatic proteins in different growth phases. Furthermore, gene ontology (GO) functional annotation, KEGG metabolic pathway, and clustering analyses were also performed. LC-MS/MS identified 629, 2286, 2254, and 2192 proteins in metacercariae, juvenile flukes 28dpi, immature flukes 59dpi, and adult phases, respectively. GO analysis revealed that differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were mainly involved in transport, localization, metabolism, enzyme regulation, protein folding and binding, and nucleoside and nucleotide binding. The DEPs were enriched in cells, intracellular components, organelles, cytoplasm, vesicles, and membranes. KEGG pathway annotation results showed that the DEPs were involved in metabolism, genetic information processing, environmental information processing, cellular processes, organismal systems, and other processes. These findings provide a theoretical basis for vaccine development and establishing early diagnostic methods in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Lijia Wu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yichun Sun
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yating Wei
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Lushan Zheng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zixuan Pang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yixin Lu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sánchez Di Maggio L, Tirloni L, Uhl M, Carmona C, Logullo C, Mulenga A, da Silva Vaz I, Berasain P. Serpins in Fasciola hepatica: insights into host-parasite interactions. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:931-943. [PMID: 32668271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors play crucial roles in parasite development and survival, modulating the immune responses of their vertebrate hosts. Members of the serpin family are irreversible inhibitors of serine proteases and regulate systems related to defence against parasites. Limited information is currently available on protease inhibitors from the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. In this study, we characterised four serpins from F. hepatica (FhS-1-FhS-4). Biochemical characterisation revealed that recombinant FhS-2 (rFhS) inhibits the activity of human neutrophil cathepsin G, while rFhS-4 inhibits the activity of bovine pancreatic chymotrypsin and cathepsin G. Consistent with inhibitor function profiling data, rFhS-4 inhibited cathepsin G-activated platelet aggregation in a dose-responsive manner.Similar to other serpins, rFhS2 and rFhS-4 bind to heparin with high affinity. Tissue localisation demonstrated that these serpins have different spatial distributions. FhS-2 is localised in the ovary, while FhS-4 was found in gut cells. Both of them co-localised in the spines within the tegument. These findings provide the basis for study of functional roles of these proteins as part of an immune evasion mechanism in the adult fluke, and in protection of eggs to ensure parasite life cycle continuity. Further understanding of serpins from the liver fluke may lead to the discovery of novel anti-parasitic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Sánchez Di Maggio
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Marcelle Uhl
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Function of Proteins and Peptides, Animal Experimentation Unit, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminence Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Carmona
- Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Logullo
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Function of Proteins and Peptides, Animal Experimentation Unit, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminence Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Berasain
- Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pandey T, Ghosh A, Todur VN, Rajendran V, Kalita P, Kalita J, Shukla R, Chetri PB, Shukla H, Sonkar A, Lyngdoh DL, Singh R, Khan H, Nongkhlaw J, Das KC, Tripathi T. Draft Genome of the Liver Fluke Fasciola gigantica. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:11084-11091. [PMID: 32455229 PMCID: PMC7241025 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fascioliasis, a neglected foodborne disease caused by liver flukes (genus Fasciola), affects more than 200 million people worldwide. Despite technological advances, little is known about the molecular biology and biochemistry of these flukes. We present the draft genome of Fasciola gigantica for the first time. The assembled draft genome has a size of ∼1.04 Gb with an N50 and N90 of 129 and 149 kb, respectively. A total of 20 858 genes were predicted. The de novo repeats identified in the draft genome were 46.85%. The pathway included all of the genes of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and fatty acid metabolism but lacked the key genes of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. This indicates that the fatty acid required for survival of the fluke may be acquired from the host bile. It may be hypothesized that the relatively larger F. gigantica genome did not evolve through genome duplications but rather is interspersed with many repetitive elements. The genomic information will provide a comprehensive resource to facilitate the development of novel interventions for fascioliasis control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Pandey
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Arpita Ghosh
- Eurofins
Genomics India Pvt. Ltd., Doddanekkundi, Bengaluru 560048, India
| | - Vivek N. Todur
- Eurofins
Genomics India Pvt. Ltd., Doddanekkundi, Bengaluru 560048, India
| | - Vijayakumar Rajendran
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Parismita Kalita
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Jupitara Kalita
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Rohit Shukla
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Purna B. Chetri
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Harish Shukla
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Amit Sonkar
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Denzelle Lee Lyngdoh
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Radhika Singh
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Joplin Nongkhlaw
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Kanhu Charan Das
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular
and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Thang TN, Vázquez-Prieto S, Vilas R, Paniagua E, Ubeira FM, Ichikawa-Seki M. Genetic diversity of Fasciola hepatica in Spain and Peru. Parasitol Int 2020; 76:102100. [PMID: 32145389 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, molecular characterization of Fasciola flukes from Spain was performed to reveal the relation with the previously reported Peruvian F. hepatica population. The nuclear DNA markers, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) and DNA polymerase delta (pold), were used for species identification of Fasciola flukes. A total of 196 Fasciola flukes were identified as F. hepatica by pepck and pold, and 26 haplotypes were detected in mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1). Only one of them was previously found in Spanish samples; which indicates the existence of high genetic diversity and population structure in F. hepatica from Spain. Three haplotypes were identical to those from Peruvian F. hepatica. The pairwise fixation index value confirmed a relatively close relationship between the Spanish and Peruvian F. hepatica samples. The Spanish samples showed clearly higher genetic variability than the Peruvian population. These results are discussed in relation with the hypothesis of the introduction of the parasite in America from Europe and recent evidence of pre-Hispanic F. hepatica from Argentina revealed by ancient DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tran Nhat Thang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Quyet Thang Commune, Thai Nguyen City, Viet Nam
| | - Severo Vázquez-Prieto
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Román Vilas
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Esperanza Paniagua
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación en Análisis Químicos y Biológicos (IAQBUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Florencio M Ubeira
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación en Análisis Químicos y Biológicos (IAQBUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Madoka Ichikawa-Seki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rehman ZU, Zahid O, Rashid I, Ali Q, Akbar MH, Oneeb M, Shehzad W, Ashraf K, Sargison ND, Chaudhry U. Genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection in Fasciola gigantica isolates of Pakistani livestock. Parasitol Int 2020; 76:102071. [PMID: 32045674 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola spp. are responsible for over 3 billion US dollars of production loss annually in livestock and cause widespread zoonotic disease. Nevertheless, understating of the emergence and spread of the trematode species is poor. The multiplicity of F. gigantica infection and its spread is potentially influenced by multiple factors, including the abundance of suitable intermediate hosts, climatic conditions favouring the completion of the parasite's lifecycle, and translocation of infected animals, or free-living parasite stages between regions. Here we describe the development of a 'tremabiome' metabarcoding sequencing method to explore the numbers of F. gigantica genotypes per infection and patterns of parasite spread, based on genetic characteristics of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 1 (mt-ND-1) locus. We collected F. gigantica from three abattoirs in the Punjab and Balochistan provinces of Pakistan, and our results show a high level of genetic diversity in 20 F. gigantica populations derived from small and large ruminants consigned to slaughter in both provinces. This implies that F. gigantica can reproduce in its definitive hosts through meiosis involving cross- and self-breeding, as described in the closely related species, Fasciola hepatica. The genetic diversity between the 20 populations derived from different locations also illustrates the impact of animal movements on gene flow. Our results demonstrate the predominance of single haplotypes, consistent with a single introduction of F. gigantica infection in 85% of the hosts from which the parasite populations were derived. This is consistent with clonal reproduction in the intermediate snail hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ur Rehman
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Osama Zahid
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Qasim Ali
- Department of Parasitology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtoon Khah, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Haroon Akbar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Oneeb
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Shehzad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Ashraf
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Neil D Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Multigene typing and phylogenetic analysis of Fasciola from endemic foci in Iran. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104202. [PMID: 31978563 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a public health problem originally transmitted from livestock. Although molecular analysis of the nuclear and mitochondrial genes allow discrimination between the two known species of Fasciola, F. hepatica and F. gigantica, these markers do not permit the detection of hybrid forms. On the other hand, molecular analysis of the pepck and pold genes from Fasciola do permit the detection of hybrid isolates and this study has not yet been performed on specimens from human and domesticated animals in Iran. Therefore, the aim of this study was to molecularly analyze Fasciola isolates using both conventional and the two new genetic markers mentioned above. Fifty-three adult Fasciola worms were isolated from the livers of 28 domesticated animals, including sheep, cattle and goat. Moreover, an adult worm was obtained from the bile duct of an infected woman during endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancratography (ERCP). Targeted fragments from the ITS-1, NDI and COX1 genes were amplified using specific primers. PCR products were sequenced and genetically analyzed using MEGA v.7 and DnaSP software. Additionally, the pepck and pold regions were amplified and analyzed using multiplex PCR and RLFP-PCR, respectively. Multiple alignment of sequenced fragments showed highest similarity among the ITS-1 sequences isolated from all four hosts in comparison to the other genes. Furthermore, sequence diversity across the COX1 was higher than the NDI and ITS-1. Diversity among sequences isolated from cattle was higher than those from sheep and goat in all three genes. Tajima's D and Fu's Fs were negative and statistically significant for all the genes except ITS-1. Phylogenetic trees showed that the human F. hepatica isolate was closer to sheep isolates. The results of the pepck and pold analyses showed that all isolates were F. hepatica and there were no hybrid forms among samples. The molecular analyses corroborated this finding.
Collapse
|
27
|
González-Miguel J, Becerro-Recio D, Sotillo J, Simón F, Siles-Lucas M. Set up of an in vitro model to study early host-parasite interactions between newly excysted juveniles of Fasciola hepatica and host intestinal cells using a quantitative proteomics approach. Vet Parasitol 2020; 278:109028. [PMID: 31986420 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is the causative agent of fasciolosis, a parasitic zoonosis of global distribution causing significant economic losses in animal production and a human public health problem in low-income countries. Hosts are infected by ingestion of aquatic plants carrying metacercariae. Once ingested, the juvenile parasites excyst in the small intestine and, after crossing it, they follow a complex migratory route that lead the parasites to their definitive location in the bile ducts. Despite being a critical event in the progression of the infection, the available data on the cross-talk relationships between the parasite and the host at an early stage of the infection are scarce. The objective of the present work is to characterize the proteomic changes occurring in both the parasite and the host, through the development of a novel in vitro model, to shed light on the molecular pathways of communication between the newly excysted juveniles (NEJ) from F. hepatica and the host's intestinal epithelium. For this, in vitro excystation of F. hepatica metacercariae was carried out and NEJ were obtained. Additionally, optimal conditions of growth and expansion of mouse primary small intestinal epithelial cells (MPSIEC) in culture were fine-tuned. Tegumentary and somatic parasite antigens (NEJ-Teg and NEJ-Som), as well as host cell protein lysate (MPSIEC-Lys) were obtained before and after 24 h co-culture of NEJ with MPSIEC. We used an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based strategy to detect 191 and 62 up-regulated, and 112 and 57 down-regulated proteins in the NEJ-Teg and NEJ-Som extracts, respectively. Similarly, 87 up-regulated and 73 down-regulated proteins in the MPSIEC-Lys extract were identified. Taking into account the biological processes in which these proteins were involved, interesting mechanisms related to parasite development, invasion and evasion, as well as manipulation of the host intestinal epithelial cell adhesion, immunity and apoptosis pathways, among others, could be inferred, taking place at the host-parasite interface. The further understanding of these processes could constitute promising therapeutic targets in the future against fasciolosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier González-Miguel
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Sustainable Development Department, C/Cordel de Merinas, 52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain; Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - David Becerro-Recio
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Sustainable Development Department, C/Cordel de Merinas, 52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fernando Simón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Sustainable Development Department, C/Cordel de Merinas, 52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mahulu A, Clewing C, Stelbrink B, Chibwana FD, Tumwebaze I, Russell Stothard J, Albrecht C. Cryptic intermediate snail host of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica in Africa. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:573. [PMID: 31801595 PMCID: PMC6894237 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snails such as Galba truncatula are hosts for trematode flukes causing fascioliasis, a zoonosis that is a major public health problem. Galba truncatula has recently been shown to be a cryptic species complex. African populations of Galba spp. are not yet studied using molecular assessments and is imperative to do so and reconstruct the centre of origin of Galba and to understand when and by what means it may have colonized the highlands of Africa and to what extent humans might have been involved in that process. METHODS Samples from all known sub-ranges throughout Africa and new samples from Europe and Asia were obtained. We used a combination of two mitochondrial (cox1 and 16S) and one nuclear (ITS2) markers and phylogenetic, divergence time estimates and phylogeographical methods to determine the identity and biogeographical affinities. We also reconstructed the colonization history including the likely mode of dispersal and tested for the presence of cryptic Galba species in Africa. RESULTS Galba truncatula is restricted to the Palaearctic region of the continent, namely Morocco. All sub-Saharan populations proved to be a distinct species according to the phylogenetic analyses and genetic distance. We propose to use the existing name Galba mweruensis (Connolly, 1929) for this species which is morphologically indistinguishable from the other two species hitherto known to occur in northern Africa, i.e. G. truncatula and G. schirazensis. Sub-tropical Africa has been colonized only once in either the Pliocene and possibly Miocene. Diversification within G. mweruensis is dated to the Plio-Pleistocene and thus human-mediated dispersal can be ruled out for the initial colonization of the isolated mountain ranges. There are potentially even more cryptic species in high altitude areas of Africa as outlined by the distinctness of the population found at the top of Mt. Elgon, Uganda. CONCLUSIONS From a novel genetic inspection of available African material, a hitherto neglected distinct species, G. mweruensis, now appears a major host of F. hepatica throughout sub-Saharan Africa. A closer examination of trematode parasites hosted by this species is needed in order to understand transmission patterns in highlands throughout eastern and southern Africa. We encourage future studies to inspect other high altitudes areas in Africa in light of parasites of either veterinary or medical importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mahulu
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Catharina Clewing
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Björn Stelbrink
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fred D. Chibwana
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Zoology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Immaculate Tumwebaze
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - J. Russell Stothard
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christian Albrecht
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bozorgomid A, Rouhani S, Harandi MF, Ichikawa-Seki M, Raeghi S. Genetic diversity and distribution of Fasciola hepatica haplotypes in Iran: Molecular and phylogenetic studies. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 19:100359. [PMID: 32057386 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. Over the last decade, diagnostic tools to detect and differentiate Fasciola species have improved, but our knowledge of the distribution of haplotypes and gene flow of this parasite is not comprehensive yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate this gap in the epidemiology of F. hepatica in different provinces of Iran between 2015 and 2017. Isolated Fasciola were collected from abattoirs in 9 provinces. The partial sequence of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) gene was used for the identification and molecular analysis of F. hepatica isolates. The amplified PCR products were purified and subjected to direct sequencing for subsequent construction of phylogenetic tree and network analysis. In the 130 subjects analyzed, 37 ND1 haplotypes were detected. This is the first study in Iran which investigates F. hepatica population and its genetic structure, based on mitochondrial ND1 marker in different geographical regions of Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Bozorgomid
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Soheila Rouhani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616914115, Iran
| | - Madoka Ichikawa-Seki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Saber Raeghi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Perrodin S, Walti L, Gottstein B, Kim-Fuchs C, Candinas D, Banz V. Fasciola hepatica in a country of low incidence: a tricky diagnosis. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2019; 8:597-603. [PMID: 31929986 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn.2019.04.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Fasciola hepatica is a foodborne trematode present worldwide. Definitive hosts are mostly ruminants such as cattle and sheep, as well as humans. In Switzerland, Fasciola infection in humans is rare. Unfortunately, many patients are likely to undergo multiple unnecessary investigations before the parasite is suspected and fascioliasis diagnosed, especially if symptoms are unspecific. Methods Retrospective analysis of all patients diagnosed with Fasciola hepatica at the University Hospital of Bern between 2005 and 2018. Diagnosis was positive if a positive serology and/or eggs in stool samples correlated with clinical presentation (symptoms and/or imaging). Patients were excluded if serology was weakly positive and another diagnosis more likely. Personal data, laboratory results, imaging, proposed treatment and outcome were collected from patient files. Results Sixty patients had a positive serology during this time period. Forty-seven of them had a more plausible alternative diagnosis and were not included in the study, leaving 13 patients for analyses; 46.2% (6/13) were male, mean age was 45.8 years old (range, 17-80 years old). Four patients (4/13, 30.8%) were asymptomatic, nine (9/13, 69.2%) presented with symptoms ranging from right upper quadrant abdominal pain (44.4%) and generalized pruritus (33.3%) to weight loss and night sweats (33.3%). The mean duration of symptoms until correct diagnosis was 8.9 months (range, 1-48 months). Five patients (5/13, 38.5%) had documented eosinophilia, four (4/13, 30.8%) elevated liver enzymes and seven (7/13, 53.8%) elevated cholestasis parameters. Mean antibody level on serology was 88 AU/mL (range, 3-134 AU/mL). Ultrasound was used most frequently (7/13, 53.8%), followed by magnetic resonance imaging (4/13, 30.8%), computed tomography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (3/13, 23.1%). The most common findings were bile duct dilatation, followed by hepatic lesions. Treatment consisted of Triclabendazole 10 mg/Kg. One patient needed a second treatment course for persistent disease. There were no recurrences. Conclusions With a low incidence of Fasciola hepatica in Switzerland, correct diagnosis is often substantially delayed. Raising awareness among Swiss physicians is paramount, and a higher level of suspicion necessary when confronted with unspecific symptoms or liver imaging, thus avoiding a long delay in diagnosis, as well as unnecessary tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Perrodin
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Walti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Corina Kim-Fuchs
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Candinas
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Banz
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Esteban JG, Muñoz-Antoli C, Toledo R, Ash LR. Diagnosis of Human Trematode Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:437-471. [PMID: 31297770 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Digenetic trematodes form a major group of human parasites, affecting a large number of humans, especially in endemic foci. Over 100 species have been reported infecting humans, including blood, lung, liver, and intestinal parasites. Traditionally, trematode infections have been diagnosed by parasitological methods based on the detection and the identification of eggs in different clinical samples. However, this is complicated due to the morphological similarity between eggs of different trematode species and other factors such as lack of sensitivity or ectopic locations of the parasites. Moreover, the problem is currently aggravated by migratory flows, international travel, international trade of foods, and changes in alimentary habits. Although efforts have been made for the development of immunological and molecular techniques, the detection of eggs through parasitological techniques remains as the gold standard for the diagnosis of trematodiases. In this chapter, we review the current status of knowledge on diagnostic techniques used when examining feces, urine, and sputum and also analyze the most relevant characteristics used to identify eggs with a quick key for the identification of eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Guillermo Esteban
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carla Muñoz-Antoli
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Toledo
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lawrence R Ash
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Immunomodulatory effects of Moringa oleifera leaves aqueous extract in sheep naturally co-infected with Fasciola gigantica and Clostridium novyi. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:583-591. [PMID: 31749528 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study was designed to evaluate the in vivo fasciolicidal activity of Moringa (M.) oleifera leaf aqueous extract oral administration as well as its antibacterial activity against Clostridium (C.) novyi in sheep naturally co-infected with fascioliasis and C. novyi. Sheep naturally infected with fascioliasis were divided into 3 groups, heavily infected treated group, lightly infected treated group and mixed infection control (non-treated) group. Treatment groups were orally administered M. oleifera leaves aqueous extract at a dose of 150 mg/kg every 48 h for 21 days. Animal body weights, fecal egg count, serum levels of anti-Fasciola IgG, cytokines (IL-2, IL-17, IL-10), and bacterial count of C. novyi were evaluated. The results showed that treatment with M. oleifera improved the body weight gain and decreased fecal egg count in lightly and heavily infected groups compared to the nontreated group with 100% reduction in egg count in lightly infected sheep. Furthermore, the treatment with M. oleifera significantly reduced the serum levels of IgG, IL-2, and IL-17. Interestingly, elevated levels of IL-10 were recorded in both heavily and lightly infected sheep. The treatment with Moringa extract significantly decreased the fecal bacterial count of C. novyi in both heavily and lightly infected groups. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential beneficial effects of M. oleifera leaf against Fasciola (F.) gigantica and C. novyi.
Collapse
|
33
|
Prevalence and risk factors of Fascioliasis in China. Acta Trop 2019; 196:180-188. [PMID: 31077642 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fascioliasis has emerged as a significant public health problem among ruminants and humans. Human fascioliasis is a neglected food-borne parasitic disease, which has emerged or reemerged in more than 60 countries worldwide. In China, the first case of human fascioliasis was reported in 1921 in Fujian Province. The first major outbreak of this parasitic disease in 29 patients occurred in 2012 in Yunnan Province. Nonetheless, the prevalence of fascioliasis in China is probably underestimated due to the poor sensitivity of diagnostic tests, limited epidemiological data, and a poor understanding of the impact of subclinical illness. This study aimed to review the prevalence and risk factors of fascioliasis in China so as to improve the prevention and control of this disease.
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang FK, Hu RS, Elsheikha HM, Sheng ZA, Zhang WY, Zheng WB, Zhu XQ, He JJ. Global serum proteomic changes in water buffaloes infected with Fasciola gigantica. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:281. [PMID: 31159882 PMCID: PMC6547537 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver fluke Fasciola gigantica modulates several signaling pathways in infected buffaloes to facilitate its survival and establishment of persistent infection. In response to the parasite invasion, buffaloes activate innate and adaptive immune responses to counter the parasite infection. To detect new proteins that might be involved in the interaction between F. gigantica and the buffaloes, and that also might serve as biomarkers for fasciolosis, we used proteomic techniques to study the serum proteome of buffaloes during F. gigantica infection. Here, we used an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomic approach to identify serum proteins that are differentially expressed in infected buffaloes compared to uninfected control buffaloes. Additionally, we applied a parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) assay to validate specific proteins identified by the iTRAQ method. RESULTS A total of 313, 459 and 399 proteins were identified at 3, 42 and 70 days post-infection, respectively; of these 92, 93 and 138 were differentially abundant proteins. Some of the identified differentially abundant proteins, including complement factor H related 5, complement component C6, complement component C7, amine oxidase, plasma serine protease inhibitor and lysozyme, are known to be involved in complement system activation, blood coagulation, platelet activation, lymphocyte's adhesion and lysozyme hydrolysis. Analysis of data for all three time points after infection identified six significantly upregulated proteins in infected serum that separated infected and uninfected buffaloes into distinct clusters. Further PRM analysis confirmed the expression of five proteins, namely MHC class I antigen, Beta-2-microglobulin, NID2 protein, Fetuin-B and Fibrinogen gamma-B chain. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide novel insights into the serum proteomics signature of buffaloes during F. gigantica infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Si Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Zhao-An Sheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Di Maggio LS, Tirloni L, Pinto AFM, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Carmona C, Berasain P, da Silva Vaz I. A proteomic comparison of excretion/secretion products in Fasciola hepatica newly excysted juveniles (NEJ) derived from Lymnaea viatrix or Pseudosuccinea columella. Exp Parasitol 2019; 201:11-20. [PMID: 31022392 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of parasitic infections are often tied to host behavior. Although most studies have investigated definitive hosts, intermediate hosts can also play a role in shaping the distribution and accumulation of parasites. This is particularly relevant in larval stages, where intermediate host's behavior could potentially interfere in the molecules secreted by the parasite into the next host during infection. To investigate this hypothesis, we used a proteomic approach to analyze excretion/secretion products (ESP) from Fasciola hepatica newly excysted juveniles (NEJ) derived from two intermediate host species, Lymnaea viatrix and Pseudosuccinea columella. The two analyzed proteomes showed differences in identity, abundance, and functional classification of the proteins. This observation could be due to differences in the biological cycle of the parasite in the host, environmental aspects, and/or host-dependent factors. Categories such as protein modification machinery, protease inhibitors, signal transduction, and cysteine-rich proteins showed different abundance between samples. More specifically, differences in abundance of individual proteins such as peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, thioredoxin, cathepsin B, cathepsin L, and Kunitz-type inhibitors were identified. Based on the differences identified between NEJ ESP samples, we can conclude that the intermediate host is a factor influencing the proteomic profile of ESP in F. hepatica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Sánchez Di Maggio
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Antônio F M Pinto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, CA, USA
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, CA, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Carmona
- Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Berasain
- Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Deng MH, Zhong LY, Kamolnetr O, Limpanont Y, Lv ZY. Detection of helminths by loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay: a review of updated technology and future outlook. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:20. [PMID: 30905322 PMCID: PMC6432754 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helminths are endemic in more than half of the world's countries, raising serious public health concerns. Accurate diagnosis of helminth infection is crucial to control strategies. Traditional parasitological methods, serological tests and PCR-based assays are the major means of the diagnosis of helminth infection, but they are time-consuming and/or expensive, and sometimes provide inaccurate results. Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, a sensitive, simple and rapid method was therefore developed for detection of helminths. This study aims to discuss the current status of application of LAMP on helminths detection and to make a comprehensive evaluation about this updated technology and its future outlook by comparing with several other diagnostic methods. MAIN BODY This review summarizes LAMP assay applied for helminth detection and helminthiasis surveillance. The basic principle of LAMP is introduced to help better understand its characteristics and each reported assay is assessed mainly based on its detection sensitivity, specificity and limitations, in comparison with other common diagnostic tests. Moreover, we discuss the limitations of the assays so as to clarify some potential ways of improvement. CONCLUSIONS Here, we summarize and discuss the advantages, disadvantages and promising future of LAMP in heliminth detection, which is expected to help update current knowledge and future perspectives of LAMP in highly sensitive and specific diagnosis and surveillance of helminthiasis and other parasitic diseases, and can contribute to the elimination of the diseases from endemic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Han Deng
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Lan-Yi Zhong
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Okanurak Kamolnetr
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Zhi-Yue Lv
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 China
- Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 519000 China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Huguenin A, Depaquit J, Villena I, Ferté H. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: a new tool for rapid identification of cercariae (Trematoda, Digenea). Parasite 2019; 26:11. [PMID: 30838972 PMCID: PMC6402365 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of cercariae was long based on morphological and morphometric features, but these approaches remain difficult to implement and require skills that have now become rare. Molecular tools have become the reference even though they remain relatively time-consuming and expensive. We propose a new approach for the identification of cercariae using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Snails of different genera (Radix, Lymnaea, Stagnicola, Planorbis, and Anisus) were collected in the field to perform emitting tests in the laboratory. The cercariae they emitted (Trichobilharzia anseri, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, Alaria alata, Echinostoma revolutum, Petasiger phalacrocoracis, Tylodelphys sp., Australapatemon sp., Cotylurus sp., Posthodiplostomum sp., Parastrigea sp., Echinoparyphium sp. and Plagiorchis sp.) were characterized by sequencing the D2, ITS2 and ITS1 domains of rDNA, and by amplification using specific Alaria alata primers. A sample of each specimen, either fresh or stored in ethanol, was subjected to a simple preparation protocol for MALDI-TOF analysis. The main spectral profiles were analyzed by Hierarchical Clustering Analysis. Likewise, the haplotypes were analyzed using the maximum likelihood method. Analytical performance and the log-score value (LSV) cut-off for species identification were then assessed by blind testing. The clusters obtained by both techniques were congruent, allowing identification at a species level. MALDI-TOF enables identification at an LSV cut-off of 1.7 without false-positives; however, it requires more data on closely related species. The development of a "high throughput" identification system for all types of cercariae would be of considerable interest in epidemiological surveys of trematode infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Huguenin
-
EA 7510, ESCAPE, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne 51 rue Cognacq Jay 51092
Reims CEDEX France
-
Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche 45 rue Cognacq Jay 51092
Reims CEDEX France
| | - Jérôme Depaquit
-
EA 7510, ESCAPE, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne 51 rue Cognacq Jay 51092
Reims CEDEX France
-
Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche 45 rue Cognacq Jay 51092
Reims CEDEX France
-
USC ANSES Transmission vectorielle et épidémiosurveillance de maladies parasitaires (VECPAR) Reims France
| | - Isabelle Villena
-
EA 7510, ESCAPE, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne 51 rue Cognacq Jay 51092
Reims CEDEX France
-
Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche 45 rue Cognacq Jay 51092
Reims CEDEX France
| | - Hubert Ferté
-
EA 7510, ESCAPE, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne 51 rue Cognacq Jay 51092
Reims CEDEX France
-
Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche 45 rue Cognacq Jay 51092
Reims CEDEX France
-
USC ANSES Transmission vectorielle et épidémiosurveillance de maladies parasitaires (VECPAR) Reims France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Tian AL, Lu M, Zhang FK, Calderón-Mantilla G, Petsalaki E, Tian X, Wang W, Huang SY, Li X, Elsheikha HM, Zhu XQ. The pervasive effects of recombinant Fasciola gigantica Ras-related protein Rab10 on the functions of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:579. [PMID: 30400957 PMCID: PMC6219056 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasciola gigantica-induced immunomodulation is a major hurdle faced by the host for controlling infection. Here, we elucidated the role of F. gigantica Ras-related protein Rab10 (FgRab10) in the modulation of key functions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of goats. METHODS We cloned and expressed recombinant FgRab10 (rFgRab10) protein and examined its effects on several functions of goat PBMCs. Protein interactors of rFgRab10 were predicted in silico by querying the databases Intact, String, BioPlex and BioGrid. In addition, a total energy analysis of each of the identified interactions was also conducted. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was carried out using FuncAssociate 3.0. RESULTS The FgRab10 gene (618 bp), encodes 205-amino-acid residues with a molecular mass of ~23 kDa, had complete nucleotide sequence homology with F. hepatica Ras family protein gene (PIS87503.1). The rFgRab10 protein specifically cross-reacted with anti-Fasciola antibodies as shown by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. This protein exhibited multiple effects on goat PBMCs, including increased production of cytokines [interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-10, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ)] and total nitric oxide (NO), enhancing apoptosis and migration of PBMCs, and promoting the phagocytic ability of monocytes. However, it significantly inhibited cell proliferation. Homology modelling revealed 63% identity between rFgRab10 and human Rab10 protein (Uniprot ID: P61026). Protein interaction network analysis revealed more stabilizing interactions between Rab proteins geranylgeranyltransferase component A 1 (CHM) and Rab proteins geranylgeranyltransferase component A 2 (CHML) and rFgRab10 protein. Gene Ontology analysis identified RabGTPase mediated signaling as the most represented pathway. CONCLUSIONS rFgRab10 protein exerts profound influences on various functions of goat PBMCs. This finding may help explain why F. gigantica is capable of provoking recognition by host immune cells, less capable of destroying this successful parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - MingMin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fu-Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guillermo Calderón-Mantilla
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD UK
| | - Evangelia Petsalaki
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD UK
| | - XiaoWei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - WenJuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-Yang Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
| | - XiangRui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hany M. Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046 People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kalita P, Shukla H, Gadhave K, Giri R, Tripathi T. Role of the glutaredoxin domain and FAD in the stabilization of thioredoxin glutathione reductase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 656:38-45. [PMID: 30205085 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGRsec) is a multi-domain flavoprotein that plays a principal role in redox homeostasis maintenance. We have previously demonstrated the role of selenocysteine in maintaining TGRsec structure-function, but the role of the glutaredoxin (Grx) domain and FAD is still unclear. In the present study, the urea-induced unfolding of recombinant Fasciola gigantica TGRsec (FgTGRsec) and its N-terminal truncated variant (ΔNTD-FgTGRsec) were examined to understand the role of the Grx domain and FAD in the stabilization of FgTGRsec and ΔNTD-FgTGRsec. Our results showed that both proteins underwent unfolding in a three state manner. First, the protein undergoes a conformational transition rendering a near-native state with no FAD bound, and then full unfolding of the apo-dimer occurs without dissociation. The Grx domain stabilized the global FgTGRsec structure and positively regulated FgTGRsec activity, and alteration in the FAD microenvironment was directly proportional to the loss of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and glutathione reductase activities. Based on these results, we concluded that the Grx domain stabilizes the full-length FgTGRsec protein for efficient catalysis. Thus, we suggest that in platyhelminth parasites, during evolution, the Grx domain merged with the TrxR domain to confer higher catalytic activity and provide additional structural stability to the full-length TGR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parismita Kalita
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong- 793022, India
| | - Harish Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong- 793022, India
| | - Kundlik Gadhave
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong- 793022, India.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ferreira S, Fernandes R, Botelho MC. Fasciola Hepatica Extract Induces Cell Death of Mammalian Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 16:144-146. [PMID: 30079296 DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180531102555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Fascioliasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects poor people from poor and developing countries. In the world, it has been estimated that at least 2.6 million people are affected with this disease. The International agency for Research on Cancer, states that O. viverrini and C. sinensis, also liver flukes, are considered as definitive causes of cholangiocarcinoma. However, fascioliasis caused by F. hepatica has not been associated with cancer to date. There are not any known causative associations between this parasite and liver cancer (cholangiocarcinoma). Methods Chine Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were treated with F. hepatica extracts and cell proliferation was assessed by using the indirect method for estimating cell number based on the mitochondrial activity with MTS cell proliferation reagent. We observed unexpected death of these cells when treated with F. hepatica extracts. Results We now hypothesize that this parasite could be used as a medically-important trematode pathogen in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruben Fernandes
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal.,I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica C Botelho
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,INSA, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Revealing genetic hybridization and DNA recombination of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica in nuclear introns of the hybrid Fasciola flukes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2018; 223:31-36. [PMID: 29964059 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica are ruminant liver flukes that are found worldwide. They can occur sympatrically and hybridize, consequently producing an intermediate form (Fasciola sp.), especially in Africa and Asia. The bridge intron (TkBridgeInt) and intron 4 of domain 2 (TkD2Int4) of the taurocyamine kinase gene were cloned and sequenced from 14 F. hepatica, 18 F. gigantica, and 12 Fasciola sp. These intron regions could be used to differentiate F. hepatica from F. gigantica and revealed genetic hybridization and DNA recombination between F. hepatica and F. gigantica in Fasciola sp. from Japan and Bangladesh. Two specimens of F. hepatica from Ecuador revealed cryptic diversity. A combination of three haplotypes observed in a Fasciola sp. specimen from Japan suggested triploidy. Thus, the intron region of the taurocyamine kinase gene is a potential marker for detecting the hybrid status of the Fasciola flukes.
Collapse
|
43
|
Biochemical and thermodynamic comparison of the selenocysteine containing and non-containing thioredoxin glutathione reductase of Fasciola gigantica. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
44
|
Trematoda (flukes). Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:651-657. [PMID: 33525842 DOI: 10.1042/etls20170111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The class Trematoda is the largest group of Platyhelminths and includes two subclasses: Aspidogastrea and Digenea. Trematodes, and particularly Digeneans, is a large group of organisms with significant medical and veterinary interest. Over 100 species of digenetic trematodes have been reported infecting humans. Although the significant mortality and morbidity that some of these infections cause, they are among the most neglected tropical diseases. Apart from their impact in public and animal health, the Digenea constitutes an intriguing group of organisms that has a vast interest in experimental biology. Systematics and taxonomy of this group constitute a challenge for biologists in relation to the difficulty entailed in the establishment of phylogenetic relationships between trematodes and the determination of valid diagnostic features. Moreover, their complex life cycles, using at least two hosts and alternating free-living and parasitic stages or sexual and asexual multiplication, constitute a paradigm of how organisms can evolve to become adapted to different biotic and abiotic environments to enhance survival. In this review, we briefly summarize the major features of trematodes in relation to both biological and medical areas.
Collapse
|
45
|
van Die I, Cummings RD. The Mannose Receptor in Regulation of Helminth-Mediated Host Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1677. [PMID: 29238348 PMCID: PMC5712593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with parasitic helminths affects humanity and animal welfare. Parasitic helminths have the capacity to modulate host immune responses to promote their survival in infected hosts, often for a long time leading to chronic infections. In contrast to many infectious microbes, however, the helminths are able to induce immune responses that show positive bystander effects such as the protection to several immune disorders, including multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and allergies. They generally promote the generation of a tolerogenic immune microenvironment including the induction of type 2 (Th2) responses and a sub-population of alternatively activated macrophages. It is proposed that this anti-inflammatory response enables helminths to survive in their hosts and protects the host from excessive pathology arising from infection with these large pathogens. In any case, there is an urgent need to enhance understanding of how helminths beneficially modulate inflammatory reactions, to identify the molecules involved and to promote approaches to exploit this knowledge for future therapeutic interventions. Evidence is increasing that C-type lectins play an important role in driving helminth-mediated immune responses. C-type lectins belong to a large family of calcium-dependent receptors with broad glycan specificity. They are abundantly present on immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, which are essential in shaping host immune responses. Here, we will focus on the role of the C-type lectin macrophage mannose receptor (MR) in helminth-host interactions, which is a critically understudied area in the field of helminth immunobiology. We give an overview of the structural aspects of the MR including its glycan specificity, and the functional implications of the MR in helminth-host interactions focusing on a few selected helminth species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma van Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Martínez-Sernández V, Perteguer MJ, Mezo M, González-Warleta M, Gárate T, Valero MA, Ubeira FM. Fasciola spp: Mapping of the MF6 epitope and antigenic analysis of the MF6p/HDM family of heme-binding proteins. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188520. [PMID: 29161330 PMCID: PMC5697881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MF6p/FhHDM-1 is a small cationic heme-binding protein which is recognized by the monoclonal antibody (mAb) MF6, and abundantly present in parenchymal cells and secreted antigens of Fasciola hepatica. Orthologs of this protein (MF6p/HDMs) also exist in other causal agents of important foodborne trematodiasis, such as Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini and Paragonimus westermani. Considering that MF6p/FhHDM-1 is relevant for heme homeostasis in Fasciola and was reported to have immunomodulatory properties, this protein is expected to be a useful target for vaccination. Thus, in this study we mapped the epitope recognized by mAb MF6 and evaluated its antigenicity in sheep. The sequence of the MF6p/FhHDM-1 ortholog from F. gigantica (MF6p/FgHDM-1) was also reported. By means of ELISA inhibitions with overlapping synthetic peptides, we determined that the epitope recognized by mAb MF6 is located within the C-terminal moiety of MF6p/FhHDM-1, which is the most conserved region of MF6p/HDMs. By immunoblotting analysis of parasite extracts and ELISA inhibitions with synthetic peptides we also determined that mAb MF6 reacted with the same intensity with F. hepatica and F. gigantica, and in decreasing order of intensity with C. sinensis, O.viverrini and P. westermani orthologs. On the contrary, mAb MF6 showed no reactivity against Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Schistosoma mansoni. The study of the recognition of peptides covering different regions of MF6p/FhHDM-1 by sera from immunized sheep revealed that the C-terminal moiety is the most antigenic, thus being of potential interest for vaccination. We also demonstrated that the production of antibodies to MF6p/FhHDM-1 in sheep infected by F. hepatica occurs relatively early and follows the same pattern as those produced against L-cathepsins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Martínez-Sernández
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María J. Perteguer
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mezo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, INGACAL, Abegondo (A Coruña), Spain
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, INGACAL, Abegondo (A Coruña), Spain
| | - Teresa Gárate
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Florencio M. Ubeira
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fromm B, Ovchinnikov V, Høye E, Bernal D, Hackenberg M, Marcilla A. On the presence and immunoregulatory functions of extracellular microRNAs in the trematode Fasciola hepatica. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 27809346 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver flukes represent a paraphyletic group of endoparasitic flatworms that significantly affect man either indirectly due to economic damage on livestock or directly as pathogens. A range of studies have focussed on how these macroscopic organisms can evade the immune system and live inside a hostile environment such as the mammalian liver and bile ducts. Recently, microRNAs, a class of short noncoding gene regulators, have been proposed as likely candidates to play roles in this scenario. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key players in development and pathogenicity and are highly conserved between metazoans: identical miRNAs can be found in flatworms and mammalians. Interestingly, miRNAs are enriched in extracellular vesicles (EVs) which are secreted by most cells. EVs constitute an important mode of parasite/host interaction, and recent data illustrate that miRNAs play a vital part. We have demonstrated the presence of miRNAs in the EVs of the trematode species Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Fasciola hepatica (Fhe) and identified potential immune-regulatory miRNAs with targets in the host. After our initial identification of miRNAs expressed by F. hepatica, an assembled genome and additional miRNA data became available. This has enabled us to update the known complement of miRNAs in EVs and speculate on potential immune-regulatory functions that we review here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Fromm
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - V Ovchinnikov
- Department of Human and Animal Genetics, The Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - E Høye
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - D Bernal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Hackenberg
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Granada, Spain
| | - A Marcilla
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnologia Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.,Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute-La Fe, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Helmy YA, El-Adawy H, Abdelwhab EM. A Comprehensive Review of Common Bacterial, Parasitic and Viral Zoonoses at the Human-Animal Interface in Egypt. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6030033. [PMID: 28754024 PMCID: PMC5617990 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Egypt has a unique geographical location connecting the three old-world continents Africa, Asia and Europe. It is the country with the highest population density in the Middle East, Northern Africa and the Mediterranean basin. This review summarizes the prevalence, reservoirs, sources of human infection and control regimes of common bacterial, parasitic and viral zoonoses in animals and humans in Egypt. There is a gap of knowledge conerning the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases at the human-animal interface in different localities in Egypt. Some zoonotic agents are “exotic” for Egypt (e.g., MERS-CoV and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus), others are endemic (e.g., Brucellosis, Schistosomiasis and Avian influenza). Transboundary transmission of emerging pathogens from and to Egypt occurred via different routes, mainly importation/exportation of apparently healthy animals or migratory birds. Control of the infectious agents and multidrug resistant bacteria in the veterinary sector is on the frontline for infection control in humans. The implementation of control programs significantly decreased the prevalence of some zoonoses, such as schistosomiasis and fascioliasis, in some localities within the country. Sustainable awareness, education and training targeting groups at high risk (veterinarians, farmers, abattoir workers, nurses, etc.) are important to lessen the burden of zoonotic diseases among Egyptians. There is an urgent need for collaborative surveillance and intervention plans for the control of these diseases in Egypt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosra A Helmy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Zoonoses and Animal Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, 41511 Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 335516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Functional characterization of single-domain cystatin-like cysteine proteinase inhibitors expressed by the trematode Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology 2017; 144:1695-1707. [PMID: 28697819 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cystatins are small, phylogenetically conserved proteins that are tight-binding inhibitors of cysteine proteinases. The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica uses a diverse set of cysteine proteinases of the papain superfamily for host invasion, immune evasion and nutrition, but little is known about the regulation of these enzymes. The aim of this work is to characterize the cystatin repertoire of F. hepatica. For this purpose, we first surveyed the available sequence databases, identifying three different F. hepatica single-domain cystatins. In agreement with the in silico predictions, at least three small proteins with cysteine proteinase binding activity were identified. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the three cystatins (named FhStf-1, -2 and -3) are members of the I25A subfamily (stefins). Whereas FhStf-1 grouped with classical stefins, FhStf-2 and 3 fell in a divergent stefin subgroup unusually featuring signal peptides. Recombinant rFhStf-1, -2 and -3 had potent inhibitory activity against F. hepatica cathepsin L cysteine proteinases but differed in their capacity to inhibit mammalian cathepsin B, L and C. FhStf-1 was localized in the F. hepatica reproductive organs (testes and ovary), and at the surface lamella of the adult gut, where it may regulate cysteine proteinases related with reproduction and digestion, respectively. FhStf-1 was also detected among F. hepatica excretion-secretion (E/S) products of adult flukes. This suggests that it is secreted by non-classical secretory pathway and that it may interact with host lysosomal cysteine proteinases.
Collapse
|
50
|
Shukla R, Shukla H, Kalita P, Sonkar A, Pandey T, Singh DB, Kumar A, Tripathi T. Identification of potential inhibitors of Fasciola gigantica thioredoxin1: computational screening, molecular dynamics simulation, and binding free energy studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1344141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Harish Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Parismita Kalita
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Amit Sonkar
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Tripti Pandey
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Dev Bukhsh Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| |
Collapse
|