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Shao Z, Tam KKG, Achalla VPK, Woon ECY, Mason AJ, Chow SF, Yam WC, Lam JKW. Synergistic combination of antimicrobial peptide and isoniazid as inhalable dry powder formulation against multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123960. [PMID: 38447778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has posed a serious threat to global public health, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged to be promising candidates to tackle this deadly infectious disease. Previous study has suggested that two AMPs, namely D-LAK120-A and D-LAK120-HP13, can potentiate the effect of isoniazid (INH) against mycobacteria. In this study, the strategy of combining INH and D-LAK peptide as a dry powder formulation for inhalation was explored. The antibacterial effect of INH and D-LAK combination was first evaluated on three MDR clinical isolates of Mycobacteria tuberculosis (Mtb). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and fractional inhibitory concentration indexes (FICIs) were determined. The combination was synergistic against Mtb with FICIs ranged from 0.25 to 0.38. The INH and D-LAK peptide at 2:1 mole ratio (equivalent to 1: 10 mass ratio) was identified to be optimal. This ratio was adopted for the preparation of dry powder formulation for pulmonary delivery, with mannitol used as bulking excipient. Spherical particles with mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of around 5 µm were produced by spray drying. The aerosol performance of the spray dried powder was moderate, as evaluated by the Next Generation Impactor (NGI), with emitted fraction and fine particle fraction of above 70 % and 45 %, respectively. The circular dichroism spectra revealed that both D-LAK peptides retained their secondary structure after spray drying, and the antibacterial effect of the combination against the MDR Mtb clinical isolates was successfully preserved. The combination was found to be effective against MDR Mtb isolates with KatG or InhA mutations. Overall, the synergistic combination of INH with D-LAK peptide formulated as inhaled dry powder offers a new therapeutic approach against MDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Shao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Kingsley King-Gee Tam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - V P K Achalla
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Esther C Y Woon
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - A James Mason
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Shing Fung Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wing Cheong Yam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jenny K W Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, United Kingdom; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Zahr R, Zahr S, El Hajj R, Khalil M. Characterization of Actinobacteria strains in Lebanese soil with an emphasis on investigating their antibacterial activity. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:255-267. [PMID: 38228935 PMCID: PMC10920600 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
With the alarming rise of drug resistant pathogens, the quest for new bioactive compounds from natural habitats has increased. Actinobacteria are Gram-positive bacteria, considered prominent natural antibiotic synthesizers. This study aimed at isolating Actinobacteria from agricultural soil samples of Tamnine El Tahta and Haddatha, with an emphasis on the physicochemical soil characteristics. It also aimed at screening and identifying the antibacterial-producing Actinobacteria, with a determination of the chemical composition of the extract. Forty-six Actinobacteria were isolated from six soil samples. Actinobacteria load exhibited a positive correlation with moisture content, and a negative correlation with pH, salinity, and organic matter content. Primary screening for antibacterial activity was performed against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by cross-streak method. Fourteen Actinobacteria isolates were potent against the test microorganisms, and the most effective isolate (T25) was selected for identification, and extract preparation. The antibacterial activity of the extract was tested using secondary screening, in addition to minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) determination. T25 isolate exhibited a 92% similarity with Micrococcus luteus/lylae. MIC recorded was 12.5 mg/ml and the MBC was higher than 100 mg/ml against all test microorganisms. Total phenol content was estimated to be 18.5 ± 0.0015 mg GAE/g dry weight using Folin-Ciocalteu method, and total flavonoid content recorded 2.3 ± 0.02 mg RE/g dry weight using aluminum nitrate colorimetric method. This study revealed that the physicochemical parameters in soils impact the distribution of Actinobacteria. Moreover, it focuses on Micrococcus luteus/lylae strain, considered a promising antibacterial resource for further potential clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Zahr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Sarah Zahr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana El Hajj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mahmoud Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Ismail N, Dippenaar A, Warren RM, Peters RPH, Omar SV. Emergence of Canonical and Noncanonical Genomic Variants following In Vitro Exposure of Clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains to Bedaquiline or Clofazimine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0136822. [PMID: 36892309 PMCID: PMC10112258 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01368-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, bedaquiline and clofazimine resistance occurs primarily through Rv0678 variants, a gene encoding a repressor protein that regulates mmpS5/mmpL5 efflux pump gene expression. Despite the shared effect of both drugs on efflux, little else is known about other pathways affected. We hypothesized that in vitro generation of bedaquiline- or clofazimine-resistant mutants could provide insight into additional mechanisms of action. We performed whole-genome sequencing and determined phenotypic MICs for both drugs on progenitor and mutant progenies. Mutants were induced through serial passage on increasing concentrations of bedaquiline or clofazimine. Rv0678 variants were identified in both clofazimine- and bedaquiline-resistant mutants, with concurrent atpE SNPs occurring in the latter. Of concern was the acquisition of variants in the F420 biosynthesis pathway in clofazimine-resistant mutants obtained from either a fully susceptible (fbiD: del555GCT) or rifampicin mono-resistant (fbiA: 283delTG and T862C) progenitor. The acquisition of these variants possibly implicates a shared pathway between clofazimine and nitroimidazoles. Pathways associated with drug tolerance and persistence, F420 biosynthesis, glycerol uptake and metabolism, efflux, and NADH homeostasis appear to be affected following exposure to these drugs. Shared genes affected by both drugs include Rv0678, glpK, nuoG, and uvrD1. Genes with variants in the bedaquiline resistant mutants included atpE, fadE28, truA, mmpL5, glnH, and pks8, while clofazimine-resistant mutants displayed ppsD, fbiA, fbiD, mutT3, fadE18, Rv0988, and Rv2082 variants. These results show the importance of epistatic mechanisms as a means of responding to drug pressure and highlight the complexity of resistance acquisition in M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Ismail
- SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research/DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Prinshof, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - A. Dippenaar
- Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R. M. Warren
- SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research/DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R. P. H. Peters
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Prinshof, Gauteng, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School CAPHRI (Care and Public Health Research Institute), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S. V. Omar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School CAPHRI (Care and Public Health Research Institute), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases/National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Tuberculosis, National TB Reference Laboratory & WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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Lewtak K, Czaplewska P, Wydrych J, Keller R, Nowicka A, Skrzypiec K, Fiołka MJ. Antimycobacterial Activity of Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby (Malvaceae) Seed Extract. Cells 2023; 12:397. [PMID: 36766739 PMCID: PMC9913413 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The current prevalence of such lifestyle diseases as mycobacteriosis and tuberculosis is a result of the growing resistance of microorganisms to the available antibiotics and their significant toxicity. Therefore, plants can successfully become a source of new therapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of protein extract from Sida hermaphrodita seeds on the morphology, structure, and viability of Mycobacterium smegmatis and to carry out proteomic characterization of the protein extract. The analyses were carried out using fluorescence and transmission microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and spectroscopy. The proteomic studies were performed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The studies showed that the seed extract applied at concentrations of 50-150 µg/mL exerted a statistically significant effect on M. smegmatis cells, that is, a reduction of the viability of the bacteria and induction of changes in the structure of the mycobacterial cell wall. Additionally, the SEM analysis confirmed that the extract did not have a cytotoxic or cytopathic effect on fibroblast cells. The proteomic analysis revealed the presence of structural, storage, and enzymatic proteins and peptides in the extract, which are typical for seeds. Proteins and peptides with antimicrobial activity identified as vicillins and lipid-transporting proteins were also determined in the protein profile of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Lewtak
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Czaplewska
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wydrych
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Radosław Keller
- Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aldona Nowicka
- Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skrzypiec
- Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Julia Fiołka
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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In Vitro Antimycobacterial Activity of Human Lactoferrin-Derived Peptide, D-hLF 1-11, against Susceptible and Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its Synergistic Effect with Rifampicin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121785. [PMID: 36551443 PMCID: PMC9774897 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a highly contagious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Although TB is treatable, multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and totally drug-resistant forms of M. tuberculosis have become a new life-threatening concern. New anti-TB drugs that are capable of curing these drug-resistant strains are urgently needed. The purpose of this study is to determine the antimycobacterial activity of D-enantiomer human lactoferricin 1-11 (D-hLF 1-11) against mycobacteria in vitro using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dephenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay, resazurin microplate assay, and microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay. Three previously described antimicrobial peptides, protegrin-1, AK 15-6, and melittin, with potent anti-TB activity, were included in this study. The findings suggest that D-hLF 1-11 can inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 100−200 µg/mL in susceptible, isoniazid (INH)-monoresistant, rifampicin (RF)-monoresistant, and MDR strains. The peptide can also inhibit some nontuberculous mycobacteria and other MTBC in similar concentrations. The antibiofilm activity of D-hLF 1-11 against the biofilm-forming M. abscessus was determined by crystal violet staining, and no significant difference is observed between the treated and untreated biofilm control. The checkerboard assay was subsequently carried out with M. tuberculosis H37Rv and the results indicate that D-hLF 1-11 displays an additive effect when combined with INH and a synergistic effect when combined with RF, with fractional inhibitory concentration indices of 0.730 and 0.312, respectively. The red blood cell hemolytic assay was initially applied for the toxicity determination of D-hLF 1-11, and negligible hemolysis (<1%) was observed, despite a concentration of up to 4 mg/mL being evaluated. Overall, D-hLF 1-11 has potential as a novel antimycobacterial agent for the future treatment of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant M. tuberculosis infections.
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Singh K, Sharma S, Banerjee T, Gupta A, Anupurba S. Mutation detection and minimum inhibitory concentration determination against linezolid and clofazimine in confirmed XDR-TB clinical isolates. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:236. [PMID: 36192704 PMCID: PMC9531458 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has complicated the situation due to the decline in potency of second-line anti-tubercular drugs. This limits the treatment option for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). The aim of this study was to determine and compare the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by agar dilution and resazurin microtiter assay (REMA) along with the detection of mutations against linezolid and clofazimine in confirmed XDR-TB clinical isolates. RESULTS A total of 169 isolates were found positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). The MIC was determined by agar dilution and REMA methods. The isolates which showed non-susceptibility were further subjected to mutation detection by targeting rplC gene (linezolid) and Rv0678 gene (clofazimine). The MIC for linezolid ranged from 0.125 µg/ml to > 2 µg/ml and for clofazimine from 0.25 µg/ml to > 4 µg/ml. The MIC50 and MIC90 for linezolid were 0.5 µg/ml and 1 µg/ml respectively while for clofazimine both were 1 µg/ml. The essential and categorical agreement for linezolid was 97.63% and 95.26% and for clofazimine, both were 100%. The sequencing result of the rplC gene revealed a point mutation at position 460 bp, where thymine (T) was substituted for cytosine (C) while seven mutations were noted between 46 to 220 bp in Rv0678 gene. CONCLUSION REMA method has been found to be more suitable in comparison to the agar dilution method due to lesser turnaround time. Mutations in rplC and Rv0678 genes were reasons for drug resistance against linezolid and clofazimine respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tuhina Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankush Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shampa Anupurba
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Olivença F, Ferreira C, Nunes A, Silveiro C, Pimentel M, Gomes JP, Catalão MJ. Identification of drivers of mycobacterial resistance to peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:985871. [PMID: 36147841 PMCID: PMC9485614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.985871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-lactams have been excluded from tuberculosis therapy due to the intrinsic resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to this antibiotic class, usually attributed to a potent beta-lactamase, BlaC, and to an unusually complex cell wall. In this pathogen, the peptidoglycan is cross-linked by penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and L,D-transpeptidases, the latter resistant to inhibition by most beta-lactams. However, recent studies have shown encouraging results of beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations in clinical strains. Additional research on the mechanisms of action and resistance to these antibiotics and other inhibitors of peptidoglycan synthesis, such as the glycopeptides, is crucial to ascertain their place in alternative regimens against drug-resistant strains. Within this scope, we applied selective pressure to generate mutants resistant to amoxicillin, meropenem or vancomycin in Mtb H37Rv or Mycolicibacterium smegmatis (Msm) mc2-155. These were phenotypically characterized, and whole-genome sequencing was performed. Mutations in promising targets or orthologue genes were inspected in Mtb clinical strains to establish potential associations between altered susceptibility to beta-lactams and the presence of key genomic signatures. The obtained isolates had substantial increases in the minimum inhibitory concentration of the selection antibiotic, and beta-lactam cross-resistance was detected in Mtb. Mutations in L,D-transpeptidases and major PBPs, canonical targets, or BlaC were not found. The transcriptional regulator PhoP (Rv0757) emerged as a common denominator for Mtb resistance to both amoxicillin and meropenem, while Rv2864c, a lipoprotein with PBP activity, appears to be specifically involved in decreased susceptibility to the carbapenem. Nonetheless, the mutational pattern detected in meropenem-resistant mutants was different from the yielded by amoxicillin-or vancomycin-selected isolates, suggesting that distinct pathways may participate in increased resistance to peptidoglycan inhibitors, including at the level of beta-lactam subclasses. Cross-resistance between beta-lactams and antimycobacterials was mostly unnoticed, and Msm meropenem-resistant mutants from parental strains with previous resistance to isoniazid or ethambutol were isolated at a lower frequency. Although cell-associated nitrocefin hydrolysis was increased in some of the isolates, our findings suggest that traditional assumptions of Mtb resistance relying largely in beta-lactamase activity and impaired access of hydrophilic molecules through lipid-rich outer layers should be challenged. Moreover, the therapeutical potential of the identified Mtb targets should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Olivença
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Ferreira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Nunes
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cátia Silveiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pimentel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Gomes
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Catalão
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Ikeh MA, Parish T. Rv0233 is not essential for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in stress conditions. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 36149732 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an important global pathogen. We were interested in understanding the role of Rv0233, a proposed subunit of the class IB ribonucleotide reductase, and its role in surviving stress conditions. We constructed an in-frame, unmarked deletion strain of M. tuberculosis and characterized its growth and survival under replicating or non-replicating conditions. We confirmed previous studies that found that Rv0233 is not essential for aerobic growth or survival in the presence of nitrite. We demonstrated that the deletion of Rv0233 does not affect susceptibility to frontline tuberculosis drugs or hydrogen peroxide. The deletion strain survived equally well under nutrient starvation or in hypoxia and was not attenuated for growth in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Ikeh
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tanya Parish
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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9
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Martini MC, Hicks ND, Xiao J, Alonso MN, Barbier T, Sixsmith J, Fortune SM, Shell SS. Loss of RNase J leads to multi-drug tolerance and accumulation of highly structured mRNA fragments in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010705. [PMID: 35830479 PMCID: PMC9312406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of well-characterized, canonical mutations that confer high-level drug resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), there is evidence that drug resistance mechanisms are more complex than simple acquisition of such mutations. Recent studies have shown that Mtb can acquire non-canonical resistance-associated mutations that confer survival advantages in the presence of certain drugs, likely acting as stepping-stones for acquisition of high-level resistance. Rv2752c/rnj, encoding RNase J, is disproportionately mutated in drug-resistant clinical Mtb isolates. Here we show that deletion of rnj confers increased tolerance to lethal concentrations of several drugs. RNAseq revealed that RNase J affects expression of a subset of genes enriched for PE/PPE genes and stable RNAs and is key for proper 23S rRNA maturation. Gene expression differences implicated two sRNAs and ppe50-ppe51 as important contributors to the drug tolerance phenotype. In addition, we found that in the absence of RNase J, many short RNA fragments accumulate because they are degraded at slower rates. We show that the accumulated transcript fragments are targets of RNase J and are characterized by strong secondary structure and high G+C content, indicating that RNase J has a rate-limiting role in degradation of highly structured RNAs. Taken together, our results demonstrate that RNase J indirectly affects drug tolerance, as well as reveal the endogenous roles of RNase J in mycobacterial RNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carla Martini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nathan D. Hicks
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Junpei Xiao
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria Natalia Alonso
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thibault Barbier
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jaimie Sixsmith
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scarlet S. Shell
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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10
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Morreale FE, Kleine S, Leodolter J, Junker S, Hoi DM, Ovchinnikov S, Okun A, Kley J, Kurzbauer R, Junk L, Guha S, Podlesainski D, Kazmaier U, Boehmelt G, Weinstabl H, Rumpel K, Schmiedel VM, Hartl M, Haselbach D, Meinhart A, Kaiser M, Clausen T. BacPROTACs mediate targeted protein degradation in bacteria. Cell 2022; 185:2338-2353.e18. [PMID: 35662409 PMCID: PMC9240326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hijacking the cellular protein degradation system offers unique opportunities for drug discovery, as exemplified by proteolysis-targeting chimeras. Despite their great promise for medical chemistry, so far, it has not been possible to reprogram the bacterial degradation machinery to interfere with microbial infections. Here, we develop small-molecule degraders, so-called BacPROTACs, that bind to the substrate receptor of the ClpC:ClpP protease, priming neo-substrates for degradation. In addition to their targeting function, BacPROTACs activate ClpC, transforming the resting unfoldase into its functional state. The induced higher-order oligomer was visualized by cryo-EM analysis, providing a structural snapshot of activated ClpC unfolding a protein substrate. Finally, drug susceptibility and degradation assays performed in mycobacteria demonstrate in vivo activity of BacPROTACs, allowing selective targeting of endogenous proteins via fusion to an established degron. In addition to guiding antibiotic discovery, the BacPROTAC technology presents a versatile research tool enabling the inducible degradation of bacterial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca E Morreale
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Kleine
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Leodolter
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabryna Junker
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - David M Hoi
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stepan Ovchinnikov
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anastasia Okun
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliane Kley
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Kurzbauer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Junk
- Saarland University, Organic Chemistry I, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Somraj Guha
- Saarland University, Organic Chemistry I, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Podlesainski
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Saarland University, Organic Chemistry I, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Guido Boehmelt
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Klaus Rumpel
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Markus Hartl
- Max Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Haselbach
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Meinhart
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Kaiser
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Tim Clausen
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Rakhmawatie MD, Wibawa T, Lisdiyanti P, Pratiwi WR, Mustofa. Evaluation of crystal violet decolorization assay and resazurin microplate assay for antimycobacterial screening. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02263. [PMID: 31497667 PMCID: PMC6722264 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The main obstacle in antimycobacterial discovery is the extremely slow growth rates of pathogenic mycobacteria that lead to the long incubation times needed in antimycobacterial screening. Some in vitro testings has been developed and are currently available for antimycobacterial screening. The aim of the study was to compare Resazurin Microplate Assay (REMA) and Crystal Violet Decolorization Assay (CVDA) for testing mycobacteria susceptibility to isoniazid and rifampicin as well as for antimycobacterial screening of natural products (NP). Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv and Mycobacterium smegmatis strain mc2 155 were used as tested mycobacteria. Serial two-fold dilutions from 0.0625 to 1.0 μg/mL for the isoniazid and rifampicin and from 6.25 to 100.0 μg/mL for the NP A and B were prepared. Tested mycobacteria were then incubated with tested drugs or NPs in each growth medium at 37 °C for 7 days for M. tuberculosis and 3 days for M. smegmatis. MIC values against M. tuberculosis were interpreted 24-48 h after adding resazurin or at least 72 h after adding crystal violet, whereas MIC values against M. smegmatis were interpreted 1 h after adding resazurin or 24 h after adding crystal violet. The MIC values against M. tuberculosis interpreted by REMA were 0.0625, 0.0625, 6.25, and >100 μg/mL for rifampicin, isoniazid, NP A, and NP B, respectively, and those interpreted by CVDA were 0.0625, 0.0625, 6.25, and >100 μg/mL for rifampicin, isoniazid, NP A, and NP B, respectively. Moreover, the MIC values against M. smegmatis interpreted by REMA were 0.0625, >1, 6.25, and 100 μg/mL for rifampicin, isoniazid, NP A, and NP B, respectively, and those interpreted by CVDA were 0.125, >1, 6.25, and >100 μg/mL for rifampicin, isoniazid, NP A, NP B respectively. In conclusion, REMA is faster and easier than CVDA to interpret MIC values, however CVDA produces higher MIC values than REMA for rifampicin and NP B in M. smegmatis susceptibility testing. Therefore, REMA and CVDA can be used for antimycobacterial screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Dian Rakhmawatie
- Doctoral Program in Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Tri Wibawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Puspita Lisdiyanti
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Woro Rukmi Pratiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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12
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Sharma D, Poonam, Shrivastava R, Bisht GS. In Vitro Efficacy of Lipid Conjugated Peptidomimetics Against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Activation of 2,4-Diaminoquinazoline in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Rv3161c, a Putative Dioxygenase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 63:AAC.01505-18. [PMID: 30323042 PMCID: PMC6325208 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01505-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The diaminoquinazoline series has good potency against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Resistant isolates have mutations in Rv3161c, a putative dioxygenase. The diaminoquinazoline series has good potency against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Resistant isolates have mutations in Rv3161c, a putative dioxygenase. We carried out metabolite analysis on a wild-type strain and an Rv3161c mutant strain after exposure to a diaminoquinazoline. The parental compound was found in intracellular extracts from the mutant but not the wild type. A metabolite consistent with a monohydroxylated form was identified in the wild type. These data support the hypothesis that Rv3161c metabolizes diaminoquinazolines in M. tuberculosis.
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14
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Identification of cyclic hexapeptides natural products with inhibitory potency against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:416. [PMID: 29954459 PMCID: PMC6022709 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Our aim was to identify natural products with anti-tubercular activity. Results A set of ~ 500 purified natural product compounds was screened for inhibition against the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A series of cyclic hexapeptides with anti-tubercular activity was identified. Five analogs from a set of sixteen closely related compounds were active, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 2.3 to 8.9 μM. Eleven structural analogs had no significant activity (MIC > 20 μM) demonstrating structure activity relationship. Sequencing of resistant mutant isolates failed to identify changes accounting for the resistance phenotype.
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15
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Xia Y, Zhou Y, Carter DS, McNeil MB, Choi W, Halladay J, Berry PW, Mao W, Hernandez V, O'Malley T, Korkegian A, Sunde B, Flint L, Woolhiser LK, Scherman MS, Gruppo V, Hastings C, Robertson GT, Ioerger TR, Sacchettini J, Tonge PJ, Lenaerts AJ, Parish T, Alley M. Discovery of a cofactor-independent inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800025. [PMID: 30456352 PMCID: PMC6238539 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AN12855 is a novel cofactor-independent inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA. AN12855 has potent activity against M. tuberculosis, good oral bioavailability, and comparable efficacy to isoniazid in infection models. New antitubercular agents are needed to combat the spread of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The frontline antitubercular drug isoniazid (INH) targets the mycobacterial enoyl-ACP reductase, InhA. Resistance to INH is predominantly through mutations affecting the prodrug-activating enzyme KatG. Here, we report the identification of the diazaborines as a new class of direct InhA inhibitors. The lead compound, AN12855, exhibited in vitro bactericidal activity against replicating bacteria and was active against several drug-resistant clinical isolates. Biophysical and structural investigations revealed that AN12855 binds to and inhibits the substrate-binding site of InhA in a cofactor-independent manner. AN12855 showed good drug exposure after i.v. and oral delivery, with 53% oral bioavailability. Delivered orally, AN12855 exhibited dose-dependent efficacy in both an acute and chronic murine model of tuberculosis infection that was comparable with INH. Combined, AN12855 is a promising candidate for the development of new antitubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xia
- Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew B McNeil
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wai Choi
- Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Weimin Mao
- Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Theresa O'Malley
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron Korkegian
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bjorn Sunde
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lindsay Flint
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa K Woolhiser
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael S Scherman
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Veronica Gruppo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Courtney Hastings
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gregory T Robertson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Peter J Tonge
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Departments of Chemistry and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Anne J Lenaerts
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mrk Alley
- Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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16
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A Novel 6-Benzyl Ether Benzoxaborole Is Active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis In Vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01205-17. [PMID: 28674058 PMCID: PMC5571309 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01205-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a novel 6-benzyl ether benzoxaborole with potent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The compound had an MIC of 2 μM in liquid medium. The compound was also able to prevent growth on solid medium at 0.8 μM and was active against intracellular bacteria (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 3.6 μM) without cytotoxicity against eukaryotic cells (IC50 > 100 μM). We isolated resistant mutants (MIC ≥ 100 μM), which had mutations in Rv1683, Rv3068c, and Rv0047c.
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17
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Howell Wescott HA, Roberts DM, Allebach CL, Kokoczka R, Parish T. Imidazoles Induce Reactive Oxygen Species in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Which Is Not Associated with Cell Death. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:41-51. [PMID: 28180188 PMCID: PMC5286457 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Azoles are a class of antimicrobial drugs used clinically to treat yeast and fungal infections. Against pathogenic yeast and fungi, azoles act by inhibiting the activity of the cytochrome P450 Cyp51, which is involved in the synthesis of a critical component of the yeast and fungal cell membrane. Azoles have antibacterial activity, including against mycobacteria, but the basis for this activity is not well-understood. We demonstrated that imidazoles are bactericidal to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A marked increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed within imidazole-treated M. tuberculosis. The generation of ROS did not appear to be related to the mechanism of killing of imidazoles, as the addition of antioxidants or altered expression of detoxifying enzymes had no effect on growth. We examined the metabolic changes induced by econazole treatment in both wild-type and econazole-resistant mutant strains of M. tuberculosis. Econazole treatment induced changes in carbohydrates, amino acids, and energy metabolism in both strains. Notably, the untreated mutant strain had a metabolic profile similar to the wild-type drug-treated cells, suggesting that adaptation to similar stresses may play a role in econazole resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Howell Wescott
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - David M Roberts
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Christian L Allebach
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Rachel Kokoczka
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
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18
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Discovery of Novel Oral Protein Synthesis Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis That Target Leucyl-tRNA Synthetase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6271-80. [PMID: 27503647 PMCID: PMC5038265 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01339-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent development and spread of extensively drug-resistant and totally drug-resistant resistant (TDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis highlight the need for new antitubercular drugs. Protein synthesis inhibitors have played an important role in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) starting with the inclusion of streptomycin in the first combination therapies. Although parenteral aminoglycosides are a key component of therapy for multidrug-resistant TB, the oxazolidinone linezolid is the only orally available protein synthesis inhibitor that is effective against TB. Here, we show that small-molecule inhibitors of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs), which are known to be excellent antibacterial protein synthesis targets, are orally bioavailable and effective against M. tuberculosis in TB mouse infection models. We applied the oxaborole tRNA-trapping (OBORT) mechanism, which was first developed to target fungal cytoplasmic leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS), to M. tuberculosis LeuRS. X-ray crystallography was used to guide the design of LeuRS inhibitors that have good biochemical potency and excellent whole-cell activity against M. tuberculosis. Importantly, their good oral bioavailability translates into in vivo efficacy in both the acute and chronic mouse models of TB with potency comparable to that of the frontline drug isoniazid.
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19
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Chandrasekera NS, Alling T, Bailey MA, Files M, Early JV, Ollinger J, Ovechkina Y, Masquelin T, Desai PV, Cramer JW, Hipskind PA, Odingo JO, Parish T. Identification of Phenoxyalkylbenzimidazoles with Antitubercular Activity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7273-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Susantha Chandrasekera
- Infectious Disease
Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Torey Alling
- Infectious Disease
Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Mai A. Bailey
- Infectious Disease
Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Megan Files
- Infectious Disease
Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Julie V. Early
- Infectious Disease
Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Juliane Ollinger
- Infectious Disease
Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Yulia Ovechkina
- Infectious Disease
Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Thierry Masquelin
- Lilly Research
Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Prashant V. Desai
- Lilly Research
Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Cramer
- Lilly Research
Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | | | - Joshua O. Odingo
- Infectious Disease
Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Tanya Parish
- Infectious Disease
Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue
East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
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20
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Mullowney MW, Hwang CH, Newsome AG, Wei X, Tanouye U, Wan B, Carlson S, Barranis NJ, Ó hAinmhire E, Chen WL, Krishnamoorthy K, White J, Blair R, Lee H, Burdette JE, Rathod PK, Parish T, Cho S, Franzblau SG, Murphy BT. Diaza-anthracene Antibiotics from a Freshwater-Derived Actinomycete with Selective Antibacterial Activity toward Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:168-174. [PMID: 26594660 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are resistant to first- and second-line drug regimens and resulted in 210,000 fatalities in 2013. In the current study, we screened a library of aquatic bacterial natural product fractions for their ability to inhibit this pathogen. A fraction from a Lake Michigan bacterium exhibited significant inhibitory activity, from which we characterized novel diazaquinomycins H and J. This antibiotic class displayed an in vitro activity profile similar or superior to clinically used anti-tuberculosis agents and maintained this potency against a panel of drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. Importantly, these are among the only freshwater-derived actinomycete bacterial metabolites described to date. Further in vitro profiling against a broad panel of bacteria indicated that this antibiotic class selectively targets M. tuberculosis. Additionally, in the case of this pathogen we present evidence counter to previous reports that claim the diazaquinomycins target thymidylate synthase in Gram-positive bacteria. Thus, we establish freshwater environments as potential sources for novel antibiotic leads and present the diazaquinomycins as potent and selective inhibitors of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Mullowney
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 781), Room 539, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Chang Hwa Hwang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 781), Room 539, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 964), Room 412, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Andrew G. Newsome
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 781), Room 539, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Xiaomei Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 781), Room 539, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Urszula Tanouye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 781), Room 539, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 964), Room 412, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Skylar Carlson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 781), Room 539, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Nanthida Joy Barranis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 781), Room 539, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 865), Room 335, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Eoghainín Ó hAinmhire
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 781), Room 539, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Molecular Biology Research
Building, 900 South Ashland Avenue (MC 870), Room
3150, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7173, United States
| | - Wei-Lun Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 781), Room 539, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Kalyanaraman Krishnamoorthy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - John White
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Rachel Blair
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616
Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Hyunwoo Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 865), Room 335, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Joanna E. Burdette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 781), Room 539, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Molecular Biology Research
Building, 900 South Ashland Avenue (MC 870), Room
3150, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7173, United States
| | - Pradipsinh K. Rathod
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616
Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Sanghyun Cho
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 964), Room 412, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Scott G. Franzblau
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 781), Room 539, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 964), Room 412, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Brian T. Murphy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street (MC 781), Room 539, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Molecular Biology Research
Building, 900 South Ashland Avenue (MC 870), Room
3150, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7173, United States
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21
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Frequency and geographic distribution of gyrA and gyrB mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates: a systematic review. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120470. [PMID: 25816236 PMCID: PMC4376704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection of mutations in the gyrA and gyrB genes in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome that have been demonstrated to confer phenotypic resistance to fluoroquinolones is the most promising technology for rapid diagnosis of fluoroquinolone resistance. METHODS In order to characterize the diversity and frequency of gyrA and gyrB mutations and to describe the global distribution of these mutations, we conducted a systematic review, from May 1996 to April 2013, of all published studies evaluating Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutations associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones. The overall goal of the study was to determine the potential utility and reliability of these mutations as diagnostic markers to detect phenotypic fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to describe their geographic distribution. RESULTS Forty-six studies, covering four continents and 18 countries, provided mutation data for 3,846 unique clinical isolates with phenotypic resistance profiles to fluoroquinolones. The gyrA mutations occurring most frequently in fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates, ranged from 21-32% for D94G and 13-20% for A90V, by drug. Eighty seven percent of all strains that were phenotypically resistant to moxifloxacin and 83% of ofloxacin resistant isolates contained mutations in gyrA. Additionally we found that 83% and 80% of moxifloxacin and ofloxacin resistant strains respectively, were observed to have mutations in the gyrA codons interrogated by the existing MTBDRsl line probe assay. In China and Russia, 83% and 84% of fluoroquinolone resistant strains respectively, were observed to have gyrA mutations in the gene regions covered by the MTBDRsl assay. CONCLUSIONS Molecular diagnostics, specifically the Genotype MTBDRsl assay, focusing on codons 88-94 should have moderate to high sensitivity in most countries. While we did observe geographic differences in the frequencies of single gyrA mutations across countries, molecular diagnostics based on detection of all gyrA mutations demonstrated to confer resistance should have broad and global utility.
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22
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Predominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Families and High Rates of Recent Transmission among New Cases Are Not Associated with Primary Multidrug Resistance in Lima, Peru. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:1854-63. [PMID: 25809979 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03585-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sputum samples from new tuberculosis (TB) cases were collected over 2 years as part of a prospective study in the northeastern part of Lima, Peru. To measure the contribution of recent transmission to the high rates of multidrug resistance (MDR) in this area, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBc) isolates were tested for drug susceptibility to first-line drugs and were genotyped by spoligotyping and 15-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit (MIRU-15)-variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis. MDR was found in 6.8% of 844 isolates, of which 593 (70.3%) were identified as belonging to a known MTBc lineage, whereas 198 isolates (23.5%) could not be assigned to these lineages and 12 (1.4%) represented mixed infections. Lineage 4 accounted for 54.9% (n = 463) of the isolates, most of which belonged to the Haarlem family (n = 279). MIRU-15 analysis grouped 551/791 isolates (69.7%) in 102 clusters, with sizes ranging from 2 to 46 strains. The overall high clustering rate suggests a high level of recent transmission in this population, especially among younger patients (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; P = 0.01). Haarlem strains were more prone to cluster, compared to the other families taken together (OR, 2.0; P < 0.0001), while Beijing (OR, 0.6; P = 0.006) and LAM (OR, 0.7; P = 0.07) strains clustered less. Whereas streptomycin-resistant strains were more commonly found in clusters (OR, 1.8; P = 0.03), clustering rates did not differ between MDR and non-MDR strains (OR, 1.8; P = 0.1). Furthermore, only 16/51 MDR strains clustered with other MDR strains, suggesting that patients with primary MDR infections acquired the infections mostly from index cases outside the study population, such as retreated cases.
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O'Malley T, Melief E. Isolation and characterization of compound-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1285:317-328. [PMID: 25779325 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2450-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the isolation and characterization of spontaneous resistant mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The overall objective of resistant mutant isolation is to determine the mode of action and/or cellular targets of new antimycobacterial agents. Whole-genome sequencing of resistant mutants can identify targets of antimycobacterial drugs and mechanisms of resistance, such as efflux, changes in drug permeability, or drug recognition. Mutants allow insight into in vivo biological processes and can help elucidate the number and identity of genes in a given pathway. Resistant mutant characterization can also lay the groundwork for structure/function studies, especially in conjunction with binding studies and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa O'Malley
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
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Odingo J, O'Malley T, Kesicki EA, Alling T, Bailey MA, Early J, Ollinger J, Dalai S, Kumar N, Singh RV, Hipskind PA, Cramer JW, Ioerger T, Sacchettini J, Vickers R, Parish T. Synthesis and evaluation of the 2,4-diaminoquinazoline series as anti-tubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6965-79. [PMID: 25456390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 2,4-diaminoquinazoline class of compounds has previously been identified as an effective inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. We conducted an extensive evaluation of the series for its potential as a lead candidate for tuberculosis drug discovery. Three segments of the representative molecule N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)quinazolin-4-amine were examined systematically to explore structure-activity relationships influencing potency. We determined that the benzylic amine at the 4-position, the piperidine at 2-position and the N-1 (but not N-3) are key activity determinants. The 3-deaza analog retained similar activity to the parent molecule. Biological activity was not dependent on iron or carbon source availability. We demonstrated through pharmacokinetic studies in rats that good in vivo compound exposure is achievable. A representative compound demonstrated bactericidal activity against both replicating and non-replicating M. tuberculosis. We isolated and sequenced M. tuberculosis mutants resistant to this compound and observed mutations in Rv3161c, a gene predicted to encode a dioxygenase, suggesting that the compound may act as a pro-drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Odingo
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Theresa O'Malley
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Edward A Kesicki
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Torey Alling
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Mai Ann Bailey
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Julie Early
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Juliane Ollinger
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | | | - Naresh Kumar
- Jubilant Chemsys Limited, B-34, Sector 58, Noida 201301, India
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - James Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Tanya Parish
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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Simple and rapid method to determine antimycobacterial potency of compounds by using autoluminescent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:5801-8. [PMID: 25049243 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03205-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle in the process of discovery of drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is its extremely slow growth rate and long generation time (∼20 to 24 h). Consequently, determination of MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of potential drug candidates using current methods requires 7 days (resazurin-based MIC assay [REMA]) and 1 month (CFU enumeration), respectively. We employed a synthetic luciferase operon optimized for expression in high-GC-content bacteria and adapted it for use in mycobacteria. Using luminescence-based readouts, we were able to determine the MICs and bactericidal activities of approved tuberculosis (TB) drugs, which correlated well with currently used methods. Although luminescence-based readouts have been used previously to determine the MICs and bactericidal activities of approved TB drugs, in this study we adapted this assay to carry out a pilot screen using a library of 1,114 compounds belonging to diverse chemical scaffolds. We found that MICs derived from a 3-day luminescence assay matched well with REMA-based MIC values. To determine the bactericidal potencies of compounds, a 1:10 dilution of the cultures from the MIC plate was carried out on day 7, and the bactericidal concentrations determined based on time to positivity in 2 weeks were found to be comparable with MBC values determined by the conventional CFU approach. Thus, the luminescent mycobacterium-based approach not only is very simple and inexpensive but also allowed us to generate the information in half the time required by conventional methods.
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Ioerger TR, O’Malley T, Liao R, Guinn KM, Hickey MJ, Mohaideen N, Murphy KC, Boshoff HIM, Mizrahi V, Rubin EJ, Sassetti CM, Barry CE, Sherman DR, Parish T, Sacchettini JC. Identification of new drug targets and resistance mechanisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75245. [PMID: 24086479 PMCID: PMC3781026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of new drug targets is vital for the advancement of drug discovery against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially given the increase of resistance worldwide to first- and second-line drugs. Because traditional target-based screening has largely proven unsuccessful for antibiotic discovery, we have developed a scalable platform for target identification in M. tuberculosis that is based on whole-cell screening, coupled with whole-genome sequencing of resistant mutants and recombineering to confirm. The method yields targets paired with whole-cell active compounds, which can serve as novel scaffolds for drug development, molecular tools for validation, and/or as ligands for co-crystallization. It may also reveal other information about mechanisms of action, such as activation or efflux. Using this method, we identified resistance-linked genes for eight compounds with anti-tubercular activity. Four of the genes have previously been shown to be essential: AspS, aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, Pks13, a polyketide synthase involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis, MmpL3, a membrane transporter, and EccB3, a component of the ESX-3 type VII secretion system. AspS and Pks13 represent novel targets in protein translation and cell-wall biosynthesis. Both MmpL3 and EccB3 are involved in membrane transport. Pks13, AspS, and EccB3 represent novel candidates not targeted by existing TB drugs, and the availability of whole-cell active inhibitors greatly increases their potential for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Theresa O’Malley
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Reiling Liao
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristine M. Guinn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Hickey
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nilofar Mohaideen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenan C. Murphy
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Helena I. M. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Valerie Mizrahi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eric J. Rubin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David R. Sherman
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tanya Parish
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James C. Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Malachite green interferes with postantibiotic recovery of mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3610-4. [PMID: 22526306 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00406-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Mycobacterium comprises slow-growing species with generation times ranging from hours to weeks. The protracted incubation time before colonies appear on solid culture medium can result in overgrowth by faster-growing microorganisms. To prevent contamination, the solid media used in laboratories and clinics for cultivation of mycobacteria contain the arylmethane compound malachite green, which has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Malachite green has no impact on the plating efficiency of mycobacteria when cells are grown under normal conditions. However, we found that malachite green interfered with colony formation when bacteria were preexposed to antibiotics targeting cell wall biogenesis (isoniazid, ethionamide, ethambutol). This inhibitory effect of malachite green was not observed when bacteria were preexposed to antibiotics targeting cellular processes other than cell wall biogenesis (rifampin, moxifloxacin, streptomycin). Sputum specimens from tuberculosis patients are routinely evaluated on solid culture medium containing high concentrations of malachite green. This practice could lead to underestimation of bacterial loads and overestimation of chemotherapeutic efficacy.
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