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Mira RG, Quintanilla RA, Cerpa W. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Mitochondrial Calcium Overload and Triggers the Upregulation of NCLX in the Hippocampus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020403. [PMID: 36829963 PMCID: PMC9952386 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is brain damage due to external forces. Mild TBI (mTBI) is the most common form of TBI, and repeated mTBI is a risk factor for developing neurodegenerative diseases. Several mechanisms of neuronal damage have been described in the cortex and hippocampus, including mitochondrial dysfunction. However, up until now, there have been no studies evaluating mitochondrial calcium dynamics. Here, we evaluated mitochondrial calcium dynamics in an mTBI model in mice using isolated hippocampal mitochondria for biochemical studies. We observed that 24 h after mTBI, there is a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in basal matrix calcium levels. These findings are accompanied by increased mitochondrial calcium efflux and no changes in mitochondrial calcium uptake. We also observed an increase in NCLX protein levels and calcium retention capacity. Our results suggest that under mTBI, the hippocampal cells respond by incrementing NCLX levels to restore mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo G. Mira
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6213515, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A. Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile
| | - Waldo Cerpa
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6213515, Chile
- Correspondence:
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2
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Sidorova-Darmos E, Fallah MS, Logan R, Lin CY, Eubanks JH. Mitochondrial brain proteome acetylation levels and behavioural responsiveness to amphetamine are altered in mice lacking Sirt3. Front Physiol 2022; 13:948387. [PMID: 36148309 PMCID: PMC9489219 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.948387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification of mitochondrial proteins represents one mechanism by which the functional activity of mitochondria can be regulated. In the brain, these modifications can influence the functional properties of different neural circuitries. Given that the sirtuin family member Sirt3 represents the primary protein deacetylase enzyme in mitochondria, we tested whether brain mitochondrial proteome acetylation would increase in male or female mice lacking Sirt3. Our results confirm that whole brain mitochondrial proteome acetylation levels are indeed elevated in both sexes of Sirt3-KO mice relative to controls. Consistently, we found the mitochondria of mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells derived from Sirt3-KO mice were smaller in size, and fewer in number than in wild-type MEFs, and that mitochondrial free calcium levels were elevated within the mitochondria of these cells. As protein acetylation can influence mitochondrial function, and changes in mitochondrial function have been linked to alterations in neural circuit function regulating motor activity and anxiety-like behavior, we tested whether Sirt3-deficient mice would display sensitized responsiveness to the stimulant amphetamine. Both male and female Sirt3-KO mice displayed hyper-locomotion and attenuated anxiety-like behavior in response to a dose of amphetamine that was insufficient to promote any behavioural responses in wild-type mice. Collectively, these results confirm that Sirt3 regulates mitochondrial proteome acetylation levels in brain tissue, and that the absence of Sirt3 increases the sensitivity of neural systems to amphetamine-induced behavioural responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sidorova-Darmos
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Merrick S. Fallah
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard Logan
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cheng Yu Lin
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - James H. Eubanks
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- *Correspondence: James H. Eubanks,
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3
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Jung P, Ha E, Zhang M, Fall C, Hwang M, Taylor E, Stetkevich S, Bhanot A, Wilson CG, Figueroa JD, Obenaus A, Bragg S, Tone B, Eliamani S, Holshouser B, Blood AB, Liu T. Neuroprotective role of nitric oxide inhalation and nitrite in a Neonatal Rat Model of Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268282. [PMID: 35544542 PMCID: PMC9094545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence from various models of hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII) that nitric oxide (NO) is protective. We hypothesized that either inhaled NO (iNO) or nitrite would alleviate brain injury in neonatal HII via modulation of mitochondrial function. Methods We tested the effects of iNO and nitrite on the Rice-Vannucci model of HII in 7-day-old rats. Brain mitochondria were isolated for flow cytometry, aconitase activity, electron paramagnetic resonance, and Seahorse assays. Results Pretreatment of pups with iNO decreased survival in the Rice-Vannucci model of HII, while iNO administered post-insult did not. MRI analysis demonstrated that pre-HII iNO at 40 ppm and post-HII iNO at 20 ppm decreased the brain lesion sizes from 6.3±1.3% to 1.0±0.4% and 1.8±0.8%, respectively. Intraperitoneal nitrite at 0.165 μg/g improved neurobehavioral performance but was harmful at higher doses and had no effect on brain infarct size. NO reacted with complex IV at the heme a3 site, decreased the oxidative stress of mitochondria challenged with anoxia and reoxygenation, and suppressed mitochondrial oxygen respiration. Conclusions This study suggests that iNO administered following neonatal HII may be neuroprotective, possibly via its modulation of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jung
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Euntaik Ha
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Fall
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Mindy Hwang
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Emily Taylor
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Samuel Stetkevich
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Aditi Bhanot
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Christopher G. Wilson
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Johnny D. Figueroa
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Shannon Bragg
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Tone
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Saburi Eliamani
- Center for Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Barbara Holshouser
- Center for Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Arlin B. Blood
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Taiming Liu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Rashidova AM. Differential Effects of Decimetric
Electromagnetic Microwaves on Pyruvate Kinase Activity in the Rat
Brain during Ontogenesis. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209302102006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Nie T, Tao K, Zhu L, Huang L, Hu S, Yang R, Xu P, Mao Z, Yang Q. Chaperone-mediated autophagy controls the turnover of E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCHF5 and regulates mitochondrial dynamics. Autophagy 2020; 17:2923-2938. [PMID: 33970775 PMCID: PMC8526038 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1848128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
As a highly dynamic organelle, mitochondria undergo constant fission and fusion to change their morphology and function, coping with various stress conditions. Loss of the balance between fission and fusion leads to impaired mitochondria function, which plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). Yet the mechanisms behind mitochondria dynamics regulation remain to be fully illustrated. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a lysosome-dependent process that selectively degrades proteins to maintain cellular proteostasis. In this study, we demonstrated that MARCHF5, an E3 ubiquitin ligase required for mitochondria fission, is a CMA substrate. MARCHF5 interacted with key CMA regulators and was degraded by lysosomes. Severe oxidative stress compromised CMA activity and stabilized MARCHF5, which facilitated DNM1L translocation and led to excessive fission. Increase of CMA activity promoted MARCHF5 turnover, attenuated DNM1L translocation, and reduced mitochondria fragmentation, which alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction under oxidative stress. Furthermore, we showed that conditional expression of LAMP2A, the key CMA regulator, in dopaminergic (DA) neurons helped maintain mitochondria morphology and protected DA neuronal viability in a rodent PD model. Our work uncovers a critical role of CMA in maintaining proper mitochondria dynamics, and loss of this regulatory control may occur in PD and underlie its pathogenic process. Abbreviations: CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; DA: dopaminergic; DNM1L: dynamin 1 like; FCCP: carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone; HSPA8: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8; LAMP2A: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2A; MARCHF5: membrane-associated ring-CH-type finger 5; MMP: mitochondria membrane potential; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine; PD: Parkinson disease; SNc: substantia nigra pars compacta; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TH: tyrosine hydroxylase; TMRE: tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester perchlorate; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejian Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sijun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruixin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zixu Mao
- Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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6
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Luczak ED, Wu Y, Granger JM, Joiner MLA, Wilson NR, Gupta A, Umapathi P, Murphy KR, Reyes Gaido OE, Sabet A, Corradini E, Tseng WW, Wang Y, Heck AJR, Wei AC, Weiss RG, Anderson ME. Mitochondrial CaMKII causes adverse metabolic reprogramming and dilated cardiomyopathy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4416. [PMID: 32887881 PMCID: PMC7473864 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the clear association between myocardial injury, heart failure and depressed myocardial energetics, little is known about upstream signals responsible for remodeling myocardial metabolism after pathological stress. Here, we report increased mitochondrial calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) activation and left ventricular dilation in mice one week after myocardial infarction (MI) surgery. By contrast, mice with genetic mitochondrial CaMKII inhibition are protected from left ventricular dilation and dysfunction after MI. Mice with myocardial and mitochondrial CaMKII overexpression (mtCaMKII) have severe dilated cardiomyopathy and decreased ATP that causes elevated cytoplasmic resting (diastolic) Ca2+ concentration and reduced mechanical performance. We map a metabolic pathway that rescues disease phenotypes in mtCaMKII mice, providing insights into physiological and pathological metabolic consequences of CaMKII signaling in mitochondria. Our findings suggest myocardial dilation, a disease phenotype lacking specific therapies, can be prevented by targeted replacement of mitochondrial creatine kinase or mitochondrial-targeted CaMKII inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Luczak
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Yuejin Wu
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan M Granger
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mei-Ling A Joiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas R Wilson
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Priya Umapathi
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin R Murphy
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oscar E Reyes Gaido
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amin Sabet
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eleonora Corradini
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wen-Wei Tseng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yibin Wang
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Physiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - An-Chi Wei
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Robert G Weiss
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark E Anderson
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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7
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Avetisyan A, Balasanyants S, Simonyan R, Koroev D, Kamynina A, Zinovkin R, Bobkova N, Volpina O. Synthetic fragment (60-76) of RAGE improves brain mitochondria function in olfactory bulbectomized mice. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104799. [PMID: 32783973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is considered to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), mediating amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation, mitochondrial damage, and neuroinflammation. Previously, we have synthesized small peptides corresponding to the fragments (60-76) (P1) and (60-62) (P2) of the RAGE extracellular domain, and have shown that administration of P1 fragment but not P2 results in restoration of the spatial memory and decreases the brain Aβ (1-40) level in olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) mice demonstrating main features of Alzheimer's type neurodegeneration. In the present study, we have investigated the supposed mechanism of the therapeutic efficacy of P1 RAGE fragment and compared it to P2 short fragment. We have found that P1 restored activities of the respiratory chain in the Complexes I and IV in both cortical and hippocampal mitochondria of the OBX mice while P2 had no effect. Besides, fluorescein-labeled analog Flu-P1 bound to Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42) with high affinity (Kd in the nanomolar range) whereas Flu-P2 revealed low affinity with tenfold higher Kd value for Aβ (1-40) and did not bind to Aβ (1-42). However, neither of the peptides had a notable impact on inflammation, estimated as mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain tissues of OBX mice. Taken together, our results suggest that direct Aβ-P1 interaction is one of the molecular events mediating the protection of the mitochondria in OBX animals from Aβ toxic effect. The RAGE fragment P1 would be the soluble decoy for Aβs and serve as a promising therapeutic agent against neurodegeneration accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armine Avetisyan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Samson Balasanyants
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ruben Simonyan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Koroev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Kamynina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the RAS, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Roman Zinovkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Bobkova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Moscow Region, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Olga Volpina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the RAS, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Stepanova A, Galkin A. Measurement of mitochondrial H 2O 2 production under varying O 2 tensions. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 155:273-293. [PMID: 32183962 PMCID: PMC9897472 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the development of several pathologies and are also involved in physiological signaling. Molecular oxygen is the direct substrate of complex IV of the respiratory chain, and at the same time, its partial reduction in mitochondria results in the formation of ROS, mainly H2O2. The accurate knowledge of the dependence of H2O2 production on oxygen concentration is vital for the studies of tissue ischemia/reperfusion, where the relationship between oxygen availability, respiration, and ROS production is critical. In this chapter, we describe a straightforward and reliable protocol for the assessment of H2O2 release by mitochondria at varying oxygen concentrations. This method can be used for any ROS-generating system where the effect of oxygen level on H2O2 production needs to be assessed.
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9
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Rashidova AM, Gashimova UF. Age-Dependent Activity of Lactate Dehydrogenase in Brain Structures during Postnatal Ontogenesis of Rats Exposed to Hypoxia in the Fetal Period. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093019030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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11
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Fractionated mitochondrial magnetic separation for isolation of synaptic mitochondria from brain tissue. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9656. [PMID: 31273236 PMCID: PMC6609636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While mitochondria maintain essential cellular functions, such as energy production, calcium homeostasis, and regulating programmed cellular death, they also play a major role in pathophysiology of many neurological disorders. Furthermore, several neurodegenerative diseases are closely linked with synaptic damage and synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction. Unfortunately, the ability to assess mitochondrial dysfunction and the efficacy of mitochondrial-targeted therapies in experimental models of neurodegenerative disease and CNS injury is limited by current mitochondrial isolation techniques. Density gradient ultracentrifugation (UC) is currently the only technique that can separate synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondrial sub-populations, though small brain regions cannot be assayed due to low mitochondrial yield. To address this limitation, we used fractionated mitochondrial magnetic separation (FMMS), employing magnetic anti-Tom22 antibodies, to develop a novel strategy for isolation of functional synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria from mouse cortex and hippocampus without the usage of UC. We compared the yield and functionality of mitochondria derived using FMMS to those derived by UC. FMMS produced 3x more synaptic mitochondrial protein yield compared to UC from the same amount of tissue, a mouse hippocampus. FMMS also has increased sensitivity, compared to UC separation, to measure decreased mitochondrial respiration, demonstrated in a paradigm of mild closed head injury. Taken together, FMMS enables improved brain-derived mitochondrial yield for mitochondrial assessments and better detection of mitochondrial impairment in CNS injury and neurodegenerative disease.
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12
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Ravindran S, Kurian GA. Eventual analysis of global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat brain: a paradigm of a shift in stress and its influence on cognitive functions. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:581-594. [PMID: 31025239 PMCID: PMC6527675 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-00990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive issues in stroke arise as a result of reperfusion of a clogged artery, which is reported to exacerbate the injury in the brain leading to oxidative stress. Through the present work, we try to understand the regional variations across brain regions mainly cortex and striatum associated with the progression of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). In a rat model of IRI, the influence of varying ischemia and reperfusion times on the biochemical phases across the brain regions were monitored. IRI resulted in the blood-brain barrier disruption and developed mild areas of risk. The brain's tolerance towards IRI indicated a progressive trend in the injury and apoptosis from ischemia to reperfusion that was supported by the activities of plasma lactate dehydrogenase and tissue caspase-3. Cognitive impairment in these rats was an implication of cellular oxidative stress (higher lipid peroxidation and lower antioxidant enzyme activity) that persisted by 24-h reperfusion. The oxidative stress was prominent in the cortex than the striatum and was supported by the lower ATP level. Upregulated Mn-SOD expression leading to a preserved mitochondria in the striatum could be attributed to the regional protection. Overall, a progression of IRI was observed from striatum to cortex leading to 5-day cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Ravindran
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401 India
| | - Gino A. Kurian
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401 India
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13
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Gureev AP, Shaforostova EA, Popov VN, Starkov AA. Methylene blue does not bypass Complex III antimycin block in mouse brain mitochondria. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:499-503. [PMID: 30734287 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) is a promising prodrug to treat mitochondrial dysfunctions that is currently being used in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. MB can penetrate the blood brain barrier, accumulating in brain mitochondria where it acts as a redox mediator in the electron transfer chain (ETC). Mitochondrial flavins are thought to reduce MB, which is then oxidized by cytochrome c, thereby bypassing inhibited Complex I of ETC. We found that in mouse brain mitochondria, MB fails to restore the membrane potential and respiration inhibited by antimycin. Furthermore, antimycin inhibits MB-induced H2 O2 generation. Our data suggest that the acceptor of electrons from MB is a Qo ubiquinol-binding site of Complex III; thus, MB-based drugs might not be helpful in mitochondrial dysfunctions involving Complex III inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem P Gureev
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Russia
| | | | - Vasily N Popov
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Russia.,Voronezh State University of Engineering Technology, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Anatoly A Starkov
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Andersen JV, Jakobsen E, Waagepetersen HS, Aldana BI. Distinct differences in rates of oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis of regionally isolated non-synaptic mouse brain mitochondria. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:961-974. [PMID: 30675904 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. The distribution and efficiency of mitochondria display large heterogeneity throughout the regions of the brain. This may imply that the selective regional susceptibility of neurodegenerative diseases could be mediated through inherent differences in regional mitochondrial function. To investigate regional cerebral mitochondrial energetics, the rates of oxygen consumption and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) synthesis were assessed in isolated non-synaptic mitochondria of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of the male mouse brain. Oxygen consumption rates were assessed using a Seahorse XFe96 analyzer and ATP synthesis rates were determined by an online luciferin-luciferase coupled luminescence assay. Complex I- and complex II-driven respiration and ATP synthesis, were investigated by applying pyruvate in combination with malate, or succinate, as respiratory substrates, respectively. Hippocampal mitochondria exhibited the lowest basal and adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP)-stimulated rate of oxygen consumption when provided pyruvate and malate. However, hippocampal mitochondria also exhibited an increased proton leak and an elevated relative rate of oxygen consumption in response to the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP), showing a large capacity for uncoupled respiration in the presence of pyruvate. When the complex II-linked substrate succinate was provided, striatal mitochondria exhibited the highest respiration and ATP synthesis rate, whereas hippocampal mitochondria had the lowest. However, the mitochondrial efficiency, determined as ATP produced/O2 consumed, was similar between the three regions. This study reveals inherent differences in regional mitochondrial energetics and may serve as a tool for further investigations of regional mitochondrial function in relation to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens V Andersen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Jakobsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Blanca I Aldana
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mitoproteomics: Tackling Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Human Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1435934. [PMID: 30533169 PMCID: PMC6250043 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1435934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic and regulated organelles that historically have been defined based on their crucial role in cell metabolism. However, they are implicated in a variety of other important functions, making mitochondrial dysfunction an important axis in several pathological contexts. Despite that conventional biochemical and molecular biology approaches have provided significant insight into mitochondrial functionality, innovative techniques that provide a global view of the mitochondrion are still necessary. Proteomics fulfils this need by enabling accurate, systems-wide quantitative analysis of protein abundance. More importantly, redox proteomics approaches offer unique opportunities to tackle oxidative stress, a phenomenon that is intimately linked to aging, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In addition, cutting-edge proteomics approaches reveal how proteins exert their functions in complex interaction networks where even subtle alterations stemming from early pathological states can be monitored. Here, we describe the proteomics approaches that will help to deepen the role of mitochondria in health and disease by assessing not only changes to mitochondrial protein composition but also alterations to their redox state and how protein interaction networks regulate mitochondrial function and dynamics. This review is aimed at showing the reader how the application of proteomics approaches during the last 20 years has revealed crucial mitochondrial roles in the context of aging, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic disease, and cancer.
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16
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Brown HMG, Arriaga EA. Quantifying Heterogeneity of Individual Organelles in Mixed Populations via Mass Cytometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13315-13321. [PMID: 30350631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a complex degradative intracellular process by which long-lived proteins and damaged organelles are cleared. Common methods for the analysis of autophagy are bulk measurements which mask organelle heterogeneity and complicate the analysis of interorganelle association and trafficking. Thus, methods for individual organelle quantification are needed to address these deficiencies. Current techniques for quantifying individual autophagy organelles are either low through-put or are dimensionally limited. We make use of the multiparametric capability of mass cytometry to investigate phenotypic heterogeneity in autophagy-related organelle types that have been isolated from murine brain, liver, and skeletal muscle. Detection and phenotypic classification of individual organelles were accomplished through the use of a lanthanide-chelating membrane stain and organelle-specific antibodies. Posthoc sample matrix background correction and nonspecific antibody binding corrections provide measures of interorganelle associations and heterogeneity. This is the first demonstration of multiparametric individual organelle analysis via mass cytometry. The method described here illustrates the potential for further investigation of the inherently complex interorganelle associations, trafficking, and heterogeneity present in most eukaryotic biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M G Brown
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Edgar A Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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17
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Rashidova AM. Effect of Pre-/ Postnatal Hypoxia on Pyruvate Kinase in Rat Brain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2018. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.450963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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18
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The Organization of Mitochondrial Supercomplexes is Modulated by Oxidative Stress In Vivo in Mouse Models of Mitochondrial Encephalopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061582. [PMID: 29861458 PMCID: PMC6032222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the effect of oxidative stress on the stability of mitochondrial respiratory complexes and their association into supercomplexes (SCs) in the neuron-specific Rieske iron sulfur protein (RISP) and COX10 knockout (KO) mice. Previously we reported that these two models display different grades of oxidative stress in distinct brain regions. Using blue native gel electrophoresis, we observed a redistribution of the architecture of SCs in KO mice. Brain regions with moderate levels of oxidative stress (cingulate cortex of both COX10 and RISP KO and hippocampus of the RISP KO) showed a significant increase in the levels of high molecular weight (HMW) SCs. High levels of oxidative stress in the piriform cortex of the RISP KO negatively impacted the stability of CI, CIII and SCs. Treatment of the RISP KO with the mitochondrial targeted antioxidant mitoTEMPO preserved the stability of respiratory complexes and formation of SCs in the piriform cortex and increased the levels of glutathione peroxidase. These results suggest that mild to moderate levels of oxidative stress can modulate SCs into a more favorable architecture of HMW SCs to cope with rising levels of free radicals and cover the energetic needs.
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Roy Chowdhury S, Djordjevic J, Thomson E, Smith DR, Albensi BC, Fernyhough P. Depressed mitochondrial function and electron transport Complex II-mediated H 2O 2 production in the cortex of type 1 diabetic rodents. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 90:49-59. [PMID: 29802939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Abnormalities in mitochondrial function under diabetic conditions can lead to deficits in function of cortical neurons and their support cells exhibiting a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. We aimed to assess mitochondrial respiration rates and membrane potential or H2O2 generation simultaneously and expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics, ROS scavenging and AMPK/SIRT/PGC-1α pathway activity in cortex under diabetic conditions. METHODS Cortical mitochondria from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic rats or mice, and aged-matched controls were used for simultaneous measurements of mitochondrial respiration rates and mitochondrial membrane potential (mtMP) or H2O2 using OROBOROS oxygraph. Measurements of enzymatic activities of respiratory complexes were performed using spectophotometry. Protein levels in cortical mitochondria and homogenates were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Mitochondrial coupled respiration rates and FCCP-induced uncoupled respiration rates were significantly decreased in mitochondria of cortex of STZ-diabetic rats compared to controls. The mtMP in the presence of ADP was significantly depolarized and succinate-dependent respiration rates and H2O2 were significantly diminished in cortical mitochondria of diabetic animals compared to controls, accompanied with reduced expression of CuZn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase. The enzymatic activities of Complex I, II, and IV and protein levels of certain components of Complex I and II, mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), P-AMPK, SIRT2 and PGC-1α were significantly diminished in diabetic cortex. CONCLUSION Deficits in mitochondrial function, dynamics, and antioxidant capabilities putatively mediated through sub-optimal AMPK/SIRT/PGC-1α signaling, are involved in the development of early sub-clinical neurodegeneration in the cortex under diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Roy Chowdhury
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
| | - Jelena Djordjevic
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Ella Thomson
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Darrell R Smith
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
| | - Paul Fernyhough
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
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20
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Dhillon RS, Richards JG. Hypoxia induces selective modifications to the acetylome in the brain of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 224:79-87. [PMID: 29309913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversible protein acetylation is an important regulatory mechanism for modulating protein function. The cellular protein acetylome is in large part dictated by the cellular redox balance, and in particular [NAD+]. While the relationship between hypoxia, redox balance, energy charge and resulting mitochondrial dysfunction has been examined in the context of hypoxia-linked pathologies, little is known about the direct effects of decreases in environmental oxygen on reversible lysine acetylation, and the resulting modifications to mitochondrial metabolism. To address this knowledge gap, we exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) to 16 h of hypoxia (2.21 kPa) and quantified acetylation levels of 1220 proteins using whole-cell proteomics in samples of brain taken from normoxic and hypoxic zebrafish. In addition, we examined the effects of hypoxia on cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox status, whole-cell energetics, the activity of the mitochondrial NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT3, and electron transport chain complex activities to determine if there is an association between hypoxia-induced metabolic disturbances, protein acetylation, and mitochondrial function. Our results (1) reveal several key changes in the acetylation status of proteins in the brain, primarily within the mitochondria; (2) show significant fluctuations in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox status within the brain during hypoxia exposure; and (3) provide evidence that lysine acetylation may be related to large changes in electron transport and ATP-synthase complex activities and adenylate status in zebrafish exposed to hypoxic stress. Together, these data provide new insights into the role of protein modifications in mitochondrial metabolism during hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashpal S Dhillon
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 330 North Orchard Street, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey G Richards
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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21
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Stepanova A, Kahl A, Konrad C, Ten V, Starkov AS, Galkin A. Reverse electron transfer results in a loss of flavin from mitochondrial complex I: Potential mechanism for brain ischemia reperfusion injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3649-3658. [PMID: 28914132 PMCID: PMC5718331 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17730242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most prevalent sources of disability in the world. The major brain tissue damage takes place upon the reperfusion of ischemic tissue. Energy failure due to alterations in mitochondrial metabolism and elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the main causes of brain ischemia-reperfusion (IR) damage. Ischemia resulted in the accumulation of succinate in tissues, which favors the process of reverse electron transfer (RET) when a fraction of electrons derived from succinate is directed to mitochondrial complex I for the reduction of matrix NAD+. We demonstrate that in intact brain mitochondria oxidizing succinate, complex I became damaged and was not able to contribute to the physiological respiration. This process is associated with a decline in ROS release and a dissociation of the enzyme's flavin. This previously undescribed phenomenon represents the major molecular mechanism of injury in stroke and induction of oxidative stress after reperfusion. We also demonstrate that the origin of ROS during RET is flavin of mitochondrial complex I. Our study highlights a novel target for neuroprotection against IR brain injury and provides a sensitive biochemical marker for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stepanova
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, 1596 Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, UK.,2 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anja Kahl
- 2 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Csaba Konrad
- 2 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vadim Ten
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anatoly S Starkov
- 2 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Galkin
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, 1596 Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, UK.,2 Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Kosenko EA, Tikhonova LA, Alilova GA, Montoliu C, Barreto GE, Aliev G, Kaminsky YG. Portacaval shunting causes differential mitochondrial superoxide production in brain regions. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:109-118. [PMID: 28964916 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The portacaval shunting (PCS) prevents portal hypertension and recurrent bleeding of esophageal varices. On the other hand, it can induce chronic hyperammonemia and is considered to be the best model of mild hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Pathogenic mechanisms of HE and dysfunction of the brain in hyperammonemia are not fully elucidated, but it was originally suggested that the pathogenetic defect causes destruction of antioxidant defense which leads to an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the occurrence of oxidative stress. In order to gain insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of HE in the brain tissue, we investigated the effects of PCS in rats on free radicals production and activity levels of antioxidant and prooxidant enzymes in mitochondria isolated from different brain areas. We found that O2·- production, activities of Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione transferase (GT), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and levels of carbonylated proteins differed between the four brain regions both in the amount and response to PCS. In PCS rats, Mn-SOD activity in the cerebellum was significantly decreased, and remained unchanged in the neocortex, hippocampus and striatum compared with that in sham-operated animals. Among the four brain regions in control rats, the levels of the carbonyl groups in mitochondrial proteins were maximal in the cerebellum. 4 weeks after PCS, the content of carbonylated proteins were higher only in mitochondria of this brain region. Under control conditions, O2·- production by submitochondrial particles in the cerebellum was significantly higher than in other brain regions, but was significantly increased in each brain region from PCS animals. Indeed, the production of O2·- by submitochondrial particles correlated with mitochondrial ammonia levels in the four brain regions of control and PCS-animals. These findings are the first to suggest that in vivo levels of ammonia in the brain directly affect the rate of mitochondrial O2·- production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Kosenko
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Pushchino, Russia.
| | | | - Gubidat A Alilova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Carmina Montoliu
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- GALLY International Biomedical Research Institute Inc., 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; School of Health Science and Healthcare Administration, University of Atlanta, E. Johns Crossing, #175, Johns Creek, GA 30097, USA.
| | - Yury G Kaminsky
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Pushchino, Russia
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Gleave JA, Arathoon LR, Trinh D, Lizal KE, Giguère N, Barber JH, Najarali Z, Khan MH, Thiele SL, Semmen MS, Koprich JB, Brotchie JM, Eubanks JH, Trudeau LE, Nash JE. Sirtuin 3 rescues neurons through the stabilisation of mitochondrial biogenetics in the virally-expressing mutant α-synuclein rat model of parkinsonism. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 106:133-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Kiprowska MJ, Stepanova A, Todaro DR, Galkin A, Haas A, Wilson SM, Figueiredo-Pereira ME. Neurotoxic mechanisms by which the USP14 inhibitor IU1 depletes ubiquitinated proteins and Tau in rat cerebral cortical neurons: Relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1157-1170. [PMID: 28372990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease proteasome activity is reportedly downregulated, thus increasing it could be therapeutically beneficial. The proteasome-associated deubiquitinase USP14 disassembles polyubiquitin-chains, potentially delaying proteasome-dependent protein degradation. We assessed the protective efficacy of inhibiting or downregulating USP14 in rat and mouse (Usp14axJ) neuronal cultures treated with prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2). IU1 concentrations (HIU1>25μM) reported by others to inhibit USP14 and be protective in non-neuronal cells, reduced PGJ2-induced Ub-protein accumulation in neurons. However, HIU1 alone or with PGJ2 is neurotoxic, induces calpain-dependent Tau cleavage, and decreases E1~Ub thioester levels and 26S proteasome assembly, which are energy-dependent processes. We attribute the two latter HIU1 effects to ATP-deficits and mitochondrial Complex I inhibition, as shown herein. These HIU1 effects mimic those of mitochondrial inhibitors in general, thus supporting that ATP-depletion is a major mediator of HIU1-actions. In contrast, low IU1 concentrations (LIU1≤25μM) or USP14 knockdown by siRNA in rat cortical cultures or loss of USP14 in cortical cultures from ataxia (Usp14axJ) mice, failed to prevent PGJ2-induced Ub-protein accumulation. PGJ2 alone induces Ub-protein accumulation and decreases E1~Ub thioester levels. This seemingly paradoxical result may be attributed to PGJ2 inhibiting some deubiquitinases (such as UCH-L1 but not USP14), thus triggering Ub-protein stabilization. Overall, IU1-concentrations that reduce PGJ2-induced accumulation of Ub-proteins are neurotoxic, trigger calpain-mediated Tau cleavage, lower ATP, E1~Ub thioester and E1 protein levels, and reduce proteasome activity. In conclusion, pharmacologically inhibiting (with low or high IU1 concentrations) or genetically down-regulating USP14 fail to enhance proteasomal degradation of Ub-proteins or Tau in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena J Kiprowska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Biology and Biochemistry Programs, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna Stepanova
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Dustin R Todaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Alexander Galkin
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Arthur Haas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Scott M Wilson
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Maria E Figueiredo-Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Biology and Biochemistry Programs, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Salin K, Villasevil EM, Auer SK, Anderson GJ, Selman C, Metcalfe NB, Chinopoulos C. Simultaneous measurement of mitochondrial respiration and ATP production in tissue homogenates and calculation of effective P/O ratios. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:e13007. [PMID: 27798358 PMCID: PMC5099967 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of tissue homogenate has greatly aided the study of the functioning of mitochondria. However, the amount of ATP produced per oxygen molecule consumed, that is, the effective P/O ratio, has never been measured directly in tissue homogenate. Here we combine and refine existing methods previously used in permeabilized cells and isolated mitochondria to simultaneously measure mitochondrial ATP production (JATP) and oxygen consumption (JO2) in tissue homogenate. A major improvement over existing methods is in the control of ATPases that otherwise interfere with the ATP assay: our modified technique facilitates simultaneous measurement of the rates of "uncorrected" ATP synthesis and of ATP hydrolysis, thus minimizing the amount of tissue and time needed. Finally, we develop a novel method of calculating effective P/O ratios which corrects measurements of JATP and JO2 for rates of nonmitochondrial ATP hydrolysis and respiration, respectively. Measurements of JATP and JO2 in liver homogenates from brown trout (Salmo trutta) were highly reproducible, although activity declined once homogenates were 2 h old. We compared mitochondrial properties from fed and food-deprived animals to demonstrate that the method can detect mitochondrial flexibility in P/O ratios in response to nutritional state. This method simplifies studies examining the mitochondrial bioenergetics of tissue homogenates, obviating the need for differential centrifugation or chemical permeabilization and avoiding the use of nonmitochondrial ATPase inhibitors. We conclude that our approach for characterizing effective P/O ratio opens up new possibilities in the study of mitochondrial function in very small samples, where the use of other methods is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Salin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eugenia M Villasevil
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sonya K Auer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graeme J Anderson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin Selman
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Neil B Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christos Chinopoulos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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Orozco-Ibarra M, García-Morales J, Calvo-Silva FJ, Fernández-Valverde F, Serrano-García N. Striatal mitochondria response to 3-nitropropionic acid and fish oil treatment. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 21:132-142. [PMID: 27682807 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1237074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's disease (HD). 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is a mitochondrial toxin that specifically inhibits complex II of the electron transport chain (ETC) and is used to generate an experimental model of HD. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of fish liver oil (FO) over the mitochondrial dysfunction induced via partial ETC inhibition by 3-NP. METHODS This study was performed in rats and consisted of two phases: (i) administration of increasing doses of 3-NP and (ii) administration of FO for 14 days before to 3-NP. The rats' exploratory activity; complex I, II, III, and IV activities; and rearing behavior were observed. Additionally, the number of TUNEL-positive cells and various mitochondrial parameters, including oxygen consumption, transmembrane potential, adenosine triphosphate synthesis, and ETC activity, were measured. RESULTS We observed that FO exerted a protective effect against the 3-NP-induced toxicity, although complex II inhibition still occurred. Instead, this effect was related to strengthened mitochondrial complex III and IV activities. DISCUSSION Our results show that FO exerts a beneficial prophylactic effect against mitochondrial damage. Elucidating the mechanisms linking the effects of FO with its prevention of neurodegeneration could be the key to developing recommendations for FO consumption in neurological pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Orozco-Ibarra
- a Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular , Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Deleg. Tlalpan, CP 14269 , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Jazmín García-Morales
- a Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular , Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Deleg. Tlalpan, CP 14269 , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Francisco José Calvo-Silva
- a Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular , Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Deleg. Tlalpan, CP 14269 , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Francisca Fernández-Valverde
- b Laboratorio de Patología Experimental , Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Deleg. Tlalpan, CP 14269 , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Norma Serrano-García
- a Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular , Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Deleg. Tlalpan, CP 14269 , Ciudad de México , México
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Luis-García ER, Limón-Pacheco JH, Serrano-García N, Hernández-Pérez AD, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Orozco-Ibarra M. Sulforaphane prevents quinolinic acid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in rat striatum. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 31. [PMID: 27589053 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Quinolinic acid (QA) triggers striatal neuronal death by an excitotoxic cascade that involves oxidative stress, which in turns is tightly linked to mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a molecular feature described in several brain pathologies. In this work, we determined whether the sulforaphane-neuroprotective effect in the rodent experimental model of Huntington's disease induced by QA is associated with mitochondrial function preservation. We found that QA impaired mitochondrial function within 24 h post-lesion. Sulforaphane effectively disrupted the mitochondrial dysfunction by preventing the decrease in respiratory control ratio, transmembrane potential, ability to synthetize ATP, and the activity of mitochondrial complexes I, II, and IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Rubí Luis-García
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Deleg. Tlalpan, CP 14269, Ciudad de México, México.,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Cd. Universitaria, Deleg. Coyoacán, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jorge Humberto Limón-Pacheco
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Cd. Universitaria, Deleg. Coyoacán, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Norma Serrano-García
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Deleg. Tlalpan, CP 14269, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alma Delia Hernández-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Deleg. Tlalpan, CP 14389, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Cd. Universitaria, Deleg. Coyoacán, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marisol Orozco-Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Deleg. Tlalpan, CP 14269, Ciudad de México, México
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Avetisyan AV, Samokhin AN, Alexandrova IY, Zinovkin RA, Simonyan RA, Bobkova NV. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neocortex and hippocampus of olfactory bulbectomized mice, a model of Alzheimer’s disease. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:615-23. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916060080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Vasilopoulou CG, Margarity M, Klapa MI. Metabolomic Analysis in Brain Research: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Physiol 2016; 7:183. [PMID: 27252656 PMCID: PMC4878281 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism being a fundamental part of molecular physiology, elucidating the structure and regulation of metabolic pathways is crucial for obtaining a comprehensive perspective of cellular function and understanding the underlying mechanisms of its dysfunction(s). Therefore, quantifying an accurate metabolic network activity map under various physiological conditions is among the major objectives of systems biology in the context of many biological applications. Especially for CNS, metabolic network activity analysis can substantially enhance our knowledge about the complex structure of the mammalian brain and the mechanisms of neurological disorders, leading to the design of effective therapeutic treatments. Metabolomics has emerged as the high-throughput quantitative analysis of the concentration profile of small molecular weight metabolites, which act as reactants and products in metabolic reactions and as regulatory molecules of proteins participating in many biological processes. Thus, the metabolic profile provides a metabolic activity fingerprint, through the simultaneous analysis of tens to hundreds of molecules of pathophysiological and pharmacological interest. The application of metabolomics is at its standardization phase in general, and the challenges for paving a standardized procedure are even more pronounced in brain studies. In this review, we support the value of metabolomics in brain research. Moreover, we demonstrate the challenges of designing and setting up a reliable brain metabolomic study, which, among other parameters, has to take into consideration the sex differentiation and the complexity of brain physiology manifested in its regional variation. We finally propose ways to overcome these challenges and design a study that produces reproducible and consistent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G Vasilopoulou
- Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT)Patras, Greece; Human and Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of PatrasPatras, Greece
| | - Marigoula Margarity
- Human and Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Patras Patras, Greece
| | - Maria I Klapa
- Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT)Patras, Greece; Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Bioengineering, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA
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30
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Divalent cation chelators citrate and EDTA unmask an intrinsic uncoupling pathway in isolated mitochondria. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2016; 49:3-11. [PMID: 26971498 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-016-9656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a suppression of ROS production and uncoupling of mitochondria by exogenous citrate in Mg2+ free medium. Exogenous citrate suppressed H2O2 emission and depolarized mitochondria. The depolarization was paralleled by the stimulation of respiration of mitochondria. The uncoupling action of citrate was independent of the presence of sodium, potassium, or chlorine ions, and it was not mediated by the changes in permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to solutes. The citrate transporter was not involved in the citrate effect. Inhibitory analysis data indicated that several well described mitochondria carriers and channels (ATPase, IMAC, ADP/ATP translocase, mPTP, mKATP) were not involved in citrate's effect. Exogenous MgCl2 strongly inhibited citrate-induced depolarization. The uncoupling effect of citrate was demonstrated in rat brain, mouse brain, mouse liver, and human melanoma cells mitochondria. We interpreted the data as an evidence to the existence of a hitherto undescribed putative inner mitochondrial membrane channel that is regulated by extramitochondrial Mg2+ or other divalent cations.
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31
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Simultaneous evaluation of substrate-dependent oxygen consumption rates and mitochondrial membrane potential by TMRM and safranin in cortical mitochondria. Biosci Rep 2015; 36:e00286. [PMID: 26647379 PMCID: PMC4725245 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous evaluation of two mitochondrial bioenergetics parameters, respiration rates and mitochondrial membrane potential (mtMP) can be useful to determine the mitochondrial dysfunction under various pathological conditions including neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes. Mitochondrial membrane potential (mtMP) is critical for maintaining the physiological function of the respiratory chain to generate ATP. The present study characterized the inter-relationship between mtMP, using safranin and tetramethyl rhodamine methyl ester (TMRM), and mitochondrial respiratory activity and established a protocol for functional analysis of mitochondrial bioenergetics in a multi-sensor system. Coupled respiration was decreased by 27 and 30–35% in the presence of TMRM and safranin respectively. Maximal respiration was higher than coupled with Complex I- and II-linked substrates in the presence of both dyes. Safranin showed decreased maximal respiration at a higher concentration of carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) compared with TMRM. FCCP titration revealed that maximal respiration in the presence of glutamate and malate was not sustainable at higher FCCP concentrations as compared with pyruvate and malate. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and mtMP in response to mitochondrial substrates were higher in isolated mitochondria compared with tissue homogenates. Safranin exhibited higher sensitivity to changes in mtMP than TMRM. This multi-sensor system measured mitochondrial parameters in the brain of transgenic mice that model Alzheimer's disease (AD), because mitochondrial dysfunction is believed to be a primary event in the pathogenesis of AD. The coupled and maximal respiration of electron transport chain were decreased in the cortex of AD mice along with the mtMP compared with age-matched controls. Overall, these data demonstrate that safranin and TMRM are suitable for the simultaneous evaluation of mtMP and respiratory chain activity using isolated mitochondria and tissue homogenate. However, certain care should be taken concerning the selection of appropriate substrates and dyes for specific experimental circumstances.
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Gadirova LB, Agaev TM. Activity of Phosphate-Dependent Glutaminase in the Brain of Rats Exposed to Prenatal Hypoxia during Organogenesis. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 160:187-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-3123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Damiano M, Gautier CA, Bulteau AL, Ferrando-Miguel R, Gouarne C, Paoli MG, Pruss R, Auchère F, L'Hermitte-Stead C, Bouillaud F, Brice A, Corti O, Lombès A. Tissue- and cell-specific mitochondrial defect in Parkin-deficient mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99898. [PMID: 24959870 PMCID: PMC4069072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of Parkin, encoded by PARK2 gene, is a major cause of autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease. In Drosophila and mammalian cell models Parkin has been shown in to play a role in various processes essential to maintenance of mitochondrial quality, including mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and degradation. However, the relevance of altered mitochondrial quality control mechanisms to neuronal survival in vivo is still under debate. We addressed this issue in the brain of PARK2-/- mice using an integrated mitochondrial evaluation, including analysis of respiration by polarography or by fluorescence, respiratory complexes activity by spectrophotometric assays, mitochondrial membrane potential by rhodamine 123 fluorescence, mitochondrial DNA content by real time PCR, and oxidative stress by total glutathione measurement, proteasome activity, SOD2 expression and proteins oxidative damage. Respiration rates were lowered in PARK2-/- brain with high resolution but not standard respirometry. This defect was specific to the striatum, where it was prominent in neurons but less severe in astrocytes. It was present in primary embryonic cells and did not worsen in vivo from 9 to 24 months of age. It was not associated with any respiratory complex defect, including complex I. Mitochondrial inner membrane potential in PARK2-/- mice was similar to that of wild-type mice but showed increased sensitivity to uncoupling with ageing in striatum. The presence of oxidative stress was suggested in the striatum by increased mitochondrial glutathione content and oxidative adducts but normal proteasome activity showed efficient compensation. SOD2 expression was increased only in the striatum of PARK2-/- mice at 24 months of age. Altogether our results show a tissue-specific mitochondrial defect, present early in life of PARK2-/- mice, mildly affecting respiration, without prominent impact on mitochondrial membrane potential, whose underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated, as complex I defect and prominent oxidative damage were ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Damiano
- Inserm, U 975, CRICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Clément A. Gautier
- Inserm, U 975, CRICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Bulteau
- Inserm U 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris 05, UMR_S1016, Paris, France
| | - Rosa Ferrando-Miguel
- Inserm, U 975, CRICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Rebecca Pruss
- Trophos, SA Parc Scientifique de Luminy Case, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Auchère
- Laboratoire Mitochondries, Métaux et Stress Oxydatif, Département de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris-Diderot/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Caroline L'Hermitte-Stead
- Inserm U 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris 05, UMR_S1016, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- Inserm U 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris 05, UMR_S1016, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Inserm, U 975, CRICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France
| | - Olga Corti
- Inserm, U 975, CRICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Anne Lombès
- Inserm U 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris 05, UMR_S1016, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Krumschnabel G, Eigentler A, Fasching M, Gnaiger E. Use of safranin for the assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential by high-resolution respirometry and fluorometry. Methods Enzymol 2014; 542:163-81. [PMID: 24862266 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416618-9.00009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψmt or mtMP) is directly influenced by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The exact nature of the interactions between respiration (flux) and mtMP (force) under various physiological and pathological conditions remains unclear, partially due to methodological limitations. Here, we describe a combination of high-resolution respirometry and fluorometry based on the OROBOROS Oxygraph-2k and the widely applied mtMP indicator safranin. The analysis of OXPHOS in mouse brain homogenates revealed that, at commonly applied concentrations, safranin inhibits Complex I-driven OXPHOS capacity, primarily targeting the phosphorylation system, but has no effects on LEAK respiration. Conversely, Complex II-driven OXPHOS capacity was inhibited by <20% by safranin concentrations normally used for mtMP monitoring. The mtMP was higher in the LEAK state without adenylates than at identical LEAK respiration after ADP stimulation and Complex V inhibition with oligomycin. The maximal electron transfer system (ETS) capacity was reached in uncoupler titrations before the mtMP fully collapsed, whereas respiration was inhibited at increasing uncoupler concentrations, resulting in the progressive reduction of mtMP. In a pharmacologically induced state of Complex II dysfunction, mtMP was rather insensitive to the inhibition of OXPHOS to 50% of its normal capacity, but robustly responded to inhibitors when respiration was limited by substrate depletion. The optimal concentration of uncoupler supporting maximal ETS capacity varied as a function of pharmacological intervention. Taken together, the combined measurement of respiration and mtMP greatly enhances the informative potential of OXPHOS studies. The respirometric validation of inhibitory and uncoupling effects is mandatory for any fluorophore employed to assess mtMP in any respiratory state, tissue type, and pathophysiological condition. The methodological issues analyzed herein are relevant for the study of mitochondrial respiration in a wide variety of setting, including cancer cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Eigentler
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Erich Gnaiger
- OROBOROS INSTRUMENTS, Innsbruck, Austria; Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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