1
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Neuwirt E, Magnani G, Ćiković T, Wöhrle S, Fischer L, Kostina A, Flemming S, Fischenich NJ, Saller BS, Gorka O, Renner S, Agarinis C, Parker CN, Boettcher A, Farady CJ, Kesselring R, Berlin C, Backofen R, Rodriguez-Franco M, Kreutz C, Prinz M, Tholen M, Reinheckel T, Ott T, Groß CJ, Jost PJ, Groß O. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in myeloid cells through lysosomal damage and cell lysis. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabh1083. [PMID: 36649377 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abh1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes that promote an inflammatory host defense in response to pathogens and damaged or neoplastic tissues and are implicated in inflammatory disorders and therapeutic-induced toxicity. We investigated the mechanisms of activation for inflammasomes nucleated by NOD-like receptor (NLR) protiens. A screen of a small-molecule library revealed that several tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)-including those that are clinically approved (such as imatinib and crizotinib) or are in clinical trials (such as masitinib)-activated the NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, imatinib and masitinib caused lysosomal swelling and damage independently of their kinase target, leading to cathepsin-mediated destabilization of myeloid cell membranes and, ultimately, cell lysis that was accompanied by potassium (K+) efflux, which activated NLRP3. This effect was specific to primary myeloid cells (such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells and mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells) and did not occur in other primary cell types or various cell lines. TKI-induced lytic cell death and NLRP3 activation, but not lysosomal damage, were prevented by stabilizing cell membranes. Our findings reveal a potential immunological off-target of some TKIs that may contribute to their clinical efficacy or to their adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Neuwirt
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Magnani
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Ćiković
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Svenja Wöhrle
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Fischer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Kostina
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Flemming
- Bioinformatics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nora J Fischenich
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt S Saller
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Gorka
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Renner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Agarinis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Boettcher
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Rebecca Kesselring
- Department for General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Berlin
- Department for General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Backofen
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Bioinformatics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Clemens Kreutz
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (IMBI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina Tholen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christina J Groß
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp J Jost
- Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Olaf Groß
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Saller BS, Neuwirt E, Groß O. Methods to Activate the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2696:169-197. [PMID: 37578723 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3350-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The inflammasome-nucleating cytoplasmic sensor protein NLRP3 (NACHT-, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3, also known as NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3, NALP3, or cryopyrin) is triggered by a broad spectrum of sterile endogenous danger signals and environmental irritants. Upon activation, NLRP3 engages the adapter protein ASC that in turn recruits the third inflammasome component, the protease caspase-1. Subsequent caspase-1 activation leads to its auto-processing and maturation of the leaderless IL-1 family cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 as well as cleavage of the pore-forming protein Gasdermin D (GSDMD). GSDMD plasma membrane pores, formed by its N-terminus, facilitate IL-1 release and, typically, subsequent cell lysis (pyroptosis). This protocol explains standard methods, which are routinely used in our laboratory to study NLRP3 inflammasome biology in vitro. It includes experimental approaches using primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), as well as inflammasome-competent cell lines (HoxB8 and THP-1 cells). The protocol covers the use of a broad spectrum of established NLRP3 activators and outlines the use of common inhibitors blocking NLRP3 itself or its upstream triggering events. We also provide guidelines for experimental set-up and crucial experimental controls to investigate NLRP3 inflammasome signaling or study new activators and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt S Saller
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Emilia Neuwirt
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Groß
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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3
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Netting DJ, Mantegazza AR. Examining the Kinetics of Phagocytosis-Coupled Inflammasome Activation in Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2692:289-309. [PMID: 37365476 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3338-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present chapter, we describe procedures to assess NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasome assembly by immunofluorescence microscopy or live cell imaging, together with inflammasome activation by biochemical and immunological techniques upon phagocytosis. We also include a step-by-step guide to automating the counting of inflammasome "specks" after imaging. While our focus resides on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells differentiated in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which results in a cell population that resembles inflammatory dendritic cells, the strategies described herein may apply to other phagocytes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Netting
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adriana R Mantegazza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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4
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López‐Haber C, Netting DJ, Hutchins Z, Ma X, Hamilton KE, Mantegazza AR. The phagosomal solute transporter SLC15A4 promotes inflammasome activity via mTORC1 signaling and autophagy restraint in dendritic cells. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111161. [PMID: 36031853 PMCID: PMC9574736 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is the necessary first step to sense foreign microbes or particles and enables activation of innate immune pathways such as inflammasomes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying how phagosomes modulate inflammasome activity are not fully understood. We show that in murine dendritic cells (DCs), the lysosomal histidine/peptide solute carrier transporter SLC15A4, associated with human inflammatory disorders, is recruited to phagosomes and is required for optimal inflammasome activity after infectious or sterile stimuli. Dextran sodium sulfate-treated SLC15A4-deficient mice exhibit decreased colon inflammation, reduced IL-1β production by intestinal DCs, and increased autophagy. Similarly, SLC15A4-deficient DCs infected with Salmonella typhimurium show reduced caspase-1 cleavage and IL-1β production. This correlates with peripheral NLRC4 inflammasome assembly and increased autophagy. Overexpression of constitutively active mTORC1 rescues decreased IL-1β levels and caspase1 cleavage, and restores perinuclear inflammasome positioning. Our findings support that SLC15A4 couples phagocytosis with inflammasome perinuclear assembly and inhibition of autophagy through phagosomal content sensing. Our data also reveal the previously unappreciated importance of mTORC1 signaling pathways to promote and sustain inflammasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia López‐Haber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Present address:
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Daniel J Netting
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Zachary Hutchins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Xianghui Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Adriana R Mantegazza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Present address:
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical CollegeThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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5
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Wu XY, Lv JY, Zhang SQ, Yi X, Xu ZW, Zhi YX, Zhao BX, Pang JX, Yung KKL, Liu SW, Zhou PZ. ML365 inhibits TWIK2 channel to block ATP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:992-1000. [PMID: 34341510 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome results in uncontrolled inflammation, which participates in various chronic diseases. TWIK2 potassium channel mediates potassium efflux that has been reported to be an essential upstream mechanism for ATP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Thus, TWIK2 potassium channel could be a potential drug target for NLRP3-related inflammatory diseases. In the present study we investigated the effects of known K2P channel modulators on TWIK2 channel expressed in a heterologous system. In order to increase plasma membrane expression and thus TWIK2 currents, a mutant channel with three mutations (TWIK2I289A/L290A/Y308A) in the C-terminus was expressed in COS-7 cells. TWIK2 currents were assessed using whole-cell voltage-clamp recording. Among 6 known K2P channel modulators tested (DCPIB, quinine, fluoxetine, ML365, ML335, and TKDC), ML365 was the most potent TWIK2 channel blocker with an IC50 value of 4.07 ± 1.5 μM. Furthermore, ML365 selectively inhibited TWIK2 without affecting TWIK1 or THIK1 channels. We showed that ML365 (1, 5 μM) concentration-dependently inhibited ATP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS-primed murine BMDMs, whereas it did not affect nigericin-induced NLRP3, or non-canonical, AIM2 and NLRC4 inflammasomes activation. Knockdown of TWIK2 significantly impaired the inhibitory effect of ML365 on ATP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, we demonstrated that pre-administration of ML365 (1, 10, 25 mg/kg, ip) dose-dependently ameliorated LPS-induced endotoxic shock in mice. In a preliminary pharmacokinetic study conducted in rats, ML365 showed good absolute oral bioavailability with F value of 22.49%. In conclusion, ML365 provides a structural reference for future design of selective TWIK2 channel inhibitors in treating related inflammatory diseases.
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6
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Kamajaya LJ, Boucher D. Gasdermin D Cleavage Assay Following Inflammasome Activation. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2459:39-49. [PMID: 35212952 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2144-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is a recently identified pore-forming protein that is crucial for the execution of pyroptosis, a highly inflammatory form of cell death. GSDMD contains an N-terminal and a C-terminal domain that are separated by a proteolysis-sensitive linker. Upon cleavage of this linker by inflammasome-activated caspases, the N-terminal domain of GSDMD oligomerizes and forms pores at the plasma membrane, allowing cell swelling and subsequently membrane rupture to mediate pyroptosis. GSDMD is a key substrate of inflammatory caspases downstream of inflammasome activation and is driving various pathologies. Here, we describe a simple method to study GSDMD cleavage following canonical inflammasome activation in murine primary macrophages and neutrophils and human cell lines using immunoblotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Janice Kamajaya
- Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Dave Boucher
- Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.
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7
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Creisher PS, Lei J, Sherer ML, Dziedzic A, Jedlicka AE, Narasimhan H, Chudnovets A, Campbell AD, Liu A, Pekosz A, Burd I, Klein SL. Downregulation of transcriptional activity, increased inflammation, and damage in the placenta following in utero Zika virus infection is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022; 2:782906. [PMID: 35573818 PMCID: PMC9104602 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.782906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy causes serious adverse outcomes to the developing fetus, including fetal loss and birth defects known as congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). The mechanism by which ZIKV infection causes these adverse outcomes and specifically, the interplay between the maternal immune response and ZIKV replication has yet to be fully elucidated. Using an immunocompetent mouse model of transplacental ZIKV transmission and adverse pregnancy outcomes, we have previously shown that Asian lineage ZIKV disrupts placental morphology and induces elevated secretion of IL-1β. In the current manuscript, we characterized placental damage and inflammation during in utero African lineage ZIKV infection. Within 48 hours after ZIKV infection at embryonic day 10, viral RNA was detected in placentas and fetuses from ZIKA infected dams, which corresponded with placental damage and reduced fetal viability as compared with mock infected dams. Dams infected with ZIKV had reduced proportions of trophoblasts and endothelial cells and disrupted placental morphology compared to mock infected dams. While placental IL-1β was increased in the placenta, but not the spleen, within 3 hours post infection, this was not caused by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Using bulk mRNAseq from placentas of ZIKV and mock infected dams, ZIKV infection caused profound downregulation of the transcriptional activity of genes that may underly tissue morphology, neurological development, metabolism, cell signaling and inflammation, illustrating that in utero ZIKV infections causes disruption of pathways associated with CZS in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Creisher
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Lei
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Morgan L. Sherer
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda Dziedzic
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne E. Jedlicka
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Harish Narasimhan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Chudnovets
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ariana D. Campbell
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anguo Liu
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Bezbradica JS, Coll RC, Boucher D. Activation of the Non-canonical Inflammasome in Mouse and Human Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2459:51-63. [PMID: 35212953 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2144-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The non-canonical inflammasome is a signaling platform that allows for the detection of cytoplasmic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in immune and non-immune cells. Upon detection of LPS, this inflammasome activates the signaling proteases caspase-4 and -5 (in humans) and caspase-11 (in mice). Inflammatory caspases activation leads to caspase self-processing and the cleavage of the pore-forming protein Gasdermin D (GSDMD). GSDMD N-terminal fragments oligomerize and form pores at the plasma membranes, leading to an inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis. Here, we describe a simple method to activate the non-canonical inflammasome in myeloid and epithelial cells and to measure its activity using cell death assay and immunoblotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena S Bezbradica
- Medical Sciences Division, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca C Coll
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Dave Boucher
- Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.
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9
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Richter J, Monteleone MM, Cork AJ, Barnett TC, Nizet V, Brouwer S, Schroder K, Walker MJ. Streptolysins are the primary inflammasome activators in macrophages during Streptococcus pyogenes infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:1040-1052. [PMID: 34462965 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen that causes an array of infectious diseases in humans. Accumulating clinical evidence suggests that proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β signaling plays an important role in GAS disease progression. The host regulates the production and secretion of IL-1β via the cytosolic inflammasome pathway. Activation of the NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex requires two signals: a priming signal that stimulates increased transcription of genes encoding the components of the inflammasome pathway, and an activating signal that induces assembly of the inflammasome complex. Here we show that GAS-derived lipoteichoic acid can provide a priming signal for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. As only few GAS-derived proteins have been associated with inflammasome-dependent IL-1β signaling, we investigated novel candidates that might play a role in activating the inflammasome pathway by infecting mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages and human THP-1 macrophage-like cells with a panel of isogenic GAS mutant strains. We found that the cytolysins streptolysin O (SLO) and streptolysin S are the main drivers of IL-1β release in proliferating logarithmic phase GAS. Using a mutant form of recombinant SLO, we confirmed that bacterial pore formation on host cell membranes is a key mechanism required for inflammasome activation. Our results suggest that streptolysins are major determinants of GAS-induced inflammation and present an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Richter
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mercedes M Monteleone
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda J Cork
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy C Barnett
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephan Brouwer
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark J Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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10
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Mullins B, Chen J. NLRP9 in innate immunity and inflammation. Immunology 2020; 162:262-267. [PMID: 33283292 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs) are a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins. Several members of NLRs, notably NLRP1, NLRP3 and NLRC4, are able to form cytosolic oligomeric signalling platforms termed inflammasomes to mediate immune response towards pathogens, damage and stress. However, the functions of many NLRs still remain elusive. In the past few years, a couple of less-characterized NLR members are emerging as important signalling molecules with fundamental functions in host defence and inflammation. Among them, NLRP9 is an NLR originally proposed to be expressed and function solely in the reproductive system. Recent evidence has suggested that NLRP9 is also capable of initiating inflammasome formation in the intestine to restrict replication and damage brought by rotavirus infection. Here, we highlight the latest progress in characterization of the role of NLRP9 in infectious and inflammatory diseases, as well as the newest crystallographic and biochemical studies on NLRP9. Finally, we discuss some important questions remained to be answered regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing NLRP9's function in innate immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jueqi Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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11
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Tweedell RE, Malireddi RKS, Kanneganti TD. A comprehensive guide to studying inflammasome activation and cell death. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:3284-3333. [PMID: 32895525 PMCID: PMC7716618 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multimeric heterogeneous mega-Dalton protein complexes that play key roles in the host innate immune response to infection and sterile insults. Assembly of the inflammasome complex following infection or injury begins with the oligomerization of the upstream inflammasome-forming sensor and proceeds through a multistep process of well-coordinated events and downstream effector functions. Together, these steps enable elegant experimental readouts with which to reliably assess the successful activation of the inflammasome complex and cell death. Here, we describe a comprehensive protocol that details several in vitro (in bone marrow-derived macrophages) and in vivo (in mice) strategies for activating the inflammasome and explain how to subsequently assess multiple downstream effects in parallel to unequivocally establish the activation status of the inflammasome and cell death pathways. Our workflow assesses inflammasome activation via the formation of the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) speck; cleavage of caspase-1 and gasdermin D; release of IL-1β, IL-18, caspase-1, and lactate dehydrogenase from the cell; and real-time analysis of cell death by imaging. Analyses take up to ~24 h to complete. Overall, our multifaceted approach provides a comprehensive and consistent protocol for assessing inflammasome activation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Tweedell
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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12
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Levin-Konigsberg R, Mantegazza AR. A guide to measuring phagosomal dynamics. FEBS J 2020; 288:1412-1433. [PMID: 32757358 PMCID: PMC7984381 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential mechanism for immunity and homeostasis, performed by a subset of cells known as phagocytes. Upon target engulfment, de novo formation of specialized compartments termed phagosomes takes place. Phagosomes then undergo a series of fusion and fission events as they interact with the endolysosomal system and other organelles, in a dynamic process known as phagosome maturation. Because phagocytes play a key role in tissue patrolling and immune surveillance, phagosome maturation is associated with signaling pathways that link phagocytosis to antigen presentation and the development of adaptive immune responses. In addition, and depending on the nature of the cargo, phagosome integrity may be compromised, triggering additional cellular mechanisms including inflammation and autophagy. Upon completion of maturation, phagosomes enter a recently described phase: phagosome resolution, where catabolites from degraded cargo are metabolized, phagosomes are resorbed, and vesicles of phagosomal origin are recycled. Finally, phagocytes return to homeostasis and become ready for a new round of phagocytosis. Altogether, phagosome maturation and resolution encompass a series of dynamic events and organelle crosstalk that can be measured by biochemical, imaging, photoluminescence, cytometric, and immune‐based assays that will be described in this guide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana R Mantegazza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Santos JC, Boucher D, Schneider LK, Demarco B, Dilucca M, Shkarina K, Heilig R, Chen KW, Lim RYH, Broz P. Human GBP1 binds LPS to initiate assembly of a caspase-4 activating platform on cytosolic bacteria. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3276. [PMID: 32581219 PMCID: PMC7314798 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The human non-canonical inflammasome controls caspase-4 activation and gasdermin-D-dependent pyroptosis in response to cytosolic bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Since LPS binds and oligomerizes caspase-4, the pathway is thought to proceed without dedicated LPS sensors or an activation platform. Here we report that interferon-induced guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are required for non-canonical inflammasome activation by cytosolic Salmonella or upon cytosolic delivery of LPS. GBP1 associates with the surface of cytosolic Salmonella seconds after bacterial escape from their vacuole, initiating the recruitment of GBP2-4 to assemble a GBP coat. The GBP coat then promotes the recruitment of caspase-4 to the bacterial surface and caspase activation, in absence of bacteriolysis. Mechanistically, GBP1 binds LPS with high affinity through electrostatic interactions. Our findings indicate that in human epithelial cells GBP1 acts as a cytosolic LPS sensor and assembles a platform for caspase-4 recruitment and activation at LPS-containing membranes as the first step of non-canonical inflammasome signaling. Detection of LPS derived from Gram-negative bacteria by innate immune receptors is a critical step in the host response. Here Santos and colleagues show human GBP1 binds to LPS resulting in non-canonical inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Dave Boucher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Benjamin Demarco
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Marisa Dilucca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Kateryna Shkarina
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Rosalie Heilig
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Kaiwen W Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Roderick Y H Lim
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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14
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Lipinski S, Pfeuffer S, Arnold P, Treitz C, Aden K, Ebsen H, Falk-Paulsen M, Gisch N, Fazio A, Kuiper J, Luzius A, Billmann-Born S, Schreiber S, Nuñez G, Beer HD, Strowig T, Lamkanfi M, Tholey A, Rosenstiel P. Prdx4 limits caspase-1 activation and restricts inflammasome-mediated signaling by extracellular vesicles. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101266. [PMID: 31544965 PMCID: PMC6792017 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic protein complexes, which orchestrate the maturation of active IL‐1β by proteolytic cleavage via caspase‐1. Although many principles of inflammasome activation have been described, mechanisms that limit inflammasome‐dependent immune responses remain poorly defined. Here, we show that the thiol‐specific peroxidase peroxiredoxin‐4 (Prdx4) directly regulates IL‐1β generation by interfering with caspase‐1 activity. We demonstrate that caspase‐1 and Prdx4 form a redox‐sensitive regulatory complex via caspase‐1 cysteine 397 that leads to caspase‐1 sequestration and inactivation. Mice lacking Prdx4 show an increased susceptibility to LPS‐induced septic shock. This effect was phenocopied in mice carrying a conditional deletion of Prdx4 in the myeloid lineage (Prdx4‐ΔLysMCre). Strikingly, we demonstrate that Prdx4 co‐localizes with inflammasome components in extracellular vesicles (EVs) from inflammasome‐activated macrophages. Purified EVs are able to transmit a robust IL‐1β‐dependent inflammatory response in vitro and also in recipient mice in vivo. Loss of Prdx4 boosts the pro‐inflammatory potential of EVs. These findings identify Prdx4 as a critical regulator of inflammasome activity and provide new insights into remote cell‐to‐cell communication function of inflammasomes via macrophage‐derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lipinski
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Steffen Pfeuffer
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Anatomical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Treitz
- Systematic Proteome Research and Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Konrad Aden
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,1st Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Henriette Ebsen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maren Falk-Paulsen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Antonella Fazio
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Kuiper
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anne Luzius
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Billmann-Born
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gabriel Nuñez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Till Strowig
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Systematic Proteome Research and Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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15
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Coulon PG, Dhanushkodi N, Prakash S, Srivastava R, Roy S, Alomari NI, Nguyen AM, Warsi WR, Ye C, Carlos-Cruz EA, Mai UT, Cruel AC, Ekmekciyan KM, Pearlman E, BenMohamed L. NLRP3, NLRP12, and IFI16 Inflammasomes Induction and Caspase-1 Activation Triggered by Virulent HSV-1 Strains Are Associated With Severe Corneal Inflammatory Herpetic Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1631. [PMID: 31367214 PMCID: PMC6644090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between the host's inflammasome system and the invading virulent/less-virulent viruses determines the outcome of the ensuing inflammatory response. An appropriate activation of inflammasomes triggers antiviral inflammatory responses that clear the virus and heal the inflamed tissue. However, an aberrant activation of inflammasomes can result in a harmful and overwhelming inflammation that could damage the infected tissue. The underlying host's immune mechanisms and the viral virulent factors that impact severe clinical inflammatory disease remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we used herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), the causative agent of corneal inflammatory herpetic disease, as a model pathogen to determine: (i) Whether and how the virulence of a virus affects the type and the activation level of the inflammasomes; and (ii) How triggering specific inflammasomes translates into protective or damaging inflammatory response. We showed that, in contrast to the less-virulent HSV-1 strains (RE, F, KOS, and KOS63), corneal infection of B6 mice with the virulent HSV-1 strains (McKrae, 17 or KOS79): (i) Induced simultaneous expression of the NLRP3, NLRP12, and IFI16 inflammasomes; (ii) Increased production of the biologically active Caspase-1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18; (iii) Heightened recruitment into the inflamed cornea of CD45highLy6C+Ly6G-F4/80+CD11b+CD11c- inflammatory monocytes and CD45highCD11b+F4/80-Ly6GhiLy6Cmed neutrophils; and (iv) This intensified inflammatory response was associated with a severe corneal herpetic disease, irrespective of the level of virus replication in the cornea. Similarly, in vitro infection of human corneal epithelial cells and human monocytic THP-1 cells with the virulent HSV-1 strains triggered a synchronized early expression of NLRP3, NLRP12 and IFI16, 2 h post-infection, associated with formation of single and dense specks of the adapter molecule ASC in HSV(+) cells, but not in the neighboring bystander HSV(-) cells. This was associated with increased cleavages of Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18. These findings suggest a previously unappreciated role of viral virulence in a synchronized early induction of the NLRP3, NLRP12, and IFI16 inflammasomes that lead to a damaging inflammatory response. A potential role of common virus virulent factors that stimulate this harmful inflammatory corneal disease is currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Gregoire Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nisha Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nuha I. Alomari
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Angela M. Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Wasay R. Warsi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Caitlin Ye
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Edgar A. Carlos-Cruz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Uyen T. Mai
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Audrey C. Cruel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Keysi M. Ekmekciyan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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16
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Ross C, Chan AH, Von Pein J, Boucher D, Schroder K. Dimerization and auto-processing induce caspase-11 protease activation within the non-canonical inflammasome. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800237. [PMID: 30564782 PMCID: PMC6284101 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides a detailed molecular mechanism for caspase-11 activation within the non-canonical inflammasome, giving new insight into host defence against cytosolic bacterial infection. Caspase-11 is a cytosolic sensor and protease that drives innate immune responses to the bacterial cell wall component, LPS. Caspase-11 provides defence against cytosolic Gram-negative bacteria; however, excessive caspase-11 responses contribute to murine endotoxic shock. Upon sensing LPS, caspase-11 assembles a higher order structure called the non-canonical inflammasome that enables the activation of caspase-11 protease function, leading to gasdermin D cleavage and cell death. The mechanism by which caspase-11 acquires protease function is, however, poorly defined. Here, we show that caspase-11 dimerization is necessary and sufficient for eliciting basal caspase-11 protease function, such as the ability to auto-cleave. We further show that during non-canonical inflammasome signalling, caspase-11 self-cleaves at site (D285) within the linker connecting the large and small enzymatic subunits. Self-cleavage at the D285 site is required to generate the fully active caspase-11 protease (proposed here to be p32/p10) that mediates gasdermin D cleavage, macrophage death, and NLRP3-dependent IL-1β production. This study provides a detailed molecular mechanism by which LPS induces caspase-11–driven inflammation and cell death to provide host defence against cytosolic bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Ross
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Amy H Chan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Jessica Von Pein
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Dave Boucher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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17
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Chen J, Chen ZJ. PtdIns4P on dispersed trans-Golgi network mediates NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Nature 2018; 564:71-76. [PMID: 30487600 PMCID: PMC9402428 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome, which has been linked to human inflammatory diseases, is activated by a plethora of stimuli. How NLRP3 is activated by such diverse stimuli is a central question that is unresolved. Here we show that different NLRP3 stimuli lead to a hitherto unknown disassembly of trans-Golgi network (TGN). NLRP3 is recruited to the dispersed TGN (dTGN) through ionic bonding between a conserved polybasic region in NLRP3 and the negatively-charged phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) on dTGN. dTGN then serves as a scaffold for NLRP3 aggregation into multiple puncta, which polymerize the adaptor ASC to activate the downstream signaling cascade. Disruption of interaction between NLRP3 and PI4P on dTGN blocked NLRP3 aggregation and signaling. These results indicate that recruitment of NLRP3 to dTGN is an early and common cellular event that leads to NLRP3 aggregation and activation in response to diverse stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueqi Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhijian J Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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18
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Bierschenk D, Monteleone M, Moghaddas F, Baker PJ, Masters SL, Boucher D, Schroder K. The
Salmonella
pathogenicity island‐2 subverts human NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasome responses. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:401-410. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma0318-112rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Bierschenk
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Mercedes Monteleone
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Fiona Moghaddas
- Inflammation Division The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Paul J. Baker
- Inflammation Division The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Seth L. Masters
- Inflammation Division The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Dave Boucher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
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19
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Ferko MA, Catelas I. Effects of metal ions on caspase-1 activation and interleukin-1β release in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199936. [PMID: 30138321 PMCID: PMC6107125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ions released from metal implants have been associated with adverse tissue reactions and are therefore a major concern. Studies with macrophages have shown that cobalt, chromium, and nickel ions can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, a multiprotein complex responsible for the activation of caspase-1 (a proteolytic enzyme converting pro-interleukin [IL]-1β to mature IL-1β). However, the mechanism(s) of inflammasome activation by metal ions remain largely unknown. The objectives of the present study were to determine if, in macrophages: 1. caspase-1 activation and IL-1β release induced by metal ions are oxidative stress-dependent; and 2. IL-1β release induced by metal ions is NF-κB signaling pathway-dependent. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were exposed to Co2+ (6-48 ppm), Cr3+ (100-500 ppm), or Ni2+ (12-96 ppm), in the presence or absence of a caspase-1 inhibitor (Z-WEHD-FMK), an antioxidant (L-ascorbic acid [L-AA]), or an NF-κB inhibitor (JSH-23). Culture supernatants were analyzed for caspase-1 by western blotting and/or IL-1β release by ELISA. Immunoblotting revealed the presence of caspase-1 (p20 subunit) in supernatants of BMDM incubated with Cr3+, but not with Ni2+ or Co2+. When L-AA (2 mM) was present with Cr3+, the caspase-1 p20 subunit was undetectable and IL-1β release decreased down to the level of the negative control, thereby demonstrating that caspase-1 activation and IL-1β release induced by Cr3+ was oxidative stress-dependent. ELISA demonstrated that Cr3+ induced the highest release of IL-1β, while Co2+ had no or limited effects. In the presence of Ni2+, the addition of L-AA (2 mM) also decreased IL-1β release, below the level of the negative control, suggesting that IL-1β release induced by Ni2+ was also oxidative stress-dependent. Finally, when present during both priming with LPS and activation with Cr3+, JSH-23 blocked IL-1β release, demonstrating NF-κB involvement. Overall, this study showed that while both Cr3+ and Ni2+ may be inducing inflammasome activation, Cr3+ is likely a more potent activator, acting through oxidative stress and the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Catelas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Interleukin-1β Maturation Triggers Its Relocation to the Plasma Membrane for Gasdermin-D-Dependent and -Independent Secretion. Cell Rep 2018; 24:1425-1433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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21
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Boucher D, Monteleone M, Coll RC, Chen KW, Ross CM, Teo JL, Gomez GA, Holley CL, Bierschenk D, Stacey KJ, Yap AS, Bezbradica JS, Schroder K. Caspase-1 self-cleavage is an intrinsic mechanism to terminate inflammasome activity. J Exp Med 2018; 215:827-840. [PMID: 29432122 PMCID: PMC5839769 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome generates caspase-1 p20/p10, presumed to be the active protease. Boucher et al. demonstrate that the inflammasome contains an active caspase-1 species, p33/p10, and functions as a holoenzyme. Further caspase-1 self-processing generates and releases p20/p10 to terminate protease activity. Host-protective caspase-1 activity must be tightly regulated to prevent pathology, but mechanisms controlling the duration of cellular caspase-1 activity are unknown. Caspase-1 is activated on inflammasomes, signaling platforms that facilitate caspase-1 dimerization and autoprocessing. Previous studies with recombinant protein identified a caspase-1 tetramer composed of two p20 and two p10 subunits (p20/p10) as an active species. In this study, we report that in the cell, the dominant species of active caspase-1 dimers elicited by inflammasomes are in fact full-length p46 and a transient species, p33/p10. Further p33/p10 autoprocessing occurs with kinetics specified by inflammasome size and cell type, and this releases p20/p10 from the inflammasome, whereupon the tetramer becomes unstable in cells and protease activity is terminated. The inflammasome–caspase-1 complex thus functions as a holoenzyme that directs the location of caspase-1 activity but also incorporates an intrinsic self-limiting mechanism that ensures timely caspase-1 deactivation. This intrinsic mechanism of inflammasome signal shutdown offers a molecular basis for the transient nature, and coordinated timing, of inflammasome-dependent inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Boucher
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mercedes Monteleone
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Rebecca C Coll
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Kaiwen W Chen
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Connie M Ross
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica L Teo
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Guillermo A Gomez
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Caroline L Holley
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Damien Bierschenk
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Katryn J Stacey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Kate Schroder
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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22
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Heilig R, Dick MS, Sborgi L, Meunier E, Hiller S, Broz P. The Gasdermin-D pore acts as a conduit for IL-1β secretion in mice. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:584-592. [PMID: 29274245 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β is well known for its role in host defense and the initiation of potent inflammatory responses. It is processed from its inactive pro-form by the inflammatory caspase-1 into its mature bioactive form, which is then released from the cell via an unconventional secretion mechanism. Recently, gasdermin-D has been identified as a new target of caspase-1. After proteolytical cleavage of gasdermin-D, the N-terminal fragment induces pyroptosis, a lytic cell death, by forming large permeability pores in the plasma membrane. Here we show using the murine system that gasdermin-D is required for IL-1β secretion by macrophages, dendritic cells and partially in neutrophils, and that secretion is a cell-lysis-independent event. Liposome transport assays in vitro further demonstrate that gasdermin-D pores are large enough to allow the direct release of IL-1β. Moreover, IL-18 and other small soluble cytosolic proteins can also be released in a lysis-independent but gasdermin-D-dependent mode, suggesting that the gasdermin-D pores allow passive the release of cytosolic proteins in a size-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Heilig
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mathias S Dick
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Sborgi
- Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Meunier
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS), University of Toulouse, France
| | - Sebastian Hiller
- Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petr Broz
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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23
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Hartley MA, Eren RO, Rossi M, Prevel F, Castiglioni P, Isorce N, Desponds C, Lye LF, Beverley SM, Drexler SK, Fasel N. Leishmania guyanensis parasites block the activation of the inflammasome by inhibiting maturation of IL-1β. MICROBIAL CELL 2018; 5:137-149. [PMID: 29487860 PMCID: PMC5826701 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.03.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The various symptomatic outcomes of cutaneous leishmaniasis relates to the type and potency of its underlying inflammatory responses. Presence of the cytoplasmic Leishmania RNA virus-1 (LRV1) within Leishmania guyanensis, worsens lesional inflammation and parasite burden, as the viral dsRNA genome acts as a potent innate immunogen stimulating Toll-Like-Receptor-3 (TLR3). Here we investigated other innate pattern recognition receptors capable of reacting to dsRNA and potentially contributing to LRV1-mediated inflammatory pathology. We included the cytoplasmic dsRNA sensors, namely, the RIG-like receptors (RLRs) and the inflammasome-dependent and -independent Nod-like-receptors (NLRs). Our study found no role for RLRs or inflammasome-dependent NLRs in the pathology of L. guyanensis infection irrespective of its LRV1-status. Further, neither LRV1-bearing L. guyanensis (LgyLRV1+) nor LRV1-negative L. guyanensis (LgyLRV1-) activated the inflammasome in vitro. Interestingly, similarly to L. donovani, L. guyanensis infection induced the up-regulation of the A20 protein, known to be involved in the evasion of inflammasome activation. Moreover, we observed that LgyLRV1+ promoted the transcription of inflammasome-independent NLRC2 (also called NOD2) and NLRC5. However, only NLRC2 showed some contribution to LRV1-dependent pathology. These data confirmed that the endosomal TLR3 pathway is the dominant route of LRV1-dependent signalling, thus excluding the cytosolic and inflammasome pathways. We postulate that avoidance of the inflammasome pathways is likely an important mechanism of virulence in Leishmania infection irrespective of the LRV1-status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Remzi O Eren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prevel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Castiglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Isorce
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Lon-Fye Lye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stefan K Drexler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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24
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Abstract
The caspase-1 protease is a core component of multiprotein inflammasome complexes, which play a critical role in regulating the secretion of mature, bioactive pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. The activity of caspase-1 is often measured indirectly, by monitoring cleavage of cellular caspase-1 substrates, processing of caspase-1 itself, or by quantifying cell death. Here we describe methods for eliciting caspase-1 activity in murine macrophages, via activation of the NLRP3, NAIP/NLRC4 or AIM2 inflammasomes. We then describe a simple fluorogenic assay for directly quantifying cellular caspase-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Boucher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Amy Chan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Connie Ross
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.
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25
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Mantegazza AR, Wynosky-Dolfi MA, Casson CN, Lefkovith AJ, Shin S, Brodsky IE, Marks MS. Increased autophagic sequestration in adaptor protein-3 deficient dendritic cells limits inflammasome activity and impairs antibacterial immunity. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006785. [PMID: 29253868 PMCID: PMC5749898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens that compromise phagosomal membranes stimulate inflammasome assembly in the cytosol, but the molecular mechanisms by which membrane dynamics regulate inflammasome activity are poorly characterized. We show that in murine dendritic cells (DCs), the endosomal adaptor protein AP-3 –which optimizes toll-like receptor signaling from phagosomes–sustains inflammasome activation by particulate stimuli. AP-3 independently regulates inflammasome positioning and autophagy induction, together resulting in delayed inflammasome inactivation by autophagy in response to Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) and other particulate stimuli specifically in DCs. AP-3-deficient DCs, but not macrophages, hyposecrete IL-1β and IL-18 in response to particulate stimuli in vitro, but caspase-1 and IL-1β levels are restored by silencing autophagy. Concomitantly, AP-3-deficient mice exhibit higher mortality and produce less IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-17 than controls upon oral STm infection. Our data identify a novel link between phagocytosis, inflammasome activity and autophagy in DCs, potentially explaining impaired antibacterial immunity in AP-3-deficient patients. Bacterial uptake by phagocytic cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) stimulates signaling from membrane-bound toll-like receptors (TLRs) to shape adaptive immune responses. Pathogenic bacteria that damage phagocytic membranes additionally stimulate the cytoplasmic inflammasome, producing the highly inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Host molecular mechanisms that link phagosomal signaling to inflammasome regulation are poorly characterized. We show that in DCs, the endosomal adaptor protein-3 (AP-3) complex optimizes phagocytosis-induced inflammasome activity by two mechanisms: AP-3 promotes TLR signaling-dependent transcription of inflammasome components and antagonizes autophagy-dependent inflammasome silencing. Consequently, AP-3 deficient DCs hyposecrete IL-1β and IL-18 in response to phagocytosed stimuli, and AP-3 deficient mice succumb to infection by a bacterial pathogen. AP-3 thus links phagosome signaling, inflammasome activity and autophagy in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R. Mantegazza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ARM); (MSM)
| | - Meghan A. Wynosky-Dolfi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Cierra N. Casson
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ariel J. Lefkovith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Sunny Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Igor E. Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ARM); (MSM)
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26
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Specific Surface Modifications of Silica Nanoparticles Diminish Inflammasome Activation and In Vivo Expression of Selected Inflammatory Genes. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7110355. [PMID: 29084176 PMCID: PMC5707572 DOI: 10.3390/nano7110355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) usage includes, but is not limited to, industrial and biomedical applications. Toxic effects of SiO2 NPs have been explored either in vitro or in vivo, assessing different surface modifications to reduce their harmful effects. Here, murine bone marrow-derived dendritic (BMDC) and a mouse model of mild allergic inflammation were used to study inflammasome activation and lung inflammation. Our results showed that SiO2 plain NPs induced NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, increasing interleukin (IL)-1β release in vitro, and, to a lesser extent, in vivo. In addition, SiO2 plain NPs triggered a pulmonary inflammatory milieu in both non-sensitized (NS) and sensitized (S) mice, by inducing the expression of key inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Electron microscopy showed that SiO2 NPs were mostly localized in alveolar macrophages, within vesicles and/or in phagolysosomes. Both the in vitro and the in vivo effects of SiO NPs were attenuated by coating NPs with phosphonate or amino groups, whereas PEGylation, although it mitigated inflammasome activation in vitro, was not a successful coating strategy in vivo. These findings highlight that multiple assays are required to determine the effect of surface modifications in limiting NPs inflammatory potential. Taken together, these data are obtained by comparing in vitro and in vivo effects of SiO2 NPs suggest the use of amino and phosphonate coating of silica NPs for commercial purposes and targeted applications, as they significantly reduce their proinflammatory potential.
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27
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Ryu JC, Kim MJ, Kwon Y, Oh JH, Yoon SS, Shin SJ, Yoon JH, Ryu JH. Neutrophil pyroptosis mediates pathology of P. aeruginosa lung infection in the absence of the NADPH oxidase NOX2. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:757-774. [PMID: 27554297 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nod-like receptor family, CARD domain-containing 4 (NLRC4) inflammasome activation is required for efficient clearance of intracellular pathogens through caspsase-1-dependent pyroptosis in macrophages. Although neutrophils have a critical role in protection from Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, the mechanisms regulating inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in neutrophils and its physiological role are largely unknown. We sought to determine the specific mechanisms regulating neutrophil pyroptosis in P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 (PAO1) lung infection and to identify the pathological role of this process. Nox2-/- models with reduced neutrophil antibacterial activity exhibited increased neutrophil pyroptosis, which was mediated by flagellin, a pathogenic PAO1 component. We also demonstrate that PAO1-induced pyroptosis depended on NLRC4 and Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) in neutrophils generated from Nlrc4-/- or Tlr5-/- mice. Our study reveals previously unknown mechanisms and physiological role of neutrophil pyroptosis during P. aeruginosa lung infection. Furthermore, our findings regarding neutrophil pyroptosis in the context of neutrophil dysfunction may explain the causes of acute and/or chronic infectious diseases discovered in immune-compromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Ryu
- Research Center for Natural Human Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - M-J Kim
- Research Center for Natural Human Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y Kwon
- Research Center for Natural Human Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-H Oh
- Research Center for Natural Human Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S S Yoon
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S J Shin
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-H Yoon
- Research Center for Natural Human Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-H Ryu
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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28
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17-oxo-DHA displays additive anti-inflammatory effects with fluticasone propionate and inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37625. [PMID: 27883019 PMCID: PMC5121625 DOI: 10.1038/srep37625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by reduced lung function associated with increased local and systemic inflammatory markers, such as TNFα and IL-1β. Glucocorticoids are used to treat this chronic disease, however their efficacy is low and new drugs are very much required. 17-oxo-DHA is a cyclooxygenase-2-dependent, electrophilic, α,β-unsaturated keto-derivative of docosahexaenoic acid with anti-inflammatory properties. We evaluated the action of 17-oxo-DHA alone or in combination with the steroid fluticasone propionate (FP) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from COPD patients and healthy individuals exposed to lipopolysaccharide. We show that PBMCs from COPD patients released higher levels of TNFα and IL-1β compared to controls. 17-oxo-DHA displayed strong anti-inflammatory effects. The addition of 17-oxo-DHA in combination with FP showed enhanced anti-inflammatory effects through the modulation of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. 17-oxo-DHA, but not FP, was able to suppress the release of mature IL-1β through inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, 17-oxo-DHA inhibited inflammasome-dependent degradation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Our findings suggest that 17-oxo-DHA in combination with FP or other steroids might achieve higher therapeutic efficacy than steroids alone. Combined treatment might be particularly relevant in those conditions where increased inflammasome activation may lead to GR degradation and steroid-unresponsive inflammation.
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29
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Loss of XIAP facilitates switch to TNFα-induced necroptosis in mouse neutrophils. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2422. [PMID: 27735938 PMCID: PMC5133978 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential players in the first-line defense against invading bacteria and fungi. Besides its antiapoptotic role, the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family member X-linked IAP (XIAP) has been shown to regulate innate immune signaling. Whereas the role of XIAP in innate signaling pathways is derived mostly from work in macrophages and dendritic cells, it is not known if and how XIAP contributes to these pathways in neutrophils. Here we show that in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), mouse neutrophils secreted considerable amounts of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and, in accordance with earlier reports, XIAP prevented LPS-induced hypersecretion of IL-1β also in neutrophils. Interestingly, and in contrast to macrophages or dendritic cells, Xiap-deficient neutrophils were insensitive to LPS-induced cell death. However, combined loss of function of XIAP and cIAP1/-2 resulted in rapid neutrophil cell death in response to LPS. This cell death occurred by classical apoptosis initiated by a TNFα- and RIPK1-dependent, but RIPK3- and MLKL-independent, pathway. Inhibition of caspases under the same experimental conditions caused a shift to RIPK3-dependent cell death. Accordingly, we demonstrate that treatment of neutrophils with high concentrations of TNFα induced apoptotic cell death, which was fully blockable by pancaspase inhibition in wild-type neutrophils. However, in the absence of XIAP, caspase inhibition resulted in a shift from apoptosis to RIPK3- and MLKL-dependent necroptosis. Loss of XIAP further sensitized granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-primed neutrophils to TNFα-induced killing. These data suggest that XIAP antagonizes the switch from TNFα-induced apoptosis to necroptosis in mouse neutrophils. Moreover, our data may implicate an important role of neutrophils in the development of hyperinflammation and disease progression of patients diagnosed with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2, which are deficient in XIAP.
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30
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Cowardin CA, Buonomo EL, Saleh MM, Wilson MG, Burgess SL, Kuehne SA, Schwan C, Eichhoff AM, Koch-Nolte F, Lyras D, Aktories K, Minton NP, Petri WA. The binary toxin CDT enhances Clostridium difficile virulence by suppressing protective colonic eosinophilia. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16108. [PMID: 27573114 PMCID: PMC5010011 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the most common hospital acquired pathogen in the USA, and infection is, in many cases, fatal. Toxins A and B are its major virulence factors, but expression of a third toxin, known as C. difficile transferase (CDT), is increasingly common. An adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosyltransferase that causes actin cytoskeletal disruption, CDT is typically produced by the major, hypervirulent strains and has been associated with more severe disease. Here, we show that CDT enhances the virulence of two PCR-ribotype 027 strains in mice. The toxin induces pathogenic host inflammation via a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent pathway, resulting in the suppression of a protective host eosinophilic response. Finally, we show that restoration of TLR2-deficient eosinophils is sufficient for protection from a strain producing CDT. These findings offer an explanation for the enhanced virulence of CDT-expressing C. difficile and demonstrate a mechanism by which this binary toxin subverts the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Cowardin
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 USA
| | - Erica L Buonomo
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 USA
| | - Mahmoud M Saleh
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 USA
| | - Madeline G Wilson
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 USA
| | - Stacey L Burgess
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 USA
| | - Sarah A Kuehne
- Clostridia Research Group, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Carsten Schwan
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna M Eichhoff
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dena Lyras
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Klaus Aktories
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nigel P Minton
- Clostridia Research Group, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - William A Petri
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 USA
- Departments of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 USA
- Departments of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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31
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Kim MJ, Bae SH, Ryu JC, Kwon Y, Oh JH, Kwon J, Moon JS, Kim K, Miyawaki A, Lee MG, Shin J, Kim YS, Kim CH, Ryter SW, Choi AMK, Rhee SG, Ryu JH, Yoon JH. SESN2/sestrin2 suppresses sepsis by inducing mitophagy and inhibiting NLRP3 activation in macrophages. Autophagy 2016; 12:1272-91. [PMID: 27337507 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1183081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of mitophagy for mitochondrial homeostasis is important in various inflammatory diseases. However, the precise mechanisms by which mitophagy is activated to regulate inflammatory responses remain largely unknown. The NLRP3 (NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome serves as a platform that triggers the activation of CASP1 (caspase 1) and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Here, we demonstrate that SESN2 (sestrin 2), known as stress-inducible protein, suppresses prolonged NLRP3 inflammasome activation by clearance of damaged mitochondria through inducing mitophagy in macrophages. SESN2 plays a dual role in inducing mitophagy in response to inflammasome activation. First, SESN2 induces "mitochondrial priming" by marking mitochondria for recognition by the autophagic machinery. For mitochondrial preparing, SESN2 facilitates the perinuclear-clustering of mitochondria by mediating aggregation of SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1) and its binding to lysine 63 (Lys63)-linked ubiquitins on the mitochondrial surface. Second, SESN2 activates the specific autophagic machinery for degradation of primed mitochondria via an increase of ULK1 (unc-51 like kinase 1) protein levels. Moreover, increased SESN2 expression by extended LPS (lipopolysaccharide) stimulation is mediated by NOS2 (nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible)-mediated NO (nitric oxide) in macrophages. Thus, Sesn2-deficient mice displayed defective mitophagy, which resulted in hyperactivation of inflammasomes and increased mortality in 2 different sepsis models. Our findings define a unique regulatory mechanism of mitophagy activation for immunological homeostasis that protects the host from sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Kim
- a Research Center for Natural Human Defense System , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,b Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Soo Han Bae
- c Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Jae-Chan Ryu
- a Research Center for Natural Human Defense System , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,b Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Younghee Kwon
- a Research Center for Natural Human Defense System , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,b Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Oh
- a Research Center for Natural Human Defense System , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,b Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Jeongho Kwon
- d Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute , Suwon , Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Moon
- e Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine , Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital , New York , NY USA.,f Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY USA
| | - Kyubo Kim
- g Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Hallym University College of Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital , Seoul , Korea
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- h Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics , Brain Science Institute, RIKEN , Wako, Saitama Japan
| | - Min Goo Lee
- b Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,c Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,i Department of Pharmacology , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Jaekyoon Shin
- d Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute , Suwon , Korea
| | - Young Sam Kim
- j Department of Internal Medicine , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Kim
- k Department of Otorhinolaryngology.,l The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Stefan W Ryter
- e Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine , Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital , New York , NY USA.,f Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY USA
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- e Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine , Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital , New York , NY USA.,f Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY USA
| | - Sue Goo Rhee
- c Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Ryu
- b Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,c Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- a Research Center for Natural Human Defense System , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,b Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.,k Department of Otorhinolaryngology.,l The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
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Le TT, Skak K, Schroder K, Schroder WA, Boyle GM, Pierce CJ, Suhrbier A. IL-1 Contributes to the Anti-Cancer Efficacy of Ingenol Mebutate. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153975. [PMID: 27100888 PMCID: PMC4839727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingenol mebutate is approved for the topical treatment of actinic keratoses and may ultimately also find utility in treating skin cancers. Here we show that relapse rates of subcutaneous B16 melanoma tumours treated topically with ingenol mebutate were not significantly different in C57BL/6 and Rag1-/- mice, suggesting B and T cells do not play a major role in the anti-cancer efficacy of ingenol mebutate. Relapse rates were, however, significantly increased in MyD88-/- mice and in C57BL/6 mice treated with the anti-IL-1 agent, anakinra. Ingenol mebutate treatment induces a pronounced infiltration of neutrophils, which have been shown to have anti-cancer activity in mice. Herein we provide evidence that IL-1 promotes neutrophil recruitment to the tumour, decreases apoptosis of infiltrating neutrophils and increases neutrophil tumour killing activity. These studies suggest IL-1, via its action on neutrophils, promotes the anti-cancer efficacy of ingenol mebutate, with ingenol mebutate treatment causing both IL-1β induction and IL-1α released from keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T. Le
- Inflammation Biology, and Cancer Drug Mechanism Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Kate Schroder
- Inflammasome Laboratory, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wayne A. Schroder
- Inflammation Biology, and Cancer Drug Mechanism Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen M. Boyle
- Inflammation Biology, and Cancer Drug Mechanism Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carly J. Pierce
- Inflammation Biology, and Cancer Drug Mechanism Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology, and Cancer Drug Mechanism Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Caspase-mediated cleavage of raptor participates in the inactivation of mTORC1 during cell death. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16024. [PMID: 27551516 PMCID: PMC4979510 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a highly conserved protein complex regulating key pathways in cell growth. Hyperactivation of mTORC1 is implicated in numerous cancers, thus making it a potential broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic target. Here, we characterized how mTORC1 responds to cell death induced by various anticancer drugs such rapamycin, etoposide, cisplatin, curcumin, staurosporine and Fas ligand. All treatments induced cleavage in the mTORC1 component, raptor, resulting in decreased raptor–mTOR interaction and subsequent inhibition of the mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation of downstream substrates (S6K and 4E-BP1). The cleavage was primarily mediated by caspase-6 and occurred at two sites. Mutagenesis at one of these sites, conferred resistance to cell death, indicating that raptor cleavage is important in chemotherapeutic apoptosis.
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Zhang Y, Su WJ, Chen Y, Wu TY, Gong H, Shen XL, Wang YX, Sun XJ, Jiang CL. Effects of hydrogen-rich water on depressive-like behavior in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23742. [PMID: 27026206 PMCID: PMC4812321 DOI: 10.1038/srep23742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that neuroinflammation and oxidative stress may be major contributors to major depressive disorder (MDD). Patients or animal models of depression show significant increase of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and oxidative stress biomarkers in the periphery or central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies show that hydrogen selectively reduces cytotoxic oxygen radicals, and hydrogen-rich saline potentially suppresses the production of several proinflammatory mediators. Since current depression medications are accompanied by a wide spectrum of side effects, novel preventative or therapeutic measures with fewer side effects might have a promising future. We investigated the effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water on the depressive-like behavior in mice and its underlying mechanisms. Our study show that hydrogen-rich water treatment prevents chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) induced depressive-like behavior. CUMS induced elevation in IL-1β protein levels in the hippocampus, and the cortex was significantly attenuated after 4 weeks of feeding the mice hydrogen-rich water. Over-expression of caspase-1 (the IL-1β converting enzyme) and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) was successfully suppressed by hydrogen-rich water treatment. Our data suggest that the beneficial effects of hydrogen-rich water on depressive-like behavior may be mediated by suppression of the inflammasome activation resulting in attenuated protein IL-1β and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wen-Jun Su
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Teng-Yun Wu
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Gong
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Shen
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yun-Xia Wang
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xue-Jun Sun
- Department of Naval Aviation Medicine, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chun-Lei Jiang
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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Chen KW, Bezbradica JS, Groß CJ, Wall AA, Sweet MJ, Stow JL, Schroder K. The murine neutrophil NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by soluble but not particulate or crystalline agonists. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1004-10. [PMID: 27062120 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and regulate immune responses via PRR-dependent cytokine production. An emerging theme is that neutrophil PRRs often exhibit cell type-specific adaptations in their signalling pathways. This prompted us to examine inflammasome signalling by the PRR NLRP3 in murine neutrophils, in comparison to well-established NLRP3 signalling pathways in macrophages. Here, we demonstrate that while murine neutrophils can indeed signal via the NLRP3 inflammasome, neutrophil NLRP3 selectively responds to soluble agonists but not to the particulate/crystalline agonists that trigger NLRP3 activation in macrophages via phagolysosomal rupture. In keeping with this, alum did not trigger IL-1β production from human PMN, and the lysosomotropic peptide Leu-Leu-OMe stimulated only weak NLRP3-dependent IL-1β production from murine neutrophils, suggesting that lysosomal rupture is not a strong stimulus for NLRP3 activation in neutrophils. We validated our in vitro findings for poor neutrophil NLRP3 responses to particles in vivo, where we demonstrated that neutrophils do not significantly contribute to alum-induced IL-1β production in mice. In all, our studies highlight that myeloid cell identity and the nature of the danger signal can strongly influence signalling by a single PRR, thus shaping the nature of the resultant immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen W Chen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Christina J Groß
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Adam A Wall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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In vivo imaging of inflammasome activation reveals a subcapsular macrophage burst response that mobilizes innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Med 2015; 22:64-71. [PMID: 26692332 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The inflammasome is activated in response to a variety of pathogens and has an important role in shaping adaptive immunity, yet the spatiotemporal orchestration of inflammasome activation in vivo and the mechanisms by which it promotes an effective immune response are not fully understood. Using an in vivo reporter to visualize inflammasome assembly, we establish the distribution, kinetics and propagation of the inflammasome response to a local viral infection. We show that modified vaccinia Ankara virus induces inflammasome activation in subcapsular sinus (SCS) macrophages, which is immediately followed by cell death and release of extracellular ASC specks. This transient inflammasome signaling in the lymph node generates a robust influx of inflammatory cells and mobilizes T cells from the circulation to increase the magnitude of T cell responses. We propose that after infection, SCS macrophages deliver a burst response of inflammasome activity and cell death that translates into the broadening of T cell responses, identifying an important aspect of inflammasome-driven vaccination strategies.
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Voronov E, Apte RN. IL-1 in Colon Inflammation, Colon Carcinogenesis and Invasiveness of Colon Cancer. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2015; 8:187-200. [PMID: 26686225 PMCID: PMC4715003 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-015-0177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a major "alarm" upstream pro-inflammatory cytokine that mainly acts by inducing cascades of cytokine and inflammation-promoting mediators. In the tumor arena, IL-1 is produced by both malignant and microenvironmental cells. IL-1α and IL-1β are the major agonists of IL-1, while IL-1Ra is a physiological inhibitor of pre-formed IL-1. IL-1α and IL-1β differ in their compartmentalization and in the producing cells. IL-1β is only active in its inflammasome dependent processed and secreted form and has been considered as the major mediator of inflammation. On the other hand, IL-1α is mainly cell-associated in tissue resident cells, being also active in its precursor form. The role of the IL-1 molecules in the unique microenvironment in the colon is largely unknown. Here, we described the role of IL-1α and IL-1β in colon homeostasis, colon inflammation, colon carcinogenesis and invasiveness of colorectal cancer. Understanding of the integrative role of IL-1α and IL-1β in these processes will facilitate the application of novel IL-1 modulating approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Voronov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Ron N Apte
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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Englezou PC, Rothwell SW, Ainscough JS, Brough D, Landsiedel R, Verkhratsky A, Kimber I, Dearman RJ. P2X7R activation drives distinct IL-1 responses in dendritic cells compared to macrophages. Cytokine 2015; 74:293-304. [PMID: 26068648 PMCID: PMC4504032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
P2X7R-driven IL-1 responses are markedly enhanced in BMDC compared to BMM. P2X7R antagonist A-740003 inhibitedIL-1 release in BMDC and BMM. P2X7R-induced pore formation was greater in BMDC than in BMM. LPS-primed BMDC resisted ATP-induced cell death in comparison to BMM.
The P2X7R is a functionally distinct member of the P2X family of non-selective cation channels associated with rapid activation of the inflammasome complex and signalling interleukin (IL)-1β release in macrophages. The main focus of this investigation was to compare P2X7R-driven IL-1 production by primary murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC) and macrophages (BMM). P2X7R expression in murine BMDC and BMM at both transcriptional (P2X7A variant) and protein levels was demonstrated. Priming with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and receptor activation with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) resulted in markedly enhanced IL-1 (α and β) secretion in BMDC compared with BMM. In both cell types IL-1 production was profoundly inhibited with a P2X7R-specific inhibitor (A-740003) demonstrating that this release is predominantly a P2X7R-dependent process. These data also suggest that P2X7R and caspase-1 activation drive IL-1α release from BMDC. Both cell types expressed constitutively the gain-of-function P2X7K as well as the full P2X7A variant at equivalent levels. LPS priming reduced significantly levels of P2X7A but not P2X7K transcripts in both BMDC and BMM. P2X7R-induced pore formation, assessed by YO-PRO-1 dye uptake, was greater in BMDC, and these cells were protected from cell death. These data demonstrate that DC and macrophages display distinct patterns of cytokine regulation, particularly with respect to IL-1, as a consequence of cell-type specific differences in the physicochemical properties of the P2X7R. Understanding the cell-specific regulation of these cytokines is essential for manipulating such responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos C Englezou
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Smith Building, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Simon W Rothwell
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Smith Building, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Joseph S Ainscough
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Smith Building, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - David Brough
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Smith Building, The University of Manchester, UK
| | | | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Smith Building, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Smith Building, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca J Dearman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Smith Building, The University of Manchester, UK.
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Yang CS, Kim JJ, Kim TS, Lee PY, Kim SY, Lee HM, Shin DM, Nguyen LT, Lee MS, Jin HS, Kim KK, Lee CH, Kim MH, Park SG, Kim JM, Choi HS, Jo EK. Small heterodimer partner interacts with NLRP3 and negatively regulates activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6115. [PMID: 25655831 PMCID: PMC4347017 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome results in damaging inflammation, yet the regulators of this process remain poorly defined. Herein, we show that the orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) is a negative regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. NLRP3 inflammasome activation leads to an interaction between SHP and NLRP3, proteins that are both recruited to mitochondria. Overexpression of SHP competitively inhibits binding of NLRP3 to apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC). SHP deficiency results in increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and excessive pathologic responses typically observed in mouse models of kidney tubular necrosis and peritoneal gout. Notably, the loss of SHP results in accumulation of damaged mitochondria and a sustained interaction between NLRP3 and ASC in the endoplasmic reticulum. These data are suggestive of a role for SHP in controlling NLRP3 inflammasome activation through a mechanism involving interaction with NLRP3 and maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Su Yang
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea [2] Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea [3] Department of Molecular and Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea [2] Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea [3] Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, South Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea [2] Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Phil Young Lee
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea [2] Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Lee
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea [2] Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Dong-Min Shin
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea [2] Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Loi T Nguyen
- Infection and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Infection and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Hyo Sun Jin
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea [2] Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Kyu Kim
- Department of Biology, College of Life Science, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Infection and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Sung Goo Park
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- 1] Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea [2]
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea [2] Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
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Inflammasome activation contributes to interleukin-23 production in response to Clostridium difficile. mBio 2015; 6:mBio.02386-14. [PMID: 25626905 PMCID: PMC4324312 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02386-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the most common hospital-acquired pathogen, causing antibiotic-associated diarrhea in over 250,000 patients annually in the United States. Disease is primarily mediated by toxins A and B, which induce potent proinflammatory signaling in host cells and can activate an ASC-containing inflammasome. Recent findings suggest that the intensity of the host response to infection correlates with disease severity. Our lab has identified the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-23 (IL-23) as a pathogenic mediator during C. difficile infection (CDI). The mechanisms by which C. difficile induces IL-23, however, are not well understood, and the role of toxins A and B in this process is unclear. Here, we show that toxins A and B alone are not sufficient for IL-23 production but synergistically increase the amount of IL-23 produced in response to MyD88-dependent danger signals, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and host-derived damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Danger signals also enhanced the secretion of IL-1β in response to toxins A and B, and subsequent IL-1 receptor signaling accounted for the majority of the increase in IL-23 that occurred in the presence of the toxins. Inhibition of inflammasome activation in the presence of extracellular K+ likewise decreased IL-23 production. Finally, we found that IL-1β was increased in the serum of patients with CDI, suggesting that this systemic response could influence downstream production of pathogenic IL-23. Identification of the synergy of danger signals with toxins A and B via inflammasome signaling represents a novel finding in the mechanistic understanding of C. difficile-induced inflammation. Clostridium difficile is among the leading causes of death due to health care-associated infection, and factors determining disease severity are not well understood. C. difficile secretes toxins A and B, which cause inflammation and tissue damage, and recent findings suggest that some of this tissue damage may be due to an inappropriate host immune response. We have found that toxins A and B, in combination with both bacterium- and host-derived danger signals, can induce expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-23. Our results demonstrate that IL-1β signaling enhances IL-23 production and could lead to increased pathogenic inflammation during CDI.
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Mantegazza AR, Marks MS. Visualizing toll-like receptor-dependent phagosomal dynamics in murine dendritic cells using live cell microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1270:191-203. [PMID: 25702119 PMCID: PMC4356480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2309-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are professional phagocytes that are highly specialized to process and present antigens from internalized particles to prime naïve T cells. To achieve their functions, the phagocytic machinery and membrane dynamics of these cells have been adapted to optimize presentation of antigens from phagocytosed particles that bear ligands of pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), and that are thus perceived of as "dangerous." We have recently shown that phagosomes that are engaged in TLR signaling in dendritic cells emit numerous long tubules that facilitate content exchange with other signaling phagosomes and favor presentation of particle-derived antigens. This chapter describes the methods used to study the formation of these tubules, which we refer to as "phagotubules," by live cell imaging of mouse dendritic cells after the phagocytosis of fluorescent latex beads. We also describe methods to assess the effect of TLR signaling on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R Mantegazza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 1107B Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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The neutrophil NLRC4 inflammasome selectively promotes IL-1β maturation without pyroptosis during acute Salmonella challenge. Cell Rep 2014; 8:570-82. [PMID: 25043180 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrophage NLRC4 inflammasome drives potent innate immune responses against Salmonella by eliciting caspase-1-dependent proinflammatory cytokine production (e.g., interleukin-1β [IL-1β]) and pyroptotic cell death. However, the potential contribution of other cell types to inflammasome-mediated host defense against Salmonella was unclear. Here, we demonstrate that neutrophils, typically viewed as cellular targets of IL-1β, themselves activate the NLRC4 inflammasome during acute Salmonella infection and are a major cell compartment for IL-1β production during acute peritoneal challenge in vivo. Importantly, unlike macrophages, neutrophils do not undergo pyroptosis upon NLRC4 inflammasome activation. The resistance of neutrophils to pyroptotic death is unique among inflammasome-signaling cells so far described and allows neutrophils to sustain IL-1β production at a site of infection without compromising the crucial inflammasome-independent antimicrobial effector functions that would be lost if neutrophils rapidly lysed upon caspase-1 activation. Inflammasome pathway modification in neutrophils thus maximizes host proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses during pathogen challenge.
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43
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Walsh JG, Reinke SN, Mamik MK, McKenzie BA, Maingat F, Branton WG, Broadhurst DI, Power C. Rapid inflammasome activation in microglia contributes to brain disease in HIV/AIDS. Retrovirology 2014; 11:35. [PMID: 24886384 PMCID: PMC4038111 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) infects and activates innate immune cells in the brain resulting in inflammation and neuronal death with accompanying neurological deficits. Induction of inflammasomes causes cleavage and release of IL-1β and IL-18, representing pathogenic processes that underlie inflammatory diseases although their contribution HIV-associated brain disease is unknown. Results Investigation of inflammasome-associated genes revealed that IL-1β, IL-18 and caspase-1 were induced in brains of HIV-infected persons and detected in brain microglial cells. HIV-1 infection induced pro-IL-1β in human microglia at 4 hr post-infection with peak IL-1β release at 24 hr, which was accompanied by intracellular ASC translocation and caspase-1 activation. HIV-dependent release of IL-1β from a human macrophage cell line, THP-1, was inhibited by NLRP3 deficiency and high extracellular [K+]. Exposure of microglia to HIV-1 gp120 caused IL-1β production and similarly, HIV-1 envelope pseudotyped viral particles induced IL-1β release, unlike VSV-G pseudotyped particles. Infection of cultured feline macrophages by the related lentivirus, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), also resulted in the prompt induction of IL-1β. In vivo FIV infection activated multiple inflammasome-associated genes in microglia, which was accompanied by neuronal loss in cerebral cortex and neurological deficits. Multivariate analyses of data from FIV-infected and uninfected animals disclosed that IL-1β, NLRP3 and caspase-1 expression in cerebral cortex represented key molecular determinants of neurological deficits. Conclusions NLRP3 inflammasome activation was an early and integral aspect of lentivirus infection of microglia, which was associated with lentivirus-induced brain disease. Inflammasome activation in the brain might represent a potential target for therapeutic interventions in HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Heritage Medical Research Centre 6-11, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada.
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In vitro inflammatory/anti-inflammatory effects of nitrate esters of purines. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 730:148-56. [PMID: 24613657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Six purine analogues bearing a nitrate ester group (potential NO donor) were tested on human THP-1 macrophages to investigate their effects on the inflammatory response. Only three analogues increased the basal level of IL-1β. Two analogues exacerbated the inflammatory response induced by ATP but not that induced by H2O2. Only 6-[4-(6-nitroxyacetyl)piperazin-1-yl]-9H-purine (compound MK128) abolished ATP or H2O2-induced IL-1β production in the culture medium. Similar results were reproduced on macrophages differentiated from buffy coats and stimulated with LPS. MK128 was the only analogue to release NO and leading to nitrite formation in the culture medium. The EC50 for inhibition of induced IL-1β production by the cells was estimated to be 10-12µg/ml (about 36µM) and corresponded to the production of around 30µM nitrites in the culture medium. This anti-inflammatory effect of MK128 was mimicked by trinitrin used in 10 fold higher concentrations. Preincubation of cells with NO trapper cPTIO partially abolished the beneficial effect of MK128 while MK137, a ONO2 deprived analogue of MK128, was not able to inhibit induced IL-1β production and proved to be inflammatory. Moreover, purinergic channel inhibitors (oATP and U73122) inhibited the MK137 inflammatory effect. Finally, MK128 reduced the quantity of p20 caspase-1 produced in the culture medium. We suggest that MK128 inhibits IL-1β production via NO production and subsequent inflammasome component nitrosylation. On the opposite MK137, deprived from ONO2 group, could act as agonist of purinergic receptors and could thus activate inflammasome.
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Bakele M, Joos M, Burdi S, Allgaier N, Pöschel S, Fehrenbacher B, Schaller M, Marcos V, Kümmerle-Deschner J, Rieber N, Borregaard N, Yazdi A, Hector A, Hartl D. Localization and functionality of the inflammasome in neutrophils. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:5320-9. [PMID: 24398679 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.505636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils represent the major fraction of circulating immune cells and are rapidly recruited to sites of infection and inflammation. The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that regulates the generation of IL-1 family proteins. The precise subcellular localization and functionality of the inflammasome in human neutrophils are poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that highly purified human neutrophils express key components of the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes, particularly apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), AIM2, and caspase-1. Subcellular fractionation and microscopic analyses further showed that inflammasome components were localized in the cytoplasm and also noncanonically in secretory vesicle and tertiary granule compartments. Whereas IL-1β and IL-18 were expressed at the mRNA level and released as protein, highly purified neutrophils neither expressed nor released IL-1α at baseline or upon stimulation. Upon inflammasome activation, highly purified neutrophils released substantially lower levels of IL-1β protein compared with partially purified neutrophils. Serine proteases and caspases were differentially involved in IL-1β release, depending on the stimulus. Spontaneous activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in neutrophils in vivo affected IL-1β, but not IL-18 release. In summary, these studies show that human neutrophils express key components of the inflammasome machinery in distinct intracellular compartments and release IL-1β and IL-18, but not IL-1α or IL-33 protein. Targeting the neutrophil inflammasome may represent a future therapeutic strategy to modulate neutrophilic inflammatory diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or sepsis.
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46
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Vural A, Kehrl JH. Autophagy in macrophages: impacting inflammation and bacterial infection. SCIENTIFICA 2014; 2014:825463. [PMID: 24818040 PMCID: PMC4000662 DOI: 10.1155/2014/825463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are on the front line of host defense. They possess an array of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors/sensors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and which activate downstream effectors/pathways to help mediate innate immune responses and host defense. Innate immune responses include the rapid induction of transcriptional networks that trigger the production of cytokines, chemokines, and cytotoxic molecules; the mobilization of cells including neutrophils and other leukocytes; the engulfment of pathogens by phagocytosis and their delivery to lysosome for degradation; and the induction of autophagy. Autophagy is a catabolic process that normally maintains cellular homeostasis in a lysosome-dependent manner, but it also functions as a cytoprotective response that intersects with a variety of general stress-response pathways. This review focuses on the intimately linked molecular mechanisms that help govern the autophagic pathway and macrophage innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Vural
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 11N214, Center Drive, MSC 1876, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John H. Kehrl
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 11N214, Center Drive, MSC 1876, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- *John H. Kehrl:
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Allam R, Darisipudi MN, Tschopp J, Anders HJ. Histones trigger sterile inflammation by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:3336-42. [PMID: 23964013 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sterile cell death mediated inflammation is linked to several pathological disorders and involves danger recognition of intracellular molecules released by necrotic cells that activate different groups of innate pattern recognition receptors. Toll-like receptors directly interact with their extrinsic or intrinsic agonists and induce multiple proinflammatory mediators. In contrast, the NLRP3 inflammasome is rather thought to represent a downstream element integrating various indirect stimuli into proteolytic cleavage of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Here, we report that histones released from necrotic cells induce IL-1β secretion in an NLRP3-ASC-caspase-1-dependent manner. Genetic deletion of NLRP3 in mice significantly attenuated histone-induced IL-1β production and neutrophil recruitment. Furthermore, necrotic cells induced neutrophil recruitment, which was significantly reduced by histone-neutralizing antibodies or depleting extracellular histones via enzymatic degradation. These results identify cytosolic uptake of necrotic cell-derived histones as a triggering mechanism of sterile inflammation, which involves NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion via oxidative stress.
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Zaiss MM, Maslowski KM, Mosconi I, Guenat N, Marsland BJ, Harris NL. IL-1β suppresses innate IL-25 and IL-33 production and maintains helminth chronicity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003531. [PMID: 23935505 PMCID: PMC3731249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 2 billion people currently suffer from intestinal helminth infections, which are typically chronic in nature and result in growth retardation, vitamin A deficiency, anemia and poor cognitive function. Such chronicity results from co-evolution between helminths and their mammalian hosts; however, the molecular mechanisms by which these organisms avert immune rejection are not clear. We have found that the natural murine helminth, Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hp) elicits the secretion of IL-1β in vivo and in vitro and that this cytokine is critical for shaping a mucosal environment suited to helminth chronicity. Indeed in mice deficient for IL-1β (IL-1β(-/-)), or treated with the soluble IL-1βR antagonist, Anakinra, helminth infection results in enhanced type 2 immunity and accelerated parasite expulsion. IL-1β acts to decrease production of IL-25 and IL-33 at early time points following infection and parasite rejection was determined to require IL-25. Taken together, these data indicate that Hp promotes the release of host-derived IL-1β that suppresses the release of innate cytokines, resulting in suboptimal type 2 immunity and allowing pathogen chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M. Zaiss
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédèrale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Ilaria Mosconi
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédèrale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Guenat
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédèrale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin J. Marsland
- Department of Pneumology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola L. Harris
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédèrale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Nys J, Smulski CR, Tardivel A, Willen L, Kowalczyk C, Donzé O, Huard B, Hess H, Schneider P. No evidence that soluble TACI induces signalling via membrane-expressed BAFF and APRIL in myeloid cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61350. [PMID: 23620746 PMCID: PMC3631189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells express the TNF family ligands BAFF/BLyS and APRIL, which exert their effects on B cells at different stages of differentiation via the receptors BAFFR, TACI (Transmembrane Activator and CAML-Interactor) and/or BCMA (B Cell Maturation Antigen). BAFF and APRIL are proteins expressed at the cell membrane, with both extracellular and intracellular domains. Therefore, receptor/ligand engagement may also result in signals in ligand-expressing cells via so-called “reverse signalling”. In order to understand how TACI-Fc (atacicept) technically may mediate immune stimulation instead of suppression, we investigated its potential to activate reverse signalling through BAFF and APRIL. BAFFR-Fc and TACI-Fc, but not Fn14-Fc, reproducibly stimulated the ERK and other signalling pathways in bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages. However, these effects were independent of BAFF or APRIL since the same activation profile was observed with BAFF- or APRIL-deficient cells. Instead, cell activation correlated with the presence of high molecular mass forms of BAFFR-Fc and TACI-Fc and was strongly impaired in macrophages deficient for Fc receptor gamma chain. Moreover, a TACI-Fc defective for Fc receptor binding elicited no detectable signal. Although these results do not formally rule out the existence of BAFF or APRIL reverse signalling (via pathways not tested in this study), they provide no evidence in support of reverse signalling and point to the importance of using appropriate specificity controls when working with Fc receptor-expressing myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josquin Nys
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Aubry Tardivel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laure Willen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Bertrand Huard
- Department of Patho-Immunology, Medical University Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Hematology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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The mycobacterial cord factor adjuvant analogue trehalose-6,6′-dibehenate (TDB) activates the Nlrp3 inflammasome. Immunobiology 2013; 218:664-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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