1
|
Cheek NN, Murray J. Why Do People Think Individuals in Poverty Are Less Vulnerable to Harm?: Testing the Role of Intuitions About Adaptation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023:1461672231202756. [PMID: 37864475 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231202756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
People often falsely believe that individuals from low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds are less harmed than those from higher SES backgrounds by a wide range of negative events. We report three studies (total N = 1,625) that provide evidence that this "thick skin bias" emerges at least in part because people overgeneralize otherwise accurate intuitions about adaptation. Across studies, participants accurately intuited that people adapt to psychophysical experiences (e.g., brightness, weight, and volume) but also inaccurately intuited that people similarly adapt to life hardships that actually tend to exacerbate the harm of future negative events. Experimentally decreasing the salience of psychophysical adaptation intuitions reduced the thick skin bias, suggesting a causal link between these adaptation intuitions and the belief that people in poverty are less vulnerable to harm and underlining the importance of studying how biased beliefs about the effects of poverty may perpetuate inequality.
Collapse
|
2
|
Erving CL, Smith MV. Disrupting Monolithic Thinking about Black Women and Their Mental Health: Does Stress Exposure Explain Intersectional Ethnic, Nativity, and Socioeconomic Differences? SOCIAL PROBLEMS 2022; 69:1046-1067. [PMID: 38322714 PMCID: PMC10846882 DOI: 10.1093/socpro/spab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Guided by the intersectionality framework and social stress theory, this study provides a sociological analysis of Black women's psychological health. Using data from the National Survey of American Life (N=2972), we first examine U.S. Black women's psychological health through the intersections of their ethnicity, nativity, and socioeconomic status. Next, we assess the extent to which stress exposure (e.g., discrimination, financial strain, and negative interactions with family members) explains any discovered status differences in psychological health among Black women. Results reveal that foreign-born Afro-Caribbean women living in the United States experience a mental health advantage vis-á-vis their U.S.-born African American female counterparts. In addition, college-educated African American women experience fewer depressive symptoms but similar rates of lifetime PTSD relative to African American women without a college education. Last, though stress exposure was associated with poor mental health, it did not explain status differences in mental health. Overall, this study reveals that Black women, despite shared gendered and racialized oppression, are not a monolithic group, varying along other dimensions of stratification. The results suggest that other stress exposures and psychological resources should be explored in future work examining status differences in mental health among Black women.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim JW. Different roles of social participation in socioeconomic disparities in depressive symptoms of Koreans across age groups. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-021-01556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
4
|
Kilian VL, de Velde Sarah V. An examination of the medicalization and pharmaceuticalization processes of anxiety and depressive disorders in Belgium between 2004 and 2013: how may both disorders be intertwined? Arch Public Health 2022; 80:191. [PMID: 35971128 PMCID: PMC9377052 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-022-00943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
While medicalization and pharmaceuticalization trends of feelings of anxiety and depression have been described in great detail, an empirical examination of these trends is to date lacking. The current study fills this gap in the literature by mapping the use of psychotropic medicines for feelings of anxiety and depression between 2004 and 2013 in Belgium, as well as by examining whether a social gradient might act as a mediator.
Methods
We analyzed data from three repeated cross-sectional waves (2004, 2008, and 2013) of the Belgian National Health Interview Survey (HIS). Multinomial logistic regression was applied to estimate odds in psychotropic drugs use over the observed period.
Results
Using an ideal-typical distinction between traditional anxiety drugs (psycholeptics) and depression drugs (psychoanaleptics), we found that treatment methods for feelings of anxiety and depression were converging. Persons having feelings of anxiety consumed less psycholeptic drugs, in favor of psychoanaleptic drugs throughout the observed period. Moreover, these results were partially mediated by educational level. Persons with higher education were less likely to consume psychotropic drugs than those with lower education, suggesting a trend of demedicalization for feelings of anxiety and depression.
Limitations
Our study observes a limited period, makes use of an ideal typical distinction between psycholeptic and psychoanaleptic drugs, and measurements may be biased by response-bias due to psychotropic drugs use.
Conclusion
Our study shows that psycholeptics increasingly give way to psychoanaleptics in the treatment of both anxiety and depression, despite several scientists calling their effectiveness for both disorders into question.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang W, Chen X. Does ’class count’? The evolution of health inequalities by social class in early 21st century China (2002–2013). CRITICAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2022.2077700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- School of Marxism, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- School of Labor and Human Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Silverman AL, Teachman BA. The relationship between access to mental health resources and use of preferred effective mental health treatment. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:1020-1045. [PMID: 34993965 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined whether variables related to unequal access to mental health resources (including Black and Latinx racial-ethnic group membership, lower education level, and lower number of community-level treatment providers, and facilities) were associated with current mental health treatment use; and, whether these variables moderated the likelihood that individuals would receive their preferred effective treatment. METHODS In a preregistered (osf.io/z28wr) study, 5626 individuals completed a mental health history form and measures of implicit and explicit beliefs about the effectiveness of therapy versus medication. RESULTS Individuals with more (vs. less) education were more likely to report current treatment use. Individuals who were Black/Latinx (vs. non-Latinx White) or who lived in a community with fewer (vs. more) providers sometimes had a lower probability of accessing preferred effective treatment, though results varied across implicit and explicit measures. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the need to increase access to mental health resources among marginalized groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bethany A Teachman
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sendroiu I, Upenieks L, Schafer MH. The Divergent Mental Health Effects of Dashed Expectations and Unfulfilled Aspirations: Evidence from American Lawyers’ Careers. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/01902725211045024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable work has shown that optimistic future orientations can be a resource for resilience across individuals’ lives. At the same time, research has shown little downside to “shooting for the stars” and failing. Here, we bring these competing insights to the study of lawyers’ careers, investigating the relationship between mental health and failure in achieving desired career advancement. To do this, we differentiate between expectations and aspirations for the future, a conceptual distinction that has been much theorized but little tested. Using longitudinal data, we show that dashed expectations of making partner are associated with depreciated mental health outcomes, whereas a similar relationship does not exist for unfulfilled aspirations. We conclude that inasmuch as expectations are more deeply rooted in an individual’s realistic sense of their future self, failing to achieve what is expected is more psychologically damaging than failing to achieve what is simply aspired. Our findings contrast with studies of younger people that demonstrate fewer consequences for unfulfilled future orientations, and so we highlight the importance of specifying how particular future-oriented beliefs fit into distinct career and life course trajectories, for better or for worse. In the process, we contribute to the academic literatures on future orientations, work, and mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Sendroiu
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
van Doorn M, Popma A, van Amelsvoort T, McEnery C, Gleeson JF, Ory FG, M. W. M. J, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Nieman DH. ENgage YOung people earlY (ENYOY): a mixed-method study design for a digital transdiagnostic clinical - and peer- moderated treatment platform for youth with beginning mental health complaints in the Netherlands. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:368. [PMID: 34301213 PMCID: PMC8299169 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The onset of mental disorders typically occurs between the ages of 12 and 25, and the burden of mental health problems is the most consequential for this group. Indicated prevention interventions to target individuals with subclinical symptoms to prevent the transition to clinical levels of disorders, even leading to suicide, have shown to be effective. However, the threshold to seek help appears to be high. Digital interventions could offer a solution, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. This implementation study will investigate the digital indicated prevention intervention ENgage YOung people Early (ENYOY), the Dutch version of the original Moderated Online Social Therapy Platform (MOST+) from Australia. In addition, the relationship between stress biomarkers, symptoms and outcome measures of youth using the platform will be investigated in this study. METHODS The MOST+ platform will be adapted, translated and developed for the situation in the Netherlands in collaboration with a Youth Panel. A prospective cohort of 125 young people (16-25 years) with beginning mental health complaints will be on the platform and followed for a year, of which 10 participants will have an additional smart watch and 10 participants will be asked to provide feedback about the platform. Data will be collected at baseline and after 3, 6 and 12 months. Outcome measures are Psychological Distress assessed with the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), Social and occupational functioning (measures by the SOFAS), positive mental health indicators measured by the Positive Health Instrument, stress biomarkers with a smart-watch, website journeys of visitors, and feedback of youth about the platform. It will be a mixed-method study design, containing qualitative and quantitative measures. DISCUSSION This trial will specifically address young people with emerging mental health complaints, and offers a new approach for treatment in the Netherlands. Considering the waiting lists in (child and adolescent)-psychiatry and the increase in suicides among youth, early low-threshold and non-stigmatizing help to support young people with emerging psychiatric symptoms is of crucial importance. Moreover, this project aims to bridge the gap between child and adolescent and adult psychiatry. TRIAL REGISTRATION Netherlands Trial Register ID NL8966 , retrospectively registered on the 19th of October 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. van Doorn
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Popma
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T. van Amelsvoort
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C. McEnery
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.488501.0Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J. F. Gleeson
- grid.488501.0Orygen, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.411958.00000 0001 2194 1270Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - F. G. Ory
- Buurtzorg Jong, Almelo, The Netherlands
| | - Jaspers M. W. M.
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Alvarez-Jimenez
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ,grid.488501.0Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D. H. Nieman
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
van Doorn M, Nijhuis LA, Egeler MD, Daams JG, Popma A, van Amelsvoort T, McEnery C, Gleeson JF, Öry FG, Avis KA, Ruigt E, Jaspers MWM, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Nieman DH. Online Indicated Preventive Mental Health Interventions for Youth: A Scoping Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:580843. [PMID: 33995136 PMCID: PMC8116558 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.580843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Between the ages of 12 and 25 the onset of mental disorders typically occurs, and the burden of mental health problems is greatest for this group. Indicated preventive interventions to target individuals with subclinical symptoms to prevent the transition to clinical levels of disorders have gained considerable traction. However, the threshold to seek help appears to be high even when help is needed. Online interventions could offer a solution, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This scoping review will present an overview of the recent research of indicated online preventive interventions for youth (12-25 years) experiencing the early stages of mental health complaints with the aim of identifying the nature and extent of the research evidence. Methods: The 5-stage framework by Arksey and O'Malley was used. Academic literature published from 2013 onwards in printed or electronic format was included from Scopus, PsychINFO, and Ovid MEDLINE(R) ALL. Results: The search yielded 11,122 results, with the final selection resulting in inclusion of 30 articles for this review. In total, the articles included 4,950 participants. 26.7% of the selected articles focused on youth between 12 and 25 years. Of the articles 60% did not screen for, nor exclude participants with clinical levels of symptoms. Most studies used a common evidence-based therapy for the disorder-category targeted. More than half of the online interventions included some form of human support. Adherence levels ranged between 27.9 and 98%. The results indicate general effectiveness, usability and acceptability of online indicated preventive interventions. The most commonly used approach was CBT (n = 12 studies). Studies varied in their size, rigor of study, effectiveness and outcome measures. Online interventions with a combination of clinical and peer moderation (n = 3 studies) appear to result in the most stable and highest effect sizes. Conclusion: Online indicated preventive mental health interventions for youth with emerging mental health issues show promise in reducing various mental health complaints, and increasing positive mental health indicators such as well-being and resilience. Additionally, high levels of usability and acceptability were found. However, the included studies show important methodological shortcomings. Also, the research has mainly focused on specific diagnostic categories, meaning there is a lack of transdiagnostic approaches. Finally, clear definitions of- as well as instruments to measure- emerging or subclinical mental health symptoms in youth remain are missing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mees D. Egeler
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joost G. Daams
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arne Popma
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thérèse van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Carla McEnery
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John F. Gleeson
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre and School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ferko G. Öry
- Erasmus University College, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kate A. Avis
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emma Ruigt
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Minddistrict, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Mario Alvarez-Jimenez
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Olsson S, Hensing G, Burström B, Löve J. Unmet Need for Mental Healthcare in a Population Sample in Sweden: A Cross-Sectional Study of Inequalities Based on Gender, Education, and Country of Birth. Community Ment Health J 2021; 57:470-481. [PMID: 32617737 PMCID: PMC7904545 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-020-00668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigated if gender, education, and country of birth were associated with perceived need and unmet need for mental healthcare (i.e., refraining from seeking care, or perceiving care as insufficient when seeking it). Questionnaire and register data from 2008 were collected for 3987 individuals, aged 19-64 years, in a random population-based sample from western Sweden. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were used. Men were less likely to perceive a need for care than were women, even after adjusting for mental well-being. Men were also less likely to seek care and perceiving care as sufficient. People with secondary education were less likely to seek care than those with university education. There were no statistically significant differences based on country of birth. The observed gender and education-based inequalities increases our understanding of where interventions can be implemented. These inequalities in unmet need for mental healthcare should be targeted by the healthcare system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Olsson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 453, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Hensing
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 453, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Burström
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Löve
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 453, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mawani FN, Gunn V, O'Campo P, Anagnostou M, Muntaner C, Wanigaratne S, Perri M, Ziegler C, An A. COVID-19 Economic Response and Recovery: A Rapid Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 2021; 51:247-260. [PMID: 33733912 DOI: 10.1177/00207314211002785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This rapid scoping review of existing evidence and research gaps addressed the following question: what research evidence exists and what are the research gaps at global, regional, and national levels on interventions to protect jobs, small- and medium-sized enterprises, and formal/informal sector workers in socioeconomic response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic? The results are based on 79 publications deemed eligible for inclusion after the screening and prioritizing of 1,658 records. The findings are organized according to the 3 main categories of socioeconomic interventions-protecting jobs, enterprises, and workers-although the 3 are intertwined. Most results were derived from global-level gray literature with recommendations for interventions and implicit links to the sustainable development goals. Based on research gaps uncovered in the review, future implementation science research needs to focus on designing, implementing, evaluating, and scaling: effective evidence-based socioeconomic interventions; equity-focused, redistributive, and transformative interventions; comprehensive packages of complementary interventions; interventions to upend root causes of systemic social inequities; collaborative and participatory approaches; interventions that integrate environmental sustainability; and city-level interventions. Failing to consider the environmental dimensions of economic recovery is shortsighted and will ultimately exacerbate social inequities and poverty and undermine economic stability in the long term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah N Mawani
- 10071Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,10071Faculty of Environmental and Urban Change, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Virginia Gunn
- 10071Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Patricia O'Campo
- 10071Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,8430Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michelle Anagnostou
- 70379Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Carles Muntaner
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Canada.,8430Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Melissa Perri
- 10071Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,8430Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Angie An
- Bronfman Business Library, York University, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dennis AC. THOSE LEFT BEHIND: Socioeconomic Predictors and Social Mediators of Psychological Distress among Working-age African Americans in a Post-industrial City. DU BOIS REVIEW : SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ON RACE 2021; 18:119-151. [PMID: 34712354 PMCID: PMC8550544 DOI: 10.1017/s1742058x21000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While the socioeconomic status (SES)-psychological distress gradient is well-documented in the social science literature, less attention has been devoted to how this relationship varies within sociodemographic subgroups. I contribute to this small but growing literature by first examining the relationship between multiple dimensions of SES and two measures of psychological distress (depression and anxiety) among working-aged African Americans. I then test whether three social mediators explain the SES-psychological distress relationship, and whether gender modifies these associations and/or the social mediators that shape them. To address these aims, I analyze two waves of population-representative data from the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study (N=685). Data were collected between 2008 and 2010 in the wake of the Great Recession. I utilize structural equation modeling with latent variables to assess these relationships, and test indirect and conditional effects to detect the presence of mediation and/or moderation, respectively. Findings revealed associations between higher total household income and lower levels of depression/anxiety, as well as unemployment and increased depression/anxiety among working age African Americans. Furthermore, higher educational attainment was associated with reduced anxiety, but not depression, in this population. Gender moderated these findings such that unemployment was associated with higher levels of depression/anxiety among women but not men. I also found that trauma mediated the relationship between unemployment and depression/anxiety as well as educational attainment and anxiety. Gender, however, moderated the association between unemployment and depression/anxiety via traumatic events such that the relationship was stronger among women than men. Collectively, these findings contribute to our limited understanding of African Americans' mental health and underscore the importance of how both socioeconomic forces and life course experiences with traumatic events contribute to poor mental health among this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C Dennis
- Department of Sociology and Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lacey KK, Mouzon DM, Parnell RN, Laws T. Severe Intimate Partner Violence, Sources of Stress and the Mental Health of U.S. Black Women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:17-28. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.8215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Krim K. Lacey
- College of Arts, Sciences and Letters, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA
| | - Dawne M. Mouzon
- Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Regina N. Parnell
- Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Terri Laws
- College of Arts, Sciences and Letters, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Testing a somatization hypothesis to explain the Black-White depression paradox. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2019; 54:1255-1263. [PMID: 30982118 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidemiologic studies document a lower prevalence of major depression in Blacks than Whites in the United States. This is paradoxical from the perspective of social stress theory. A long-standing claim in the (clinical) literature is that Blacks express depression more somatically than Whites. If true, the diagnostic algorithm may undercount depression in Blacks, since the screening symptoms privilege the psychological rather than somatic dimensions of depression. We test hypotheses that (1) Blacks express depression more somatically than Whites which (2) reduces their likelihood of endorsing screening symptoms, thereby undercounting Blacks' depression and explaining the Black-White depression paradox. METHODS We use cross-sectional data collected in 1991-92 from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (n = 42,862) among Blacks and Whites endorsing at least one past-12-month depression symptom. We compare groups on depression somatization and test whether greater somatization in Blacks leads to lower endorsement of psychological screening symptoms, and therefore under-diagnosis. RESULTS Blacks have higher mean depression somatization scores than Whites (0.28, SE 0.04 vs. 0.15, SE 0.02), t(122) = - 2.15, p = 0.03. This difference is small and driven by Blacks' higher endorsement of 1 somatic symptom (weight/appetite change) and Whites' greater propensity to endorse psychological symptoms. However, Blacks have the same odds as Whites of endorsing screening symptoms, before and after adjusting for somatization. CONCLUSIONS We find minimal evidence that Blacks express depression more somatically than Whites. Furthermore, this small difference does not appear to inhibit endorsement of diagnostic depression screening symptoms among Blacks, and therefore does not resolve the Black-White depression paradox.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chantzaras AE, Yfantopoulos JN. Income-related health inequalities among the migrant and native-born populations in Greece during the economic crisis: a decomposition analysis. Eur J Public Health 2019; 28:24-31. [PMID: 30476092 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cky203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The economic crisis has induced detrimental socio-economic and health effects in Greece. This study aims to measure overall income-related health inequalities and examine their determinants, and to compare the respective within estimates for major subpopulations defined by citizenship (Greece, Albania, other countries) in Greece. Methods Data for 1332 cases were collected from a cross-sectional observational survey (MIGHEAL) conducted at a national level in 2016. Income-related inequalities in poor subjective health, limiting long-standing illness, elevated depressive symptoms and non-communicable diseases were measured with the standard and Erreygers concentration indices. Decomposition analysis identified key factors explaining the inequalities. Results Overall, significant inequalities favouring the better-off were established in all ill-health indicators, particularly in depression. Greek citizens were associated with consistent health inequalities, while, concerning the other groups, significant disparities were found only in depression for Albanians. Decomposition analyses identified socio-economic status, income in particular, as the main contributor to overall income-related health inequalities, followed by barriers to healthcare access, adverse family background and hazardous working conditions. Risk behaviours and discrimination were relatively less important, whereas area of residence was mainly reducing inequality. Citizens from Albania and other countries were found to be poorer, but with fewer health problems, hence, different citizenship decreased inequalities. Conclusion Socio-economic health inequalities in Greece can be mitigated by means of appropriate multi-sectorial policy interventions, by focussing primarily on the most socio-economically disadvantaged groups. The overall inequality-producing mechanisms and the different health needs of ethnic groups should be taken into account when formulating such policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios E Chantzaras
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, School of Economics and Political Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - John N Yfantopoulos
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, School of Economics and Political Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dilmaghani M. Importance of Religion or Spirituality and Mental Health in Canada. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2018; 57:120-135. [PMID: 28315988 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-017-0385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using the latest mental health cycle of the Canadian Community Health Survey (N = 20,868), this paper examines how the importance of religion or spirituality in one's life associates with mental health. Based on this question, the population is divided into three groups of high religiosity, average religiosity, and secularized. Secularized individuals are shown to have large deficits in all the psychological markers suggested to mediate the relationship between religiosity and mental health, compared to the two other groups. In spite of these deficits, the secularized and the highly religious are found almost equally more likely to rate their mental health as excellent, than the individuals with average religiosity. Interestingly, these two groups are also more likely to rate their mental health as poor. Considering the ability to deal with day-to-day demands and unexpected problems in life as the dependent variable yields comparable results. Various explanations are explored.
Collapse
|
17
|
Do racial patterns in psychological distress shed light on the Black-White depression paradox? A systematic review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:913-928. [PMID: 28555381 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Major epidemiologic studies in the US reveal a consistent "paradox" by which psychiatric outcomes such as major depressive disorder (MDD) are less prevalent among Blacks relative to Whites, despite greater exposure to social and economic stressors and worse physical health outcomes. A second paradox, which has received less attention and has never been systematically documented, is the discrepancy between these patterns and Black-White comparisons in psychological distress, which reveal consistently higher levels among Blacks. By systematically documenting the latter paradox, this paper seeks to inform efforts to explain the first paradox. METHODS We conduct a systematic review of the literature estimating the prevalence of MDD and levels of psychological distress in Blacks and Whites in the US. RESULTS The literature review yielded 34 articles reporting 54 relevant outcomes overall. Blacks have a lower prevalence of MDD in 8 of the 9 comparisons observed. In contrast, Blacks have higher levels of psychological distress (in terms of "high distress" and mean scores) than Whites in 42 of the 45 comparisons observed. Tests of statistical significance, where available, confirm this discrepant pattern. CONCLUSIONS A systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence supports the existence of a "double paradox" by which Blacks' lower prevalence of MDD relative to Whites' is inconsistent with both the expectations of social stress theory and with the empirical evidence regarding psychological distress. Efforts to resolve the Black-White depression paradox should account for the discordant distress results, which seem to favor artifactual explanations.
Collapse
|
18
|
Tømmerås T, Kjøbli J. Family Resources and Effects on Child Behavior Problem Interventions: A Cumulative Risk Approach. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2017; 26:2936-2947. [PMID: 28979086 PMCID: PMC5597683 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-017-0777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Family resources have been associated with health care inequality in general and with social gradients in treatment outcomes for children with behavior problems. However, there is limited evidence concerning cumulative risk-the accumulation of social and economic disadvantages in a family-and whether cumulative risk moderates the outcomes of evidence-based parent training interventions. We used data from two randomized controlled trials evaluating high-intensity (n = 137) and low-intensity (n = 216) versions of Parent Management Training-Oregon (PMTO) with a 50:50 allocation between participants receiving PMTO interventions or regular care. A nine-item family cumulative risk index tapping socioeconomic resources and parental health was constructed to assess the family's exposure to risk. Autoregressive structured equation models (SEM) were run to investigate whether cumulative risk moderated child behaviors at post-treatment and follow-up (6 months). Our results showed opposite social gradients for the treatment conditions: the children exposed to cumulative risk in a pooled sample of both PMTO groups displayed lower levels of behavior problems, whereas children with identical risk exposures who received regular care experienced more problems. Furthermore, our results indicated that the social gradients differed between PMTO interventions: children exposed to cumulative risk in the low-intensity (five sessions) Brief Parent Training fared equally well as their high-resource counterparts, whereas children exposed to cumulative risk in the high-intensity PMTO (12 sessions) experienced vastly better treatment effects. Providing evidence-based parent training seem to be an effective way to counteract health care inequality, and the more intensive PMTO treatment seemed to be a particularly effective way to help families with cumulative risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Truls Tømmerås
- Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development, P.O. Box 7053, Majorstuen, 0306 Oslo Norway
| | - John Kjøbli
- Regional Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway, P.O. Box 4623, Nydalen, 0405 Oslo Norway
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jenkins SR. Not Your Same Old Story: New Rules for Thematic Apperceptive Techniques (TATs). J Pers Assess 2017; 99:238-253. [PMID: 28379075 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2016.1248972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Stories told about pictures have been used for both research and clinical practice since the beginning of modern personality assessment. However, with the growing science-practice gap, these thematic apperceptive techniques (TATs) have been used differently in those 2 venues. Scientific validation is presumptively general, but clinical application is idiographic and situation-specific. A bridge is needed. The manualized human-scored narrative analysis systems discussed here are valuable scientist-practitioner tools, but they require a validation literature to support further research publication, maintain their role in clinical training, and justify clinicians' reimbursement by third-party payers. To facilitate wider understanding of manualized TAT methodologies, this article addresses long-standing criticisms of TAT reliability and proposes some strategic solutions to the measurement error problem for both researchers and clinicians, including analyzing person-situation interactions, purposeful situation sampling for within-storyteller comparisons, and uses of small samples. The new rules for TATs include conceptual and methodological standards that researchers should aim to meet and report, reviewers should apply to manuscripts, and clinical assessors can use to analyze their own data and justify third-party payment.
Collapse
|
20
|
Williams DT, Cheadle JE. Economic Hardship, Parents' Depression, and Relationship Distress among Couples With Young Children. SOCIETY AND MENTAL HEALTH 2016; 6:73-89. [PMID: 27942421 PMCID: PMC5144156 DOI: 10.1177/2156869315616258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study (N = 1,492 couples), we assessed stress, health selection, and couple-crossover hypotheses by examining (1) the bidirectional association between economic hardship and depressive symptoms one, three, and five years after the birth of a child; (2) the association between economic hardship and depressive symptoms on relationship distress for both parents; and (3) whether the associations vary by marital status. The results suggest a pernicious cycle for mothers after the birth of the child. Economic hardship increases depression, but maternal depression also increases economic hardship. These reinforcing mechanisms increase both mothers' and fathers' relationship distress. Taken together, policies aimed at strengthening couples' relationships should work in tandem with economic and mental health policies to reach optimal outcomes for couples with a young child. Effect patterns were generally consistent between married and cohabiting couples, with some variation in levels of statistical significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deadric T. Williams
- Corresponding Author: Deadric T. Williams, Minority
Health Disparities Initiative, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 210 Benton Hall,
Lincoln, NE 68588,
| | - Jacob E. Cheadle
- Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, University of
Nebraska-Lincoln
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lacey KK, Parnell R, Mouzon DM, Matusko N, Head D, Abelson JM, Jackson JS. The mental health of US Black women: the roles of social context and severe intimate partner violence. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008415. [PMID: 26482770 PMCID: PMC4611204 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Black women continue to have rates of mental health conditions that can be negative for their well-being. This study examined the contribution of social and contextual factors and severe physical intimate partner violence on the mental health of US Black women (African-American and Caribbean Black). SETTING Data were largely collected via in-person community interviews at participants' homes. PARTICIPANTS We studied 3277 African-American and Black Caribbean women from the 2001-2003 National Survey of American Life (NSAL), the largest and most complete sample of Blacks residing in the USA. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES Key outcomes included an array of psychiatric disorders based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). RESULTS Bivariate results revealed noticeably high rates of any anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, any substance disorder, alcohol abuse disorder, suicide ideation and attempts, and any overall mental disorder among African-American women relative to Caribbean Black women. Multiple social and contextual factors were associated with various mental disorders among both sets of Black women in multivariate models, with the most consistent associations found for severe physical intimate partner violence. Everyday discrimination was associated with anxiety disorders (95% AOR=2.08 CI 1.23 to 3.51), eating disorders (95% AOR=2.69 CI 1.38 to 5.22), and any disorder (95% AOR=2.18 CI 1.40 to 3.40), while neighbourhood drug problems contributed to mood (95% AOR=1.19 CI 1.04 to 1.36), substance disorders (95% AOR=1.37 CI 1.11 to 1.69) and any disorder (95% AOR=1.18 CI 1.03 to 1.34). CONCLUSIONS Severe physical intimate partner violence, discrimination, and to a lesser extent, neighbourhood problems are important predictors of Black women's health, findings that inform intervention and clinical services tailored to meet the needs of Black women from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krim K Lacey
- University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Program for Research on Black Americans, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Regina Parnell
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Dawne M Mouzon
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy & Institute for Health, Health Care Policy & Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Niki Matusko
- University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Doreen Head
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jamie M Abelson
- University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James S Jackson
- University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Muntaner C, Ng E, Prins SJ, Bones-Rocha K, Espelt A, Chung H. Social class and mental health: testing exploitation as a relational determinant of depression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 2015; 45:265-84. [PMID: 25813501 DOI: 10.1177/0020731414568508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study tests whether social class exploitation operates as a relational mechanism that generates mental health inequalities in the nursing home industry. We ask, does social class exploitation (i.e., the acquisition of economic benefits from the labor of those who are dominated) have a systematic and predictable impact on depression among nursing assistants? Using cross-sectional data from 868 nursing assistants employed in 50 nursing homes in three U.S. states, we measure social class exploitation as "ownership type" (private for-profit, private not-for-profit, and public) and "managerial domination" (labor relations violations, perceptions of labor-management conflict). Depression is assessed using the original and revised versions of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D and CESD-R). Using two-level logistic regressions, we find that private for-profit ownership and higher managerial domination are predictive of depression among nursing assistants even after adjustment for potential confounders and mediators. Our findings confirm the theoretical and empirical value of applying a social class approach to understanding how mental health inequalities are generated through exploitative mechanisms. Ownership type and managerial domination appear to affect depression through social relations that generate mental health inequalities through the process of acquiring profits, controlling production, supervising and monitoring labor, and enforcing disciplinary sanctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Muntaner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, and School of Health Policy & Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Suite 365, Hana Science Building, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Edwin Ng
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, and School of Health Policy & Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Suite 365, Hana Science Building, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Seth J Prins
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, and School of Health Policy & Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Suite 365, Hana Science Building, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Katia Bones-Rocha
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, and School of Health Policy & Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Suite 365, Hana Science Building, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Albert Espelt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, and School of Health Policy & Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Suite 365, Hana Science Building, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejoo Chung
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, and School of Health Policy & Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Suite 365, Hana Science Building, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Muntaner C, Ng E, Chung H, Prins SJ. Two decades of Neo-Marxist class analysis and health inequalities: A critical reconstruction. SOCIAL THEORY & HEALTH 2015; 13:267-287. [PMID: 26345311 PMCID: PMC4547054 DOI: 10.1057/sth.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most population health researchers conceptualize social class as a set of attributes and material conditions of life of individuals. The empiricist tradition of 'class as an individual attribute' equates class to an 'observation', precluding the investigation of unobservable social mechanisms. Another consequence of this view of social class is that it cannot be conceptualized, measured, or intervened upon at the meso- or macro levels, being reduced to a personal attribute. Thus, population health disciplines marginalize rich traditions in Marxist theory whereby 'class' is understood as a 'hidden' social mechanism such as exploitation. Yet Neo-Marxist social class has been used over the last two decades in population health research as a way of understanding how health inequalities are produced. The Neo-Marxist approach views social class in terms of class relations that give persons control over productive assets and the labour power of others (property and managerial relations). We critically appraise the contribution of the Neo-Marxist approach during the last two decades and suggest realist amendments to understand class effects on the social determinants of health and health outcomes. We argue that when social class is viewed as a social causal mechanism it can inform social change to reduce health inequalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Muntaner
- Bloomberg School of Nursing, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , 155 College Street, Suite 386, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1P8 ; Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University , Suite 365, Hana Science Building, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-713 Republic of Korea . E-mail:
| | - Edwin Ng
- Centre for Research on Inner City Health, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute , 209 Victoria Street, 3rd Floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1C6. E-mail:
| | - Haejoo Chung
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University , Suite 365, Hana Science Building, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-713 Republic of Korea . E-mail:
| | - Seth J Prins
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health , 722 West 168th Street, Suite #720C, New York, NY 10032, USA . E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
De Moortel D, Palència L, Artazcoz L, Borrell C, Vanroelen C. Neo-Marxian social class inequalities in the mental well-being of employed men and women: The role of European welfare regimes. Soc Sci Med 2015; 128:188-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
25
|
|
26
|
A Critical Approach to Macrosocial Determinants of Population Health: Engaging Scientific Realism and Incorporating Social Conflict. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40471-013-0002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|