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Samouilidou EC, Liaouri A, Kostopoulos V, Nikas D, Grapsa E. The importance of paraoxonase 1 activity in chronic kidney disease. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2376930. [PMID: 38982880 PMCID: PMC11238655 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2376930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is one of the most significant antioxidative enzymes associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). It has been proved that is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases including chronic kidney disease (CKD). The association between PON1 and CKD seems to be mutual, such that the disease produces a significant decrease in PON1 activity levels, while the genetics of PON1 may affect the risk of susceptibility to CKD. Recent studies reveal that the decrease in serum PON1 activity observed in non-dialyzed and dialyzed CKD patients as well as in renal transplant (RT) patients is linked to an increased vulnerability to atherosclerosis. We intend to summarize current literature concerning PON1 activity in CKD, highlighting on the main determinants of PON1 activity, its association with oxidative stress, the impact of its genetic polymorphism on the disease development, the effect of drugs and nutritional state. Furthermore, evidence supporting the implication of reduced PON1 activity in the incident of cardiovascular disease in CKD patients, is also examined. It appears that despite the lack of standardization of PON1 activity measurement, PON1 remains a valuable biomarker for the researchers through the last decades, which contributes to the assessment of the antioxidant status having prognostic benefit on adverse clinical outcomes at various stages and etiologies of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dimitris Nikas
- Department of Biochemistry, "Alexandra" Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Darand M, Salehi-Abargouei A, Vahidi Mehrjardi MY, Feizi A, Seyedhossaini SM, Askari G. The association of the paraoxonase 1 Q192R polymorphism with coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiometabolic risk factors in Iranian patients suspected of CAD. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1037940. [PMID: 36741829 PMCID: PMC9890597 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1037940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study aimed to investigate the association of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Q192R polymorphism with coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiometabolic risk factors in Iranian patients suspected of CAD. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 428 patients undergoing angiography. The data related to demographic information and physical activity were collected by valid and reliable questionnaires. The PON-1 genotypes were detected by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) technique. The Gensini and SYNTAX score, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical and clinical parameters were measured by standard protocols. Results and discussion Findings indicated that the odds of obesity was significantly higher in people with the RR genotype compared to the QQ genotype carriers (OR: 2.95 CI: 1.25-6.93, P = 0.014) and also odds of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was marginally higher (OR: 2.31 CI: 0.97-5.49, P = 0.056). There was no significant association between other CAD risk factors with PON1 Q192R polymorphism (P > 0.05). Further analysis showed a significant interaction between sex and 192QR (P = 0.019) and 192 RR (P = 0.007) genotypes on body mass index (BMI). More specifically, the risk of obesity in men carrying the RR genotype was 3.38 times (OR: 3.38 CI: 1.08-10.58, P = 0.036). Also, a significant joint effect of the RR genotype and sex on HDL-C was seen (P = 0.003). The stratification based on sex showed that the risk of low HDL-C is significantly higher in women carrying the RR genotype (OR: 6.18 CI: 1.21-31.46, P = 0.028). A marginal sex-genotype interaction was also found in the risk of elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P = 0.057). In summary, the findings showed that the risk of obesity and low HDL-C was higher in people carrying the RR genotype. On the other hand, a Q192R polymorphism-sex interaction was observed on the risk of obesity, elevated ALT, and low HDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Darand
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amin Salehi-Abargouei
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran,Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Non-Communicable Disease Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yahya Vahidi Mehrjardi
- School of Public Health, Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mustafa Seyedhossaini
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Non-Communicable Disease Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,*Correspondence: Gholamreza Askari,
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Vavlukis M, Vavlukis A, Krsteva K, Topuzovska S. Paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphisms in lipid oxidation and atherosclerosis development. Front Genet 2022; 13:966413. [PMID: 36118876 PMCID: PMC9478165 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.966413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is calcium-dependent aryldialkylphosphatase, thought to possess; anti-oxidant, anti-adhesion, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombosis and anti-apoptosis effects, as well as lipid-modifying properties. Numerous clinical studies have shown associations between different PON1 polymorphisms and different cardiovascular pathologies. The rs622 (c.575A > G) and the rs854560 (c.163A > T) are the most studied PON1 SNPs in the coding region, with rs705381 (− 162A/G), rs854572 (− 909G/C) and rs705379 (− 108C/T) being the most studied SNPs in the regulatory PON1 gene region. The three major PON1 activities are aryldialkylphosphatase, arylesterase and lactonase activity. The different SNPs affect PON1 serum concentrations and enzyme activity, thus leading to pro-/anti-atherogenic effects. In that setting, it is very difficult to establish as to whether the genotype or phenotype of PON1 is primarily associated with cardiovascular risk. Given the current scientific evidence, PON1 genotyping might be reasonable in patients with high and very high cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Vavlukis
- University Clinic for Cardiology, Skopje, North Macedonia
- Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
- *Correspondence: Marija Vavlukis,
| | - Ana Vavlukis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Katerina Krsteva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Sonja Topuzovska
- Institute of Medical and Experimental Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
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The Controversial Role of HCY and Vitamin B Deficiency in Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071412. [PMID: 35406025 PMCID: PMC9003430 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma homocysteine (HCY) is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease CVD and stroke. However, more than two decades of intensive research activities has failed to demonstrate that Hcy lowering through B-vitamin supplementation results in a reduction in CVD risk. Therefore, doubts about a causal involvement of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and B-vitamin deficiencies in atherosclerosis persist. Existing evidence indicates that HHcy increases oxidative stress, causes endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress, alters DNA methylation and, thus, modulates the expression of numerous pathogenic and protective genes. Moreover, Hcy can bind directly to proteins, which can change protein function and impact the intracellular redox state. As most mechanistic evidence is derived from experimental studies with rather artificial settings, the relevance of these results in humans remains a matter of debate. Recently, it has also been proposed that HHcy and B-vitamin deficiencies may promote CVD through accelerated telomere shortening and telomere dysfunction. This review provides a critical overview of the existing literature regarding the role of HHcy and B-vitamin deficiencies in CVD. At present, the CVD risk associated with HHcy and B vitamins is not effectively actionable. Therefore, routine screening for HHcy in CVD patients is of limited value. However, B-vitamin depletion is rather common among the elderly, and in such cases existing deficiencies should be corrected. While Hcy-lowering with high doses of B vitamins has no beneficial effects in secondary CVD prevention, the role of Hcy in primary disease prevention is insufficiently studied. Therefore, more intervention and experimental studies are needed to address existing gaps in knowledge.
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Nanoparticles in Medicine: A Focus on Vascular Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6231482. [PMID: 30356429 PMCID: PMC6178176 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6231482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has had a significant impact on medicine in recent years, its application being referred to as nanomedicine. Nanoparticles have certain properties with biomedical applications; however, in some situations, they have demonstrated cell toxicity, which has caused concern surrounding their clinical use. In this review, we focus on two aspects: first, we summarize the types of nanoparticles according to their chemical composition and the general characteristics of their use in medicine, and second, we review the applications of nanoparticles in vascular alteration, especially in endothelial dysfunction related to oxidative stress. This condition can lead to a reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, consequently affecting vascular tone regulation and endothelial dysfunction, which is the first phase in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, nanoparticles with antioxidant properties may improve vascular dysfunction associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or atherosclerosis.
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Duni A, Liakopoulos V, Rapsomanikis KP, Dounousi E. Chronic Kidney Disease and Disproportionally Increased Cardiovascular Damage: Does Oxidative Stress Explain the Burden? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9036450. [PMID: 29333213 PMCID: PMC5733207 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9036450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are among the groups at the highest risk for cardiovascular disease and significantly shortened remaining lifespan. CKD enhances oxidative stress in the organism with ensuing cardiovascular damage. Oxidative stress in uremia is the consequence of higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, whereas attenuated clearance of pro-oxidant substances and impaired antioxidant defenses play a complementary role. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying the increased ROS production in CKD is at least partly mediated by upregulation of the intrarenal angiotensin system. Enhanced oxidative stress in the setting of the uremic milieu promotes enzymatic modification of circulating lipids and lipoproteins, protein carbamylation, endothelial dysfunction via disruption of nitric oxide (NO) pathways, and activation of inflammation, thus accelerating atherosclerosis. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and heart failure are hallmarks of CKD. NADPH oxidase activation, xanthine oxidase, mitochondrial dysfunction, and NO-ROS are the main oxidative pathways leading to LVH and the cardiorenal syndrome. Finally, a subset of antioxidant enzymes, the paraoxonases (PON), deserves special attention due to abundant clinical evidence accumulated regarding reduced serum PON1 activity in CKD as a contributor to the increased burden of cardiovascular disease. Future, meticulously designed studies are needed to assess the effects of antioxidant therapy on patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anila Duni
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School of the University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Evangelia Dounousi
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School of the University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Bacchetti T, Ferretti G, Sahebkar A. The role of paraoxonase in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 56:72-86. [PMID: 29170064 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The paraoxonase (PON) gene family includes three proteins, PON1, PON2 and PON3. PON1 and PON3 are both associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and exert anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. PON2 and PON3 are intracellular enzymes which modulate mitochondrial superoxide anion production and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. The pleiotropic roles exerted by PONs have been mainly investigated in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, overexpression of PON2 and PON3 has been observed in cancer cells and it has been proposed that both enzymes could be involved in tumor survival and stress resistance. Moreover, a lower activity of serum PON1 has been reported in cancer patients. This review summarizes literature data on the role of PONs in human cancers and their potential role as a target for antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Meijide S, Pérez-Ruiz I, Hernández ML, Navarro R, Ferrando M, Larreategui Z, Ruiz-Sanz JI, Ruiz-Larrea MB. Paraoxonase activities in human follicular fluid: role in follicular maturation. Reprod Biomed Online 2017; 35:351-362. [PMID: 28688923 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The paraoxonases (PONs) are antioxidant enzymes associated with beneficial effects against several diseases and some exposures. Little is known, however, about the role of PONs in human reproduction. This work was conducted to investigate whether any association existed between the activities of the PON enzymes (1, 2, and 3) with the follicular size and fertility parameters in assisted reproduction. The study included 100 subfertile women (patients) and 55 proven fertile women (oocyte donors), all undergoing an ovarian stimulation cycle. Follicular fluid from small (diameter <12 mm) and large (diameter ≥18 mm) follicles was collected from each woman. The PONs were quantified in follicular fluid by immunoblotting. PON1 arylesterase and paraoxonase, PON2 methyl paraoxonase and PON3 simvastatinase activities from both donors and patients were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in follicular fluid from large follicles compared with small ones. In large follicles, PON3 activity was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in donors compared with patients. Follicular fluid PON1 arylesterase and paraoxonase activity was positively correlated with the number of retrieved oocytes in donors. This study shows an increase in the activities of PONs with follicle size, thus providing indirect evidence for the role of PONs in follicle maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Meijide
- Department of Physiology, Medicine and Nursing School, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Irantzu Pérez-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Medicine and Nursing School, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - M Luisa Hernández
- Department of Physiology, Medicine and Nursing School, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; BioCruces Health Research Institute, Plaza de Cruces s/n, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Rosaura Navarro
- Department of Physiology, Medicine and Nursing School, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; BioCruces Health Research Institute, Plaza de Cruces s/n, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Marcos Ferrando
- Valencian Institute of Infertility (IVI)-Bilbao, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | | | - José-Ignacio Ruiz-Sanz
- Department of Physiology, Medicine and Nursing School, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; BioCruces Health Research Institute, Plaza de Cruces s/n, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain.
| | - M Begoña Ruiz-Larrea
- Department of Physiology, Medicine and Nursing School, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; BioCruces Health Research Institute, Plaza de Cruces s/n, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain.
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Daily supplementation with fresh pomegranate juice increases paraoxonase 1 expression and activity in mice fed a high-fat diet. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:383-389. [PMID: 28243786 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies have found that pomegranate juice (PJ) consumption increases the binding of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) to paraoxonase 1 (PON1), thus increasing the catalytic activity of this enzyme. PON1 is an antioxidant arylesterase synthesized in the liver and transported in plasma in association with HDL. Decreased levels of PON1 are associated with higher levels of cholesterol. We determined the effects of PJ on body weight, cholesterol, and triacylglycerols through 5 months of supplementation. In addition, the effect of PJ on pon1 gene expression in the liver was also measured by RT-qPCR as well as the activity in serum by a semiautomated method using paraoxon as a substrate. METHODS CD-1 mice were either fed a control diet or were fed a high-fat diet 1.25% (wt/wt) cholesterol, 0.5% (wt/wt) sodium cholate, and 15% (wt/wt) saturated fat. 300 μL of PJ containing 0.35 mmol total polyphenols was administered by oral gavage to half of the high fat mice daily. The rest of the high fat mice and the control mice were administered with 300 μL of water. RESULTS PJ-supplemented animals had significantly higher levels of expression of pon1 compared to the unsupplemented group. PJ-supplemented animals had twice the PON1 activity of the unsupplemented group. In addition, PJ-supplemented animals had the lowest body weight and significantly reduced cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels, although the tricylglycerol levels were not consistently decreased. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PJ protects against the effects of a high-fat diet in body weight, and cholesterol levels.
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Effect of Hyperhomocysteinemia on Redox Balance and Redox Defence Enzymes in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and/or After Ischemic Preconditioning in Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 37:1417-1431. [PMID: 28210876 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased level of homocysteine (hHcy) in plasma is an accompanying phenomenon of many diseases, including a brain stroke. This study determines whether hyperhomocysteinemia (which is a risk factor of brain ischemia) itself or in combination with ischemic preconditioning affects the ischemia-induced neurodegenerative changes, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipoperoxidation, protein oxidation, and activity of antioxidant enzymes in the rat brain cortex. The hHcy was induced by subcutaneous administration of homocysteine (0.45 μmol/g body weight) twice a day in 8 h intervals for 14 days. Rats were preconditioned by 5 min ischemia. Two days later, 15 min of global forebrain ischemia was induced by four vessel's occlusion. The study demonstrates that in the cerebral cortex, hHcy alone induces progressive neuronal cell death and morphological changes. Neuronal damage was associated with the pro-oxidative effect of hHcy, which leads to increased ROS formation, peroxidation of lipids and oxidative alterations of cortical proteins. Ischemic reperfusion injury activates degeneration processes and de-regulates redox balance which is aggravated under hHcy conditions and leads to the augmented lipoperoxidation and protein oxidation. If combined with hHcy, ischemic preconditioning could preserve the neuronal tissue from lethal ischemic effect and initiates suppression of lipoperoxidation, protein oxidation, and alterations of redox enzymes with the most significant effect observed after prolonged reperfusion. Increased prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in the Western population and crucial role of elevated Hcy level in the pathogenesis of neuronal disorders makes this amino acid as an interesting target for future research. Understanding the multiple etiological mechanisms and recognition of the co-morbid risk factors that lead to the ischemic/reperfusion injury and ischemic tolerance is therefore important for developing therapeutic strategies in human brain stroke associated with the elevated level of Hcy.
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Strauss E, Supinski W, Radziemski A, Oszkinis G, Pawlak AL, Gluszek J. Is hyperhomocysteinemia a causal factor for heart failure? The impact of the functional variants of MTHFR and PON1 on ischemic and non-ischemic etiology. Int J Cardiol 2016; 228:37-44. [PMID: 27863359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperhomocysteinemia was found to be uniformly associated with the development of heart failure (HF) and HF mortality; however, it is uncertain whether this relation is causative or not. We used Mendelian randomization to examine the associations of the methylene tetrahydrofolate gene (MTHFR) and paraoxonase 1 gene (PON1) variants as a proxy for lifelong exposure to high Hcy and Hcy-thiolactone concentrations with the development of HF in men aged ≤60years and the occurrence of adverse effects at one-year follow-up. METHODS The study enrolled 172 men with HF: 117 with ischemic etiology (iHF) related to coronary artery disease (CAD) and 55 with non-ischemic etiology (niHF) related to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The reference group of 329 CAD patients without HF and the control group of 384 men were also analyzed. RESULTS Hyperhomocysteinemia (OR=2.0, P<0.05) and the MTHFR 677TT/1298AA, 677CC/1298CC genotypes (OR=1.6, P=0.03) were associated with HF regardless of its etiology, especially among normotensives (OR=4.6, P=0.001 and OR=2.3, P=0.003, respectively). In niHF, the PON1 162AA (OR=2.3, P=0.03) and 575AG+GG (OR=0.46, P=0.01) genotypes also influenced the risk. The interaction between HDLC<1mmol/L and the PON1 575GG genotype was found to influence the risk of iHF (OR=7.2, P=0.009). Hyperhomocysteinemia improved the classification of niHF patients as 'high-risk' by 10.1%. Ejection fraction <30% and DCM increased the probability of HF death or re-hospitalization within one year. CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence that hyperhomocysteinemia is a causal factor for niHF in DCM, while dysfunctional HDL could contribute to the pathogenesis of iHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Strauss
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga 1/2, 61-848 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Wieslaw Supinski
- Regional Public Hospital, Dekerta 1, 66-400 Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Artur Radziemski
- Department of Hypertension, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga 1/2, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Oszkinis
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dluga 1/2, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Leon Pawlak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jerzy Gluszek
- The State Higher Vocational School in Kalisz, Nowy Swiat 4, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland
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Chistiakov DA, Melnichenko AA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Paraoxonase and atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases. Biochimie 2016; 132:19-27. [PMID: 27771368 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In humans, three paraoxonase (PON1, PON2, and PON3) genes are clustered on chromosome 7 at a locus that spans a distance around 170 kb. These genes are highly homologous to each other and have a similar protein structural organization. PON2 is the intracellular enzyme, which is expressed in many tissues and organs, while two other members of PON gene family are produced by liver and associate with high density lipoprotein (HDL). The lactonase activity is the ancestral. Besides lactones and organic phosphates, PONs can hydrolyze and therefore detoxify oxidized low density lipoprotein and homocysteine thiolactone, i.e. two cytotoxic compounds with a strong proatherogenic action. Indeed, PONs possess numerous atheroprotective properties, which include antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory action, preserving HDL function, stimulation of cholesterol efflux, anti-apoptosis, anti-thrombosis, and anti-adhesion. PON genetic polymorphisms contribute to susceptibility/protection from atherosclerosis-related diseases. The bright antiatherogenic activity of the PON cluster makes it a promising target for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics and Cell Biology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children's Health, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Melnichenko
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 125315, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, 121609, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 125315, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, 121609, Russia; Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia; National Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Moscow, 101000, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 125315, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia.
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The relationship between serum paraoxonase levels and carotid atherosclerotic plaque formation in Alzheimer's patients. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2016; 50:403-409. [PMID: 27546893 DOI: 10.1016/j.pjnns.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Low paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and carotid atherosclerosis have been suggested to be important risk factors for dementia. However, the studies to date could not fully clarify the relationship between PON1, carotid atherosclerosis and dementia. The present study aimed to measure carotid atherosclerosis and PON1 activity in Alzheimer's Disease and to evaluate the relationship between them. The study included 25 Alzheimer's patients and 25 control subjects, for a total of 50 individuals. The study measured the serum PON1 activity and other biochemical parameters and carotid atherosclerotic plaque values of the participants. The mean paraoxonase activity (31.06±2.31U/L) was significantly lower in the Alzheimer's group compared to the control group (59.05±7.05U/L) (P<0.001). Nonetheless, the carotid plaque values were significantly higher in the patient group (3.02±0.52mm) compared to the control group (1.84±0.45mm) (P<0.001). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation (81.0%) between PON1 activity and carotid plaque in the overall study group (P<0.05). Also serum homocystein level was higher in the patient group (22.15±7.05) compared to the control group (13.30±3.32). In conclusion, our findings show inverse association between PON1 activity and carotid atherosclerosis in Alzheimer patients: the lower the PON1 activity the more progressed the atherosclerotic process in AD.
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Bonetti F, Brombo G, Zuliani G. The relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia and neurodegeneration. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2016; 6:133-45. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2015-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a key junction in methionine metabolism. In inherited forms of hyperhomocysteinemia patients develop early vascular damage and cognitive decline. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a common consequence of dietary, behavioral and pathological conditions and is epidemiologically related to different diseases, among them neurodegenerative ones are receiving progressively more attention in the last years. Several detrimental mechanisms that see in Hcy a possible promoter seem to be implicated in neurodegeneration (protein structural and functional modifications, oxidative stress, cellular metabolic derangements, epigenetic modifications, pathological aggregates deposition, endothelial damage and atherothrombosis). Interventional studies exploring B group vitamins administration in terms of prevention of Hcy-related cognitive decline and cerebrovascular involvement have shown scant results. In this review, current and possible alternative/complementary approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bonetti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy, Via Aldo Moro 8, I-44124, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gloria Brombo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy, Via Aldo Moro 8, I-44124, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy, Via Aldo Moro 8, I-44124, Ferrara, Italy
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Zasowska-Nowak A, Nowak PJ, Bialasiewicz P, Prymont-Przyminska A, Zwolinska A, Sarniak A, Wlodarczyk A, Markowski J, Rutkowski KP, Nowak D. Strawberries Added to the Usual Diet Suppress Fasting Plasma Paraoxonase Activity and Have a Weak Transient Decreasing Effect on Cholesterol Levels in Healthy Nonobese Subjects. J Am Coll Nutr 2016; 35:422-35. [PMID: 26934671 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1065523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Strawberries can improve oxidants-antioxidants balance and reduce some cardiovascular risk factors in obese subjects. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a high-density lipoprotein-associated enzyme with antioxidant properties that can protect from coronary artery disease in humans. We examined the effect of strawberry consumption on plasma PON-1 activity and lipid profile in healthy nonobese subjects. METHODS Thirty-one subjects (body mass index [BMI] 24.4 ± 4.0 kg/m(2)) on their usual diet consumed 500 g of strawberry pulp daily for 30 days (first course) and after a 10-day washout the cycle was repeated (second course). Fasting blood and spot morning urine samples were collected before, during, and after each strawberry course (8 time points) for determination of paraoxonase and arylesterase PON-1 activities and lipid profile. Twenty subjects served as controls with respect to cholesterol and PON-1 activities changes over the study period. RESULTS Strawberries decreased mean plasma paraoxonase PON-1 activity and this effect was more evident after the second course (by 11.6%, p < 0.05) than after the first course (5.4%, p = 0.06), whereas arylesterase activity was constant. Strawberries altered total cholesterol levels (p < 0.05) with a tendency to transiently decrease it (by 5.1%) only after 15 days of the first course. Triglycerides and high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not change in response to fruit consumption. No changes in PON-1 activities and lipid profile were noted in controls. Paraoxonase correlated with arylesterase activity (ƿ from 0.33 to 0.46 at the first 7 time points, p < 0.05). This association disappeared at the end of study (ƿ = 0.07) when the strongest inhibition of paraoxonase was noted. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of the usual diet with strawberries decreased paraoxonase PON-1 activity and did not improve lipid profiles in healthy nonobese subjects. Further studies are necessary to establish the clinical significance of paraoxonase suppression and to define a group of healthy subjects who can benefit from strawberry consumption with respect to cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr J Nowak
- b Department of Nephrology , Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jaroslaw Markowski
- g Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, POLAND; Research Institute of Horticulture, Division of Pomology , Fruit Storage and Processing Department , Skierniewice , POLAND
| | - Krzysztof P Rutkowski
- g Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, POLAND; Research Institute of Horticulture, Division of Pomology , Fruit Storage and Processing Department , Skierniewice , POLAND
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Dufault R, Berg Z, Crider R, Schnoll R, Wetsit L, Bulls WT, Gilbert SG, Kingston HMS, Wolle MM, Rahman GMM, Laks DR. Blood inorganic mercury is directly associated with glucose levels in the human population and may be linked to processed food intake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 33889422 PMCID: PMC8059611 DOI: 10.15761/imm.1000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: The goals of the study were (1) to determine the impact of inorganic mercury exposure on glucose homeostasis; and (2) to evaluate the effectiveness of two community-based interventions in promoting dietary changes among American Indian college students to reduce risk factors for Type-2 Diabetes including fasting glucose, insulin, and mercury levels, weight, and body mass index. Methods: To accomplish goal one, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset was analyzed using a previously published method to determine if there is a relationship between inorganic blood mercury and fasting glucose. To accomplish goal two, ten college students were recruited and randomly assigned to a group receiving the online macroepigenetics nutrition course and the support group for eliminating corn sweeteners. Participants in both groups were assessed for diet patterns, weight, body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, insulin, and mercury levels. The interventions were implemented over a 10-week period. Results: Analysis of the NHANES data (n=16,232) determined a direct relationship between inorganic mercury in blood and fasting glucose levels (p<0.001). The participants who took the online macroepigenetics nutrition intervention course significantly improved their diets (p<0.01), and fasting blood glucose levels (p<0.01) while having lower levels of inorganic mercury in their blood compared to the subjects in the group who eliminated corn sweeteners from their diet and participated in the support group. The trend in lower blood inorganic mercury was strong with p=0.052. The participants in the support group who eliminated corn sweeteners from their diet achieved significant weight loss (p<0.01) and reduced their body mass index (p<0.01). Conclusion: Total blood mercury levels may be influenced by dietary intake of highly processed foods and lower inorganic mercury levels are associated with lower fasting glucose levels. Alternative community-based interventions emphasizing the role food ingredients and toxic substances play in gene modulation and the development of diseases can result in significant dietary improvements and reductions in risk factors associated with type-2 diabetes. A healthier diet can be promoted among community members using a novel online nutrition course. Consumption of corn sweeteners may be a risk factor in the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Dufault
- Food Ingredient and Health Research Institute, Naalehu, Hawaii, USA.,Fort Peck Community College, Poplar, Montana, USA
| | - Zara Berg
- Fort Peck Community College, Poplar, Montana, USA
| | - Raquel Crider
- Food Ingredient and Health Research Institute, Naalehu, Hawaii, USA.,Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Roseanne Schnoll
- Food Ingredient and Health Research Institute, Naalehu, Hawaii, USA.,Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Larry Wetsit
- Fort Peck Community College, Poplar, Montana, USA
| | | | - Steven G Gilbert
- Food Ingredient and Health Research Institute, Naalehu, Hawaii, USA.,Institute of Neurotoxicology and Neurological Disorders, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - H M Skip Kingston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mesay Mulugeta Wolle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - G M Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dan R Laks
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
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Marsillach J, Suzuki SM, Richter RJ, McDonald MG, Rademacher PM, MacCoss MJ, Hsieh EJ, Rettie AE, Furlong CE. Human valacyclovir hydrolase/biphenyl hydrolase-like protein is a highly efficient homocysteine thiolactonase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110054. [PMID: 25333274 PMCID: PMC4198189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteinylation of lysine residues by homocysteine thiolactone (HCTL), a reactive homocysteine metabolite, results in protein aggregation and malfunction, and is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular, autoimmune and neurological diseases. Human plasma paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and bleomycin hydrolase (Blmh) have been reported as the physiological HCTL detoxifying enzymes. However, the catalytic efficiency of HCTL hydrolysis by Blmh is low and not saturated at 20 mM HCTL. The catalytic efficiency of PON1 for HCTL hydrolysis is 100-fold lower than that of Blmh. A homocysteine thiolactonase (HCTLase) was purified from human liver and identified by mass spectrometry (MS) as the previously described human biphenyl hydrolase-like protein (BPHL). To further characterize this newly described HCTLase activity, BPHL was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The sequence of the recombinant BPHL (rBPHL) and hydrolytic products of the substrates HCTL and valacyclovir were verified by MS. We found that the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of rBPHL for HCTL hydrolysis was 7.7 × 104 M−1s−1, orders of magnitude higher than that of PON1 or Blmh, indicating a more significant physiological role for BPHL in detoxifying HCTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Marsillach
- Department of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Suzuki
- Department of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Richter
- Department of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Matthew G. McDonald
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Peter M. Rademacher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Michael J. MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Edward J. Hsieh
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Allan E. Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Clement E. Furlong
- Department of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Paroxonase 1 displays multiple physiological activities that position it as a putative player in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Here we reviewed the literature focusing on the role of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) as a factor in the risk of stroke and the major neurodegenerative diseases. PON1 activity is reduced in stroke patients, which significantly correlates inversely with carotid and cerebral atherosclerosis. The presence of the R allele of the Q192R PON1 polymorphism seems to potentiate this risk for stroke. PON1 exerts peroxidase activities that may be important in neurodegenerative disorders associated with oxidative stress. PON1 is also a key detoxifier of organophosphates and organophosphate exposure has been linked to the development of neurological disorders in which acetylcholine plays a significant role. In Parkinson's disease most of the studies suggest no participation of either L55M or the Q192R polymorphisms in its pathogenesis. However, many studies suggest that the MM55 PON1 genotype is associated with a higher risk for Parkinson's disease in individuals exposed to organophosphates. In Alzheimer's disease most studies have failed to find any association between PON1 polymorphisms and the development of the disease. Some studies show that PON1 activity is decreased in patients with Alzheimer's disease or other dementias, suggesting a possible protective role of PON1. No links between PON1 polymorphisms or activity have been found in other neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PON1 is a potential player in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders. More research is warranted to ascertain the precise pathogenic links and the prognostic value of its measurement in neurological patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita Menini
- Department of Basic SciencesTouro University-California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Alejandro Gugliucci
- GlycationOxidation and Disease Laboratory, Department of Research, Touro University-California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA
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Gugliucci A, Caccavello R, Kotani K, Kimura S. Evidence for the presence of active paraoxonase 1 in small-dense low-density lipoprotein. Redox Rep 2014; 19:154-60. [PMID: 24524596 DOI: 10.1179/1351000214y.0000000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We have recently demonstrated the quick ex vivo transfer of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to small, dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL). We set out to assess whether sdLDL contains active PON1 in vivo. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control, proof of principle study with the Japanese healthy subjects with normal lipids (n = 23) and age and gender-paired dyslipidemic subjects (n = 17). Lipid panels, lactonase and arylesterase assays, and PON1 zymogram in the LDL and HDL subclasses were assessed. RESULTS PON1 specific activity in the high-molecular weight lipoprotein fraction corresponding to LDL migration was found in 48% of normo and in 29% of dyslipidemic Japanese subjects. This band co-localizes with apoB100 and not Lp(a) and displays a lower molecular mass than the bulk of LDL. CONCLUSION We provide evidence, for the first time, that native sdLDL contains up to 4% of the total PON1 activity in the serum of up to 48% of the Japanese subjects. Could the PON1-containing sdLDL represent a set of particles with a defense mechanism from oxidation and therefore its levels actually prove to be atheroprotective? If further studies confirm this contention, a zymogram of PON1 in LDL subclasses could be a functional assay that complements the current methods that only inform on the size and lipid concentration of these particles.
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Martinelli N, Consoli L, Girelli D, Grison E, Corrocher R, Olivieri O. Paraoxonases: ancient substrate hunters and their evolving role in ischemic heart disease. Adv Clin Chem 2013; 59:65-100. [PMID: 23461133 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405211-6.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the role of paraoxonases (PON) in cardiovascular research has increased substantially over the past two decades. These multifaceted and pleiotropic enzymes are encoded by three highly conserved genes (PON1, PON2, and PON3) located on chromosome 7q21.3-22.1. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that PON2 is the ancient gene from which PON1 and PON3 arose via gene duplication. Although PON are primarily lactonases with overlapping, but distinct specificities, their physiologic substrates remain poorly characterized. The most interesting characteristic of PON, however, is their multifunctional roles in various biochemical pathways. These include protection against oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation, contribution to innate immunity, detoxification of reactive molecules, bioactivation of drugs, modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and regulation of cell proliferation/apoptosis. In general, PON appear as "hunters" of old and new substrates often involved in athero- and thrombogenesis. Although reduced PON activity appears associated with increased cardiovascular risk, the correlation between PON genotype and ischemic heart disease remains controversial. In this review, we examine the biochemical pathways impacted by these unique enzymes and investigate the potential use of PON as diagnostic tools and their impact on development of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Martinelli
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Kennedy DJ, Tang WHW, Fan Y, Wu Y, Mann S, Pepoy M, Hazen SL. Diminished antioxidant activity of high-density lipoprotein-associated proteins in chronic kidney disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000104. [PMID: 23557751 PMCID: PMC3647254 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.112.000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Decreased serum arylesterase activity, catalyzed by the high‐density lipoprotein–associated paraoxonase (PON)‐1, is associated with increased oxidant stress and atherosclerosis risk. We sought to determine the prognostic value of serum PON‐1 activity, as monitored by PON or arylesterase activities, in subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly in relation to established cardiac biomarkers. Methods and Results Serum arylesterase and PON activities were measured in sequential subjects with CKD (n=630; estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2) and an age‐ and sex‐matched control group of non‐CKD subjects (n=315) presenting for cardiac evaluations and prospectively followed for incident (3‐year) major adverse cardiac events (composite of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and stroke). Serum arylesterase activity in CKD subjects was lower compared with that in non‐CKD control subjects [median (interquartile range) 94 (77 to 112) versus 103 (85 to 121) μmol(L·min) per mL, P<0.001]; similarly, PON activity in CKD subjects was lower compared with that in non‐CKD control subjects [median (interquartile range) 474 (275 to 936) versus 586 (301 to 1118) nmol(L·min) per mL, P<0.001]. Lower serum arylesterase (hazard ratio 1.8, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.57, P<0.01) was a predictor of poorer outcomes. After adjusting for traditional risk factors and medication use, lower serum arylesterase (hazard ratio 1.55, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.23, P<0.05) still conferred an increased risk of major adverse cardiac events at 3 years. Conclusions In patients with CKD, decreased serum arylesterase activity, a measure of diminished antioxidant properties of PON‐1, predicts higher risk of incident long‐term adverse cardiovascular events (heart attack, stroke, or death) in multivariable models adjusting for established clinical and biochemical risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kennedy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Kennedy DJ, Wilson Tang WH, Fan Y, Wu Y, Mann S, Pepoy M, Hazen SL. Diminished Antioxidant Activity of High‐Density Lipoprotein–Associated Proteins in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Kennedy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - W. H. Wilson Tang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Yiying Fan
- Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Yuping Wu
- Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Shirley Mann
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Michael Pepoy
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Enzymatic assessment of paraoxonase 1 activity on HDL subclasses: A practical zymogram method to assess HDL function. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 415:162-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Is Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase a Moonlighting Protein Whose Day Job is Cholesterol Sulfate Synthesis? Implications for Cholesterol Transport, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. ENTROPY 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/e14122492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Borowczyk K, Shih DM, Jakubowski H. Metabolism and neurotoxicity of homocysteine thiolactone in mice: evidence for a protective role of paraoxonase 1. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 30:225-31. [PMID: 22406444 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-111940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone is toxic, induces epileptic seizures in rodents, and has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Paraoxonase 1 (Pon1), a component of high-density lipoprotein, hydrolyzes Hcy-thiolactone in vitro. Whether this reflects a physiological function and whether Pon1 can protect against Hcy-thiolactone toxicity was unknown. Here we show that Hcy-thiolactone was elevated in brains of Pon1-/- mice (1.5-fold, p = 0.047) and that Pon1-/- mice excrete more Hcy-thiolactone than wild type animals (2.4-fold, p = 0.047). The frequency of seizures induced by intraperitoneal injections of L-Hcy-thiolactone was significantly higher in Pon1-/- mice compared with wild type animals (52.8% versus 29.5%, p = 0.042); the latency of seizures was lower in Pon1-/- mice than in wild type animals (31.8 min versus 41.2 min, p = 0.019). Using the Pon1 null mice, we provide the first direct evidence that a specific Hcy metabolite, Hcy-thiolactone, rather than Hcy itself is neurotoxic in vivo. Our findings indicate that Pon1 protects mice against Hcy-thiolactone neurotoxicity by hydrolyzing it in the brain, and suggest a mechanism by which Pon1 can protect against neurodegeneration associated with hyperhomocysteinemia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Borowczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
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27
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Jiang H, Stabler SP, Allen RH, Maclean KN. Altered expression of apoA-I, apoA-IV and PON-1 activity in CBS deficient homocystinuria in the presence and absence of treatment: possible implications for cardiovascular outcomes. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 107:55-65. [PMID: 22633282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Classical homocystinuria (HCU) is caused by mutations in cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) which, if untreated, typically results in cognitive impairment, thromboembolic complications and connective tissue disturbances. Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and apolipoprotein apoA-I are both synthesized in the liver and contribute to much of the cardioprotective effects of high density lipoprotein. Additionally, apoA-I exerts significant neuro-protective effects that act to preserve cognition. Previous work in a Cbs null mouse model that incurs significant liver injury, reported that HCU dramatically decreases PON1 expression. Conflicting reports exist in the literature concerning the relative influence of homocysteine and cysteine upon apoA-I expression. We investigated expression of PON1 and apoA-I in the presence and absence of homocysteine lowering therapy, in both the HO mouse model of HCU and human subjects with this disorder. We observed no significant change in plasma PON1 paraoxonase activity in either mice or humans with HCU indicating that this enzyme is unlikely to contribute to the cardiovascular sequelae of HCU. Plasma levels of apoA-I were unchanged in mice with mildly elevated homocysteine due to CBS deficiency but were significantly diminished in both mice and humans with HCU. Subsequent experiments revealed that HCU acts to dramatically decrease apoA-I levels in the brain. Cysteine supplementation in HO mice had no discernible effect on plasma levels of apoA-I while treatment to lower homocysteine normalized plasma levels of this lipoprotein in both HO mice and humans with HCU. Our results indicate that plasma apoA-I levels in HCU are inversely related to homocysteine and are consistent with a plausible role for decreased expression of apoA-I as a contributory factor for both cardiovascular disease and cognitive impairment in HCU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-0511, USA
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Pezzulo AA, Hornick EE, Rector MV, Estin M, Reisetter AC, Taft PJ, Butcher SC, Carter AB, Manak JR, Stoltz DA, Zabner J. Expression of human paraoxonase 1 decreases superoxide levels and alters bacterial colonization in the gut of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43777. [PMID: 22952763 PMCID: PMC3431398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonases (PON) are a family of proteins (PON1, 2 and 3) with multiple enzymatic activities. PON1 interferes with homoserine lactone-mediated quorum sensing in bacteria and with reactive oxygen species (ROS) in humans and mice. PON1 gene mutations have been linked to multiple traits, including aging, and diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous and gastrointestinal system. The overlapping enzymatic activities in the PON family members and high linkage disequilibrium rates within their polymorphisms confound animal and human studies of PON1 function. In contrast, arthropods such as Drosophila melanogaster have no PON homologs, resulting in an ideal model to study interactions between PON genotype and host phenotypes. We hypothesized that expression of PON1 in D. melanogaster would alter ROS. We found that PON1 alters expression of multiple oxidative stress genes and decreases superoxide anion levels in normal and germ-free D. melanogaster. We also found differences in the composition of the gut microbiota, with a remarkable increase in levels of Lactobacillus plantarum and associated changes in expression of antimicrobial and cuticle-related genes. PON1 expression directly decreased superoxide anion levels and altered bacterial colonization of the gut and its gene expression profile, highlighting the complex nature of the interaction between host genotype and gut microbiota. We speculate that the interaction between some genotypes and human diseases may be mediated by the presence of certain gut bacteria that can induce specific immune responses in the gut and other host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A. Pezzulo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Emma E. Hornick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Michael V. Rector
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Miriam Estin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Anna C. Reisetter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Taft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Butcher
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - A. Brent Carter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - J. Robert Manak
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - David A. Stoltz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Joseph Zabner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Role of Paraoxonase-1 in the Protection of Hydrogen Sulfide-Donating Sildenafil (ACS6) Against Homocysteine-Induced Neurotoxicity. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 50:70-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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Farid AS, Horii Y. Modulation of paraoxonases during infectious diseases and its potential impact on atherosclerosis. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:92. [PMID: 22824324 PMCID: PMC3457911 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The paraoxonase (PON) gene family includes three members, PON1, PON2 and PON3, aligned in tandem on chromosome 7 in humans and on chromosome 6 in mice. All PON proteins share considerable structural homology and have the capacity to protect cells from oxidative stress; therefore, they have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, particularly atherosclerosis. The major goal of this review is to highlight the modulation of each of the PONs by infective (bacterial, viral and parasitic) agents, which may shed a light on the interaction between infectious diseases and PONs activities in order to effectively reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Samir Farid
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-Kibanadai, Nishi 1-1, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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31
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Perła-Kaján J, Jakubowski H. Paraoxonase 1 and homocysteine metabolism. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1405-17. [PMID: 22643843 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), is a calcium-dependent multifunctional enzyme that connects metabolisms of lipoproteins and homocysteine (Hcy). Both PON1 and Hcy have been implicated in human diseases, including atherosclerosis and neurodegeneration. The involvement of Hcy in disease could be mediated through its interactions with PON1. Due to its ability to reduce oxidative stress, PON1 contributes to atheroprotective functions of HDL in mice and humans. Although PON1 has the ability to hydrolyze a variety of substrates, only one of them-Hcy-thiolactone-is known to occur naturally. In humans and mice, Hcy-thiolactonase activity of PON1 protects against N-homocysteinylation, which is detrimental to protein structure and function. PON1 also protects against neurotoxicity associated with hyperhomocysteinemia in mouse models. The links between PON1 and Hcy in relation to pathological states such as coronary artery disease, stroke, diabetic mellitus, kidney failure and Alzheimer's disease that emerge from recent studies are the topics of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Perła-Kaján
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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32
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Dufault R, Lukiw WJ, Crider R, Schnoll R, Wallinga D, Deth R. A macroepigenetic approach to identify factors responsible for the autism epidemic in the United States. Clin Epigenetics 2012; 4:6. [PMID: 22490277 PMCID: PMC3378453 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of children ages 6 to 21 in the United States receiving special education services under the autism disability category increased 91% between 2005 to 2010 while the number of children receiving special education services overall declined by 5%. The demand for special education services continues to rise in disability categories associated with pervasive developmental disorders. Neurodevelopment can be adversely impacted when gene expression is altered by dietary transcription factors, such as zinc insufficiency or deficiency, or by exposure to toxic substances found in our environment, such as mercury or organophosphate pesticides. Gene expression patterns differ geographically between populations and within populations. Gene variants of paraoxonase-1 are associated with autism in North America, but not in Italy, indicating regional specificity in gene-environment interactions. In the current review, we utilize a novel macroepigenetic approach to compare variations in diet and toxic substance exposure between these two geographical populations to determine the likely factors responsible for the autism epidemic in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Dufault
- Food Ingredient and Health Research Institute, Ocean View, HI, USA.
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33
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She ZG, Chen HZ, Yan Y, Li H, Liu DP. The human paraoxonase gene cluster as a target in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:597-632. [PMID: 21867409 PMCID: PMC3270057 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The paraoxonase (PON) gene cluster contains three adjacent gene members, PON1, PON2, and PON3. Originating from the same fungus lactonase precursor, all of the three PON genes share high sequence identity and a similar β propeller protein structure. PON1 and PON3 are primarily expressed in the liver and secreted into the serum upon expression, whereas PON2 is ubiquitously expressed and remains inside the cell. Each PON member has high catalytic activity toward corresponding artificial organophosphate, and all exhibit activities to lactones. Therefore, all three members of the family are regarded as lactonases. Under physiological conditions, they act to degrade metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids and homocysteine (Hcy) thiolactone, among other compounds. By detoxifying both oxidized low-density lipoprotein and Hcy thiolactone, PONs protect against atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases, as has been illustrated by many types of in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence. Clinical observations focusing on gene polymorphisms also indicate that PON1, PON2, and PON3 are protective against coronary artery disease. Many other conditions, such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and aging, have been shown to relate to PONs. The abundance and/or activity of PONs can be regulated by lipoproteins and their metabolites, biological macromolecules, pharmacological treatments, dietary factors, and lifestyle. In conclusion, both previous results and ongoing studies provide evidence, making the PON cluster a prospective target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang She
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
In this review we summarize the findings from the literature and our own laboratory on the decreased PON1 activity in renal failure, the mechanisms proposed and the effect of interventions. In addition to profound alterations in lipoproteins, reduced serum PON1 activity has been clearly established in the past decade and could contribute to accelerated development of atherosclerosis in ESRD and in HD. PON1 lactonase activity is lower in ESRD patients. Hemodialysis partially restores PON1 lactonase and the other activities. PON1 activity recovery after dialysis suggests that uremic toxins may play a mechanistic role in PON1 inactivation. Lower PON1 activity in CRF patients is associated with low thiol concentration, high CRP, and is beneficially enhanced with vitamin C and flavonoids. Changes in HDL subclasses, namely lower HDL3 in these patients may also play a role in PON1 lower activity. Future research should focus on: (1) mechanistic studies on causes for low PON1 activity and mass; (2) prospective studies focusing on whether there is an added predictive value in measuring PON1 activity (and PON1 activity in HDL3) in this patient population; (3) intervention studies attempting to increase PON1 activity.
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35
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Yilmaz N. Relationship between paraoxonase and homocysteine: crossroads of oxidative diseases. Arch Med Sci 2012; 8:138-53. [PMID: 22457688 PMCID: PMC3309450 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2012.27294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is an accepted independent risk factor for several major pathologies including cardiovascular disease, birth defects, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, and renal failure. Interestingly, many of the pathologies associated with homocysteine are also linked to oxidative stress. The enzyme paraoxonase (PON1) - so named because of its ability to hydrolyse the toxic metabolite of parathion, paraoxon - was also shown early after its identification to manifest arylesterase activity. Although the preferred endogenous substrate of PON1 remains unknown, lactones comprise one possible candidate class. Homocysteine-thiolactone can be disposed of by enzymatic hydrolysis by the serum Hcy-thiolactonase/paraoxonase carried on high-density lipoprotein (HDL). In this review, Hcy and the PON1 enzyme family were scrutinized from different points of view in the literature and the recent articles on these subjects were examined to determine whether these two molecular groups are related to each other like a coin with two different sides, so close and yet so different and so opposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Necat Yilmaz
- Central Laboratories of Antalya Education and Research Hospital of Ministry of Health, Antalya, Turkey
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36
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Sztanek F, Seres I, Harangi M, Lőcsey L, Padra J, Paragh GJR, Asztalos L, Paragh G. Decreased paraoxonase 1 (PON1) lactonase activity in hemodialyzed and renal transplanted patients. A novel cardiovascular biomarker in end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:2866-72. [PMID: 22247228 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human paraoxonase-1 (PON1) has also been described as a lactonase. Decreased PON1 lactonase activity was found to be a predictor of cardiovascular disease. Homocysteine thiolactonase activity may prevent proteins from homocysteinylation and is thought to be a protective factor against the progression of atherosclerosis. Previous studies have demonstrated decreased PON1 paraoxonase activity in hemodialyzed (HD) and renal transplant (TRX) patients; however, lactonase activity has not been investigated. We aimed to determine the paraoxonase and lactonase activities and to clarify the relationship between lactonase activity and a set of cardiovascular risk factors, such as homocysteine, cystatin C and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels, in HD and TRX patients and in healthy controls. METHODS One hundred and eight HD and 78 TRX patients and 63 healthy controls were involved in the study. Paraoxonase and lactonase activities (paraoxon and gamma-thiobutyrolactone as substrates) were measured spectrophotometrically. ADMA level was determined with sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Both HD and TRX patients had significantly lower lactonase activities compared to the control group (P<0.05). Significantly lower paraoxonase activities were found in HD patients compared to the TRX group (P<0.05). Significant negative correlation was found between lactonase activity and ADMA level in the whole study population (P<0.001), while paraoxonase and lactonase activities showed significant positive correlation (P<0.001). Multiple regression analysis identified paraoxonase activity and homocysteine level as independent predictors of lactonase activity. CONCLUSION Lactonase activity is a potential new predictor of cardiovascular risk in renal failure. Measurement of lactonase activity is recommended in future studies on HD and TRX patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Sztanek
- First Department of Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Sztanek F, Seres I, Harangi M, Locsey L, Koncsos P, Paragh G. Effect of Nutritional Status on Human Paraoxonase-1 Activity in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 36:310-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000343383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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O'Hanlon TP, Li Z, Gan L, Gourley MF, Rider LG, Miller FW. Plasma proteomic profiles from disease-discordant monozygotic twins suggest that molecular pathways are shared in multiple systemic autoimmune diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R181. [PMID: 22044644 PMCID: PMC3315681 DOI: 10.1186/ar3506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although systemic autoimmune diseases (SAID) share many clinical and laboratory features, whether they also share some common features of pathogenesis remains unclear. We assessed plasma proteomic profiles among different SAID for evidence of common molecular pathways that could provide insights into pathogenic mechanisms shared by these diseases. Methods Differential quantitative proteomic analyses (one-dimensional reverse-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) were performed to assess patterns of plasma protein expression. Monozygotic twins (four pairs discordant for systemic lupus erythematosus, four pairs discordant for juvenile idiopathic arthritis and two pairs discordant for juvenile dermatomyositis) were studied to minimize polymorphic gene effects. Comparisons were also made to 10 unrelated, matched controls. Results Multiple plasma proteins, including acute phase reactants, structural proteins, immune response proteins, coagulation and transcriptional factors, were differentially expressed similarly among the different SAID studied. Multivariate Random Forest modeling identified seven proteins whose combined altered expression levels effectively segregated affected vs. unaffected twins. Among these seven proteins, four were also identified in univariate analyses of proteomic data (syntaxin 17, α-glucosidase, paraoxonase 1, and the sixth component of complement). Molecular pathway modeling indicated that these factors may be integrated through interactions with a candidate plasma biomarker, PON1 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Conclusions Together, these data suggest that different SAID may share common alterations of plasma protein expression and molecular pathways. An understanding of the mechanisms leading to the altered plasma proteomes common among these SAID may provide useful insights into their pathogeneses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance P O'Hanlon
- Environmental Autoimmunity Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Effect of Homocysteine Thiolactone on Structure and Aggregation Propensity of Bovine Pancreatic Insulin. Protein J 2011; 30:299-307. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-011-9333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Mudd SH. Hypermethioninemias of genetic and non-genetic origin: A review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 157C:3-32. [PMID: 21308989 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review covers briefly the major conditions, genetic and non-genetic, sometimes leading to abnormally elevated methionine, with emphasis on recent developments. A major aim is to assist in the differential diagnosis of hypermethioninemia. The genetic conditions are: (1) Homocystinuria due to cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency. At least 150 different mutations in the CBS gene have been identified since this deficiency was established in 1964. Hypermethioninemia is due chiefly to remethylation of the accumulated homocysteine. (2) Deficient activity of methionine adenosyltransferases I and III (MAT I/III), the isoenzymes the catalytic subunit of which are encoded by MAT1A. Methionine accumulates because its conversion to S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) is impaired. (3) Glycine N-methyltrasferase (GNMT) deficiency. Disruption of a quantitatively major pathway for AdoMet disposal leads to AdoMet accumulation with secondary down-regulation of methionine flux into AdoMet. (4) S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase (AHCY) deficiency. Not being catabolized normally, AdoHcy accumulates and inhibits many AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases, producing accumulation of AdoMet and, thereby, hypermethioninemia. (5) Citrin deficiency, found chiefly in Asian countries. Lack of this mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate transporter may produce (usually transient) hypermethioninemia, the immediate cause of which remains uncertain. (6) Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) deficiency (tyrosinemia type I) may lead to hypermethioninemia secondary either to liver damage and/or to accumulation of fumarylacetoacetate, an inhibitor of the high K(m) MAT. Additional possible genetic causes of hypermethioninemia accompanied by elevations of plasma AdoMet include mitochondrial disorders (the specificity and frequency of which remain to be elucidated). Non-genetic conditions include: (a) Liver disease, which may cause hypermethioninemia, mild, or severe. (b) Low-birth-weight and/or prematurity which may cause transient hypermethioninemia. (c) Ingestion of relatively large amounts of methionine which, even in full-term, normal-birth-weight babies may cause hypermethioninemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harvey Mudd
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Gugliucci A, Kinugasa E, Kotani K, Caccavello R, Kimura S. Serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) lactonase activity is lower in end-stage renal disease patients than in healthy control subjects and increases after hemodialysis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:61-7. [PMID: 20961187 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gugliucci
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Touro University-California, Mare Island, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA.
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