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Cunha Â, Bartolomeu F, Silva F, Trindade B, Carvalho Ó. Influence of Laser Parameters on the Texturing of 420 Stainless Steel. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8979. [PMID: 36556783 PMCID: PMC9783474 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel is widely used in the mould industry due to its high tensile strength, hardness, and corrosion properties. Another requirement concerning any material used for this type of application is high thermal conductivity to minimise the time between consecutive injection cycles. The surfaces of some parts of the mould may be textured and reinforced with a material with higher thermal conductivity to achieve this aim. The results of a detailed study on the texturing of annealed 420 stainless steel using a Nd:YVO4 fibre laser are presented in this work. The influence of the laser's processing parameters (laser power, scanning speed, number of passes, and line spacing) on the dimensions of the track, microstructure, and hardness of the modified surfaces was studied. Based on the continuity and dimensions of the machined grooves, several promising textures could be produced with laser power values from 5 to 30 W, scanning speeds of 500 to 2000 mm/s, 8 passes or more, and line spacings of 40 and 50 µm. High laser powers were responsible for the dissolution of chromium carbides in the laser tracks, the incorporation of chromium in austenite, and the consequent hardening of the microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Cunha
- CMEMS—Center for Microelectromechanical Systems, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Flávio Bartolomeu
- CMEMS—Center for Microelectromechanical Systems, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipe Silva
- CMEMS—Center for Microelectromechanical Systems, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bruno Trindade
- CEMMPRE—Center for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Óscar Carvalho
- CMEMS—Center for Microelectromechanical Systems, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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2
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Ilie ST, Faneca J, Zeimpekis I, Bucio TD, Grabska K, Hewak DW, Chong HMH, Gardes FY. Thermo-optic tuning of silicon nitride microring resonators with low loss non-volatile [Formula: see text] phase change material. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17815. [PMID: 36280699 PMCID: PMC9592623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21590-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new family of phase change material based on antimony has recently been explored for applications in near-IR tunable photonics due to its wide bandgap, manifested as broadband transparency from visible to NIR wavelengths. Here, we characterize [Formula: see text] optically and demonstrate the integration of this phase change material in a silicon nitride platform using a microring resonator that can be thermally tuned using the amorphous and crystalline states of the phase change material, achieving extinction ratios of up to 18 dB in the C-band. We extract the thermo-optic coefficient of the amorphous and crystalline states of the [Formula: see text] to be 3.4 x [Formula: see text] and 0.1 x 10[Formula: see text], respectively. Additionally, we detail the first observation of bi-directional shifting for permanent trimming of a non-volatile switch using continuous wave (CW) laser exposure ([Formula: see text] to 5.1 dBm) with a modulation in effective refractive index ranging from +5.23 x [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] x 10[Formula: see text]. This work experimentally verifies optical phase modifications and permanent trimming of [Formula: see text], enabling potential applications such as optically controlled memories and weights for neuromorphic architecture and high density switch matrix using a multi-layer PECVD based photonic integrated circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan T. Ilie
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Joaquin Faneca
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Ioannis Zeimpekis
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Thalía Domínguez Bucio
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Katarzyna Grabska
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Daniel W. Hewak
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Harold M. H. Chong
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Frederic Y. Gardes
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
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3
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Zhao W, Jiang Y, Yu W, Yu Z, Liu X. Wettability Controlled Surface for Energy Conversion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202906. [PMID: 35793418 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To achieve clean and high-efficiency utilization of renewable energy, functional surfaces with controllable and patternable wettability are becoming a fast-growing research focus. In this work, a laser scribing strategy to fabricate patterned graphene surfaces that are capable of energy conversion in different forms is demonstrated. Using the laser raster-scanning and vector-scanning modes, two distinct surface structures are constructed on polybenzoxazine substrate, yielding a superhydrophilic (LSHL) surface and superhydrophobic (LSHB) surface, respectively. Of particular note is that the unique hierarchical structure of LSHB surface has endowed it with quite a robust superwetting behaviors. Further profiting from the flexibility of the processing method, wettability patterns with spatially resolved LSHL and LSHB regions are designed, achieving the conversion of surface energy to liquid kinetic energy. This also offers a tractable approach to fabricate wettability-engineered devices that enable the directional, pumpless transport of water by capillary pressure gradient and the selective surface cooling via jet impingement. In addition, the LSHB surface demonstrates the high conversion of electric-to-thermal energy (222 °C cm2 W-1 ) and light-to-thermal energy (88%). Overall, the material system and processing method present a promising step forward to developing easy-fabricated graphene surfaces with spatially controlled wettability for efficient energy utilization and conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Ye Jiang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zeqi Yu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
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4
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Anastasiou A, Zacharaki EI, Tsakas A, Moustakas K, Alexandropoulos D. Laser fabrication and evaluation of holographic intrinsic physical unclonable functions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2891. [PMID: 35190557 PMCID: PMC8861088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are well established as the most powerful anticounterfeiting tool. Despite the merits of optical PUFs, widespread use is hindered by existing implementations that are complicated and expensive. On top, the overwhelming majority of optical PUFs refer to extrinsic implementations. Here we overcome these limitations to demonstrate for the first time strong intrinsic optical PUFs with exceptional security characteristics. In doing so, we use Computer-Generated Holograms (CGHs) as optical, intrinsic, and image-based PUFs. The required randomness is offered by the non-deterministic fabrication process achieved with industrial friendly, nanosecond pulsed fiber lasers. Adding to simplicity and low cost, the digital fingerprint is derived by a setup which is designed to be adjustable in a production line. In addition, we propose a novel signature encoding and authentication mechanism that exploits manifold learning techniques to efficiently differentiate data reconstruction-related variation from counterfeit attacks. The proposed method is applied experimentally on silver plates. The robustness of the fabricated intrinsic optical PUFs is evaluated over time. The results have shown exceptional values for robustness and a probability of cloning up to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$10^{-14}$$\end{document}10-14, which exceeds the standard acceptance rate in security applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggeliki Anastasiou
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Evangelia I Zacharaki
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Anastasios Tsakas
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Moustakas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
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Burns K, Bischoff B, Barr CM, Hattar K, Aitkaliyeva A. Photo-exfoliation of MoS 2quantum dots from nanosheets: an in situtransmission electron microscopy study. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 33:085601. [PMID: 34727536 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac357c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of transition metal dichalcogenide quantum dots (QDs) is complex and requires submerging powders in binary solvents and constant tuning of wavelength and pulsed frequency of light to achieve a desired reaction. Instead of liquid state photoexfoliation, we utilize infrared laser irradiation of free-standing MoS2flakes in transmission electron microscope (TEM) to achieve solid-state multi-level photoexfoliation of QDs. By investigating the steps involved in photochemical reaction between the surface of MoS2and the laser beam, we gain insight into each step of the photoexfoliation mechanism and observe high yield production of QDs, led by an inhomogeneous crystalline size distribution. Additionally, by using a laser with a lower energy than the indirect optical transition of bulk MoS2, we conclude that the underlying phenomena behind the photoexfoliation is from multi-photon absorption achieved at high optical outputs from the laser source. These findings provide an environmentally friendly synthesis method to fabricate QDs for potential applications in biomedicine, optoelectronics, and fluorescence sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kory Burns
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
- Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800 Albuquerque, NM 87185, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Bischoff
- Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800 Albuquerque, NM 87185, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States of America
| | - Christopher M Barr
- Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800 Albuquerque, NM 87185, United States of America
| | - Khalid Hattar
- Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800 Albuquerque, NM 87185, United States of America
| | - Assel Aitkaliyeva
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
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6
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Giorleo L, La Vecchia GM, Ceretti E. Nd:YVO 4 Laser Irradiation on Cr 3C 2-25(Ni20Cr) Coating Realized with High Velocity Oxy-Fuel Technology-Analysis of Surface Modification. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12121477. [PMID: 34945327 PMCID: PMC8707998 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) technique has been extensively used for the deposition of hard metal coatings. The main advantage of HVOF, compared to other thermal spray techniques, is its ability to accelerate the melted powder particles of the feedstock material to a relatively high velocity, leading to good adhesion and low porosity. To further improve the surface properties, a mechanical machining process is often needed; however, a key problem is that the high hardness of the coating makes the polishing process expensive (in terms of time and tool wear). Another approach to achieving surface modification is through interaction with a thermal source, such as a laser beam. In this research, the effects of laser scanning rate, scanning strategy, and number of loop cycles were investigated on an HVOF-coated surface. Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) was selected as the coating and Nd:YVO4 as the laser source. The results demonstrate the significance of the starting coating morphology and how the laser process parameters can be tuned to generate different types of modifications, ranging from polishing to texturing.
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7
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Zhao Y, Koizumi Y, Aoyagi K, Yamanaka K, Chiba A. Thermal properties of powder beds in energy absorption and heat transfer during additive manufacturing with electron beam. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Dave F, Ali MM, Sherlock R, Kandasami A, Tormey D. Laser Transmission Welding of Semi-Crystalline Polymers and Their Composites: A Critical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:675. [PMID: 33668125 PMCID: PMC7956557 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review provides an overview of the current status and future perspectives of one of the smart manufacturing techniques of Industry 4.0, laser transmission welding (LTW) of semi-crystalline (SC) polymers and their composites. It is one of the most versatile techniques used to join polymeric components with varying thickness and configuration using a laser source. This article focuses on various parameters and phenomena such as inter-diffusion and microstructural changes that occur due to the laser interaction with SC polymers (specifically polypropylene). The effect of carbon black (size, shape, structure, thermal conductivity, dispersion, distribution, etc.) in the laser absorptive part and nucleating agent in the laser transmissive part and its processing conditions impacting the weld strength is discussed in detail. Among the laser parameters, laser power, scanning speed and clamping pressure are considered to be the most critical. This review also highlights innovative ideas such as incorporating metal as an absorber in the laser absorptive part, hybrid carbon black, dual clamping device, and an increasing number of scans and patterns. Finally, there is presented an overview of the essential characterisation techniques that help to determine the weld quality. This review demonstrates that LTW has excellent potential in polymer joining applications and the challenges including the cost-effectiveness, innovative ideas to provide state-of-the-art design and fabrication of complex products in a wide range of applications. This work will be of keen interest to other researchers and practitioners who are involved in the welding of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foram Dave
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland; (F.D.); (M.M.A.)
- Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing (PEM) Centre, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland;
| | - Muhammad Mahmood Ali
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland; (F.D.); (M.M.A.)
- Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing (PEM) Centre, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland;
| | - Richard Sherlock
- Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing (PEM) Centre, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland;
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland
| | - Asokan Kandasami
- Materials Science Group, Inter-University Accelerator Centre, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India; or
| | - David Tormey
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland; (F.D.); (M.M.A.)
- Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing (PEM) Centre, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland;
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9
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Kosasih FU, Rakocevic L, Aernouts T, Poortmans J, Ducati C. Electron Microscopy Characterization of P3 Lines and Laser Scribing-Induced Perovskite Decomposition in Perovskite Solar Modules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:45646-45655. [PMID: 31663326 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid metal halide perovskites have emerged as a potential photovoltaic material for low-cost thin film solar cells due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. However, high efficiencies obtained with lab-scale cells are difficult to replicate in large modules. The upscaling process requires careful optimization of multiple steps, such as laser scribing, which divides a module into serially connected cells using a pulsed laser beam. In this work, we characterize the effect of laser scribing on the perovskite layer adjacent to a P3 scribe line using analytical scanning and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy techniques. We demonstrate that lateral flow of residual thermal energy from picosecond laser pulses decomposes the perovskite layer over extended length scales. We propose that the exact nature of the change in perovskite composition is determined by the presence of preexisting PbI2 grains and hence by the original perovskite formation reaction. Furthermore, we show that along the P3 lines, the indium tin oxide contact is also damaged by high-fluence pulses. Our results provide a deeper understanding on the interaction between laser pulses and perovskite solar modules, highlighting the need to minimize material damage by careful tuning of both laser parameters and the device fabrication procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Utama Kosasih
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road , Cambridge CB3 0FS , U.K
| | - Lucija Rakocevic
- Photovoltaics Department , imec, Thin Film PV Group , Kapeldreef 75 , 3001 Leuven , Belgium
- Departement Electrotechniek - ESAT , KU Leuven , 3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Tom Aernouts
- Photovoltaics Department , imec, Thin Film PV Group , Kapeldreef 75 , 3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Jef Poortmans
- Photovoltaics Department , imec, Thin Film PV Group , Kapeldreef 75 , 3001 Leuven , Belgium
- Departement Electrotechniek - ESAT , KU Leuven , 3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Caterina Ducati
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , 27 Charles Babbage Road , Cambridge CB3 0FS , U.K
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Ravi‐Kumar
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Benjamin Lies
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Hao Lyu
- College of Mathematics and Physics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Shandong China
| | - Hantang Qin
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA USA
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11
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A review of incorporating Nd:YAG laser cleaning principal in automotive industry. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Liu S, Yuen MC, White EL, Boley JW, Deng B, Cheng GJ, Kramer-Bottiglio R. Laser Sintering of Liquid Metal Nanoparticles for Scalable Manufacturing of Soft and Flexible Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:28232-28241. [PMID: 30045618 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soft, flexible, and stretchable electronics are needed to transmit power and information, and track dynamic poses in next-generation wearables, soft robots, and biocompatible devices. Liquid metal has emerged as a promising material for these applications due to its high conductivity and liquid phase state at room temperature; however, surface oxidation of liquid metal gives it unique behaviors that are often incompatible with scalable manufacturing techniques. This paper reports a rapid and scalable approach to fabricate soft and flexible electronics composed of liquid metal. Compared to other liquid metal patterning approaches, this approach has the advantages of compatibility with a variety of substrates, ease of scalability, and efficiency through automated processes. Nonconductive liquid metal nanoparticle films are sintered into electrically conductive patterns by use of a focused laser beam to rupture and ablate particle oxide shells, and allow their liquid metal cores to escape and coalesce. The laser sintering phenomenon is investigated through comparison with focused ion beam sintering and by studying the effects of thermal propagation in sintered films. The effects of laser fluence, nanoparticle size, film thickness, and substrate material on resistance of the sintered films are evaluated. Several devices are fabricated to demonstrate the electrical stability of laser-patterned liquid metal traces under flexing, multilayer circuits, and intricately patterned circuits. This work merges the precision, consistency, and speed of laser manufacturing with the material benefits of liquid conductors on elastic substrates to demonstrate decisive progress toward commercial-scale manufacturing of soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanliangzi Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Michelle C Yuen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca Kramer-Bottiglio
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
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13
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Palneedi H, Park JH, Maurya D, Peddigari M, Hwang GT, Annapureddy V, Kim JW, Choi JJ, Hahn BD, Priya S, Lee KJ, Ryu J. Laser Irradiation of Metal Oxide Films and Nanostructures: Applications and Advances. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705148. [PMID: 29411432 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advances in developing a diverse range of lasers have opened new avenues in material processing. Laser processing of materials involves their exposure to rapid and localized energy, which creates conditions of electronic and thermodynamic nonequilibrium. The laser-induced heat can be localized in space and time, enabling excellent control over the manipulation of materials. Metal oxides are of significant interest for applications ranging from microelectronics to medicine. Numerous studies have investigated the synthesis, manipulation, and patterning of metal oxide films and nanostructures. Besides providing a brief overview on the principles governing the laser-material interactions, here, the ongoing efforts in laser irradiation of metal oxide films and nanostructures for a variety of applications are reviewed. Latest advances in laser-assisted processing of metal oxides are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haribabu Palneedi
- Functional Ceramics Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Deepam Maurya
- Bio-inspired Materials and Devices Laboratory (BMDL), Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Mahesh Peddigari
- Functional Ceramics Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Tae Hwang
- Functional Ceramics Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jong-Woo Kim
- Functional Ceramics Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Jin Choi
- Functional Ceramics Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Dong Hahn
- Functional Ceramics Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashank Priya
- Bio-inspired Materials and Devices Laboratory (BMDL), Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Keon Jae Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Ryu
- Functional Ceramics Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
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14
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Baláž P, Žonda M, Carva K, Maldonado P, Oppeneer PM. Transport theory for femtosecond laser-induced spin-transfer torques. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:115801. [PMID: 29412190 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaad95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast demagnetization of magnetic layers pumped by a femtosecond laser pulse is accompanied by a nonthermal spin-polarized current of hot electrons. These spin currents are studied here theoretically in a spin valve with noncollinear magnetizations. To this end, we introduce an extended model of superdiffusive spin transport that enables the treatment of noncollinear magnetic configurations, and apply it to the perpendicular spin valve geometry. We show how spin-transfer torques arise due to this mechanism and calculate their action on the magnetization present, as well as how the latter depends on the thicknesses of the layers and other transport parameters. We demonstrate that there exists a certain optimum thickness of the out-of-plane magnetized spin-current polarizer such that the torque acting on the second magnetic layer is maximal. Moreover, we study the magnetization dynamics excited by the superdiffusive spin-transfer torque due to the flow of hot electrons employing the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. Thereby we show that a femtosecond laser pulse applied to one magnetic layer can excite small-angle precessions of the magnetization in the second magnetic layer. We compare our calculations with recent experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Baláž
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, CZ-121 16 Prague, Czechia
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15
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Hamza S, Ignaszak A, Kiani A. Synthesis of Electrical Conductive Silica Nanofiber/Gold Nanoparticle Composite by Laser Pulses and Sputtering Technique. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:432. [PMID: 28673052 PMCID: PMC5493603 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible-sensing materials hold an important role in biomedical applications where there is a need to translate biological responses into electrical signals. Increasing the biocompatibility of these sensing devices generally causes a reduction in the overall conductivity due to the processing techniques. Silicon is becoming a more feasible and available option for use in these applications due to its semiconductor properties and availability. When processed to be porous, it has shown promising biocompatibility; however, a reduction in its conductivity is caused by its oxidization. To overcome this, gold embedding through sputtering techniques are proposed in this research as a means of controlling and further imparting electrical properties to laser induced silicon oxide nanofibers. Single crystalline silicon wafers were laser processed using an Nd:YAG pulsed nanosecond laser system at different laser parameters before undergoing gold sputtering. Controlling the scanning parameters (e.g., smaller line spacings) was found to induce the formation of nanofibrous structures, whose diameters grew with increasing overlaps (number of laser beam scanning through the same path). At larger line spacings, nano and microparticle formation was observed. Overlap (OL) increases led to higher light absorbance's by the wafers. The gold sputtered samples resulted in greater conductivities at higher gold concentrations, especially in samples with smaller fiber sizes. Overall, these findings show promising results for the future of silicon as a semiconductor and a biocompatible material for its use and development in the improvement of sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hamza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Silicon Hall: Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Facility, University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Anna Ignaszak
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Amirkianoosh Kiani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Silicon Hall: Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Facility, University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada.
- Department of Automotive, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), Oshawa, ON, Canada.
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16
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Pendurthi A, Movafaghi S, Wang W, Shadman S, Yalin AP, Kota AK. Fabrication of Nanostructured Omniphobic and Superomniphobic Surfaces with Inexpensive CO 2 Laser Engraver. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:25656-25661. [PMID: 28731320 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Superomniphobic surfaces (i.e., surfaces that are extremely repellent to both high surface tension liquids like water and low surface tension liquid like oils) can be fabricated through a combination of surface chemistry that imparts low solid surface energy with a re-entrant surface texture. Recently, surface texturing with lasers has received significant attention because laser texturing is scalable, solvent-free, and can produce a monolithic texture on virtually any material. In this work, we fabricated nanostructured omniphobic and superomniphobic surfaces with a variety of materials using a simple, inexpensive and commercially available CO2 laser engraver. Further, we demonstrated that the nanostructured omniphobic and superomniphobic surfaces fabricated using our laser texturing technique can be used to design patterned surfaces, surfaces with discrete domains of the desired wettability, and on-surface microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anudeep Pendurthi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Sanli Movafaghi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Soran Shadman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Azer P Yalin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Arun K Kota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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17
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Yazdi AZ, Navas IO, Abouelmagd A, Sundararaj U. Direct Creation of Highly Conductive Laser-Induced Graphene Nanocomposites from Polymer Blends. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [PMID: 28675656 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current state-of-the-art mixing strategies of nanoparticles with insulating polymeric components have only partially utilized the unique electrical conductivity of graphene in nanocomposite systems. Herein, this paper reports a nonmixing method of direct creation of polymer/graphene nanocomposites from polymer blends via laser irradiation. Polycarbonate-laser-induced graphene (PC-LIG) nanocomposite is produced from a PC/polyetherimide (PC/PEI) blend after exposure to commercially available laser scribing with a power of ≈6 W and a speed of ≈2 cm s-1 . Extremely high electrical conductivities are obtained for the PC-LIG nanocomposites, ranging from 26 to 400 S m-1 , depending on the vol% of the starting PEI phase in the blend. To the authors' knowledge, these conductivity values are at least one order of magnitude higher than the values that are previously reported for conductive polymer/graphene nanocomposites prepared via mixing strategies. The comprehensive microscopy and spectroscopy characterizations reveal a complete graphitization of the PEI phase with columnar microstructure embedded in the PC phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Zehtab Yazdi
- Polymer Processing Group, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary 2500, University Dr, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Ivonne Otero Navas
- Polymer Processing Group, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary 2500, University Dr, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Ahmed Abouelmagd
- Polymer Processing Group, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary 2500, University Dr, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Uttandaraman Sundararaj
- Polymer Processing Group, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary 2500, University Dr, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N1N4, Canada
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18
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Camacho JJ, Diaz L, Marin-Roldan A, Moncayo S, Caceres JO. Plume Dynamics of Laser-Produced Swine Muscle Tissue Plasma. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 70:1228-1238. [PMID: 27301327 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816652366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the plume dynamics of the plasma induced by laser ablation of a swine skeletal muscle tissue sample in different vacuum conditions. Pulses from a transversely excited atmospheric CO2 laser were focused onto a target sample and the induced plasma was allowed to expand in different air pressures. The expansion features were studied using fast photography of the overall visible emission by using a gated intensified charged coupled device. Free expansion and plume splitting were observed at different pressure levels. The expansion of the plasma plume front was analyzed using various expansion models and the velocity of the plume front was estimated. The effect of the number of accumulated laser shots on the crater volume at different ambient air pressures and an elemental analysis of the sample were performed using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The surface morphology of the irradiated surface showed that increasing the pressure of the ambient gas decreased the ablated mass, or in other words it reduced significantly the laser-target coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin J Camacho
- Department of Applied Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Diaz
- Institute of the Structure of Matter, CFMAC, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Marin-Roldan
- Department of Analytic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel Moncayo
- Department of Analytic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge O Caceres
- Department of Analytic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Hihath S, Santala MK, Cen X, Campbell G, van Benthem K. High speed direct imaging of thin metal film ablation by movie-mode dynamic transmission electron microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23046. [PMID: 26965073 PMCID: PMC4786820 DOI: 10.1038/srep23046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obliteration of matter by pulsed laser beams is not only prevalent in science fiction movies, but finds numerous technological applications ranging from additive manufacturing over machining of micro- and nanostructured features to health care. Pulse lengths ranging from femtoseconds to nanoseconds are utilized at varying laser beam energies and pulse lengths, and enable the removal of nanometric volumes of material. While the mechanisms for removal of material by laser irradiation, i.e., laser ablation, are well understood on the micrometer length scale, it was previously impossible to directly observe obliteration processes on smaller scales due to experimental limitations for the combination of nanometer spatial and nanosecond temporal resolution. Here, we report the direct observation of metal thin film ablation from a solid substrate through dynamic transmission electron microscopy. Quantitative analysis reveals liquid-phase dewetting of the thin-film, followed by hydrodynamic sputtering of nano- to submicron sized metal droplets. We discovered unexpected fracturing of the substrate due to evolving thermal stresses. This study confirms that hydrodynamic sputtering remains a valid mechanism for droplet expulsion on the nanoscale, while irradiation induced stress fields represent limit laser processing of nanostructured materials. Our results allow for improved safety during laser ablation in manufacturing and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Hihath
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Melissa K Santala
- Physical and Life Sciences Directory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Xi Cen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Geoffrey Campbell
- Physical and Life Sciences Directory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Klaus van Benthem
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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20
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Mallikarjuna K, Hwang HJ, Chung WH, Kim HS. Photonic welding of ultra-long copper nanowire network for flexible transparent electrodes using white flash light sintering. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25548a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A schematic representation of the white flash light welding process of a percolated Cu NW network electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Mallikarjuna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 133-791
- South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
| | - Hyun-Jun Hwang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 133-791
- South Korea
| | - Wan-Ho Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 133-791
- South Korea
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 133-791
- South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
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21
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Chérif M, Loumena C, Jumel J, Kling R. Performance of Laser Surface Preparation of Ti6Al4 V. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2016.02.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Hallmann S, Glockner P, Daniel C, Seyda V, Emmelmann C. Manufacturing of Medical Implants by Combination of Selective Laser Melting and Laser Ablation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40516-015-0010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Martín-Fabiani I, Rebollar E, García-Gutiérrez MC, Rueda DR, Castillejo M, Ezquerra TA. Mapping the structural order of laser-induced periodic surface structures in thin polymer films by microfocus beam grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:3162-3169. [PMID: 25606717 DOI: 10.1021/am5074968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present an accurate mapping of the structural order of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) in spin-coated thin polymer films, via a microfocus beam grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (μGISAXS) scan, GISAXS modeling, and atomic force microscopy imaging all along the scanned area. This combined study has allowed the evaluation of the effects on LIPSS formation due to nonhomogeneous spatial distribution of the laser pulse energy, mapping with micrometric resolution the evolution of the period and degree of structural order of LIPSS across the laser beam diameter in a direction perpendicular to the polarization vector. The experiments presented go one step further toward controlling nanostructure formation in LIPSS through a deep understanding of the parameters that influence this process.
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24
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Van HH, Badura K, Zhang M. Laser-induced transformation of freestanding carbon nanotubes into graphene nanoribbons. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) were successfully produced by using a laser to transform the tubular structure of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hoang Van
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department
- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering
- Tallahassee
- USA
- High-Performance Materials Institute
| | - Kaelyn Badura
- High-Performance Materials Institute
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - Mei Zhang
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department
- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering
- Tallahassee
- USA
- High-Performance Materials Institute
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25
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O’Malley SM, Amin M, Borchert J, Jimenez R, Steiner M, Fitz-Gerald JM, Bubb DM. Formation of rubrene nanocrystals by laser ablation in liquids utilizing MAPLE deposited thin films. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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