1
|
Xu L, Xu H, Tang C. Aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: progress of experimental models based on disease pathogenesis. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:354-365. [PMID: 38819039 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorders that lead to permanent visual loss and motor dysfunction. To date, no effective treatment exists as the exact causative mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, experimental models of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are essential for exploring its pathogenesis and in screening for therapeutic targets. Since most patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are seropositive for IgG autoantibodies against aquaporin-4, which is highly expressed on the membrane of astrocyte endfeet, most current experimental models are based on aquaporin-4-IgG that initially targets astrocytes. These experimental models have successfully simulated many pathological features of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, such as aquaporin-4 loss, astrocytopathy, granulocyte and macrophage infiltration, complement activation, demyelination, and neuronal loss; however, they do not fully capture the pathological process of human neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. In this review, we summarize the currently known pathogenic mechanisms and the development of associated experimental models in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, suggest potential pathogenic mechanisms for further investigation, and provide guidance on experimental model choices. In addition, this review summarizes the latest information on pathologies and therapies for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders based on experimental models of aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, offering further therapeutic targets and a theoretical basis for clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pinho TS, Cibrão JR, Silva D, Barata-Antunes S, Campos J, Afonso JL, Sampaio-Marques B, Ribeiro C, Macedo AS, Martins P, Cunha CB, Lanceros-Mendez S, Salgado AJ. In vitro neuronal and glial response to magnetically stimulated piezoelectric poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)/cobalt ferrite (CFO) microspheres. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 159:213798. [PMID: 38364446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Polymer biomaterials are being considered for tissue regeneration due to the possibility of resembling different extracellular matrix characteristics. However, most current scaffolds cannot respond to physical-chemical modifications of the cell microenvironment. Stimuli-responsive materials, such as electroactive smart polymers, are increasingly gaining attention once they can produce electrical potentials without external power supplies. The presence of piezoelectricity in human tissues like cartilage and bone highlights the importance of electrical stimulation in physiological conditions. Although poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is one of the piezoelectric polymers with the highest piezoelectric response, it is not biodegradable. Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a promising copolymer of poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) for tissue engineering and regeneration applications. It offers biodegradability, piezoelectric properties, biocompatibility, and bioactivity, making it a superior option to PVDF for biomedical purposes requiring biodegradability. Magnetoelectric polymer composites can be made by combining magnetostrictive particles and piezoelectric polymers to further tune their properties for tissue regeneration. These composites convert magnetic stimuli into electrical stimuli, generating local electrical potentials for various applications. Cobalt ferrites (CFO) and piezoelectric polymers have been combined and processed into different morphologies, maintaining biocompatibility for tissue engineering. The present work studied how PHBV/CFO microspheres affected neural and glial response in spinal cord cultures. It is expected that the electrical signals generated by these microspheres due to their magnetoelectric nature could aid in tissue regeneration and repair. PHBV/CFO microspheres were not cytotoxic and were able to impact neurite outgrowth and promote neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, PHBV/CFO microspheres led to microglia activation and induced the release of several bioactive molecules. Importantly, magnetically stimulated microspheres ameliorated cell viability after an in vitro ROS-induced lesion of spinal cord cultures, which suggests a beneficial effect on tissue regeneration and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany S Pinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge Ribeiro Cibrão
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Deolinda Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sandra Barata-Antunes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jonas Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João L Afonso
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Belém Sampaio-Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Ribeiro
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-058 Braga, Portugal; LaPMET - Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - André S Macedo
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-058 Braga, Portugal; LaPMET - Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Martins
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-058 Braga, Portugal; LaPMET - Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Cristiana B Cunha
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, 4710-058 Braga, Portugal; LaPMET - Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.; BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Walsh CM, Wychowaniec JK, Costello L, Brougham DF, Dooley D. An In Vitro and Ex Vivo Analysis of the Potential of GelMA Hydrogels as a Therapeutic Platform for Preclinical Spinal Cord Injury. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300951. [PMID: 37114899 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with no curative therapy currently available. Immunomodulation can be applied as a therapeutic strategy to drive alternative immune cell activation and promote a proregenerative injury microenvironment. Locally injected hydrogels carrying immunotherapeutic cargo directly to injured tissue offer an encouraging treatment approach from an immunopharmacological perspective. Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels are promising in this regard, however, detailed analysis on the immunogenicity of GelMA in the specific context of the SCI microenvironment is lacking. Here, the immunogenicity of GelMA hydrogels formulated with a translationally relevant photoinitiator is analyzed in vitro and ex vivo. 3% (w/v) GelMA, synthesized from gelatin type-A, is first identified as the optimal hydrogel formulation based on mechanical properties and cytocompatibility. Additionally, 3% GelMA-A does not alter the expression profile of key polarization markers in BV2 microglia or RAW264.7 macrophages after 48 h. Finally, it is shown for the first time that 3% GelMA-A can support the ex vivo culture of primary murine organotypic spinal cord slices for 14 days with no direct effect on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP+ ) astrocyte or ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1+ ) microglia reactivity. This provides evidence that GelMA hydrogels can act as an immunotherapeutic hydrogel-based platform for preclinical SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciara M Walsh
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Jacek K Wychowaniec
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, Davos, 7270, Switzerland
| | - Louise Costello
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Dermot F Brougham
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dedoni S, Scherma M, Camoglio C, Siddi C, Dazzi L, Puliga R, Frau J, Cocco E, Fadda P. An overall view of the most common experimental models for multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106230. [PMID: 37453561 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex chronic disease with an unknown etiology. It is considered an inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized, in most cases, by an unpredictable onset of relapse and remission phases. The disease generally starts in subjects under 40; it has a higher incidence in women and is described as a multifactorial disorder due to the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Unfortunately, there is currently no definitive cure for MS. Still, therapies can modify the disease's natural history, reducing the relapse rate and slowing the progression of the disease or managing symptoms. The limited access to human CNS tissue slows down. It limits the progression of research on MS. This limit has been partially overcome over the years by developing various experimental models to study this disease. Animal models of autoimmune demyelination, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and viral and toxin or transgenic MS models, represent the most significant part of MS research approaches. These models have now been complemented by ex vivo studies, using organotypic brain slice cultures and in vitro, through induced Pluripotent Stem cells (iPSCs). We will discuss which clinical features of the disorders might be reproduced and investigated in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro in models commonly used in MS research to understand the processes behind the neuropathological events occurring in the CNS of MS patients. The primary purpose of this review is to give the reader a global view of the main paradigms used in MS research, spacing from the classical animal models to transgenic mice and 2D and 3D cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Dedoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - M Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - C Camoglio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - C Siddi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - L Dazzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - R Puliga
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - J Frau
- Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Italy
| | - E Cocco
- Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Italy; Department Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - P Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy; Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schröder LJ, Thiesler H, Gretenkort L, Möllenkamp TM, Stangel M, Gudi V, Hildebrandt H. Polysialic acid promotes remyelination in cerebellar slice cultures by Siglec-E-dependent modulation of microglia polarization. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1207540. [PMID: 37492129 PMCID: PMC10365911 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1207540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Spontaneous restoration of myelin after demyelination occurs, but its efficiency declines during disease progression. Efficient myelin repair requires fine-tuning inflammatory responses by brain-resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages. Accordingly, promising therapeutic strategies aim at controlling inflammation to promote remyelination. Polysialic acid (polySia) is a polymeric glycan with variable chain lengths, presented as a posttranslational modification on select protein carriers. PolySia emerges as a negative regulator of inflammatory microglia and macrophage activation and has been detected on oligodendrocyte precursors and reactive astrocytes in multiple sclerosis lesions. As shown recently, polySia-modified proteins can also be released by activated microglia, and the intrinsically released protein-bound and exogenously applied free polySia were equally able to attenuate proinflammatory microglia activation via the inhibitory immune receptor Siglec-E. In this study, we explore polySia as a candidate substance for promoting myelin regeneration by immunomodulation. Lysophosphatidylcholine-induced demyelination of organotypic cerebellar slice cultures was used as an experimental model to analyze the impact of polySia with different degrees of polymerization (DP) on remyelination and inflammation. In lysophosphatidylcholine-treated cerebellar slice cultures, polySia-positive cells were abundant during demyelination but largely reduced during remyelination. Based on the determination of DP24 as the minimal polySia chain length required for the inhibition of inflammatory BV2 microglia activation, pools with short and long polySia chains (DP8-14 and DP24-30) were generated and applied to slice cultures during remyelination. Unlike DP8-14, treatment with DP24-30 significantly improved remyelination, increased arginase-1-positive microglia ratios, and reduced the production of nitric oxide in wildtype, but not in Siglec-E-deficient slice cultures. In vitro differentiation of oligodendrocytes was not affected by DP24-30. Collectively, these results suggest a beneficial effect of exogenously applied polySia DP24-30 on remyelination by Siglec-E-dependent microglia regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara-Jasmin Schröder
- Clinic for Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hauke Thiesler
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lina Gretenkort
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Martin Stangel
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinic for Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Validation of Recombinant Heparan Sulphate Reagents for CNS Repair. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030407. [PMID: 36979099 PMCID: PMC10044841 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapies that target the multicellular pathology of central nervous system (CNS) disease/injury are urgently required. Modified non-anticoagulant heparins mimic the heparan sulphate (HS) glycan family and have been proposed as therapeutics for CNS repair since they are effective regulators of numerous cellular processes. Our in vitro studies have demonstrated that low-sulphated modified heparan sulphate mimetics (LS-mHeps) drive CNS repair. However, LS-mHeps are derived from pharmaceutical heparin purified from pig intestines, in a supply chain at risk of shortages and contamination. Alternatively, cellular synthesis of heparin and HS can be achieved using mammalian cell multiplex genome engineering, providing an alternative source of recombinant HS mimetics (rHS). TEGA Therapeutics (San Diego) have manufactured rHS reagents with varying degrees of sulphation and we have validated their ability to promote repair in vitro using models that mimic CNS injury, making comparisons to LS-mHep7, a previous lead compound. We have shown that like LS-mHep7, low-sulphated rHS compounds promote remyelination and reduce features of astrocytosis, and in contrast, highly sulphated rHS drive neurite outgrowth. Cellular production of heparin mimetics may, therefore, offer potential clinical benefits for CNS repair.
Collapse
|
7
|
Higher throughput workflow with sensitive, reliable and automatic quantification of myelination in vitro suitable for drug screening. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2883. [PMID: 36805690 PMCID: PMC9938858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Immune-mediated myelin and axonal damage that is accompanied by chronic axonal loss causing destruction of the myelin sheaths are hallmarks of MS. While great strides have been made in understanding the molecular underpinnings of re-/myelination, currently no remyelination therapy is available for MS. As myelination is a complex process that is not fully understood, we sought to develop a systematic, reliable, automated and quantitative higher throughput screening method. We aimed to quantitate myelin sheaths in vitro with high sensitivity at the single cell level suitable for testing small compound libraries. To this end, we miniaturised in vitro retinal ganglion cell-oligodendrocyte precursor cell (RGC-OPC) co-cultures into a multi-well plate format. This allowed us to maintain the reciprocal interaction of live axons and oligodendrocytes (OLs) to ensure compact myelin formation. To quantify our co-cultures, we developed a novel computer vision algorithm to precisely measure myelination. We demonstrated efficacy of our system with known pro-differentiating compounds BQ3020 and XAV939 which exhibited robust, efficient, and dose dependent effects on myelination. Through this combination of experimental and technical advances, we have developed a method allowing systematic and reliable testing of remyelinating compound efficacy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu R, Meng X, Yu X, Wang G, Dong Z, Zhou Z, Qi M, Yu X, Ji T, Wang F. From 2D to 3D Co-Culture Systems: A Review of Co-Culture Models to Study the Neural Cells Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13116. [PMID: 36361902 PMCID: PMC9656609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) controls and regulates the functional activities of the organ systems and maintains the unity between the body and the external environment. The advent of co-culture systems has made it possible to elucidate the interactions between neural cells in vitro and to reproduce complex neural circuits. Here, we classified the co-culture system as a two-dimensional (2D) co-culture system, a cell-based three-dimensional (3D) co-culture system, a tissue slice-based 3D co-culture system, an organoid-based 3D co-culture system, and a microfluidic platform-based 3D co-culture system. We provide an overview of these different co-culture models and their applications in the study of neural cell interaction. The application of co-culture systems in virus-infected CNS disease models is also discussed here. Finally, the direction of the co-culture system in future research is prospected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- Department of Histology & Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaoting Meng
- Department of Histology & Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiyao Yu
- Department of Histology & Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhiyong Dong
- Department of Histology & Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhengjie Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Mingran Qi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Tong Ji
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang J, Yang H, Wu J, Zhang D, Wang Y, Zhai J. Recent progresses in novel in vitro models of primary neurons: A biomaterial perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:953031. [PMID: 36061442 PMCID: PMC9428288 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.953031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases have been a growing threat to the health of humanity, emphasizing the urgent need of exploring the pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches of various CNS diseases. Primary neurons are directly obtained from animals or humans, which have wide applications including disease modeling, mechanism exploration and drug development. However, traditional two-dimensional (2D) monoculture cannot resemble the native microenvironment of CNS. With the increasing understanding of the complexity of the CNS and the remarkable development of novel biomaterials, in vitro models have experienced great innovation from 2D monoculture toward three-dimensional (3D) multicellular culture. The scope of this review includes the progress of various in vitro models of primary neurons in recent years to provide a holistic view of the modalities and applications of primary neuron models and how they have been connected with the revolution of biofabrication techniques. Special attention has been paid to the interaction between primary neurons and biomaterials. First, a brief introduction on the history of CNS modeling and primary neuron culture was conducted. Next, detailed progress in novel in vitro models were discussed ranging from 2D culture, ex vivo model, spheroid, scaffold-based model, 3D bioprinting model, and microfluidic chip. Modalities, applications, advantages, and limitations of the aforementioned models were described separately. Finally, we explored future prospects, providing new insights into how basic science research methodologies have advanced our understanding of the CNS, and highlighted some future directions of primary neuron culture in the next few decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyu Yang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Wu
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dingyue Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiliang Zhai
- Departments of Orthopedics Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiliang Zhai,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baldacchino K, Peveler WJ, Lemgruber L, Smith RS, Scharler C, Hayden L, Komarek L, Lindsay SL, Barnett SC, Edgar JM, Linington C, Thümmler K. Myelinated axons are the primary target of hemin-mediated oxidative damage in a model of the central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2022; 354:114113. [PMID: 35569511 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Iron released from oligodendrocytes during demyelination or derived from haemoglobin breakdown products is believed to amplify oxidative tissue injury in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the pathophysiological significance of iron-containing haemoglobin breakdown products themselves is rarely considered in the context of MS and their cellular specificity and mode of action remain unclear. Using myelinating cell cultures, we now report the cytotoxic potential of hemin (ferriprotoporphyrin IX chloride), a major degradation product of haemoglobin, is 25-fold greater than equimolar concentrations of free iron in myelinating cultures; a model that reproduces the complex multicellular environment of the CNS. At low micro molar concentrations (3.3 - 10 μM) we observed hemin preferentially binds to myelin and axons to initiate a complex detrimental response that results in targeted demyelination and axonal loss but spares neuronal cell bodies, astrocytes and the majority of oligodendroglia. Demyelination and axonal loss in this context are executed by a combination of mechanisms that include iron-dependent peroxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ferroptosis. These effects are microglial-independent, do not require any initiating inflammatory insult and represent a direct effect that compromises the structural integrity of myelinated axons in the CNS. Our data identify hemin-mediated demyelination and axonal loss as a novel mechanism by which intracerebral degradation of haemoglobin may contribute to lesion development in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Baldacchino
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William J Peveler
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, G12 8QQ Glasgow, UK
| | - Leandro Lemgruber
- Glasgow Imaging Facility, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Sherrard Smith
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelia Scharler
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lorna Hayden
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Komarek
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Susan L Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Linington
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Thümmler
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Saleheen A, Acharyya D, Prosser RA, Baker CA. A microfluidic bubble perfusion device for brain slice culture. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1364-1373. [PMID: 33644791 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02291h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo brain slice cultures are utilized as analytical models for studying neurophysiology. Common approaches to maintaining slice cultures include roller tube and membrane interface techniques. The rise of organ-on-chip technologies has demonstrated the value of microfluidic perfusion culture systems for sampling and analysis of complex biology under well-controlled in vitro or ex vivo conditions. A number of approaches to microfluidic brain slice culture have been developed, however these typically involve complex design, fabrication, or operational parameters in order to meet the high oxygen demands of brain slices. Here, we present proof-of-principle for a novel approach to microfluidic brain slice culture. In this system, which we term a microfluidic bubble perfusion device, principles of droplet microfluidics were employed to generate droplets of perfusion media dispersed between bubbles of carbogen gas, and brain tissue slices were perfused with the resulting monodispersed droplets and bubbles. The challenge of tissue immobilization in the flow system was addressed using a two-part cytocompatible carbohydrate-based tissue adhesive. Best practices are discussed for perfusion chamber designs that maintain segmented flow throughout the course of perfusion. Control of droplet and bubble volumes was possible across the range of ca. 4-15 μL, bubble generation frequency was well controlled in the range ca. 1-7 bubbles per min, and bubble duty cycle was well controlled across the range ca. 20-80%. Murine hypothalamic tissue slices containing the suprachiasmatic nuclei were successfully maintained for durations of 8-10 hours, with tissue remaining viable for the duration of perfusion as assessed by Ca2+ imaging and propidium iodide (PI) staining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amirus Saleheen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin C, Calzarossa C, Fernandez-Zafra T, Liu J, Li X, Ekblad-Nordberg Å, Vazquez-Juarez E, Codeluppi S, Holmberg L, Lindskog M, Uhlén P, Åkesson E. Human ex vivo spinal cord slice culture as a useful model of neural development, lesion, and allogeneic neural cell therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:320. [PMID: 32727554 PMCID: PMC7390865 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01771-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are multiple promising treatment strategies for central nervous system trauma and disease. However, to develop clinically potent and safe treatments, models of human-specific conditions are needed to complement in vitro and in vivo animal model-based studies. Methods We established human brain stem and spinal cord (cross- and longitudinal sections) organotypic cultures (hOCs) from first trimester tissues after informed consent by donor and ethical approval by the Regional Human Ethics Committee, Stockholm (lately referred to as Swedish Ethical Review Authority), and The National Board of Health and Welfare, Sweden. We evaluated the stability of hOCs with a semi-quantitative hOC score, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, Ca2+ signaling, and electrophysiological analysis. We also applied experimental allogeneic human neural cell therapy after injury in the ex vivo spinal cord slices. Results The spinal cord hOCs presented relatively stable features during 7–21 days in vitro (DIV) (except a slightly increased cell proliferation and activated glial response). After contusion injury performed at 7 DIV, a significant reduction of the hOC score, increase of the activated caspase-3+ cell population, and activated microglial populations at 14 days postinjury compared to sham controls were observed. Such elevation in the activated caspase-3+ population and activated microglial population was not observed after allogeneic human neural cell therapy. Conclusions We conclude that human spinal cord slice cultures have potential for future structural and functional studies of human spinal cord development, injury, and treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenhong Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Div. of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cinzia Calzarossa
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Div. of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi diMilan, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Fernandez-Zafra
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Departmentof Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Div. of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Div. of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Ekblad-Nordberg
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Div. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erika Vazquez-Juarez
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Div. of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simone Codeluppi
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Departmentof Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Holmberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Div. of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Lindskog
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Div. of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Uhlén
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Departmentof Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Åkesson
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Div. of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,The R&D Unit, Stockholms Sjukhem, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|