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Ravi H, Das S, Devi Rajeswari V, Venkatraman G, Choudhury AA, Chakraborty S, Ramanathan G. Hormonal regulation in diabetes: Special emphasis on sex hormones and metabolic traits. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 142:257-291. [PMID: 39059988 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes constitutes a significant global public health challenge that is rapidly reaching epidemic proportions. Among the non-communicable diseases, the incidence of diabetes is rising at an alarming rate. The International Diabetes Federation has documented a 9.09% prevalence of diabetes among individuals aged between 20 and 79 years. The interplay of gonadal hormones and gender differences is critical in regulating insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, and this dynamic is particularly crucial because of the escalating incidence of diabetes. Variations in insulin sensitivity are observed across genders, levels of adiposity, and age groups. Both estrogen and testosterone are seen to influence glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. This chapter surveys the present knowledge of sex differences, sex hormones, and chromosomes on insulin imbalance and diabetes development. It further highlights the influence of metabolic traits in diabetes and changes in sex hormones during diabetic pregnancy. Notably, even stressful lifestyles have been acknowledged to induce hormonal imbalances. Furthermore, it discusses the potential of hormonal therapy to help stabilize sex hormones in diabetic individuals and focuses on the most recent research investigating the correlation between sex hormones and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Ravi
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soumik Das
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Devi Rajeswari
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abbas Alam Choudhury
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shreya Chakraborty
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gnanasambandan Ramanathan
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Duffel MW. Cytosolic sulfotransferases in endocrine disruption. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20230101. [PMID: 38699885 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze the sulfation of endocrine hormones as well as a broad array of drugs, environmental chemicals, and other xenobiotics. Many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) interact with these SULTs as substrates and inhibitors, and thereby alter sulfation reactions responsible for metabolism and regulation of endocrine hormones such as estrogens and thyroid hormones. EDCs or their metabolites may also regulate expression of SULTs through direct interaction with nuclear receptors and other transcription factors. Moreover, some sulfate esters derived from EDCs (EDC-sulfates) may serve as ligands for endocrine hormone receptors. While the sulfation of an EDC can lead to its excretion in the urine or bile, it may also result in retention of the EDC-sulfate through its reversible binding to serum proteins and thereby enable transport to other tissues for intracellular hydrolysis and subsequent endocrine disruption. This mini-review outlines the potential roles of SULTs and sulfation in the effects of EDCs and our evolving understanding of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
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Duffel MW, Lehmler HJ. Complex roles for sulfation in the toxicities of polychlorinated biphenyls. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:92-122. [PMID: 38363552 PMCID: PMC11067068 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2311270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic toxicants derived from legacy pollution sources and their formation as inadvertent byproducts of some current manufacturing processes. Metabolism of PCBs is often a critical component in their toxicity, and relevant metabolic pathways usually include their initial oxidation to form hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). Subsequent sulfation of OH-PCBs was originally thought to be primarily a means of detoxication; however, there is strong evidence that it may also contribute to toxicities associated with PCBs and OH-PCBs. These contributions include either the direct interaction of PCB sulfates with receptors or their serving as a localized precursor for OH-PCBs. The formation of PCB sulfates is catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferases, and, when transported into the serum, these metabolites may be retained, taken up by other tissues, and subjected to hydrolysis catalyzed by intracellular sulfatase(s) to regenerate OH-PCBs. Dynamic cycling between PCB sulfates and OH-PCBs may lead to further metabolic activation of the resulting OH-PCBs. Ultimate toxic endpoints of such processes may include endocrine disruption, neurotoxicities, and many others that are associated with exposures to PCBs and OH-PCBs. This review highlights the current understanding of the complex roles that PCB sulfates can have in the toxicities of PCBs and OH-PCBs and research on the varied mechanisms that control these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
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Wang J, Feng Y, Liu B, Xie W. Estrogen sulfotransferase and sulfatase in steroid homeostasis, metabolic disease, and cancer. Steroids 2024; 201:109335. [PMID: 37951289 PMCID: PMC10842091 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfation and desulfation of steroids are opposing processes that regulate the activation, metabolism, excretion, and storage of steroids, which account for steroid homeostasis. Steroid sulfation and desulfation are catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferase and steroid sulfatase, respectively. By modifying and regulating steroids, cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) and steroid sulfatase (STS) are also involved in the pathophysiology of steroid-related diseases, such as hormonal dysregulation, metabolic disease, and cancer. The estrogen sulfotransferase (EST, or SULT1E1) is a typical member of the steroid SULTs. This review is aimed to summarize the roles of SULT1E1 and STS in steroid homeostasis and steroid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ye Feng
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Brian Liu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Xu P, Cai X, Guan X, Xie W. Sulfoconjugation of protein peptides and glycoproteins in physiology and diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 251:108540. [PMID: 37777160 PMCID: PMC10842354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein sulfoconjugation, or sulfation, represents a critical post-translational modification (PTM) process that involves the attachment of sulfate groups to various positions of substrates within the protein peptides or glycoproteins. This process plays a dynamic and complex role in many physiological and pathological processes. Here, we summarize the importance of sulfation in the fields of oncology, virology, drug-induced liver injury (DILI), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and atherosclerosis. In oncology, sulfation is involved in tumor initiation, progression, and migration. In virology, sulfation influences viral entry, replication, and host immune response. In DILI, sulfation is associated with the incidence of DILI, where altered sulfation affects drug metabolism and toxicity. In IBD, dysregulation of sulfation compromises mucosal barrier and immune response. In atherosclerosis, sulfation influences the development of atherosclerosis by modulating the accumulation of lipoprotein, and the inflammation, proliferation, and migration of smooth muscle cells. The current review underscores the importance of further research to unravel the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potential of targeting sulfoconjugation in various diseases. A better understanding of sulfation could facilitate the emergence of innovative diagnostic or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xinran Cai
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiuchen Guan
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Zhou J, Qi X, Pan N, Li W, Fang H, Wang J, Wang S. A novel UPLC-ESI-MS assay for fifteen portal estrogens and metabolites detection and application in hepatic fibrosis. Anal Biochem 2023; 671:115158. [PMID: 37062458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens and their metabolites (EMs) are involved in chronic liver disease and gut microbiota regulates estrogen metabolism, whereas the role of enterogenous EMs in liver disease is still elusive. Because of the extremely low level of EMs in portal serum and the EMs contain multiple pairs of isomers, an accurate determination of portal serum EMs is urgently needed. This study established a quantitative detection method for portal serum EMs and applied to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) related hepatic fibrosis mice model. The serum was derived with a novel derivatization reagent 4-acetyl aminobenzene sulfonyl chloride, and a UPLC-ESI-MS system was used for quantification of 15 EMs in 120 min. Compared with normal group, the concentrations of E1, E2 in model group were significantly decreased by 4-8 times, all the C2 and C4 substitution products (2-OHE1, 2-OHE2, 2-MeOE1, 4-OHE1, 4-MeOE1, 4-OHE2, 4-MeOE2, 2-MeOE2) were significantly decreased by 2-22 times. However, the C16 and C17 substitution products (E3, 16-epiE3, 17-epiE3, 16-ketoE2) levels were increased by 3-5 times (P < 0.01). This study elucidated the changes of enterogenous EMs which entered the liver via portal vein in NAFLD - related hepatic fibrosis and provided methodological platform for other related studies on estrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Anhui, Medical University, NO.81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xueping Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Anhui, Medical University, NO.81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Na Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Anhui, Medical University, NO.81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wanli Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Anhui, Medical University, NO.81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Haiming Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, NO.678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Anhui, Medical University, NO.81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- Center for Scientific Research, Anhui Medical University, NO.81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China.
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Ul-Abideen Z, Ahmad HI, Nadeem M, Khan AA, Imran M, Majeed T, Jiang S, Elokil A. The therapeutic effect of bromocriptine as mesylate and estradiol valerate on serum and blood biochemistry of common quails. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101552. [PMID: 34942520 PMCID: PMC8704486 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematology and serum biochemistry study may provide antique knowledge about the physical status of individuals, making them a valuable tool to differentiate healthy animals from affected animals. We aimed to investigate Steroid safety levels in birds through ex-situ studies at regular therapeutic doses. A total of 100 birds were used for hematology and serum biochemistry. This study was designed into 2 trials over the summer and winter, each comprised 5, 10, 15, and 20 d. Each study group was based on 5 control group birds and 20 experimental group birds. A sum of 2 groups representing 2 different steroids trial groups was treated with therapeutic doses to the stretch of 5, 10, 15, and 20 d each season. A therapeutic dose of each of the steroids was given at the rate of 3 drops 2 times a day to each bird. Analysis of data reveals that steroids had severe effects on bird's (Coturnix coturnix) hematological parameters. In most trials, the hematological effects of bromocriptine as mesylate showed an increase in red blood cell count and white blood cell count. On the other hand, steroid estradiol valerate showed a decrease in these parameters. Effect of steroids on serum biochemistry profile indicate acute damage to vital organs, especially to liver and kidney, indicating an increase in cholesterol, total protein, albumin, urea, and uric acid. The overall effect of steroids on the bird's serum and biochemistry of quails were nearly similar but different only in their intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hafiz Ishfaq Ahmad
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Aleem Ahmad Khan
- Department of Zoology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Pet Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tanveer Majeed
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shouqun Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Abdelmotaleb Elokil
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
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Wang S, Ji C, Li F, Zhan J, Sun T, Tang J, Wu H. Tetrabromobisphenol A induced reproductive endocrine-disrupting effects in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126228. [PMID: 34492982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) pollution in marine environmental media poses great risks to marine organisms due to its potential endocrine-disrupting effects. However, limited attention of TBBPA's endocrine-disrupting effects has been paid on marine invertebrates. In this work, the reproductive endocrine-disrupting effects of TBBPA were evaluated by observing the gametes development, quantifying the gender-specific gene expression, and determining vertebrate sex hormones in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis treated with TBBPA for 30 days. Additionally, transcriptomic profiling and enzymes activities were conducted to investigate the potential mechanisms of reproductive endocrine-disrupting effects. We found that promotion of gametogenesis and alterations of vertebrate sex hormones occurred in TBBPA-treated mussels of both sexes. Meanwhile, estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) and steroid sulfatase (STS) were up-regulated at transcript level as a result of TBBPA treatments, suggesting that TBBPA disrupted the steroidogenesis in mussels through promoting steroids sulfonation and hydrolysis of sulfate steroids. The induction of SULTs for TBBPA biotransformation might be responsible for the dysregulation of steroidogenesis and steroids metabolism. Overall, these findings provide a new insight into assessing impact of TBBPA as well as TBBPA biomonitoring in marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 26071, PR China.
| | - Fei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 26071, PR China
| | - Junfei Zhan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Tao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 26071, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 26071, PR China.
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Dutta SM, Chen G, Maiti S. Profiles of Two Glycaemia Modifying Drugs on the Expression of Rat and Human Sulfotransferases. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 22:240-248. [PMID: 33256575 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666201130123837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the effects of blood glucose regulating compounds on human and rat sulfotransferases (SULTs) expressions. BACKGROUND Phase-II enzymes, sulfotransferases catalyze the sulfuryl-group-transfer to endogenous/exogenous compounds. The alteration of expressions of SULTs may have influence on the sulfation of its substrate and other biomolecules. OBJECTIVES The influence of the altered biotransformation might alter different biochemical events, drug-drug interactions and bioaccumulation or excretion pattern of certain drug. METHODS In this brief study, diabetes-inducing drug streptozotocin (STZ; 10 or 50 mg/kg to male Sprague Dawley rat for 2 weeks) or hyperglycemia controlling drug tolbutamide (TLB 0.1 or 10μM to human hepato-carcinoma cells, HepG2 for 10 days) was applied and the SULTs expressions were verified. Extensive protein-protein (STa, SULT2A1/DHEAST) interactions were studied by the STRING (Search-Tool-for-the-Retrieval-of-Interacting Genes/Proteins) Bioinformatics-software. RESULTS Present result suggests that while STZ increased the STa (in rat) (dehydroepiandrosterone catalyzing SULT; DHEAST in human HepG2), tolbutamide decreased PPST (phenol catalyzing SULT) and DHEAST activity in human HepG2 cells. Moderate decreases of MPST (monoamine catalyzing SULT) and EST (estrogen catalyzing) activities are noticed in this case. STa/DHEAST was found to be highly interactive to SHBG/- sex-hormone-binding-globulin; PPARα/lipid-metabolism-regulator; FABP1/fatty-acid-binding-protein. CONCLUSION Streptozotocin and tolbutamide, these two glycaemia-modifying drugs demonstrated regulation of rat and human SULTs activities. The reciprocal nature of these two drugs on SULTs expression may be associated with their contrasting abilities in influencing glucose-homeostasis. Possible association of certain SULT-isoform with hepatic fat-regulations may indicate an unfocused link between calorie-metabolism and the glycemic-state of an individual. Explorations of this work may uncover the role of sulfation metabolism of specific biomolecule on cellular glycemic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita M Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Guangping Chen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
| | - Smarajit Maiti
- Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore-721102, West Bengal, India
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Liu F, Pei S, Li W, Wang X, Liang C, Yang R, Zhang Z, Yao X, Fang D, Xie S, Sun H. Characterization of Formononetin Sulfonation in SULT1A3 Overexpressing HKE293 Cells: Involvement of Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 in Excretion of Sulfate. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:614756. [PMID: 33510641 PMCID: PMC7836013 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.614756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Formononetin is one of the main active compounds of traditional Chinese herbal medicine Astragalus membranaceus. However, disposition of formononetin via sulfonation pathway remains undefined. Here, expression-activity correlation was performed to identify the contributing of SULT1A3 to formononetin metabolism. Then the sulfonation of formononetin and excretion of its sulfate were investigated in SULT1A3 overexpressing human embryonic kidney 293 cells (or HKE-SULT1A3 cells) with significant expression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4). As a result, formononetin sulfonation was significantly correlated with SULT1A3 protein levels (r = 0.728; p < 0.05) in a bank of individual human intestine S9 fractions (n = 9). HEK-SULT1A3 cells catalyzed formononetin formation of a monosulfate metabolite. Sulfate formation of formononetin in HEK-SULT1A3 cell lysate followed the Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Vmax = 13.94 pmol/min/mg and Km = 6.17 μM). Reduced activity of MRP4 by MK-571 caused significant decrease in the excretion rate (79.1%–94.6%) and efflux clearance (85.3%–98.0%) of formononetin sulfate, whereas the BCRP specific inhibitor Ko143 had no effect. Furthermore, silencing of MRP4 led to obvious decrease in sulfate excretion rates (>32.8%) and efflux clearance (>50.6%). It was worth noting that the fraction of dose metabolized (fmet), an indicator of the extent of drug sulfonation, was also decreased (maximal 26.7%) with the knockdown of MRP4. In conclusion, SULT1A3 was of great significance in determining sulfonation of formononetin. HEK-SULT1A3 cells catalyzed formononetin formation of a monosulfate. MRP4 mainly contributed to cellular excretion of formononetin sulfate and further mediated the intracellular sulfonation of formononetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanye Liu
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuhua Pei
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenqi Li
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ruohan Yang
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhansheng Zhang
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Dong Fang
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Songqiang Xie
- Institute of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hua Sun
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Girl Power in Glaucoma: The Role of Estrogen in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:41-57. [PMID: 33040237 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen is essential in maintaining various physiological features in women, and a decline in estrogen levels are known to give rise to numerous unfortunate symptoms associated with menopause. To alleviate these symptoms hormone replacement therapy with estrogen is often used, and has been shown to be fruitful in improving quality of life in women suffering from postmenopausal discomforts. An often forgotten condition associated with menopause is the optic nerve disorder, glaucoma. Thus, estrogen may also have an impact in maintaining the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which make up the optic nerve, thereby preventing glaucomatous neurodegeneration. This review aims to provide an overview of possible associations of estrogen and the glaucoma subtype, primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), by evaluating the current literature through a PubMed-based literature search. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies of RGC protection, as well as clinical and epidemiological data concerning the well-defined retinal neurodegenerative disorder POAG have been reviewed. Over all, deficiencies in retinal estrogen may potentially instigate RGC loss, visual disability, and eventual blindness. Estrogen replacement therapy may therefore be a beneficial future treatment. However, more studies are needed to confirm the relevance of estrogen in glaucoma prevention.
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Dellafiora L, Milioli M, Falco A, Interlandi M, Mohamed A, Frotscher M, Riccardi B, Puccini P, Rio DD, Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C. A Hybrid In Silico/In Vitro Target Fishing Study to Mine Novel Targets of Urolithin A and B: A Step Towards a Better Comprehension of Their Estrogenicity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000289. [PMID: 32640069 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Urolithin A and B are gut metabolites of ellagic acid and ellagitannins associated with many beneficial effects. Evidence in vitro pointed to their potential as estrogenic modulators. However, both molecular mechanisms and biological targets involved in such activity are still poorly characterized, preventing a comprehensive understanding of their bioactivity in living organisms. This study aimed at rationally identifying novel biological targets underlying the estrogenic-modulatory activity of urolithins. METHODS AND RESULTS The work relies on an in silico/in vitro target fishing study coupling molecular modeling with biochemical and cell-based assays. Estrogen sulfotransferase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase are identified as potentially subject to inhibition by the investigated urolithins. The inhibition of the latter undergoes experimental confirmation either in a cell-free or cell-based assay, validating computational outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The work describes target fishing as an effective tool to identify unexpected targets of food bioactives detailing the interaction at a molecular level. Specifically, it described, for the first time, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase as a target of urolithins and highlighted the need of further investigations to widen the understanding of urolithins as estrogen modulators in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, 43124, Italy
| | - Marco Milioli
- Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici Spa, Parma, 43122, Italy
| | - Angela Falco
- Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici Spa, Parma, 43122, Italy
| | | | - Abdelrahman Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, Saarbrücken, D-66123, Germany
| | - Martin Frotscher
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, Saarbrücken, D-66123, Germany
| | - Benedetta Riccardi
- Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici Spa, Parma, 43122, Italy
| | - Paola Puccini
- Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici Spa, Parma, 43122, Italy
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, 43124, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, 43124, Italy
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13
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Tramunt B, Smati S, Grandgeorge N, Lenfant F, Arnal JF, Montagner A, Gourdy P. Sex differences in metabolic regulation and diabetes susceptibility. Diabetologia 2020; 63:453-461. [PMID: 31754750 PMCID: PMC6997275 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-05040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gender and biological sex impact the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including metabolic disorders such as diabetes. In most parts of the world, diabetes is more prevalent in men than in women, especially in middle-aged populations. In line with this, considering almost all animal models, males are more likely to develop obesity, insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia than females in response to nutritional challenges. As summarised in this review, it is now obvious that many aspects of energy balance and glucose metabolism are regulated differently in males and females and influence their predisposition to type 2 diabetes. During their reproductive life, women exhibit specificities in energy partitioning as compared with men, with carbohydrate and lipid utilisation as fuel sources that favour energy storage in subcutaneous adipose tissues and preserve them from visceral and ectopic fat accumulation. Insulin sensitivity is higher in women, who are also characterised by higher capacities for insulin secretion and incretin responses than men; although, these sex advantages all disappear when glucose tolerance deteriorates towards diabetes. Clinical and experimental observations evidence the protective actions of endogenous oestrogens, mainly through oestrogen receptor α activation in various tissues, including the brain, the liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and pancreatic beta cells. However, beside sex steroids, underlying mechanisms need to be further investigated, especially the role of sex chromosomes, fetal/neonatal programming and epigenetic modifications. On the path to precision medicine, further deciphering sex-specific traits in energy balance and glucose homeostasis is indeed a priority topic to optimise individual approaches in type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Tramunt
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), UMR1048, Team 9, INSERM/UPS, Université de Toulouse, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Service de Diabétologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Nutrition, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarra Smati
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), UMR1048, Team 9, INSERM/UPS, Université de Toulouse, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Toxalim UMR 1331, Toulouse, France
| | - Naia Grandgeorge
- Service de Diabétologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Nutrition, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), UMR1048, Team 9, INSERM/UPS, Université de Toulouse, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), UMR1048, Team 9, INSERM/UPS, Université de Toulouse, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Alexandra Montagner
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), UMR1048, Team 9, INSERM/UPS, Université de Toulouse, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Pierre Gourdy
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), UMR1048, Team 9, INSERM/UPS, Université de Toulouse, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
- Service de Diabétologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Nutrition, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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14
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Valodara AM, SR KJ. Sexual Dimorphism in Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:1154-1166. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666191021094906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background:Sex and gender-based differences are observed well beyond the sex organs and affect several physiological and biochemical processes involved in the metabolism of drug molecules. It is essential to understand not only the sex and gender-based differences in the metabolism of the drug but also the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of drug metabolism for avoiding sex-related adverse effects of drugs in the human.Method:The articles on the sex and gender-based differences in the metabolism of drug molecules were retrieved from the Pub Med database. The articles were classified into the metabolism of the drug molecule, gene expression regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes, the effect of sex hormones on the metabolism of drug, expression of drugmetabolizing enzymes, etc.Result:Several drug molecules are known, which are metabolized differently in males and females. These differences in metabolism may be due to the genomic and non-genomic action of sex hormones. Several other drug molecules still require further evaluation at the molecular level regarding the sex and gender-based differences in their metabolism. Attention is also required at the effect of signaling cascades associated with the metabolism of drug molecules.Conclusion:Sex and gender-based differences in the metabolism of drugs exist at various levels and it may be due to the genomic and non-genomic action of sex hormones. Detailed understanding of the effect of sex and related condition on the metabolism of drug molecules will help clinicians to determine the effective therapeutic doses of drugs dependingon the condition of patient and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Askhi M. Valodara
- Department of Zoology, Biomedical Technology and Human Genetics, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kaid Johar SR
- Department of Zoology, Biomedical Technology and Human Genetics, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
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15
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Underestimated Aspect of Mucopolysaccharidosis Pathogenesis: Global Changes in Cellular Processes Revealed by Transcriptomic Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041204. [PMID: 32054071 PMCID: PMC7072725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), a group of inherited metabolic disorders caused by deficiency in enzymes involved in degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), are examples (and models) of monogenic diseases. Accumulation of undegraded GAGs in lysosomes was supposed to be the major cause of MPS symptoms; however, their complexity and variability between particular types of the disease can be hardly explained by such a simple storage mechanism. Here we show that transcriptomic (RNA-seq) analysis of the material derived from fibroblasts of patients suffering from all types and subtypes of MPS, supported by RT-qPCR results, revealed surprisingly large changes in expression of genes involved in various cellular processes, indicating complex mechanisms of MPS. Although each MPS type and subtype was characterized by specific changes in gene expression profile, there were genes with significantly changed expression relative to wild-type cells that could be classified as common for various MPS types, suggesting similar disturbances in cellular processes. Therefore, both common features of all MPS types, and differences between them, might be potentially explained on the basis of changes in certain cellular processes arising from disturbed regulations of genes’ expression. These results may shed a new light on the mechanisms of genetic diseases, indicating how a single mutation can result in complex pathomechanism, due to perturbations in the network of cellular reactions. Moreover, they should be considered in studies on development of novel therapies, suggesting also why currently available treatment methods fail to correct all/most symptoms of MPS. We propose a hypothesis that disturbances in some cellular processes cannot be corrected by simple reduction of GAG levels; thus, combined therapies are necessary which may require improvement of these processes.
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16
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Xie Y, Barbosa ACS, Xu M, Oberly PJ, Ren S, Gibbs RB, Poloyac SM, Song WC, Fan J, Xie W. Hepatic Estrogen Sulfotransferase Distantly Sensitizes Mice to Hemorrhagic Shock-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5677524. [PMID: 31837219 PMCID: PMC6970454 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is a potential life-threatening condition that may lead to injury to multiple organs, including the lung. The estrogen sulfotransferase (EST, or SULT1E1) is a conjugating enzyme that sulfonates and deactivates estrogens. In this report, we showed that the expression of Est was markedly induced in the liver but not in the lung of female mice subject to HS and resuscitation. Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of Est effectively protected female mice from HS-induced acute lung injury (ALI), including interstitial edema, neutrophil mobilization and infiltration, and inflammation. The pulmonoprotective effect of Est ablation or inhibition was sex-specific, because the HS-induced ALI was not affected in male Est-/- mice. Mechanistically, the pulmonoprotective phenotype in female Est-/- mice was accompanied by increased lung and circulating levels of estrogens, attenuated pulmonary inflammation, and inhibition of neutrophil mobilization from the bone marrow and neutrophil infiltration to the lung, whereas the pulmonoprotective effect was abolished upon ovariectomy, suggesting that the protection was estrogen dependent. The pulmonoprotective effect of Est ablation was also tissue specific, as loss of Est had little effect on HS-induced liver injury. Moreover, transgenic reconstitution of human EST in the liver of global Est-/- mice abolished the pulmonoprotective effect, suggesting that it is the EST in the liver that sensitizes mice to HS-induced ALI. Taken together, our results revealed a sex- and tissue-specific role of EST in HS-induced ALI. Pharmacological inhibition of EST may represent an effective approach to manage HS-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Anne Caroline S Barbosa
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Meishu Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Patrick J Oberly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Songrong Ren
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Robert B Gibbs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Wen-Chao Song
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Surgical Research, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Correspondence: Dr. Wen Xie, Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of 17 Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261. E-mail:
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17
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Tofovic SP, Jackson EK. Estradiol Metabolism: Crossroads in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010116. [PMID: 31877978 PMCID: PMC6982327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a debilitating and progressive disease that predominantly develops in women. Over the past 15 years, cumulating evidence has pointed toward dysregulated metabolism of sex hormones in animal models and patients with PAH. 17β-estradiol (E2) is metabolized at positions C2, C4, and C16, which leads to the formation of metabolites with different biological/estrogenic activity. Since the first report that 2-methoxyestradiol, a major non-estrogenic metabolite of E2, attenuates the development and progression of experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH), it has become increasingly clear that E2, E2 precursors, and E2 metabolites exhibit both protective and detrimental effects in PH. Furthermore, both experimental and clinical data suggest that E2 has divergent effects in the pulmonary vasculature versus right ventricle (estrogen paradox in PAH). The estrogen paradox is of significant clinical relevance for understanding the development, progression, and prognosis of PAH. This review updates experimental and clinical findings and provides insights into: (1) the potential impacts that pathways of estradiol metabolism (EMet) may have in PAH; (2) the beneficial and adverse effects of estrogens and their precursors/metabolites in experimental PH and human PAH; (3) the co-morbidities and pathological conditions that may alter EMet and influence the development/progression of PAH; (4) the relevance of the intracrinology of sex hormones to vascular remodeling in PAH; and (5) the advantages/disadvantages of different approaches to modulate EMet in PAH. Finally, we propose the three-tier-estrogen effects in PAH concept, which may offer reconciliation of the opposing effects of E2 in PAH and may provide a better understanding of the complex mechanisms by which EMet affects the pulmonary circulation–right ventricular interaction in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan P. Tofovic
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, BST E1240, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 100 Technology Drive, PA 15219, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-412-648-3363
| | - Edwin K. Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 100 Technology Drive, PA 15219, USA;
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Pott J, Bae YJ, Horn K, Teren A, Kühnapfel A, Kirsten H, Ceglarek U, Loeffler M, Thiery J, Kratzsch J, Scholz M. Genetic Association Study of Eight Steroid Hormones and Implications for Sexual Dimorphism of Coronary Artery Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:5008-5023. [PMID: 31169883 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Steroid hormones are important regulators of physiological processes in humans and are under genetic control. A link to coronary artery disease (CAD) is supposed. OBJECTIVE Our main objective was to identify genetic loci influencing steroid hormone levels. As a secondary aim, we searched for causal effects of steroid hormones on CAD. DESIGN We conducted genome-wide meta-association studies for eight steroid hormones: cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), estradiol, and testosterone in two independent cohorts (LIFE-Adult, LIFE-Heart, maximum n = 7667), and progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and aldosterone in LIFE-Heart only (maximum n = 2070). All genome-wide significant loci were tested for sex interactions. Furthermore, we tested whether previously reported CAD single-nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with our steroid hormone panel and investigated causal links between hormone levels and CAD status using Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches. RESULTS We discovered 15 novel associated loci for 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, DHEAS, cortisol, androstenedione, and estradiol. Five of these loci relate to genes directly involved in steroid metabolism, that is, CYP21A1, CYP11B1, CYP17A1, STS, and HSD17B12, almost completing the set of steroidogenic enzymes with genetic associations. Sexual dimorphisms were found for seven of the novel loci. Other loci correspond, for example, to the WNT4/β-catenin pathway. MR revealed that cortisol, androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and DHEA-S had causal effects on CAD. We also observed enrichment of cortisol and testosterone associations among known CAD hits. CONCLUSION Our study greatly improves insight into genetic regulation of steroid hormones and their dependency on sex. These results could serve as a basis for analyzing sexual dimorphism in other complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Pott
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yoon Ju Bae
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Horn
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrej Teren
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Kühnapfel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Kirsten
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Fuentes N, Silveyra P. Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 116:135-170. [PMID: 31036290 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The primary female sex hormones, estrogens, are responsible for the control of functions of the female reproductive system, as well as the development of secondary sexual characteristics that appear during puberty and sexual maturity. Estrogens exert their actions by binding to specific receptors, the estrogen receptors (ERs), which in turn activate transcriptional processes and/or signaling events that result in the control of gene expression. These actions can be mediated by direct binding of estrogen receptor complexes to specific sequences in gene promoters (genomic effects), or by mechanisms that do not involve direct binding to DNA (non-genomic effects). Whether acting via direct nuclear effects, indirect non-nuclear actions, or a combination of both, the effects of estrogens on gene expression are controlled by highly regulated complex mechanisms. In this chapter, we summarize the knowledge gained in the past 60years since the discovery of the estrogen receptors on the mechanisms governing estrogen-mediated gene expression. We provide an overview of estrogen biosynthesis, and we describe the main mechanisms by which the female sex hormone controls gene transcription in different tissues and cell types. Specifically, we address the molecular events governing regulation of gene expression via the nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα, and ERβ) and the membrane estrogen receptor (GPER1). We also describe mechanisms of cross-talk between signaling cascades activated by both nuclear and membrane estrogen receptors. Finally, we discuss natural compounds that are able to target specific estrogen receptors and their implications for human health and medical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Fuentes
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Nursing, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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