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Lu Z, Zhang J, Wang H, Zhang K, Gu Z, Xu Y, Zhang J, Wang M, Han L, Xiang F, Zhou C. Rewiring of a KNOXI regulatory network mediated by UFO underlies the compound leaf development in Medicago truncatula. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2988. [PMID: 38582884 PMCID: PMC10998843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47362-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Class I KNOTTED-like homeobox (KNOXI) genes are parts of the regulatory network that control the evolutionary diversification of leaf morphology. Their specific spatiotemporal expression patterns in developing leaves correlate with the degrees of leaf complexity between simple-leafed and compound-leafed species. However, KNOXI genes are not involved in compound leaf formation in several legume species. Here, we identify a pathway for dual repression of MtKNOXI function in Medicago truncatula. PINNATE-LIKE PENTAFOLIATA1 (PINNA1) represses the expression of MtKNOXI, while PINNA1 interacts with MtKNOXI and sequesters it to the cytoplasm. Further investigations reveal that UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (MtUFO) is the direct target of MtKNOXI, and mediates the transition from trifoliate to pinnate-like pentafoliate leaves. These data suggest a new layer of regulation for morphological diversity in compound-leafed species, in which the conserved regulators of floral development, MtUFO, and leaf development, MtKNOXI, are involved in variation of pinnate-like compound leaves in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, 266199, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zhiqun Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yiteng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Min Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lu Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Fengning Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Ivanov S, Harrison MJ. Receptor-associated kinases control the lipid provisioning program in plant-fungal symbiosis. Science 2024; 383:443-448. [PMID: 38271524 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The mutualistic association between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi requires intracellular accommodation of the fungal symbiont and maintenance by means of lipid provisioning. Symbiosis signaling through lysin motif (LysM) receptor-like kinases and a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase DOES NOT MAKE INFECTIONS 2 (DMI2) activates transcriptional programs that underlie fungal passage through the epidermis and accommodation in cortical cells. We show that two Medicago truncatula cortical cell-specific, membrane-bound proteins of a CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE-LIKE (CKL) family associate with, and are phosphorylation substrates of, DMI2 and a subset of the LysM receptor kinases. CKL1 and CKL2 are required for AM symbiosis and control expression of transcription factors that regulate part of the lipid provisioning program. Onset of lipid provisioning is coupled with arbuscule branching and with the REDUCED ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA 1 (RAM1) regulon for complete endosymbiont accommodation.
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Zhang CX, Li RJ, Baude L, Reinhardt D, Xie ZP, Staehelin C. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Generation of Mutant Lines in Medicago truncatula Indicates a Symbiotic Role of MtLYK10 during Nodule Formation. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:53. [PMID: 38275729 PMCID: PMC10812973 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 systems are commonly used for plant genome editing; however, the generation of homozygous mutant lines in Medicago truncatula remains challenging. Here, we present a CRISPR/Cas9-based protocol that allows the efficient generation of M. truncatula mutants. Gene editing was performed for the LysM receptor kinase gene MtLYK10 and two major facilitator superfamily transporter genes. The functionality of CRISPR/Cas9 vectors was tested in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves by editing a co-transformed GUSPlus gene. Transformed M. truncatula leaf explants were regenerated to whole plants at high efficiency (80%). An editing efficiency (frequency of mutations at a given target site) of up to 70% was reached in the regenerated plants. Plants with MtLYK10 knockout mutations were propagated, and three independent homozygous mutant lines were further characterized. No off-target mutations were identified in these lyk10 mutants. Finally, the lyk10 mutants and wild-type plants were compared with respect to the formation of root nodules induced by nitrogen-fixing Sinorhizobium meliloti bacteria. Nodule formation was considerably delayed in the three lyk10 mutant lines. Surprisingly, the size of the rare nodules in mutant plants was higher than in wild-type plants. In conclusion, the symbiotic characterization of lyk10 mutants generated with the developed CRISPR/Cas9 protocol indicated a role of MtLYK10 in nodule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ru-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Laura Baude
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Didier Reinhardt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Zhi-Ping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Christian Staehelin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Liu Y, Yang Y, Wang R, Liu M, Ji X, He Y, Zhao B, Li W, Mo X, Zhang X, Gu Z, Pan B, Liu Y, Tadege M, Chen J, He L. Control of compound leaf patterning by MULTI-PINNATE LEAF1 (MPL1) in chickpea. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8088. [PMID: 38062032 PMCID: PMC10703836 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant lateral organs are often elaborated through repetitive formation of developmental units, which progress robustly in predetermined patterns along their axes. Leaflets in compound leaves provide an example of such units that are generated sequentially along the longitudinal axis, in species-specific patterns. In this context, we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying an acropetal mode of leaflet initiation in chickpea pinnate compound leaf patterning. By analyzing naturally occurring mutants multi-pinnate leaf1 (mpl1) that develop higher-ordered pinnate leaves with more than forty leaflets, we show that MPL1 encoding a C2H2-zinc finger protein sculpts a morphogenetic gradient along the proximodistal axis of the early leaf primordium, thereby conferring the acropetal leaflet formation. This is achieved by defining the spatiotemporal expression pattern of CaLEAFY, a key regulator of leaflet initiation, and also perhaps by modulating the auxin signaling pathway. Our work provides novel molecular insights into the sequential progression of leaflet formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Yuanfan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Ruoruo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingli Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomin Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yexin He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Baolin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Wenju Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyu Mo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojia Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Zhijia Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA.
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China.
| | - Liangliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Guo D, Liu P, Liu Q, Zheng L, Liu S, Shen C, Liu L, Fan S, Li N, Dong J, Wang T. Legume-specific SnRK1 promotes malate supply to bacteroids for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1396-1412. [PMID: 37598296 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Nodulation is an energy-expensive behavior driven by legumes by providing carbon sources to bacteroids and obtaining nitrogen sources in return. The energy sensor sucrose nonfermenting 1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) is the hub of energy regulation in eukaryotes. However, the molecular mechanism by which SnRK1 coordinates the allocation of energy and substances during symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) remains unknown. In this study, we identified the novel legume-specific SnRK1α4, a member of the SnRK1 family that positively regulates SNF. Phenotypic analysis showed that nodule size and nitrogenase activity increased in SnRK1α4-overexpressing plants and decreased significantly in snrk1α4 mutants. We demonstrated that a key upstream kinase involved in nodulation, Does Not Make Infection 2 (DMI2), can phosphorylate SnRK1α4 at Thr175 to cause its activation. Further evidence clarified that SnRK1α4 phosphorylates the malate dehydrogenases MDH1/2 to promote malate production in the cytoplasm, supplying carbon sources to bacteroids. Therefore, our findings reveal an essential role of the DMI2-SnRK1α4-MDH pathway in supplying carbon sources to bacteroids for SNF and provide a new module for constructing cereal crops with SNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Guo
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qianwen Liu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lihua Zheng
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sikai Liu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chen Shen
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shasha Fan
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Li
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiangli Dong
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Lawrenson T, Atkinson N, Forner M, Harwood W. Highly Efficient Gene Knockout in Medicago truncatula Genotype R108 Using CRISPR-Cas9 System and an Optimized Agrobacterium Transformation Method. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2653:221-252. [PMID: 36995630 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3131-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula is the model plant species for studying symbioses with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizae, where edited mutants are invaluable for elucidating the contributions of known genes in these processes. Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9)-based genome editing is a facile means of achieving loss of function, including where multiple gene knockouts are desired in a single generation. We describe how the user can customize our vector to target single or multiple genes, then how the vector is used to make M. truncatula transgenic plants containing target site mutations. Finally, obtaining transgene-free homozygous mutants is covered.
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Arabidopsis thaliana SHOOT MERISTEMLESS Substitutes for Medicago truncatula SINGLE LEAFLET1 to Form Complex Leaves and Petals. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214114. [PMID: 36430591 PMCID: PMC9697493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
LEAFY plant-specific transcription factors, which are key regulators of flower meristem identity and floral patterning, also contribute to meristem activity. Notably, in some legumes, LFY orthologs such as Medicago truncatula SINGLE LEAFLET (SGL1) are essential in maintaining an undifferentiated and proliferating fate required for leaflet formation. This function contrasts with most other species, in which leaf dissection depends on the reactivation of KNOTTED-like class I homeobox genes (KNOXI). KNOXI and SGL1 genes appear to induce leaf complexity through conserved downstream genes such as the meristematic and boundary CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON genes. Here, we compare in M. truncatula the function of SGL1 with that of the Arabidopsis thaliana KNOXI gene, SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (AtSTM). Our data show that AtSTM can substitute for SGL1 to form complex leaves when ectopically expressed in M. truncatula. The shared function between AtSTM and SGL1 extended to the major contribution of SGL1 during floral development as ectopic AtSTM expression could promote floral organ identity gene expression in sgl1 flowers and restore sepal shape and petal formation. Together, our work reveals a function for AtSTM in floral organ identity and a higher level of interchangeability between meristematic and floral identity functions for the AtSTM and SGL1 transcription factors than previously thought.
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Wang X, Wei C, He F, Yang Q. MtPT5 phosphate transporter is involved in leaf growth and phosphate accumulation of Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005895. [PMID: 36147231 PMCID: PMC9485599 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an indispensable mineral nutrient for plant growth and agricultural production. Plants acquire and redistribute inorganic phosphate (Pi) via Pi transporters (PHT1s/PTs). However, apart from MtPT4, functions of the M. truncatula (Medicago truncatula) PHT1s remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the function of the PHT1 family transporter MtPT5 in M. truncatula. MtPT5 was closely related to AtPHT1; 1 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and GmPT7 in soybean (Glycine max). MtPT5 was highly expressed in leaves in addition to roots and nodules. Ectopic expression of MtPT5 complemented the Pi-uptake deficiency of Arabidopsis pht1;1Δ4Δ double mutant, demonstrating the Pi-transport activity of MtPT5 in plants. When overexpressing MtPT5 in M. truncatula, the transgenic plants showed larger leaves, accompanying with higher biomass and Pi enrichment compared with wild type. All these data demonstrate that MtPT5 is important for leaf growth and Pi accumulation of M. truncatula and provides a target for molecular breeding to improve forage productivity.
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Chen W, Chi Y, Zhang J, Bai B, Ji X, Shen Y. MtWRP1, a Novel Fabacean Specific Gene, Regulates Root Nodulation and Plant Growth in Medicago truncatula. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020193. [PMID: 35205237 PMCID: PMC8871812 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabaceans symbiotically interact with nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria to form root nodules. Some fabacean specific proteins play important roles in the symbiosis. WRKY-related Protein (WRP) is a novel fabacean specific protein, whose functions have not been well characterized. In this study, MtWRP1 was functionally characterized in Medicago truncatula. It contains a WRKY domain at C-terminal and a novel transmembrane (TM) domain at N-terminal, and its WRKY domain was highly similar to the N-terminal WRKY domain of the group I WRKY proteins. The TM domain was highly homologous to the eukaryotic cytochrome b561 (Cytb561) proteins from birds. Subcellular localization revealed that MtWRP1 was targeted to the Golgi apparatus through the novel TM domain. MtWRP1 was highly expressed in roots and nodules, suggesting its possible roles in the regulation of root growth and nodulation. Both MtWRP1-overexpression transgenic M. truncatula and MtWRP1 mutants showed altered root nodulation and plant growth performance. Specifically, the formation of root nodules was significantly reduced in the absence of MtWRP1. These results demonstrated that MtWRP1 plays critical roles in root nodulation and plant growth.
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Sun Q, Huang R, Zhu H, Sun Y, Guo Z. A novel Medicago truncatula calmodulin-like protein (MtCML42) regulates cold tolerance and flowering time. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1069-1082. [PMID: 34528312 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) are one of the Ca2+ sensors in plants, but the functions of most CMLs remain unknown. The regulation of cold tolerance and flowering time by MtCML42 in Medicago truncatula and the underlying mechanisms were investigated using MtCML42-overexpressing plants and cml42 Medicago mutants with a Tnt1 retrotransposon insertion. Compared with the wild type (WT), MtCML42-overexpressing lines had increased cold tolerance, whereas cml42 mutants showed decreased cold tolerance. The impaired cold tolerance in cml42 could b complemented by MtCML42 expression. The transcript levels of MtCBF1, MtCBF4, MtCOR413, MtCAS15, MtLTI6A, MtGolS1 and MtGolS2 and the concentrations of raffinose and sucrose were increased in response to cold treatment, whereas higher levels were observed in MtCML42-overexpressing lines and lower levels were observed in cml42 mutants. In addition, early flowering with upregulated MtFTa1 and downregulated MtABI5 transcripts was observed in MtCML42-overexpressing lines, whereas delayed flowering with downregulated MtFTa1 and upregulated MtABI5 was observed in cml42. MtABI5 expression could complement the flowering phenotype in the Arabidopsis mutant abi5. Our results suggest that MtCML42 positively regulates MtCBF1 and MtCBF4 expression, which in turn upregulates the expression of some COR genes, MtGolS1 and MtGolS2, which leads to raffinose accumulation and increased cold tolerance. MtCML42 regulates flowering time through sequentially downregulating MtABI5 and upregulating MtFTa1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguo Sun
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Risheng Huang
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Zhu
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanmei Sun
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhenfei Guo
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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WUSCHEL Overexpression Promotes Callogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis in Medicago truncatula Gaertn. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040715. [PMID: 33917135 PMCID: PMC8067838 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The induction of plant somatic embryogenesis is often a limiting step for plant multiplication and genetic manipulation in numerous crops. It depends on multiple signaling developmental processes involving phytohormones and the induction of specific genes. The WUSCHEL gene (WUS) is required for the production of plant embryogenic stem cells. To explore a different approach to induce somatic embryogenesis, we have investigated the effect of the heterologous ArabidopsisWUS gene overexpression under the control of the jasmonate responsive vsp1 promoter on the morphogenic responses of Medicago truncatula explants. WUS expression in leaf explants increased callogenesis and embryogenesis in the absence of growth regulators. Similarly, WUS expression enhanced the embryogenic potential of hairy root fragments. The WUS gene represents thus a promising tool to develop plant growth regulator-free regeneration systems or to improve regeneration and transformation efficiency in recalcitrant crops.
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Rodas AL, Roque E, Hamza R, Gómez-Mena C, Minguet EG, Wen J, Mysore KS, Beltrán JP, Cañas LA. MtSUPERMAN plays a key role in compound inflorescence and flower development in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:816-830. [PMID: 33176041 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Legumes have unique features, such as compound inflorescences and a complex floral ontogeny. Thus, the study of regulatory genes in these species during inflorescence and floral development is essential to understand their role in the evolutionary origin of developmental novelties. The SUPERMAN (SUP) gene encodes a C2H2 zinc-finger transcriptional repressor that regulates the floral organ number in the third and fourth floral whorls of Arabidopsis thaliana. In this work, we present the functional characterization of the Medicago truncatula SUPERMAN (MtSUP) gene based on gene expression analysis, complementation and overexpression assays, and reverse genetic approaches. Our findings provide evidence that MtSUP is the orthologous gene of SUP in M. truncatula. We have unveiled novel functions for a SUP-like gene in eudicots. MtSUP controls not only the number of floral organs in the inner two whorls, but also in the second whorl of the flower. Furthermore, MtSUP regulates the activity of the secondary inflorescence meristem, thus controlling the number of flowers produced. Our work provides insight into the regulatory network behind the compound inflorescence and flower development in this angiosperm family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Rodas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n. E-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Edelín Roque
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n. E-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rim Hamza
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n. E-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Concepción Gómez-Mena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n. E-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eugenio G Minguet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n. E-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - José P Beltrán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n. E-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis A Cañas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edf. 8E. C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n. E-46022, Valencia, Spain
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13
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Zheng X, He L, Liu Y, Mao Y, Wang C, Zhao B, Li Y, He H, Guo S, Zhang L, Schneider H, Tadege M, Chang F, Chen J. A study of male fertility control in Medicago truncatula uncovers an evolutionarily conserved recruitment of two tapetal bHLH subfamilies in plant sexual reproduction. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1115-1133. [PMID: 32594537 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Male sterility is an important tool for plant breeding and hybrid seed production. Male-sterile mutants are largely due to an abnormal development of either the sporophytic or gametophytic anther tissues. Tapetum, a key sporophytic tissue, provides nutrients for pollen development, and its delayed degeneration induces pollen abortion. Numerous bHLH proteins have been documented to participate in the degeneration of the tapetum in angiosperms, but relatively little attention has been given to the evolution of the involved developmental pathways across the phylogeny of land plants. A combination of cellular, molecular, biochemical and evolutionary analyses was used to investigate the male fertility control in Medicago truncatula. We characterized the male-sterile mutant empty anther1 (ean1) and identified EAN1 as a tapetum-specific bHLH transcription factor necessary for tapetum degeneration. Our study uncovered an evolutionarily conserved recruitment of bHLH subfamily II and III(a + c)1 in the regulation of tapetum degeneration. EAN1 belongs to the subfamily II and specifically forms heterodimers with the subfamily III(a + c)1 members, which suggests a heterodimerization mechanism conserved in angiosperms. Our work suggested that the pathway of two tapetal-bHLH subfamilies is conserved in all land plants, and likely was established before the divergence of the spore-producing land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liangliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ye Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yawen Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Baolin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Youhan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Hua He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Shiqi Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Harald Schneider
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Fang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
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14
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Zhao B, He L, Jiang C, Liu Y, He H, Bai Q, Zhou S, Zheng X, Wen J, Mysore KS, Tadege M, Liu Y, Liu R, Chen J. Lateral Leaflet Suppression 1 (LLS1), encoding the MtYUCCA1 protein, regulates lateral leaflet development in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:613-628. [PMID: 32170762 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In species with compound leaves, the positions of leaflet primordium initiation are associated with local peaks of auxin accumulation. However, the role of auxin during the late developmental stages and outgrowth of compound leaves remains largely unknown. Using genome resequencing approaches, we identified insertion sites at four alleles of the LATERAL LEAFLET SUPPRESSION1 (LLS1) gene, encoding the auxin biosynthetic enzyme YUCCA1 in Medicago truncatula. Linkage analysis and complementation tests showed that the lls1 mutant phenotypes were caused by the Tnt1 insertions that disrupted the LLS1 gene. The transcripts of LLS1 can be detected in primordia at early stages of leaf initiation and later in the basal regions of leaflets, and finally in vein tissues at late leaf developmental stages. Vein numbers and auxin content are reduced in the lls1-1 mutant. Analysis of the lls1 sgl1 and lls1 palm1 double mutants revealed that SGL1 is epistatic to LLS1, and LLS1 works with PALM1 in an independent pathway to regulate the growth of lateral leaflets. Our work demonstrates that the YUCCA1/YUCCA4 subgroup plays very important roles in the outgrowth of lateral leaflets during compound leaf development of M. truncatula, in addition to leaf venation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Liangliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, 20 East 2nd Ring South, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Ye Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- School of life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Hua He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Quanzi Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaoli Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoling Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | | | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
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15
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Li X, Liu Q, Feng H, Deng J, Zhang R, Wen J, Dong J, Wang T. Dehydrin MtCAS31 promotes autophagic degradation under drought stress. Autophagy 2019; 16:862-877. [PMID: 31362589 PMCID: PMC7144882 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1643656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought stress seriously affects crop yield, and the mechanism underlying plant resistance to drought stress via macroautophagy/autophagy is not clear. Here, we show that a dehydrin, Medicago truncatula MtCAS31 (cold acclimation-specific 31), a positive regulator of drought response, plays a key role in autophagic degradation. A GFP cleavage assay and treatment with an autophagy-specific inhibitor indicated that MtCAS31 participates in the autophagic degradation pathway and that overexpressing MtCAS31 promotes autophagy under drought stress. Furthermore, we discovered that MtCAS31 interacts with the autophagy-related protein ATG8a in the AIM-like motif YXXXI, supporting its function in autophagic degradation. In addition, we identified a cargo protein of MtCAS31, the aquaporin MtPIP2;7, by screening an M. truncatula cDNA library. We found that MtPIP2;7 functions as a negative regulator of drought response. Under drought stress, MtCAS31 facilitated the autophagic degradation of MtPIP2;7 and reduced root hydraulic conductivity, thus reducing water loss and improving drought tolerance. Taken together, our results reveal a novel function of dehydrins in promoting the autophagic degradation of proteins, which extends our knowledge of the function of dehydrins.Abbreviations: AIM: ATG8-interacting motif; ATG: autophagy-related; ATI1: ATG8-interacting protein1; BiFC: Biomolecular fluorescence complementation; CAS31: cold acclimation-specific 31; ConcA: concanamycin A; DSK2: dominant suppressor of KAR2; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: ER-associated degradation; NBR1: next to BRCA1 gene 1; PM: plasma membrane; PIPs: plasma membrane intrinsic proteins; TALEN: transcription activator-like effector nuclease; TSPO: tryptophan-rich sensory protein/translocator; UPR: unfolded protein response; VC: vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Jiangli Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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16
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Zhang R, Chen H, Duan M, Zhu F, Wen J, Dong J, Wang T. Medicago falcata MfSTMIR, an E3 ligase of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, is involved in salt stress response. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:680-696. [PMID: 30712282 PMCID: PMC6849540 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on E3 of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) in plants have revealed homologs in yeast and animals. However, it remains unknown whether the plant ERAD system contains a plant-specific E3 ligase. Here, we report that MfSTMIR, which encodes an ER-membrane-localized RING E3 ligase that is highly conserved in leguminous plants, plays essential roles in the response of ER and salt stress in Medicago. MfSTMIR expression was induced by salt and tunicamycin (Tm). mtstmir loss-of-function mutants displayed impaired induction of the ER stress-responsive genes BiP1/2 and BiP3 under Tm treatment and sensitivity to salt stress. MfSTMIR promoted the degradation of a known ERAD substrate, CPY*. MfSTMIR interacted with the ERAD-associated ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme MtUBC32 and Sec61-translocon subunit MtSec61γ. MfSTMIR did not affect MtSec61γ protein stability. Our results suggest that the plant-specific E3 ligase MfSTMIR participates in the ERAD pathway by interacting with MtUBC32 and MtSec61γ to relieve ER stress during salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Crop Research Institute of Tianjin Academy of Agricultural SciencesTianjin300384China
| | - Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Mei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Fugui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Plant Biology DivisionSamuel Roberts Noble Research InstituteArdmoreOklahoma73401USA
| | - Jiangli Dong
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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17
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Wen L, Chen Y, Schnabel E, Crook A, Frugoli J. Comparison of efficiency and time to regeneration of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods in Medicago truncatula. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:20. [PMID: 30858871 PMCID: PMC6394069 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue culture transformation of plants has an element of art to it, with protocols passed on between labs but often not directly compared. As Medicago truncatula has become popular as a model system for legumes, rapid transformation is critical, and many protocols exist, with varying results. RESULTS The M. truncatula ecotypes, R108 and A17, were utilized to compare the effect of a modification to a previously used protocol based on shoot explants on the percentage of transformed plants produced from calli. This percentage was then compared to that of two additional transformation protocols based on root explants in the R108 ecotype. Variations in embryonic tissue sources, media components, time for transformation, and vectors were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS While no A17 transgenic plants were obtained, transgenic plantlets from the R108 ecotype were produced in as little as 4 months with a comparison of the two widely studied ecotypes under a single set of conditions. While the protocols tested gave similar results in percentage of transformed plants produced, considerations of labor and time to transgenics that vary between the root explant protocols tested were discovered. These considerations may influence which protocol to choose for introducing a single transgene versus creating lines with multiple mutations utilizing a CRISPR/Cas9 construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wen
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, USA
- Department of Food and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanling Chen
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, USA
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Elise Schnabel
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, USA
| | - Ashley Crook
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Julia Frugoli
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, USA
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18
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Zhang X, Han L, Wang Q, Zhang C, Yu Y, Tian J, Kong Z. The host actin cytoskeleton channels rhizobia release and facilitates symbiosome accommodation during nodulation in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1049-1059. [PMID: 30156704 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the actin cytoskeleton plays a central role in regulating intracellular transport and trafficking in the endomembrane system. Work in legumes suggested that during nodulation, the actin cytoskeleton coordinates numerous cellular processes in the development of nitrogen-fixing nodules. However, we lacked live-cell visualizations demonstrating dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton during infection droplet release and symbiosome development. Here, we generated transgenic Medicago truncatula lines stably expressing the fluorescent actin marker ABD2-GFP, and utilized live-cell imaging to reveal the architecture and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton during nodule development. Live-cell observations showed that different zones in nitrogen-fixing nodules exhibit distinct actin architectures and infected cells display five characteristic actin architectures during nodule development. Live-cell imaging combined with three-dimensional reconstruction demonstrated that dense filamentous-actin (F-actin) arrays channel the elongation of infection threads and the release of infection droplets, an F-actin network encircles freshly-released rhizobia, and short F-actin fragments and actin dots around radially distributed symbiosomes. Our findings suggest an important role of the actin cytoskeleton in infection droplet release, symbiosome development and maturation, and provide significant insight into the cellular mechanisms underlying nodule development and nitrogen fixation during legume-rhizobia interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Libo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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19
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Zheng G, Fan C, Di S, Wang X, Xiang C, Pang Y. Over-Expression of Arabidopsis EDT1 Gene Confers Drought Tolerance in Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2125. [PMID: 29326737 PMCID: PMC5733502 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important legume forage crop with great economic value. However, as the growth of alfalfa is seriously affected by an inadequate supply of water, drought is probably the major abiotic environmental factor that most severely affects alfalfa production worldwide. In an effort to enhance alfalfa drought tolerance, we transformed the Arabidopsis Enhanced Drought Tolerance 1 (AtEDT1) gene into alfalfa via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Compared with wild type plants, drought stress treatment resulted in higher survival rates and biomass, but reduced water loss rates in the transgenic plants. Furthermore, transgenic alfalfa plants had increased stomatal size, but reduced stomatal density, and these stomatal changes contributed greatly to reduced water loss from leaves. Importantly, transgenic alfalfa plants exhibited larger root systems with larger root lengths, root weight, and root diameters than wild type plants. The transgenic alfalfa plants had reduced membrane permeability and malondialdehyde content, but higher soluble sugar and proline content, higher superoxide dismutase activity, higher chlorophyll content, enhanced expression of drought-responsive genes, as compared with wild type plants. Notably, transgenic alfalfa plants grew better in a 2-year field trial and showed enhanced growth performance with increased biomass yield. All of our morphological, physiological, and molecular analyses demonstrated that the ectopic expression of AtEDT1 improved growth and enhanced drought tolerance in alfalfa. Our study provides alfalfa germplasm for use in forage improvement programs, and may help to increase alfalfa production in arid lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cunying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaokang Di
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengbin Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yongzhen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Garmier M, Gentzbittel L, Wen J, Mysore KS, Ratet P. Medicago truncatula: Genetic and Genomic Resources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2:318-349. [PMID: 33383982 DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula was chosen by the legume community, along with Lotus japonicus, as a model plant to study legume biology. Since then, numerous resources and tools have been developed for M. truncatula. These include, for example, its genome sequence, core ecotype collections, transformation/regeneration methods, extensive mutant collections, and a gene expression atlas. This review aims to describe the different genetic and genomic tools and resources currently available for M. truncatula. We also describe how these resources were generated and provide all the information necessary to access these resources and use them from a practical point of view. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Garmier
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Laurent Gentzbittel
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | - Pascal Ratet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
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21
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Vialette-Guiraud ACM, Chauvet A, Gutierrez-Mazariegos J, Eschstruth A, Ratet P, Scutt CP. A Conserved Role for the NAM/miR164 Developmental Module Reveals a Common Mechanism Underlying Carpel Margin Fusion in Monocarpous and Syncarpous Eurosids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1239. [PMID: 26793217 PMCID: PMC4710747 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The majority of angiosperms are syncarpous- their gynoecium is composed of two or more fused carpels. In Arabidopsis thaliana, this fusion is regulated through the balance of expression between CUP SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC) genes, which are orthologs of the Petunia hybrida transcription factor NO APICAL MERISTEM (NAM), and their post-transcriptional regulator miR164. Accordingly, the expression of a miR164-insensitive form of A. thaliana CUC2 causes a radical breakdown of carpel fusion. Here, we investigate the role of the NAM/miR164 genetic module in carpel closure in monocarpous plants. We show that the disruption of this module in monocarpous flowers of A. thaliana aux1-22 mutants causes a failure of carpel closure, similar to the failure of carpel fusion observed in the wild-type genetic background. This observation suggested that closely related mechanisms may bring about carpel closure and carpel fusion, at least in A. thaliana. We therefore tested whether these mechanisms were conserved in a eurosid species that is monocarpous in its wild-type form. We observed that expression of MtNAM, the NAM ortholog in the monocarpous eurosid Medicago truncatula, decreases during carpel margin fusion, suggesting a role for the NAM/miR164 module in this process. We transformed M. truncatula with a miR164-resistant form of MtNAM and observed, among other phenotypes, incomplete carpel closure in the resulting transformants. These data confirm the underlying mechanistic similarity between carpel closure and carpel fusion which we observed in A. thaliana. Our observations suggest that the role of the NAM/miR164 module in the fusion of carpel margins has been conserved at least since the most recent common ancestor of the eurosid clade, and open the possibility that a similar mechanism may have been responsible for carpel closure at much earlier stages of angiosperm evolution. We combine our results with studies of early diverging angiosperms to speculate on the role of the NAM/miR164 module in the origin and further evolution of the angiosperm carpel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie C. M. Vialette-Guiraud
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique – Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de LyonLyon, France
| | - Aurélie Chauvet
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique – Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de LyonLyon, France
| | - Juliana Gutierrez-Mazariegos
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique – Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de LyonLyon, France
| | - Alexis Eschstruth
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique – Université de Paris SudOrsay, France
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique – Université de Paris SudOrsay, France
| | - Charles P. Scutt
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5667, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique – Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de LyonLyon, France
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Couzigou JM, Magne K, Mondy S, Cosson V, Clements J, Ratet P. The legume NOOT-BOP-COCH-LIKE genes are conserved regulators of abscission, a major agronomical trait in cultivated crops. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:228-40. [PMID: 26390061 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants are able to lose organs selectively through a process called abscission. This process relies on the differentiation of specialized territories at the junction between organs and the plant body that are called abscission zones (AZ). Several genes control the formation or functioning of these AZ. We have characterized BLADE-ON-PETIOLE (BOP) orthologues from several legume plants and studied their roles in the abscission process using a mutant approach. Here, we show that the Medicago truncatula NODULE ROOT (NOOT), the Pisum sativum COCHLEATA (COCH) and their orthologue in Lotus japonicus are strictly necessary for the abscission of not only petals, but also leaflets, leaves and fruits. We also showed that the expression pattern of the M. truncatula pNOOT::GUS fusion is associated with functional and vestigial AZs when expressed in Arabidopsis. In addition, we show that the stip mutant from Lupinus angustifolius, defective in stipule formation and leaf abscission, is mutated in a BOP orthologue. In conclusion, this study shows that this clade of proteins plays an important conserved role in promoting abscission of all aerial organs studied so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Malo Couzigou
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Kevin Magne
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Samuel Mondy
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Viviane Cosson
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | | | - Pascal Ratet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
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