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Schneider S, Hashmi SK, Thrasher AJ, Kothakapa DR, Wright CM, Heuckeroth RO. Single Nucleus Sequencing of Human Colon Myenteric Plexus-Associated Visceral Smooth Muscle Cells, Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Cells, and Interstitial Cells of Cajal. GASTRO HEP ADVANCES 2023; 2:380-394. [PMID: 37206377 PMCID: PMC10194832 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Smooth muscle cells (SMCs), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα+) cells (PαCs) form a functional syncytium in the bowel known as the "SIP syncytium." The SIP syncytium works in concert with the enteric nervous system (ENS) to coordinate bowel motility. However, our understanding of individual cell types that form this syncytium and how they interact with each other remains limited, with no prior single-cell RNAseq analyses focused on human SIP syncytium cells. METHODS We analyzed single-nucleus RNA sequencing data from 10,749 human colon SIP syncytium cells (5572 SMC, 372 ICC, and 4805 PαC nuclei) derived from 15 individuals. RESULTS Consistent with critical contractile and pacemaker functions and with known enteric nervous system interactions, SIP syncytium cell types express many ion channels, including mechanosensitive channels in ICCs and PαCs. PαCs also prominently express extracellular matrix-associated genes and the inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIPR2), a novel finding. We identified 2 PαC clusters that differ in the expression of many ion channels and transcriptional regulators. Interestingly, SIP syncytium cells co-express 6 transcription factors (FOS, MEIS1, MEIS2, PBX1, SCMH1, and ZBTB16) that may be part of a combinatorial signature that specifies these cells. Bowel region-specific differences in SIP syncytium gene expression may correlate with regional differences in function, with right (ascending) colon SMCs and PαCs expressing more transcriptional regulators and ion channels than SMCs and PαCs in left (sigmoid) colon. CONCLUSION These studies provide new insights into SIP syncytium biology that may be valuable for understanding bowel motility disorders and lead to future investigation of highlighted genes and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sohaib K. Hashmi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - A. Josephine Thrasher
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Deepika R. Kothakapa
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
- Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Christina M. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert O. Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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2
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Zheng YY, Zhu HZ, Wu ZY, Song WJ, Tang CB, Li CB, Ding SJ, Zhou GH. Evaluation of the effect of smooth muscle cells on the quality of cultured meat in a model for cultured meat. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110786. [PMID: 34865801 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While the research on improving the meat quality of cultured meat is in full swing, few studies have focused on the effect of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) on the meat quality of cultured meat. Therefore, this study aimed at building a cultured meat model containing smooth muscle cells, and further evaluating the effect of smooth muscle cells on the quality of cultured meat, so as to reveal the contribution of smooth muscle cells in the production of cultured meat. In this study, we isolated high purity of smooth muscle cells from vascular tissues. The addition of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to the medium significantly increased the growth rate of smooth muscle cells and the expression of extracellular matrix related genes, especially collagen and elastin. Smooth muscle cells were seeded in a collagen gel to construct a culture meat model. It was found that the pressure loss of the model meat significantly decreased from 98.5 % in control group to 54 % with the extension of culture time for 9 days, while the total collagen content of model meat increased significantly (P < 0.05). In addition, the hydrogel tissue with smooth muscle cells compacted more dramatically and were more tightly, accompanied by significantly increased hardness, springiness and chewiness compared to the control one (P < 0.05). These results indicate that smooth muscle cells can secrete extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen, which can significantly enhance the texture of cultured meat models prepared by hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hao-Zhe Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wen-Juan Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chang-Bo Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chun-Bao Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Shi-Jie Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Guang-Hong Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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3
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Donadon M, Santoro MM. The origin and mechanisms of smooth muscle cell development in vertebrates. Development 2021; 148:148/7/dev197384. [PMID: 33789914 DOI: 10.1242/dev.197384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) represent a major structural and functional component of many organs during embryonic development and adulthood. These cells are a crucial component of vertebrate structure and physiology, and an updated overview of the developmental and functional process of smooth muscle during organogenesis is desirable. Here, we describe the developmental origin of SMCs within different tissues by comparing their specification and differentiation with other organs, including the cardiovascular, respiratory and intestinal systems. We then discuss the instructive roles of smooth muscle in the development of such organs through signaling and mechanical feedback mechanisms. By understanding SMC development, we hope to advance therapeutic approaches related to tissue regeneration and other smooth muscle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Donadon
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padua, Italy
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4
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Blennerhassett MG, Lourenssen SR. Obligatory Activation of SRC and JNK by GDNF for Survival and Axonal Outgrowth of Postnatal Intestinal Neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1569-1583. [PMID: 33544273 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The neurotrophin GDNF acts through its co-receptor RET to direct embryonic development of the intestinal nervous system. Since this continues in the post-natal intestine, co-cultures of rat enteric neurons and intestinal smooth muscle cells were used to examine how receptor activation mediates neuronal survival or axonal extension. GDNF-mediated activation of SRC was essential for neuronal survival and axon outgrowth and activated the major downstream signaling pathways. Selective inhibition of individual pathways had little effect on survival but JNK activation was required for axonal maintenance, extension or regeneration. This was localized to axonal endings and retrograde transport was needed for central JUN activation and subsequent axon extension. Collectively, GDNF signaling supports neuronal survival via SRC activation with multiple downstream events, with JNK signaling mediating structural plasticity. These pathways may limit neuron death and drive subsequent regeneration during challenges in vivo such as intestinal inflammation, where supportive strategies could preserve intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Blennerhassett
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 2V7, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, GIDRU Wing, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L2V7, Canada.
| | - S R Lourenssen
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 2V7, Canada
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5
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Li A, Zhou J, Widelitz RB, Chow RH, Chuong CM. Integrating Bioelectrical Currents and Ca 2+ Signaling with Biochemical Signaling in Development and Pathogenesis. Bioelectricity 2020; 2:210-220. [PMID: 34476353 PMCID: PMC8370337 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2020.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Roles of bioelectrical signals are increasingly recognized in excitable and nonexcitable non-neural tissues. Diverse ion-selective channels, pumps, and gap junctions participate in bioelectrical signaling, including those transporting calcium ions (Ca2+). Ca2+ is the most versatile transported ion, because it serves as an electrical charge carrier and a biochemical regulator for multiple molecular binding, enzyme, and transcription activities. We aspire to learn how bioelectrical signals crosstalk to biochemical/biomechanical signals. In this study, we review four recent studies showing how bioelectrical currents and Ca2+ signaling affect collective dermal cell migration during feather bud elongation, affect chondrogenic differentiation in limb development, couple with mechanical tension in aligning gut smooth muscle, and affect mitochondrial function and skeletal muscle atrophy. We observe bioelectrical signals involved in several developmental and pathological conditions in chickens and mice at multiple spatial scales: cellular, cellular collective, and subcellular. These examples inspire novel concept and approaches for future basic and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Jingsong Zhou
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Randall B. Widelitz
- Department of Pathology and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert H. Chow
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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6
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Huycke TR, Miller BM, Gill HK, Nerurkar NL, Sprinzak D, Mahadevan L, Tabin CJ. Genetic and Mechanical Regulation of Intestinal Smooth Muscle Development. Cell 2020; 179:90-105.e21. [PMID: 31539501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is enveloped by concentric and orthogonally aligned layers of smooth muscle; however, an understanding of the mechanisms by which these muscles become patterned and aligned in the embryo has been lacking. We find that Hedgehog acts through Bmp to delineate the position of the circumferentially oriented inner muscle layer, whereas localized Bmp inhibition is critical for allowing formation of the later-forming, longitudinally oriented outer layer. Because the layers form at different developmental stages, the muscle cells are exposed to unique mechanical stimuli that direct their alignments. Differential growth within the early gut tube generates residual strains that orient the first layer circumferentially, and when formed, the spontaneous contractions of this layer align the second layer longitudinally. Our data link morphogen-based patterning to mechanically controlled smooth muscle cell alignment and provide a mechanistic context for potentially understanding smooth muscle organization in a wide variety of tubular organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Huycke
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bess M Miller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hasreet K Gill
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nandan L Nerurkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - David Sprinzak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - L Mahadevan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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7
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Huycke TR, Tabin CJ. Chick midgut morphogenesis. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 62:109-119. [PMID: 29616718 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.170325ct] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is an essential system of organs required for nutrient absorption. As a simple tube early in development, the primitive gut is patterned along its anterior-posterior axis into discrete compartments with unique morphologies relevant to their functions in the digestive process. These morphologies are acquired gradually through development as the gut is patterned by tissue interactions, both molecular and mechanical in nature, involving all three germ layers. With a focus on midgut morphogenesis, we review work in the chick embryo demonstrating how these molecular signals and mechanical forces sculpt the developing gut tube into its mature form. In particular, we highlight two mechanisms by which the midgut increases its absorptive surface area: looping and villification. Additionally, we review the differentiation and patterning of the intestinal mesoderm into the layers of smooth muscle that mechanically drive peristalsis and the villification process itself. Where relevant, we discuss the mechanisms of chick midgut morphogenesis in the context of experimental data from other model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Huycke
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Luesma MJ, Cantarero I, Castiella T, Sánchez‐Cano AI, Iruzubieta P, Junquera C. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of phenotypic switch in gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:1233-1240. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María José Luesma
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Zaragoza Spain
- Aragon Health Sciences Institute Zaragoza Spain
| | - Irene Cantarero
- Morphological Sciences Department, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Córdoba Spain
| | | | | | - Pablo Iruzubieta
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Zaragoza Spain
| | - Concepción Junquera
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Zaragoza Spain
- Aragon Health Sciences Institute Zaragoza Spain
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9
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Min S, Yoon W, Cho H, Chung J. Misato underlies visceral myopathy in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17700. [PMID: 29255146 PMCID: PMC5735100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mechanisms for the pathogenesis of visceral myopathy (VM) have been rarely demonstrated. Here we report the visceral role of misato (mst) in Drosophila and its implications for the pathogenesis of VM. Depletion of mst using three independent RNAi lines expressed by a pan-muscular driver elicited characteristic symptoms of VM, such as abnormal dilation of intestinal tracts, reduced gut motility, feeding defects, and decreased life span. By contrast, exaggerated expression of mst reduced intestine diameters, but increased intestinal motilities along with thickened muscle fibers, demonstrating a critical role of mst in the visceral muscle. Mst expression was detected in the adult intestine with its prominent localization to actin filaments and was required for maintenance of intestinal tubulin and actomyosin structures. Consistent with the subcellular localization of Mst, the intestinal defects induced by mst depletion were dramatically rescued by exogenous expression of an actin member. Upon ageing the intestinal defects were deteriorative with marked increase of apoptotic responses in the visceral muscle. Taken together, we propose the impairment of actomyosin structures induced by mst depletion in the visceral muscle as a pathogenic mechanism for VM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohong Min
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Energy Homeostasis Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Harvard Medical School, Department of Cell Biology, 240 Longwood Avenue, Seeley-Mudd Building, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Woongchang Yoon
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Energy Homeostasis Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunho Cho
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Energy Homeostasis Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkyeong Chung
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Energy Homeostasis Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Liu X, Liu Y, Li X, Zhao J, Geng Y, Ning W. Follistatin like-1 (Fstl1) is required for the normal formation of lung airway and vascular smooth muscle at birth. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177899. [PMID: 28574994 PMCID: PMC5456059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fstl1, a secreted protein of the BMP antagonist class, has been implicated in the regulation of lung development and alveolar maturation. Here we generated a Fstl1-lacZ reporter mouse line as well as a Fstl1 knockout allele. We localized Fstl1 transcript in lung smooth muscle cells and identified Fstl1 as essential regulator of lung smooth muscle formation. Deletion of Fstl1 in mice led to postnatal death as a result of respiratory failure due to multiple defects in lung development. Analysis of the mutant phenotype showed impaired airway smooth muscle (SM) manifested as smaller SM line in trachea and discontinued SM surrounding bronchi, which were associated with decreased transcriptional factors myocardin/serum response factor (SRF) and impaired differentiation of SM cells. Fstl1 knockout mice also displayed abnormal vasculature SM manifested as hyperplasia SM in pulmonary artery. This study indicates a pivotal role for Fstl1 in early stage of lung airway smooth muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Geng
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
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11
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Colonic mesenchyme differentiates into smooth muscle before its colonization by vagal enteric neural crest-derived cells in the chick embryo. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 368:503-511. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Graham HK, Maina I, Goldstein AM, Nagy N. Intestinal smooth muscle is required for patterning the enteric nervous system. J Anat 2017; 230:567-574. [PMID: 28116763 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and intestinal smooth muscle occurs in a spatially and temporally correlated manner, but how they influence each other is unknown. In the developing mid-gut of the chick embryo, we find that α-smooth muscle actin expression, indicating early muscle differentiation, occurs after the arrival of migrating enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs). In contrast, hindgut smooth muscle develops prior to ENCC arrival. Smooth muscle development is normal in experimentally aganglionic hindguts, suggesting that proper development and patterning of the muscle layers does not rely on the ENS. However, inhibiting early smooth muscle development severely disrupts ENS patterning without affecting ENCC proliferation or apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that early intestinal smooth muscle differentiation is required for patterning the developing ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Graham
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivy Maina
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nandor Nagy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Gays D, Hess C, Camporeale A, Ala U, Provero P, Mosimann C, Santoro MM. An exclusive cellular and molecular network governs intestinal smooth muscle cell differentiation in vertebrates. Development 2017; 144:464-478. [PMID: 28049660 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal smooth muscle cells (iSMCs) are a crucial component of the adult gastrointestinal tract and support intestinal differentiation, peristalsis and epithelial homeostasis during development. Despite these crucial roles, the origin of iSMCs and the mechanisms responsible for their differentiation and function remain largely unknown in vertebrates. Here, we demonstrate that iSMCs arise from the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) in a stepwise process. Combining pharmacological and genetic approaches, we show that TGFβ/Alk5 signaling drives the LPM ventral migration and commitment to an iSMC fate. The Alk5-dependent induction of zeb1a and foxo1a is required for this morphogenetic process: zeb1a is responsible for driving LPM migration around the gut, whereas foxo1a regulates LPM predisposition to iSMC differentiation. We further show that TGFβ, zeb1a and foxo1a are tightly linked together by miR-145 In iSMC-committed cells, TGFβ induces the expression of miR-145, which in turn is able to downregulate zeb1a and foxo1a The absence of miR-145 results in only a slight reduction in the number of iSMCs, which still express mesenchymal genes but fail to contract. Together, our data uncover a cascade of molecular events that govern distinct morphogenetic steps during the emergence and differentiation of vertebrate iSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Gays
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Christopher Hess
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (IMLS), University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Annalisa Camporeale
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Christian Mosimann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (IMLS), University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin 10126, Italy .,Vesalius Research Center, VIB-KUL, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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14
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McKey J, Martire D, de Santa Barbara P, Faure S. LIX1 regulates YAP1 activity and controls the proliferation and differentiation of stomach mesenchymal progenitors. BMC Biol 2016; 14:34. [PMID: 27125505 PMCID: PMC4848777 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smooth muscle cell (SMC) plasticity maintains the balance between differentiated SMCs and proliferative mesenchymal progenitors, crucial for muscular tissue homeostasis. Studies on the development of mesenchymal progenitors into SMCs have proven useful in identifying molecular mechanisms involved in digestive musculature plasticity in physiological and pathological conditions. RESULTS Here, we show that Limb Expression 1 (LIX1) molecularly defines the population of mesenchymal progenitors in the developing stomach. Using in vivo functional approaches in the chick embryo, we demonstrate that LIX1 is a key regulator of stomach SMC development. We show that LIX1 is required for stomach SMC determination to regulate the expression of the pro-proliferative gene YAP1 and mesenchymal cell proliferation. However, as stomach development proceeds, sustained LIX1 expression has a negative impact on further SMC differentiation and this is associated with a decrease in YAP1 activity. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that expression of LIX1 must be tightly regulated to allow fine-tuning of the transcript levels and state of activation of the pro-proliferative transcriptional coactivator YAP1 to regulate proliferation rates of stomach mesenchymal progenitors and their differentiation. Our data highlight dual roles for LIX1 and YAP1 and provide new insights into the regulation of cell density-dependent proliferation, which is essential for the development and homeostasis of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McKey
- PhyMedExp, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, University of Montpellier, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Martire
- PhyMedExp, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, University of Montpellier, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal de Santa Barbara
- PhyMedExp, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, University of Montpellier, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Faure
- PhyMedExp, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, University of Montpellier, 34295, Montpellier, France.
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15
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Sagnol S, Marchal S, Yang Y, Allemand F, de Santa Barbara P. Epithelial Splicing Regulatory Protein 1 (ESRP1) is a new regulator of stomach smooth muscle development and plasticity. Dev Biol 2016; 414:207-18. [PMID: 27108394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, stomach smooth muscle development is a complex process that involves the tight transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation of different signalling pathways. Here, we identified the RNA-binding protein Epithelial Splicing Regulatory Protein 1 (ESRP1) as an early marker of developing and undifferentiated stomach mesenchyme. Using a gain-of-function approach, we found that in chicken embryos, sustained expression of ESRP1 impairs stomach smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation and FGFR2 splicing profile. ESRP1 overexpression in primary differentiated stomach SMCs induced their dedifferentiation, promoted specific-FGFR2b splicing and decreased FGFR2c-dependent activity. Moreover, co-expression of ESRP1 and RBPMS2, another RNA-binding protein that regulates SMC plasticity and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathway inhibition, synergistically promoted SMC dedifferentiation. Finally, we also demonstrated that ESRP1 interacts with RBPMS2 and that RBPMS2-mediated SMC dedifferentiation requires ESRP1. Altogether, these results show that ESRP1 is expressed also in undifferentiated stomach mesenchyme and demonstrate its role in SMC development and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Sagnol
- PhyMedExp, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Stéphane Marchal
- PhyMedExp, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Yinshan Yang
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5048, INSERM U1054, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Frédéric Allemand
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5048, INSERM U1054, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Pascal de Santa Barbara
- PhyMedExp, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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16
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Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions during digestive tract development and epithelial stem cell regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3883-96. [PMID: 26126787 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract develops from a simple and uniform tube into a complex organ with specific differentiation patterns along the anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral axes of asymmetry. It is derived from all three germ layers and their cross-talk is important for the regulated development of fetal and adult gastrointestinal structures and organs. Signals from the adjacent mesoderm are essential for the morphogenesis of the overlying epithelium. These mesenchymal-epithelial interactions govern the development and regionalization of the different gastrointestinal epithelia and involve most of the key morphogens and signaling pathways, such as the Hedgehog, BMPs, Notch, WNT, HOX, SOX and FOXF cascades. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying mesenchyme differentiation into smooth muscle cells influence the regionalization of the gastrointestinal epithelium through interactions with the enteric nervous system. In the neonatal and adult gastrointestinal tract, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions are essential for the maintenance of the epithelial regionalization and digestive epithelial homeostasis. Disruption of these interactions is also associated with bowel dysfunction potentially leading to epithelial tumor development. In this review, we will discuss various aspects of the mesenchymal-epithelial interactions observed during digestive epithelium development and differentiation and also during epithelial stem cell regeneration.
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17
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Faure S, McKey J, Sagnol S, de Santa Barbara P. Enteric neural crest cells regulate vertebrate stomach patterning and differentiation. Development 2015; 142:331-42. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.118422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the digestive tract develops from a uniform structure where reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions pattern this complex organ into regions with specific morphologies and functions. Concomitant with these early patterning events, the primitive GI tract is colonized by the vagal enteric neural crest cells (vENCCs), a population of cells that will give rise to the enteric nervous system (ENS), the intrinsic innervation of the GI tract. The influence of vENCCs on early patterning and differentiation of the GI tract has never been evaluated. In this study, we report that a crucial number of vENCCs is required for proper chick stomach development, patterning and differentiation. We show that reducing the number of vENCCs by performing vENCC ablations induces sustained activation of the BMP and Notch pathways in the stomach mesenchyme and impairs smooth muscle development. A reduction in vENCCs also leads to the transdifferentiation of the stomach into a stomach-intestinal mixed phenotype. In addition, sustained Notch signaling activity in the stomach mesenchyme phenocopies the defects observed in vENCC-ablated stomachs, indicating that inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway is essential for stomach patterning and differentiation. Finally, we report that a crucial number of vENCCs is also required for maintenance of stomach identity and differentiation through inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway. Altogether, our data reveal that, through the regulation of mesenchyme identity, vENCCs act as a new mediator in the mesenchymal-epithelial interactions that control stomach development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Faure
- INSERM U1046, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier 34295, France
| | - Jennifer McKey
- INSERM U1046, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier 34295, France
| | - Sébastien Sagnol
- INSERM U1046, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier 34295, France
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18
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Torkamani N, Rufaut NW, Jones L, Sinclair RD. Beyond goosebumps: does the arrector pili muscle have a role in hair loss? Int J Trichology 2014; 6:88-94. [PMID: 25210331 PMCID: PMC4158628 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7753.139077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The arrector pili muscle (APM) consists of a small band of smooth muscle that connects the hair follicle to the connective tissue of the basement membrane. The APM mediates thermoregulation by contracting to increase air-trapping, but was thought to be vestigial in humans. The APM attaches proximally to the hair follicle at the bulge, a known stem cell niche. Recent studies have been directed toward this muscle's possible role in maintaining the follicular integrity and stability. This review summarizes APM anatomy and physiology and then discusses the relationship between the follicular unit and the APM. The potential role of the APM in hair loss disorders is also described, and a model explaining APM changes in hair loss is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Torkamani
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas W Rufaut
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leslie Jones
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodney D Sinclair
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Ghionzoli M, Repele A, Sartiani L, Costanzi G, Parenti A, Spinelli V, David AL, Garriboli M, Totonelli G, Tian J, Andreadis ST, Cerbai E, Mugelli A, Messineo A, Pierro A, Eaton S, De Coppi P. Human amniotic fluid stem cell differentiation along smooth muscle lineage. FASEB J 2013; 27:4853-65. [PMID: 23995291 PMCID: PMC6188351 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-218578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Functional smooth muscle engineering requires isolation and expansion of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and this process is particularly challenging for visceral smooth muscle tissue where progenitor cells have not been clearly identified. Herein we showed for the first time that efficient SMCs can be obtained from human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs). Clonal lines were generated from c-kit(+) hAFSCs. Differentiation toward SM lineage (SMhAFSCs) was obtained using a medium conditioned by PDGF-BB and TGF-β1. Molecular assays revealed higher level of α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), desmin, calponin, and smoothelin in SMhAFSCs when compared to hAFSCs. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that SMhAFSCs also presented in the cytoplasm increased intermediate filaments, dense bodies, and glycogen deposits like SMCs. SMhAFSC metabolism evaluated via mass spectrometry showed higher glucose oxidation and an enhanced response to mitogenic stimuli in comparison to hAFSCs. Patch clamp of transduced hAFSCs with lentiviral vectors encoding ZsGreen under the control of the α-SMA promoter was performed demonstrating that SMhAFSCs retained a smooth muscle cell-like electrophysiological fingerprint. Eventually SMhAFSCs contractility was evident both at single cell level and on a collagen gel. In conclusion, we showed here that hAFSCs under selective culture conditions are able to give rise to functional SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ghionzoli
- 2UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond St. Hospital for Children, 30 Guilford St., London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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20
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Wei W, Howard PS, Kogan B, Macarak EJ. Urinary Diversion Results in Marked Decreases in Proliferation and Apoptosis in Fetal Bladder. J Urol 2012; 188:1306-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wei
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York (BK)
| | - Pamela S. Howard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York (BK)
| | - Barry Kogan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York (BK)
| | - Edward J. Macarak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York (BK)
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21
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Thomason RT, Bader DM, Winters NI. Comprehensive timeline of mesodermal development in the quail small intestine. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1678-94. [PMID: 22930586 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To generate the mature intestine, splanchnic mesoderm diversifies into six different tissue layers each with multiple cell types through concurrent and complex morphogenetic events. Hindering the progress of research in the field is the lack of a detailed description of the fundamental morphological changes that constitute development of the intestinal mesoderm. RESULTS We used immunofluorescence and morphometric analyses of wild-type and Tg(tie1:H2B-eYFP) quail embryos to establish a comprehensive timeline of mesodermal development in the avian intestine. The following landmark features were analyzed from appearance of the intestinal primordium through generation of the definitive structure: radial compartment formation, basement membrane dynamics, mesothelial differentiation, mesenchymal expansion and growth patterns, smooth muscle differentiation, and maturation of the vasculature. In this way, structural relationships between mesodermal components were identified over time. CONCLUSIONS This integrated analysis presents a roadmap for investigators and clinicians to evaluate diverse experimental data obtained at individual stages of intestinal development within the longitudinal context of intestinal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T Thomason
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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22
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Notarnicola C, Rouleau C, Le Guen L, Virsolvy A, Richard S, Faure S, De Santa Barbara P. The RNA-binding protein RBPMS2 regulates development of gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:687-697.e9. [PMID: 22683258 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastrointestinal development requires regulated differentiation of visceral smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and their contractile activities; alterations in these processes might lead to gastrointestinal neuromuscular disorders. Gastrointestinal SMC development and remodeling involves post-transcriptional modification of messenger RNA. We investigated the function of the RNA-binding protein for multiple splicing 2 (RBPMS2) during normal development of visceral smooth muscle in chicken and expression of its transcript in human pathophysiological conditions. METHODS We used avian replication-competent retroviral misexpression approaches to analyze the function of RBPMS2 in vivo and in primary cultures of chicken SMCs. We analyzed levels of RBPMS2 transcripts in colon samples from pediatric patients with Hirschsprung's disease and patients with chronic pseudo obstruction syndrome (CIPO) with megacystis. RESULTS RBPMS2 was expressed strongly during the early stage of visceral SMC development and quickly down-regulated in differentiated and mature SMCs. Misexpression of RBPMS2 in differentiated visceral SMCs induced their dedifferentiation and reduced their contractility by up-regulating expression of Noggin, which reduced activity of bone morphogenetic protein. Visceral smooth muscles from pediatric patients with CIPO expressed high levels of RBPMS2 transcripts, compared with smooth muscle from patients without this disorder. CONCLUSIONS Expression of RBPMS2 is present in visceral SMC precursors. Sustained expression of RBPMS2 inhibits the expression of markers of SMC differentiation by inhibiting bone morphogenetic protein activity, and stimulates SMC proliferation. RBPMS2 transcripts are up-regulated in patients with CIPO; alterations in RBPMS2 function might be involved in digestive motility disorders, particularly those characterized by the presence of muscular lesions (visceral myopathies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Notarnicola
- INSERM U1046, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Rouleau
- INSERM U1046, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; CHRU Montpellier, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Montpellier, France
| | - Ludovic Le Guen
- INSERM U1046, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Virsolvy
- INSERM U1046, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Richard
- INSERM U1046, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Faure
- INSERM U1046, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
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23
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Fu K, Mende Y, Bhetwal BP, Baker S, Perrino BA, Wirth B, Fisher SA. Tra2β protein is required for tissue-specific splicing of a smooth muscle myosin phosphatase targeting subunit alternative exon. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16575-85. [PMID: 22437831 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.325761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of the smooth muscle myosin phosphatase targeting subunit (Mypt1) exon 23 (E23) is tissue-specific and developmentally regulated and, thus, an attractive model for the study of smooth muscle phenotypic specification. We have proposed that Tra2β functions as a tissue-specific activator of Mypt1 E23 splicing on the basis of concordant expression patterns and Tra2β activation of Mypt1 E23 mini-gene splicing in vitro. In this study we examined the relationship between Tra2β and Mypt1 E23 splicing in vivo in the mouse. Tra2β was 2- to 5-fold more abundant in phasic smooth muscle tissues, such as the portal vein, small intestine, and small mesenteric artery, in which Mypt1 E23 is predominately included as compared with the tonic smooth muscle tissues, such as the aorta and inferior vena cava, in which Mypt1 E23 is predominately skipped. Tra2β was up-regulated in the small intestine postnatally, concordant with a switch to Mypt1 E23 splicing. Targeting of Tra2β in smooth muscle cells using SM22α-Cre caused a substantial reduction in Mypt1 E23 inclusion specifically in the intestinal smooth muscle of heterozygotes, indicating sensitivity to Tra2β gene dosage. The switch to the Mypt1 E23 skipped isoform coding for the C-terminal leucine zipper motif caused increased sensitivity of the muscle to the relaxant effects of 8-Br-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). We conclude that Tra2β is necessary for the tissue-specific splicing of Mypt1 E23 in the phasic intestinal smooth muscle. Tra2β, by regulating the splicing of Mypt1 E23, sets the sensitivity of smooth muscle to cGMP-mediated relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Fu
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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24
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Merkulova-Rainon T, Broquères-You D, Kubis N, Silvestre JS, Lévy BI. Towards the therapeutic use of vascular smooth muscle progenitor cells. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 95:205-14. [PMID: 22354897 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of alternative proangiogenic and revascularization processes, including recombinant protein delivery, gene therapy, and cell therapy, hold the promise of greater efficacy in the management of cardiovascular disease in the coming years. In particular, vascular progenitor cell-based strategies have emerged as an efficient treatment approach to promote vessel formation and repair and to improve tissue perfusion. During the past decade, considerable progress has been achieved in understanding therapeutic properties of endothelial progenitor cells, while the therapeutic potential of vascular smooth muscle progenitor cells (SMPC) has only recently been explored; the number of the circulating SMPC being correlated with cardiovascular health. Several endogenous SMPC populations with varying phenotypes have been identified and characterized in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and vascular wall. While the phenotypic entity of vascular SMPC is not fully defined and remains an evolving area of research, SMPC are increasingly recognized to play a special role in cardiovascular biology. In this review, we describe the current approaches used to define vascular SMPC. We further summarize the data on phenotype and functional properties of SMPC from various sources in adults. Finally, we discuss the role of SMPC in cardiovascular disease, including the contribution of SMPC to intimal proliferation, angiogenesis, and atherosclerotic plaque instability as well as the benefits resulting from the therapeutic use of SMPC.
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25
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Abstract
The control of force production in vascular smooth muscle is critical to the normal regulation of blood flow and pressure, and altered regulation is common to diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, and ischemia. A great deal has been learned about imbalances in vasoconstrictor and vasodilator signals, e.g., angiotensin, endothelin, norepinephrine, and nitric oxide, that regulate vascular tone in normal and disease contexts. In contrast there has been limited study of how the phenotypic state of the vascular smooth muscle cell may influence the contractile response to these signaling pathways dependent upon the developmental, tissue-specific (vascular bed) or disease context. Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle lineages are traditionally classified into fast or slow sublineages based on rates of contraction and relaxation, recognizing that this simple dichotomy vastly underrepresents muscle phenotypic diversity. A great deal has been learned about developmental specification of the striated muscle sublineages and their phenotypic interconversions in the mature animal under the control of mechanical load, neural input, and hormones. In contrast there has been relatively limited study of smooth muscle contractile phenotypic diversity. This is surprising given the number of diseases in which smooth muscle contractile dysfunction plays a key role. This review focuses on smooth muscle contractile phenotypic diversity in the vascular system, how it is generated, and how it may determine vascular function in developmental and disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Fisher
- Department of Medicine, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7290, USA.
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26
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Le Guen L, Notarnicola C, de Santa Barbara P. Intermuscular tendons are essential for the development of vertebrate stomach. Development 2009; 136:791-801. [PMID: 19176584 DOI: 10.1242/dev.029942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility is ensured by the correct coordination of the enteric nervous system and the visceral smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and defective development of SMCs results in gut malformations and intestinal obstructions. In order to identify the molecular mechanisms that control the differentiation of the visceral mesenchyme into SMCs in the vertebrate stomach, we developed microarrays to analyze the gene expression profiles of undifferentiated and differentiated avian stomachs. We identify Scleraxis, a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor, as a new marker of stomach mesenchyme and find that expression of Scleraxis defines the presence of two tendons closely associated to the two visceral smooth muscles. Using targeted gene misexpression, we show that FGF signaling is sufficient to induce Scleraxis expression and to establish two tendon domains adjacent to the smooth muscle structures. We also demonstrate that the tendon organization is perturbed by altering Scleraxis expression or function. Moreover, using primary cells derived from stomach mesenchyme, we find that undifferentiated stomach mesenchyme can give rise to both SMCs and tendon cells. These data show that upon FGF activation, selected stomach mesenchymal cells are primed to express Scleraxis and to differentiate into tendon cells. Our findings identify a new anatomical and functional domain in the vertebrate stomach that we characterize as being two intermuscular tendons closely associated with the visceral SMC structures. We also demonstrate that the coordinated development of both tendon and smooth muscle domains is essential for the correct morphogenesis of the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Le Guen
- INSERM ERI 25, Muscle and Pathologies, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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27
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Olden T, Akhtar T, Beckman SA, Wallace KN. Differentiation of the zebrafish enteric nervous system and intestinal smooth muscle. Genesis 2008; 46:484-98. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Chi JT, Rodriguez EH, Wang Z, Nuyten DSA, Mukherjee S, van de Rijn M, van de Vijver MJ, Hastie T, Brown PO. Gene expression programs of human smooth muscle cells: tissue-specific differentiation and prognostic significance in breast cancers. PLoS Genet 2007; 3:1770-84. [PMID: 17907811 PMCID: PMC1994710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle is present in a wide variety of anatomical locations, such as blood vessels, various visceral organs, and hair follicles. Contraction of smooth muscle is central to functions as diverse as peristalsis, urination, respiration, and the maintenance of vascular tone. Despite the varied physiological roles of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), we possess only a limited knowledge of the heterogeneity underlying their functional and anatomic specializations. As a step toward understanding the intrinsic differences between SMCs from different anatomical locations, we used DNA microarrays to profile global gene expression patterns in 36 SMC samples from various tissues after propagation under defined conditions in cell culture. Significant variations were found between the cells isolated from blood vessels, bronchi, and visceral organs. Furthermore, pervasive differences were noted within the visceral organ subgroups that appear to reflect the distinct molecular pathways essential for organogenesis as well as those involved in organ-specific contractile and physiological properties. Finally, we sought to understand how this diversity may contribute to SMC-involving pathology. We found that a gene expression signature of the responses of vascular SMCs to serum exposure is associated with a significantly poorer prognosis in human cancers, potentially linking vascular injury response to tumor progression.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Bronchi/cytology
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA, Complementary
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genes, Homeobox
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Tsan Chi
- The Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Edwin H Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Dimitry S. A Nuyten
- Diagnostic Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sayan Mukherjee
- The Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Institute of Statistics and Decision Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matt van de Rijn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Marc J. van de Vijver
- Diagnostic Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor Hastie
- Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick O Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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29
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Georgijevic S, Subramanian Y, Rollins EL, Starovic-Subota O, Tang ACY, Childs SJ. Spatiotemporal expression of smooth muscle markers in developing zebrafish gut. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:1623-32. [PMID: 17474123 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle is important for the contractility and elasticity of visceral organs. The zebrafish is an excellent model for understanding embryonic development, yet due to a lack of appropriate markers, visceral smooth muscle development remains poorly characterized. Here, we develop markers and trace the development of gut and swim bladder smooth muscle in embryonic and juvenile fish. The first smooth muscle marker we detect in the vicinity of the gut is the myoblast marker nonmuscle myosin heavy chain-b at 50 hours postfertilization (hpf), followed by the early smooth muscle markers SM22alpha-b, and alpha-smooth muscle actin at 56 and 60 hpf, respectively. Markers of more differentiated smooth muscle, smoothelin-b and cpi-17, appear by 3 days postfertilization (dpf). Tropomyosin, a relatively late marker, is first expressed at 4 dpf. We find that smooth muscle marker expression in the swim bladder follows the same sequence of marker expression as the gut, but markers have a temporal delay reflecting the later formation of swim bladder smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Georgijevic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Smooth Muscle Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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30
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Wallace AS, Burns AJ. Development of the enteric nervous system, smooth muscle and interstitial cells of Cajal in the human gastrointestinal tract. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 319:367-82. [PMID: 15672264 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-1023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The generation of functional neuromuscular activity within the pre-natal gastrointestinal tract requires the coordinated development of enteric neurons and glial cells, concentric layers of smooth muscle and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). We investigated the genesis of these different cell types in human embryonic and fetal gut material ranging from weeks 4-14. Neural crest cells (NCC), labelled with antibodies against the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR, entered the foregut at week 4, and migrated rostrocaudally to reach the terminal hindgut by week 7. Initially, these cells were loosely distributed throughout the gut mesenchyme but later coalesced to form ganglia along a rostrocaudal gradient of maturation; the myenteric plexus developed primarily in the foregut, then in the midgut, and finally in the hindgut. The submucosal plexus formed approximately 2-3 weeks after the myenteric plexus, arising from cells that migrated centripetally through the circular muscle layer from the myenteric region. Smooth muscle differentiation, as evidenced by the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, followed NCC colonization of the gut within a few weeks. Gut smooth muscle also matured in a rostrocaudal direction, with a large band of alpha-smooth muscle actin being present in the oesophagus at week 8 and in the hindgut by week 11. Circular muscle developed prior to longitudinal muscle in the intestine and colon. ICC emerged from the developing gut mesenchyme at week 9 to surround and closely appose the myenteric ganglia by week 11. By week 14, the intestine was invested with neural cells, longitudinal, circular and muscularis mucosae muscle layers, and an ICC network, giving the fetal gut a mature appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Wallace
- Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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