1
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Rahman S, Early J, Sharpe B, Lloyd M, Grace B, De Vries M, Ramchurn S, Underwood TJ. O4 Neural network image capture to predict response of oesophageal adenocarcinoma to neoadjuvant therapy. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab282.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Locally advanced oesophageal adenocarcinoma is typically treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) or chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) followed by surgery. Significant benefit to neoadjuvant treatment however is confined to a minority of patients (<25%) and there are no reliable means of establishing prior to treatment in whom this benefit will occur. In this study, we assessed the utility of features extracted from high-resolution digital microscopy of pre-treatment biopsies in predicting response to neoadjuvant therapy in a machine-learning based modelling framework.
Method
A total of 102 cases were included in the study. Pre-treatment clinical information, including TNM staging, was obtained, along with diagnostic biopsies. Diagnostic biopsies were converted into high-resolution whole slide-images and features extracted using a pre-trained convolutional neural network (Xception). Elastic net regression models were then trained and validated with bootstrapping with 1000 resampled datasets. The response was considered according to Mandard tumour regression grade (TRG).
Result
There were 45 (44.1%) responders (TRG1-2) and 57 (57%) non-responders (TRG3-5) in the dataset. 34 patients (33.3%) received NACT and 68 (66.7%) received NACRT. A model trained with RNA-seq data achieved fair performance only in predicting response (AUC 0.598 95% CI 0.593–0.603), which was far exceeded by use of segmented diagnostic biopsy images (AUC 0.872 95% CI 0.869–0.875), which also produced well calibrated predictions of risk.
Conclusion
Despite using a small dataset, impressive performance in classifying response to neoadjuvant treatment can be achieved, particularly using automated image classification. Further study to refine the methodology is required before expansion to clinical settings.
Take-home Message
Response to neoadjuvant treatment for oesophageal cancer can be predicted from diagnostic biopsies
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rahman
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton
| | - J Early
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton
| | - B Sharpe
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton
| | - M Lloyd
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton
| | - B Grace
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton
| | - M De Vries
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton
| | - S Ramchurn
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton
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2
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Ray P, Huggett M, Turner PA, Taylor M, Cleghorn LAT, Early J, Kumar A, Bonnett SA, Flint L, Joerss D, Johnson J, Korkegian A, Mullen S, Moure AL, Davis SH, Murugesan D, Mathieson M, Caldwell N, Engelhart CA, Schnappinger D, Epemolu O, Zuccotto F, Riley J, Scullion P, Stojanovski L, Massoudi L, Robertson GT, Lenaerts AJ, Freiberg G, Kempf DJ, Masquelin T, Hipskind PA, Odingo J, Read KD, Green SR, Wyatt PG, Parish T. Spirocycle MmpL3 Inhibitors with Improved hERG and Cytotoxicity Profiles as Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth. ACS Omega 2021; 6:2284-2311. [PMID: 33521468 PMCID: PMC7841955 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of multi-drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, there is a pressing need for new oral drugs with novel mechanisms of action. A number of scaffolds with potent anti-tubercular in vitro activity have been identified from phenotypic screening that appear to target MmpL3. However, the scaffolds are typically lipophilic, which facilitates partitioning into hydrophobic membranes, and several contain basic amine groups. Highly lipophilic basic amines are typically cytotoxic against mammalian cell lines and have associated off-target risks, such as inhibition of human ether-à-go-go related gene (hERG) and IKr potassium current modulation. The spirocycle compound 3 was reported to target MmpL3 and displayed promising efficacy in a murine model of acute tuberculosis (TB) infection. However, this highly lipophilic monobasic amine was cytotoxic and inhibited the hERG ion channel. Herein, the related spirocycles (1-2) are described, which were identified following phenotypic screening of the Eli Lilly corporate library against M. tuberculosis. The novel N-alkylated pyrazole portion offered improved physicochemical properties, and optimization led to identification of a zwitterion series, exemplified by lead 29, with decreased HepG2 cytotoxicity as well as limited hERG ion channel inhibition. Strains with mutations in MmpL3 were resistant to 29, and under replicating conditions, 29 demonstrated bactericidal activity against M. tuberculosis. Unfortunately, compound 29 had no efficacy in an acute model of TB infection; this was most likely due to the in vivo exposure remaining above the minimal inhibitory concentration for only a limited time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
C. Ray
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Margaret Huggett
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Penelope A. Turner
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Malcolm Taylor
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Laura A. T. Cleghorn
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Julie Early
- TB
Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research
Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Anuradha Kumar
- TB
Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research
Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Shilah A. Bonnett
- TB
Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research
Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Lindsay Flint
- TB
Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research
Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Douglas Joerss
- TB
Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research
Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - James Johnson
- TB
Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research
Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Aaron Korkegian
- TB
Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research
Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Steven Mullen
- TB
Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research
Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Abraham L. Moure
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Susan H. Davis
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Dinakaran Murugesan
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Michael Mathieson
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Nicola Caldwell
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Curtis A. Engelhart
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell
Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell
Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ola Epemolu
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Paul Scullion
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Lisa Massoudi
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Gregory T. Robertson
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Anne J. Lenaerts
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, United States
| | - Gail Freiberg
- AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Dale J. Kempf
- AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Thierry Masquelin
- Discovery
Chemistry Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Centre, MC/87/02/203, G17, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | | | - Joshua Odingo
- TB
Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research
Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Simon R. Green
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Paul G. Wyatt
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
College of Life Sciences, University of
Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB
Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research
Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
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3
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McGuffin S, Mullen S, Early J, Parish T. 1341. Development of a Series of High-Throughput Screens to Identify Leads for Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Drug Design. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019. [PMCID: PMC6808912 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), particularly Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium abscessus complex, cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients with impaired host immunity or pre-existing structural lung conditions. NTM infections are increasing at an alarming rate worldwide and there is a dearth of progress in regard to the development of efficacious and tolerable drugs to treat such infections. Traditional drug discovery screens do not account for the diverse physiological conditions, microenvironments, and compartments that the bacilli encounter during human infection. In order to help populate the NTM drug pipeline, and explore the disconnect between in vitro activity, in vivo activity, and clinical outcomes, we are developing a high throughput in vitro assay platform that will more closely model the unique infection-relevant conditions encountered by NTM. Methods We are developing and validating a suite of in vitro assays that screen compounds for activity against extracellular planktonic bacteria, extracellular bacteria within biofilms, intracellular bacteria, and nutrient-starved non-replicating bacteria. Results We are using both the smooth and rough morphotypes of M. abscessus and M. avium. We have validated high throughput assays to pharmaceutical standards for replicating and non-replicating M. abscessus. We have also tested a panel of 18 known anti-mycobacterial compounds. Assay development is currently underway to test compounds for activity against NTM in biofilm and inside macrophages as well. Conclusion To enhance hit identification for scaffolds to use as starting points for NTM drug development, focused libraries of compounds that have undergone significant preclinical profiling and/or compounds with known activity against M. tuberculosis (TB) will be screened. Such a “piggyback” approach usurps advances made in TB drug development and leverages them for NTM drug discovery. This will help expedite novel drug development, reduce attrition rate, and offer a shorter route to clinical use as it exploits the prior investment in medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Mullen
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julie Early
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tanya Parish
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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4
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Smith J, Wescott H, Early J, Mullen S, Guzman J, Odingo J, Lamar J, Parish T. Anthranilic amide and imidazobenzothiadiazole compounds disrupt Mycobacterium tuberculosis membrane potential. Medchemcomm 2019; 10:934-945. [PMID: 31303991 PMCID: PMC6596218 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00088g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Compounds 1 and 2 disrupt M. tuberculosis membrane potential and demonstrate bactericidal activity against non-replicating M. tuberculosis in pH 4.5 buffer.
A family of compounds typified by an anthranilic amide 1 was identified from a whole-cell screening effort targeted at identifying compounds that disrupt pH homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 1 demonstrated bactericidal activity against non-replicating M. tuberculosis in pH 4.5 buffer (MBC4.5 = 6.3 μM). Exploration of the structure–activity relations failed to simplify the scaffold. The antitubercular activity proved dependent on the lipophilicity and planarity of the molecule and directly correlated with mammalian cytotoxicity. Further studies revealed a pH-dependent correlation between the family's disruption of M. tuberculosis membrane potential and antitubercular activity, with active compounds causing a drop in membrane potential at concentrations below their MBC4.5. A second compound family, identified in the same screening effort and typified by imidazo(4,5-e)(2,1,3)benzothiadiazole 2, provided a contrasting profile. As with 1, structure–activity profiling of 2 (MBC4.5 = 25 μM) failed to minimize the initial scaffold, mammalian cytotoxicity was observed for a majority of the active compounds, and many of the active compounds disrupted M. tuberculosis membrane potential. However, unlike the anthranilic amide compounds, the benzothiadiazole compounds disrupted M. tuberculosis membrane potential primarily at concentrations above the MBC4.5 in a pH-independent fashion. These differences suggest an alternative mechanism of action for the benzothiadiazole compounds. As a result, while the cytotoxicity of the anthranilic amides limits their utility to tool compounds, benzothiadiazole 2 presents an attractive target for more focused SAR exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Smith
- TB Discovery Research , Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400 , Seattle , Washington 98102 , USA .
| | - Heather Wescott
- TB Discovery Research , Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400 , Seattle , Washington 98102 , USA .
| | - Julie Early
- TB Discovery Research , Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400 , Seattle , Washington 98102 , USA .
| | - Steven Mullen
- TB Discovery Research , Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400 , Seattle , Washington 98102 , USA .
| | - Junitta Guzman
- TB Discovery Research , Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400 , Seattle , Washington 98102 , USA .
| | - Joshua Odingo
- TB Discovery Research , Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400 , Seattle , Washington 98102 , USA .
| | - Jason Lamar
- Lilly Research Laboratories , Eli Lilly and Company , 307 E Merrill St , Indianapolis , Indiana 46285 , USA
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research , Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400 , Seattle , Washington 98102 , USA .
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5
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Early J, Ollinger J, Darby C, Alling T, Mullen S, Casey A, Gold B, Ochoada J, Wiernicki T, Masquelin T, Nathan C, Hipskind PA, Parish T. Identification of Compounds with pH-Dependent Bactericidal Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:272-280. [PMID: 30501173 PMCID: PMC6371205 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
![]()
To find new inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that have novel mechanisms of
action, we miniaturized a high throughput
screen to identify compounds that disrupt pH homeostasis. We adapted
and validated a 384-well format assay to determine intrabacterial
pH using a ratiometric green fluorescent protein. We screened 89000
small molecules under nonreplicating conditions and confirmed 556
hits that reduced intrabacterial pH (below pH 6.5). We selected five
compounds that disrupt intrabacterial pH homeostasis and also showed
some activity against nonreplicating bacteria in a 4-stress model,
but with no (or greatly reduced) activity against replicating bacteria.
The compounds selected were two benzamide sulfonamides, a benzothiadiazole,
a bissulfone, and a thiadiazole, none of which are known antibacterial
agents. All of these five compounds demonstrated bactericidal activity
against nonreplicating bacteria in buffer. Four of the five compounds
demonstrated increased activity under low pH conditions. None of the
five compounds acted as ionophores or as general disrupters of membrane
potential. These compounds are useful starting points for work to
elucidate their mechanism of action and their utility for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Early
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Juliane Ollinger
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Crystal Darby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Torey Alling
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Steven Mullen
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Allen Casey
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Ben Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jason Ochoada
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 307 E Merrill Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Todd Wiernicki
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 307 E Merrill Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Thierry Masquelin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 307 E Merrill Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Carl Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Philip A. Hipskind
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 307 E Merrill Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
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6
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Abstract
There is an urgent need for new and better drugs to treat tuberculosis due to lengthy and complex treatment regimens and a rising problem of drug resistance. Drug discovery efforts have increased over the past few years, with a larger focus on modern high-throughput screening technologies. A combination of target-based approaches, with the traditional empirical means of drug identification, has been complemented by the use of target-based phenotypic screens only recently made possibly with newer genetic tools. Using these approaches, a number of promising compound series have been discovered. However, significant problems remain in developing these into drugs. This review highlights recent advances in TB drug discovery, including an overview of screening campaigns, lessons learned and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison S Zuniga
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
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7
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Abstract
In this chapter, we describe how to determine the kill kinetics and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of a compound against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Techniques are described for three conditions: actively growing aerobic bacteria, and non-replicating bacteria induced by nutrient starvation and/or low pH. Each technique involves determining the number of viable bacteria in the presence of several concentrations of compound over 3 weeks. Guidelines for how to interpret the results, to determine if growth-inhibitory compounds are bactericidal or bacteriostatic and also whether compounds exhibit time-dependent or concentration-dependent kill are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Early
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA,
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8
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Odingo J, O'Malley T, Kesicki EA, Alling T, Bailey MA, Early J, Ollinger J, Dalai S, Kumar N, Singh RV, Hipskind PA, Cramer JW, Ioerger T, Sacchettini J, Vickers R, Parish T. Synthesis and evaluation of the 2,4-diaminoquinazoline series as anti-tubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6965-79. [PMID: 25456390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 2,4-diaminoquinazoline class of compounds has previously been identified as an effective inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. We conducted an extensive evaluation of the series for its potential as a lead candidate for tuberculosis drug discovery. Three segments of the representative molecule N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)quinazolin-4-amine were examined systematically to explore structure-activity relationships influencing potency. We determined that the benzylic amine at the 4-position, the piperidine at 2-position and the N-1 (but not N-3) are key activity determinants. The 3-deaza analog retained similar activity to the parent molecule. Biological activity was not dependent on iron or carbon source availability. We demonstrated through pharmacokinetic studies in rats that good in vivo compound exposure is achievable. A representative compound demonstrated bactericidal activity against both replicating and non-replicating M. tuberculosis. We isolated and sequenced M. tuberculosis mutants resistant to this compound and observed mutations in Rv3161c, a gene predicted to encode a dioxygenase, suggesting that the compound may act as a pro-drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Odingo
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Theresa O'Malley
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Edward A Kesicki
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Torey Alling
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Mai Ann Bailey
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Julie Early
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Juliane Ollinger
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | | | - Naresh Kumar
- Jubilant Chemsys Limited, B-34, Sector 58, Noida 201301, India
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - James Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Tanya Parish
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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9
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Early J, Fischer K, Bermudez LE. Mycobacterium avium uses apoptotic macrophages as tools for spreading. Microb Pathog 2010; 50:132-9. [PMID: 21167273 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium (MAC) lives and replicates in macrophages and causes disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. As a host response to control disease, many macrophages become apoptotic a few days after MAC infection. In this study, we hypothesized that MAC can survive autophagic and apoptotic macrophages and spread. METHODS Electron, time-lapse video, fluorescence microscopy. Apoptosis was determined by ELISA and TUNEL assays. Autophagy was seen by migration of LC3-1. RESULTS Apoptotic macrophages harbor chiefly viable MAC. MAC escapes both the vacuole and the macrophage once apoptosis is triggered, leaving the bacteria free to infect nearby macrophages in the process of spreading. In addition, some MAC species will have apoptotic bodies and are released in healthy macrophages following apoptotic body ingestion. Because autophagy precedes apoptosis, it was established that heat-killed MAC, and viable MAC induces autophagy in macrophages at similar rates, but MAC still survives. CONCLUSION MAC spreading from cell-to-cell is triggered by the macrophage's attempt to kill the bacterium, undergoing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Early
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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10
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Abstract
Adequate housing is a basic human right and an important determinant of environmental health. Little research has documented the housing quality of immigrant Latino farmworker families. This analysis uses data from four surveys of North Carolina farmworker communities conducted in 2001 and 2003 to document aspects of housing quality that could affect farmworker family health. Three housing domains are considered: dwelling characteristics, household characteristics, and household behaviors. Most farmworker families live in mobile homes, and few own their dwellings. Many are located near agricultural fields. Most houses are small, but household size is large, containing adults, in addition to the nuclear family. Crowding is common among farmworker families. Many farmworker households lack basic facilities, such as washing machines. Farmworkers attempt to reduce exposure by frequently cleaning their dwellings. These findings suggest that the health of farmworker families is at risk due to inadequate housing. Further research on housing-related health effects among farmworker families is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Early
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1084, USA
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11
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Hiott AE, Quandt SA, Early J, Jackson DS, Arcury TA. Review of pesticide education materials for health care providers providing care to agricultural workers. J Rural Health 2006; 22:17-25. [PMID: 16441332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-0361.2006.00002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pesticide exposure is an important environmental and occupational health risk for agricultural workers and their families, but health care providers receive little training in it. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the medical resources available to providers caring for patients, particularly farmworkers, exposed to pesticides and to recommend a selective bibliography for use in educating clinicians about pesticides and health care. These resources are divided into 3 domains: (1) the working knowledge, (2) the skill set, and (3) the references needed to care for these patients. METHODS We searched library databases dating back to 1995, as well as conference materials and Internet resources. Materials were included only if they were readily available through customary sources. Materials were randomly divided into 2 groups. Two authors wrote detailed reviews for each group. The remaining authors read each document and review, making changes that were agreed upon by the team. Review procedures were standardized to examine the contemporary relevance, quality, and overall strengths and weaknesses of the material relative to guidelines developed for each domain. These guidelines were developed from the authors' experience, national focus groups, and literature review. RESULTS While no 1 resource adequately addresses all needs, a number of resources were identified addressing the categories of working knowledge, skill set, and reference materials. Few of the reviewed materials address the cultural competence of providers treating farmworkers. Additional education resources are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Hiott
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Rohlman DS, Arcury TA, Quandt SA, Lasarev M, Rothlein J, Travers R, Tamulinas A, Scherer J, Early J, Marín A, Phillips J, McCauley L. Neurobehavioral performance in preschool children from agricultural and non-agricultural communities in Oregon and North Carolina. Neurotoxicology 2005; 26:589-98. [PMID: 16112324 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Revised: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides produce acute toxic effects but little is known about low-level chronic exposures. Latino children of agricultural workers have a high risk of exposure to pesticides because of the close proximity of their homes to fields where pesticides are applied and from take-home exposure. Neurobehavioral performance of preschool children from agricultural (AG) communities was compared to performance of those from non-agricultural (Non-AG) communities in Oregon and North Carolina. Seventy-eight children aged 48-71 months completed a battery of neurobehavioral tests two times, approximately 1 month apart. Multiple regression revealed that the AG children performed poorer on measures of response speed (Finger Tapping) and latency (Match-to-Sample) compared to the Non-AG children. These results demonstrate modest differences in AG children compared to Non-AG children that are consistent with functional effects seen in adults exposed to low concentrations of OP pesticides. Just as was the case following early research on adults poisoned by pesticides, this study points to the need for additional investigations to test the hypothesis that low-concentration OP exposures affect acquisition of test performance, response speed and latency in children of agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane S Rohlman
- Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food insecurity is defined as lack of access at all times, due to economic barriers, to enough food for an active and healthy lifestyle. The objective of this study was threefold: to characterize levels of food security, food insecurity, and hunger among migrant and seasonal Latino farmworkers; to assess predictors of food insecurity for this group; and to describe the strategies farmworkers use to cope with food insecurity. METHODS Adults from 102 farmworker households in North Carolina responded to a survey that used a Spanish-language adaptation of the U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module and questions about sociodemographic characteristics and food behaviors. Twenty-five farmworkers participated in in-depth interviews in which they described their households' food security situation and coping strategies. RESULTS Forty-eight of the 102 sample households (47.1%) were classified as food insecure, including 10 (9.8%) with moderate hunger and five (4.9%) with severe hunger. Households with children had a significantly higher prevalence of food insecurity than those without children (56.4% vs. 36.2%). Households with children accessed food programs such as the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) that were unavailable to those without children, while those without children were more likely to access food pantries and to consume wild game or fish. Coping strategies included borrowing money, reducing food variety, and adults consuming less food to protect children from hunger. Food insecurity was more than four times as prevalent among farmworker households as among the general U.S. population. CONCLUSION Policy changes to increase economic resources and access to federal programs are needed to decrease this food insecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Quandt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Cao Z, Pantazis P, Mendoza J, Early J, Kozielski A, Harris N, Vardeman D, Liehr J, Stehlin JS, Giovanella B. Structure-activity relationship of alkyl camptothecin esters. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 922:122-35. [PMID: 11193888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb07031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of camptothecin (CPT) esters 1-6 was measured. Like parental camptothecin, esters 2 and 3, but not 1, 4, 5, and 6, inhibited proliferation of human leukemia cells in culture and induced programmed cell death as assessed by flow cytometry studies. Exhibition of similar levels of antiproliferative activities of CPT 2 and 3 required different incubation time periods in cell cultures, with CPT and 3 requiring the shortest and longest periods, respectively. Both 2 and 3 were inactive against cells resistant to the semisynthetic CPT derivative 9-nitrocamptothecin and unable to stabilize DNA-topoisomerase I (Topo I) "cleavable complexes" in a cell-free system, suggesting that Topo I activity was required but insufficient for the mechanism of action of 2 and 3. Mouse liver homogenate converted esters to parental CPT, but the conversion rates were different with different esters. Of four tested esters in this experiment, ester 2 had the fastest conversion rate. In vivo studies showed that ester 2 had an exceptional lack of toxicity in nude mice, even at enormous doses, and demonstrated extensive activity against human breast and colon tumors grown as xenografts in immunodeficient nude mice, whereas no antitumor activity was observed for the other esters. In conclusion, ester 2 is a prodrug of the antitumor compound CPT, and it can be administered at very high doses in mice with no appearance of toxicity. This study provides a basis for further evaluation of CPT ester 2 as an investigational anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cao
- Stehlin Foundation for Cancer Research, 1918 Chenevert Street, Houston, TX 77003, USA.
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Pantazis P, DeJesus A, Early J, Giovanella B. Altered sensitivities to anticancer and differentiation agents in etoposide-resistant human myeloid leukemia U-937 cells. J Hematother 1998; 7:81-92. [PMID: 9507384 DOI: 10.1089/scd.1.1998.7.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously have exposed U-937 human leukemia cells to stepwise increased concentrations of the anticancer drug etoposide, and this treatment has resulted in stable sublines (termed U-937/RE) exhibiting various extents of resistance to the drug and constitutively expressing c-fms mRNA, a specific marker of monocytic differentiation. In this report, we pursued studies to show that the P-glycoprotein blocker, verapamil, partially restores sensitivity to etoposide in U-937/RE cells. Further, the U-937/RE cells exhibit differential sensitivities to compounds that induce maturation of U-937 cells, as judged by the ability to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium and by morphologic changes, and increased sensitivities to apoptosis induction by the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin (LT) and the anticancer drugs 9-nitrocamptothecin and doxorubicin. In addition, the U-937/RE cells, xenografted in immunodeficient mice, demonstrate decreased or no ability to induce tumors. Taken together, these findings indicate that U-937/RE cells differ from the parental U-937 cells in several functional properties and can serve as models to develop protocols for treatment of human leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pantazis
- Stehlin Foundation for Cancer Research, St. Joseph Hospital, Houston, TX 77003, USA
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Abstract
Calcaneocuboid fusion with lengthening of the lateral column of the foot has been advocated as a method of treating flatfoot deformity. This study was designed to determine how the length of the lateral column chosen or the position of the foot selected when performing this fusion affect hindfoot kinematics in normal cadaver feet. An electromagnetic tracking system was used to monitor the positions of the talus, calcaneus, navicular, and cuboid while the intact cadaver feet were moved passively and then under reproducible loads. Calcaneocuboid fusion was then performed on these feet first with the feet in neutral position and the lateral column of normal length, then lengthened 10 mm or shortened 5 mm, and then with the lateral column lengthened 10 mm and the feet positioned in plantar flexion and eversion or dorsiflexion and inversion. Kinematic measurements were made at each stage using the same loads. Fusing the calcaneocuboid joint with lengthening or shortening the lateral column and the feet in neutral position did not affect hindfoot joint motion compared with intact. Changing the position of the foot for fusion, however, resulted in significant decreases in motion in the talocalcaneal and talonavicular joints. Tibiotalar joint motion was unaffected. This study, therefore, demonstrates that when fusing the calcaneocuboid joint, attention should be paid to maintaining a neutral position of the foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sands
- Beth Israel Medical Center, Department of Orthopedics, New York, New York, USA
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Pantazis P, Chatterjee D, Wyche J, DeJesus A, Early J, Plaschke S, Giovanella B. Establishment of human prostate tumor xenografts in nude mice and response to 9-nitrocamptothecin in vivo and in vitro does not correlate with the expression of various apoptosis-regulating proteins. J Exp Ther Oncol 1996; 1:322-33. [PMID: 9414421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry and microscopy analyses have demonstrated that 9-nitrocamptothecin (9NC) induces apoptosis in prostate carcinoma LNCaP, DU-145 and PC-3 cells grown in culture or as xenografts. 9NC induces apoptosis regardless of the ability of the cells to induce tumors following xenografting into nude mice. Detection of apoptosis by flow cytometry was preceded or accompanied by increased cell size, loss of nuclear structure and vacuolization, as the tumor regressed, but no visible chromatin fragmentation. This is the first demonstration that 9NC is curative for human prostate carcinoma xenografts in the nude mouse model in the absence of detectable drug-induced toxicity during and after tumor regression. These findings indicate that 9NC may develop into a chemotherapeutic drug for the effective treatment of prostate cancer patients. Further, there was no apparent correlation of the steady-state level of the apoptosis-regulating proteins, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bax and Ich-1, with tumorigenicity of the prostate cells xenografted in nude mice, aggressiveness of tumors grown in nude mice, and induction of apoptosis by 9NC. However, the TIAR protein was present at markedly high levels in all prostate carcinoma cell lines and this may correlate with their susceptibility to 9NC-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pantazis
- Stehlin Foundation for Cancer Research, St. Joseph Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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Early J. Service level agreements. Nurs Manag (Harrow) 1996; 3:25-26. [PMID: 8715798 DOI: 10.7748/nm.3.1.25.s21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Han Z, Chatterjee D, Early J, Pantazis P, Hendrickson EA, Wyche JH. Isolation and characterization of an apoptosis-resistant variant of human leukemia HL-60 cells that has switched expression from Bcl-2 to Bcl-xL. Cancer Res 1996; 56:1621-8. [PMID: 8603411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells treated with 8-chloroadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Cl-cAMP) undergo growth arrest and subsequently die by apoptosis. We describe here the isolation of a variant of HL-60 cells, HCW-2, which was resistant to the cytotoxic effects of 8-Cl-cAMP, but still underwent growth arrest. Thus, HCW-2 cells appeared to be altered in their ability to undergo apoptosis. HCW-2 cells were also completely refractory to the apoptotic action of cycloheximide and staurosporine, two compounds which were very potent inducers of apoptosis in the parental HL-60 cells, suggesting that the resistance to apoptosis was not unique to 8-Cl-cAMP. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the parental HL-60 cells expressed both Bcl-2 and Bax, two factors known to be intimately involved in the control of apoptosis. Surprisingly, HCW-2 cells no longer expressed Bcl-2 protein and paradoxically contained Bax protein at a level that was approximately 50-fold higher than in HL-60 cells. However, Northern and Western analyses indicated that the apoptotic suppressor gene, bcl-xL, which is not expressed in the parental HL-60 cells, was expressed in HCW-2 cells. Thus, the Bcl-2-independent resistance of HCW-2 cells to apoptotic induction is discussed in terms of the expression of bcl-xL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Han Z, Chatterjee D, He DM, Early J, Pantazis P, Wyche JH, Hendrickson EA. Evidence for a G2 checkpoint in p53-independent apoptosis induction by X-irradiation. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:5849-57. [PMID: 7565737 PMCID: PMC230836 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.11.5849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor gene is thought to be required for the induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis) initiated by DNA damage. We show here, however, that the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60, which is known to be deficient in p53 because of large deletions in the p53 gene, can be induced to undergo apoptosis following X-irradiation. We demonstrate that the decision to undergo apoptosis in this cell line appears to be made at a G2 checkpoint. In addition, we characterize an HL-60 variant, HCW-2, which is radioresistant. HCW-2 cells display DNA damage induction and repair capabilities identical to those of the parental HL-60 cell line. Thus, the difference between the two cell lines appears to be that X-irradiation induces apoptosis in HL-60, but not in HCW-2, cells. Paradoxically, HCW-2 cells display high levels of expression of bax, which enhances apoptosis, and no longer express bcl-2, which blocks apoptosis. HCW-2 cells' resistance to apoptosis may be due to the acquisition of expression of bcl-XL, a bcl-2-related inhibitor of apoptosis. In summary, apoptosis can be induced in X-irradiated HL-60 cells by a p53-independent mechanism at a G2 checkpoint, despite the presence of endogenous bcl-2. The resistance shown by HCW-2 cells suggests that bcl-XL can block this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Pantazis P, Dejesus A, Early J, Rodriguez R, Chatterjee D, Han Z, Wyche J, Giovanella B. Development of human leukemia U-937 cell sublines resistant to doxorubicin: induction of differentiation and altered sensitivities to topoisomerase-directed drugs. Anticancer Res 1995; 15:1873-81. [PMID: 8572572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell sublines resistant to doxorubicin (DOX) were developed from the human leukemia cell line, U-937/WT, exposed to stepwise DOX increases. In contrast to U-937/WT cells, the DOX-resistant U-937/RD cells have longer doubling time; are more differentiated along the monocytic lineage as determined by the presence of morphological features and mRNA coding for the monocyte colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor; synthesize the apoptosis-associated Bax protein; are less sensitive to apoptosis-inducing topoisomerase II-directed drugs, apparently because of increased synthesis of P-glycoprotein; and are practically non-tumorigenic when xenografted in nude mice. However, U-937/WT and U-937/RD cells exhibit similar sensitivity to the apoptosis-inducing drug 9-nitrocamptothecin. These findings suggest that several mechanisms are involved in the development of DOX-resistance in U-937 cells, and further, 9-nitrocamptothecin can overcome resistance to DOX. These findings may have clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pantazis
- Stehlin Foundation for Cancer Research, St. Joseph Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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Pantazis P, Vardeman D, Mendoza J, Early J, Kozielski A, DeJesus A, Giovanella B. Sensitivity of camptothecin-resistant human leukemia cells and tumors to anticancer drugs with diverse mechanisms of action. Leuk Res 1995; 19:43-55. [PMID: 7837817 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(94)00060-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Human leukemia U-937 cell clones resistant to 9-nitrocamptothecin (9NC) appear after exposure to increase 9NC-concentrations. Drug resistance is irreversible, regardless of whether the 9NC-resistant (U-937/CR150) cells grow in media with or without 9NC. U-937/CR150 cells are more sensitive than wild type U-937 (U-937/wt) cells to topoisomerase II-directed drugs, amsacrine, daunorubicin, and etoposide. The mitotic inhibitor, vincristine, induces hyperdiploidy in U-937/wt, but not in U-937/CR150 cells, whereas the antimetabolites, cytarabine and methotrexate, and the nitrosourea, carmustine, elicit similar responses in both U-937/wt and U-937/CR150 cells. U-937/CR150-generated tumors in nude mice are sensitive to etoposide. The clinical implications of increased sensitivity of 9NC-resistant tumors to some anticancer drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pantazis
- Stehlin Foundation for Cancer Research, St. Joseph Hospital, Houston, TX 77003
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Pantazis P, Mendoza J, DeJesus A, Early J, Shaw M, Giovanella BC. Development of resistance to 9-nitro-camptothecin by human leukemia U-937 cells in vitro correlates with altered sensitivities to several anticancer drugs. Anticancer Drugs 1994; 5:473-9. [PMID: 7949254 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-199408000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported that exposure of human leukemia U-937 cells to progressively increasing concentrations of 9-nitro-camptothecin (9NC) resulted in cell sublines exhibiting various levels of resistance to 9NC. Here, we report responses of wild-type (U-937/wt) and 9NC-resistant (U-937/CR) cells to various anticancer drugs used extensively in cancer chemotherapy. U-937/CR cells were more sensitive than U-937/wt cells to several commonly used drugs of diverse origin including the topoisomerase II-directed drugs amsacrine, etoposide and daunorubicin; the vinca alkaloid vincristine; and the antimetabolite methotrexate. No responses were induced by carmustine in either cell type, whereas similar responses were induced by cytarabine. The sensitivity to the drugs was investigated by monitoring cell proliferation, by determining cell cycle perturbations assessed by flow cytometry analysis of DNA content and by microscopy of stained cells. The results in this report indicate that development of 9NC resistance by the U-937 cells is accompanied by increased sensitivities to other anticancer drugs in vitro and very likely in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pantazis
- Stehlin Foundation for Cancer Research, Houston, TX 77003
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Abstract
The relationship between sexual aggression and theoretical love styles was studied. Based on self-reported sexual history, 63 college men were grouped as having either consensual sexual experience only (n = 33) or having verbally coercive sexual experience (n = 30). Analyses were conducted using six love style scales, likelihood to rape, likelihood to use sexual force, masculinity, and sociopathy to predict sexual coercive group membership. Logistic regression indicated that the Ludus love style, a manipulative, game-playing orientation towards intimate relationships, was the best predictor of sexual coercion among the six love styles. Additionally, logistic regression indicated that the Ludus love style was as effective in classifying men as coercive or noncoercive as other dispositions related to sexual aggression. These results suggest that the Ludus love style may serve as a unifying construct for dispositions related to sexual aggression. This study constitutes an initial attempt to link sexually coercive behaviors to a theoretical model of intimate relationships. Results are discussed in the context of a situational model of sexual coercion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Sarwer
- Loyola University of Chicago, Illinois 60626
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Abstract
The responses of atria isolated from four groups of rats: (a) control (air/H2O) and test animals treated with (b) 5 PPM nitrogen dioxide NO2 for 72 hours, (NO2/H2O), (c) 10% ethanol (ET) in water for 13 days, (air/ET), or (d) combination of NO2 and ET (NO2/ET). Isolated atria were tested with norepinephrine and dose response curves determined. The chronotropic responses among groups were not different. However, there were significant differences when tested with pilocarpine and to lesser extent to increased calcium concentration in the bathing medium. Ethanol and/or NO2 attenuates parasympathetic activity possibly by altering receptor numbers or activity. The changes in calcium activity may result from altered calcium channel activity. This data indicates that acute exposure to NO2, ET and/or the interaction between these agents can alter cardiac activity.
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Gibbs PA, Patterson JT, Early J. A comparison of the fluorescent antibody method and a standardized cultural method for the detection of salmonellas. J Appl Bacteriol 1979; 46:501-5. [PMID: 383676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1979.tb00849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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