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Transcriptome-based analysis of carotenoid accumulation-related gene expression in petals of Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa L.). 3 Biotech 2019; 9:274. [PMID: 31245238 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify genes associated with carotenoid accumulation in petals of Chinese cabbage, the composition and content of carotenoids were analyzed, and comparative transcriptome sequencing was performed between the yellow flower line, 92S105, and the orange flower line, 94C9. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that petals of 92S105 were high in violaxanthin as well as lutein, whereas petals of 94C9 showed considerable levels of lutein and β-carotene. Transcriptome analysis showed that 3534 and 3833 genes were up- and down-regulated in 94C9, respectively. Among these differentially expressed genes (DEGs), many related to carotenoid accumulation were identified, including 12 carotenoid biosynthesis pathway genes, 4 transcription factor genes, and 1028 specifically expressed genes. β-carotene hydroxylase 1 (BrBCH1), BrBCH2, zeaxanthin epoxidase (BrZEP), and MYB transcription factor gene (BrGAMYB) were down-regulated in petals of 94C9 when compared with petals of 92S105, which caused β-carotene accumulation and may lead to orange petal color in 94C9. Expression levels of 20 DEGs were verified by qPCR and the results were highly consistent with those of transcriptome sequencing. Moreover, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that membrane, binding, and metabolic processes were the most significantly enriched GO terms in cellular component, molecular function, and biological process ontologies, respectively. In conclusion, our study analyzed the differences in composition and content of carotenoids between 92S105 and 94C9 and identified potential candidate genes related to carotenoid accumulation in petals, thereby creating a solid foundation for future studies on the mechanism regulating carotenoid accumulation in petals of Chinese cabbage.
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Villalobo A, González-Muñoz M, Berchtold MW. Proteins with calmodulin-like domains: structures and functional roles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2299-2328. [PMID: 30877334 PMCID: PMC11105222 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of modular proteins is a widespread phenomenon during the evolution of proteins. The combinatorial arrangement of different functional and/or structural domains within a single polypeptide chain yields a wide variety of activities and regulatory properties to the modular proteins. In this review, we will discuss proteins, that in addition to their catalytic, transport, structure, localization or adaptor functions, also have segments resembling the helix-loop-helix EF-hand motifs found in Ca2+-binding proteins, such as calmodulin (CaM). These segments are denoted CaM-like domains (CaM-LDs) and play a regulatory role, making these CaM-like proteins sensitive to Ca2+ transients within the cell, and hence are able to transduce the Ca2+ signal leading to specific cellular responses. Importantly, this arrangement allows to this group of proteins direct regulation independent of other Ca2+-sensitive sensor/transducer proteins, such as CaM. In addition, this review also covers CaM-binding proteins, in which their CaM-binding site (CBS), in the absence of CaM, is proposed to interact with other segments of the same protein denoted CaM-like binding site (CLBS). CLBS are important regulatory motifs, acting either by keeping these CaM-binding proteins inactive in the absence of CaM, enhancing the stability of protein complexes and/or facilitating their dimerization via CBS/CLBS interaction. The existence of proteins containing CaM-LDs or CLBSs substantially adds to the enormous versatility and complexity of Ca2+/CaM signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Villalobo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Edificio IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María González-Muñoz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin W Berchtold
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Fedorowicz-Strońska O, Koczyk G, Kaczmarek M, Krajewski P, Sadowski J. Genome-wide identification, characterisation and expression profiles of calcium-dependent protein kinase genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). J Appl Genet 2016; 58:11-22. [PMID: 27447459 PMCID: PMC5243917 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-016-0357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In plant cells, calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are important sensors of Ca2+ flux resulting from various environmental stresses like cold, drought or salt stress. Previous genome sequence analysis and comparative studies in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) defined a multi-gene family of CDPKs. Here, we identified and characterised the CDPK gene complement of the model plant, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Comparative analysis encompassed phylogeny reconstruction based on newly available barley genome sequence, as well as established model genomes (e.g. O. sativa, A. thaliana, Brachypodium distachyon). Functional gene copies possessed characteristic CDPK domain architecture, including a serine/threonine kinase domain and four regulatory EF-hand motifs. In silico verification was followed by measurements of transcript abundance via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The relative expression of CDPK genes was determined in the vegetative growth stage under intensifying drought stress conditions. The majority of barley CDPK genes showed distinct changes in patterns of expression during exposure to stress. Our study constitutes evidence for involvement of the barley CDPK gene complement in signal transduction pathways relating to adaptation to drought. Our bioinformatics and transcriptomic analyses will provide an important foundation for further functional dissection of the barley CDPK gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Fedorowicz-Strońska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Koczyk
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kaczmarek
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Krajewski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Sadowski
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
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Pawełek A, Szmidt-Jaworska A, Świeżawska B, Jaworski K. Genomic structure and promoter characterization of the CDPK kinase gene expressed during seed formation in Pharbitis nil. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 189:87-96. [PMID: 26546919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CDPK kinases are a unique class of calcium sensor/responders that regulate many growth and developmental processes as well as stress responses of plants. PnCDPK1 kinase from Pharbitis nil is regulated by light and contributes to seed germination, seedling growth and flower formation. Following an earlier work in which we identified the PnCDPK1 coding sequence and a 330bp long 3'UTR (untranslated region), we present for the first time the genomic organization of PnCDPK1, including intron analysis and the gene copy number designation. We completed the research by identifying the 5'-flanking region of PnCDPK1 and analyzed it in silico, which led to the discovery of several cis-regulatory elements involved in light regulation, embryogenesis and seed development. The functional analysis of P. nil CDPK showed characterization of the PnCDPK1 transcript and PnCDPK protein level during seed formation and fruit maturation. The greatest amount of PnCDPK1 mRNA was present in the last stages of seed maturation. Moreover, two PnCDPK proteins of different molecular masses were discovered during fruit development, showing various protein accumulation and activity profile. The 56kDa protein dominated in the early stages of fruit development, whereas the smaller protein (52kDa) was prominent in the latter stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Pawełek
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Lwowska St. 1, PL 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| | - Adriana Szmidt-Jaworska
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Lwowska St. 1, PL 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Brygida Świeżawska
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Lwowska St. 1, PL 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jaworski
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Lwowska St. 1, PL 87-100 Torun, Poland
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5
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Ye S, Wang L, Xie W, Wan B, Li X, Lin Y. Expression profile of calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPKs) genes during the whole lifespan and under phytohormone treatment conditions in rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 70:311-25. [PMID: 19263224 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) control plant development and response to various stress environments through the important roles in the regulation of Ca(2+) signaling. Thirty-one CDPK genes have been identified in the rice genome by a complete search of the genome based upon HMM profiles. In this study, the expression of this gene family was analyzed using the Affymetrix rice genome array in three rice cultivars: Minghui 63, Zhenshan 97, and their hybrid Shanyou 63 independently. Twenty-seven tissues sampled throughout the entire rice life-span were studied, along with three hormone treatments (GA3, NAA and KT), applied to the seedling at the trefoil stage. All 31 genes were found to be expressed in at least one of the experimental stages studied and revealed diverse expression patterns. We identified differential expression of the OsCPK genes in the stamen (1 day before flowering), the panicle (at the heading stage), the endosperm (days after pollination) and also in callus, in all three cultivars. Eight genes, OsCPK2, OsCPK11, OsCPK14, OsCPK22, OsCPK25, OsCPK26, OsCPK27 and OsCPK29 were found dominantly expressed in the panicle and the stamen, and five genes, OsCPK6, OsCPK7, OsCPK12, OsCPK23 and OsCPK31 were up-regulated in the endosperm stage. The OsCPK genes were also found to be regulated in rice seedlings subjected to different hormone treatment conditions, however their expression were not the same for all varieties. These diverse expression profiles trigger the functional analysis of the CDPK family in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuifeng Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Cho K, Shibato J, Agrawal GK, Jung YH, Kubo A, Jwa NS, Tamogami S, Satoh K, Kikuchi S, Higashi T, Kimura S, Saji H, Tanaka Y, Iwahashi H, Masuo Y, Rakwal R. Integrated transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics analyses to survey ozone responses in the leaves of rice seedling. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:2980-98. [PMID: 18517257 DOI: 10.1021/pr800128q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ozone (O(3)), a serious air pollutant, is known to significantly reduce photosynthesis, growth, and yield and to cause foliar injury and senescence. Here, integrated transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics approaches were applied to investigate the molecular responses of O(3) in the leaves of 2-week-old rice (cv. Nipponbare) seedlings exposed to 0.2 ppm O(3) for a period of 24 h. On the basis of the morphological alteration of O(3)-exposed rice leaves, transcript profiling of rice genes was performed in leaves exposed for 1, 12, and 24 h using rice DNA microarray chip. A total of 1535 nonredundant genes showed altered expression of more than 5-fold over the control, representing 8 main functional categories. Genes involved in information storage and processing (10%) and cellular processing and signaling categories (24%) were highly represented within 1 h of O(3) treatment; transcriptional factor and signal transduction, respectively, were the main subcategories. Genes categorized into information storage and processing (17, 23%), cellular processing and signaling (20, 16%) and metabolism (18, 19%) were mainly regulated at 12 and 24 h; their main subcategories were ribosomal protein, post-translational modification, and signal transduction and secondary metabolites biosynthesis, respectively. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomics analyses in combination with tandem mass spectrometer identified 23 differentially expressed protein spots (21 nonredundant proteins) in leaves exposed to O(3) for 24 h compared to respective control. Identified proteins were found to be involved in cellular processing and signaling (32%), photosynthesis (19%), and defense (14%). Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic profiling revealed accumulation of amino acids, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutathione in O(3) exposed leaves until 24 h over control. This systematic survey showed that O(3) triggers a chain reaction of altered gene, protein and metabolite expressions involved in multiple cellular processes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwon Cho
- Environmental Biology Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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7
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Tsai TM, Chen YR, Kao TW, Tsay WS, Wu CP, Huang DD, Chen WH, Chang CC, Huang HJ. PaCDPK1, a gene encoding calcium-dependent protein kinase from orchid, Phalaenopsis amabilis, is induced by cold, wounding, and pathogen challenge. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:1899-908. [PMID: 17593367 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Signaling pathways, specifically calcium and calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK), have been implicated in the regulation of stress and developmental signals in plants. Here, we reported the isolation and characterization of an orchid, Phalaenopsis amabilis, CDPK gene, PaCDPK1, by using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR technique. The full length cDNA of 2,310 bp contained an open reading frame for PaCDPK1 consisting of 593 amino acid residues. Sequence alignment indicated that PaCDPK1 shared similarities with other plant CDPKs. PaCDPK1 transcripts were expressed strongly in labellum but not in leaves and roots. In addition, the PaCDPK1 gene was transcriptionally activated in response to low temperature, wounding, and pathogen infection. To identify the regulatory role of the PaCDPK1 promoter, a construct containing the PaCDPK1 promoter fused to a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene was transferred into Arabidopsis by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. GUS staining revealed that PaCDPK1/GUS expression was induced by cold, wounding, and pathogen challenge in leaves and stems of transgenic Arabidopsis. These results suggested that this PaCDPK1 gene promoter could be used as an endogenous promoter for biotechnological purposes in orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Mu Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Rd. 701, Tainan, 701, Taiwan, ROC
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Ray S, Agarwal P, Arora R, Kapoor S, Tyagi AK. Expression analysis of calcium-dependent protein kinase gene family during reproductive development and abiotic stress conditions in rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica). Mol Genet Genomics 2007; 278:493-505. [PMID: 17636330 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-007-0267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are important sensors of Ca(+2) flux in plants, which control plant development and responses by regulating downstream components of calcium signaling pathways. Availability of the whole genome sequence and microarray platform allows investigation of genome-wide organization and expression profile of CDPK genes in rice with a view to ultimately define their function in plant systems. Genome-wide analysis led to identification of 31 CDPK genes in rice after a thorough annotation exercise based upon HMM profiles. Twenty-nine already identified CDPK genes were verified and two new members were added to the CDPK gene family of rice. Relative expression of all these genes has been analyzed by using Affymetrix rice genome arraytrade mark during three vegetative stages, six stages of panicle (P1-P6) and five stages of seed (S1-S5) development along with three abiotic stress conditions, viz. cold, salt and desiccation, given to seedling. Thirty-one CDPK genes were found to express in at least one of the experimental stages studied. Of these, transcripts for twenty three genes accumulated differentially during reproductive developmental stages; nine of them were preferentially up-regulated only in panicle, five were up-regulated in stages of panicles as well as seed development, whereas, expression of one gene was found to be specific to the S1 stage of seed development. Eight genes were found to be down-regulated during the panicle and seed developmental stages. Six CDPK genes were found to be induced while the expression of one gene was down-regulated under stress conditions. The differential expression of CDPK genes during reproductive development and stress is suggestive of their involvement in the underlying signal transduction pathways. Furthermore, up-regulation of common genes both during reproductive development as well as stress responses is indicative of common element between reproduction and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swatismita Ray
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
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9
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Wan B, Lin Y, Mou T. Expression of rice Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) genes under different environmental stresses. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:1179-89. [PMID: 17336300 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) play an essential role in plant Ca(2+)-mediated signal transduction. Twenty-nine CDPK genes have been identified in the rice genome through a complete search of genome and full-length cDNA databases. Eight of them were reported previously to be inducible by different stress stimuli. Sequence comparison revealed that all 29 CDPK genes (OsCPK1-29) contain multiple stress-responsive cis-elements in the promoter region (1kb) upstream of genes. Analysis of the information extracted from the Rice Expression Database indicates that 11 of the CDPK genes are regulated by chilling temperature, dehydration, salt, rice blast infection and chitin treatment. RT-PCR and RNA gel blot hybridization were performed in this study to detect the expression 19 of the CDPK genes. Twelve CDPK genes exhibited cultivar- and tissue-specific expression; four CDPK genes (OsCPK6, OsCPK13, OsCPK17 and OsCPK25) were induced by chilling temperature, dehydration and salt stresses in the rice seedlings. While OsCPK13 (OsCDPK7) was already known to be inducible by chilling temperature and high salt, this is the first report that the other three genes are stress-regulated. OsCPK6 and OsCPK25 are up-regulated by dehydration and heat shock, respectively, while OsCPK17 is down-regulated by chilling temperature, dehydration and high salt stresses. Based on this evidence, rice CDPK genes may be important components in the signal transduction pathways for stress responses. Findings from this research are important for further dissecting mechanisms of stress response and functions of CDPK genes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingliang Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop, Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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10
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Vidal D, Gil MT, Alvarez-Flórez F, Moysset L, Simón E. Protein kinase activity in Cucumis sativus cotyledons: effect of calcium and light. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:438-45. [PMID: 17184798 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Light signals received by phytochromes in plants may be transduced through protein phosphorylation. Ca(2+) as second messenger was involved in phytochrome-mediated cellular events. Our experiments with Cucumis sativus cotyledons, treated with red (R) and far-red (FR) light, showed a stimulatory effect on in vitro protein phosphorylation of histone, added as exogenous substrate to the cotyledon extracts, and also modified the phosphorylation of endogenous polypeptides. The effect of light treatments was mimicked by the addition of Ca(2+) to the phosphorylation buffer, indicating phytochrome- and Ca(2+)-dependence on activity of some protein kinases (PKs). In-gel kinase assays were performed to characterize the PKs involved at the cotyledon stage of cucumber plants. Three proteins of about 75, 57 and 47kDa with PK activity were detected between M(r) markers of 94 and 45kDa. All three were able to phosphorylate histone and undergo autophosphorylation. However, only the 75 and 57kDa proteins autophosphorylated and phosphorylated the substrate in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, and were inhibited when calmodulin (CaM) antagonists were added to the incubation buffer. Western-blot analysis with polyclonal antibodies directed against calcium-dependent protein kinase of rice (OsCDPK11) or Arabidopsis (AtCPK2) recognised 57 and 75kDa polypeptides, respectively. These results indicate the presence in cucumber cotyledons of at least two proteins (ca. 75 and 57kDa) with activity of PKs that could be calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs). Both CDPKs could be modulated by phytochromes throughout FR-HIR and VLFR responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Vidal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Syam Prakash SR, Jayabaskaran C. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of two calcium-dependent protein kinase isoforms CaCPK1 and CaCPK2 from chickpea. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 163:1083-93. [PMID: 16765480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In plants, calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) constitute a unique family of enzymes consisting of a protein kinase catalytic domain fused to carboxy-terminal autoregulatory and calmodulin-like domains. We isolated two cDNAs encoding calcium-dependent protein kinase isoforms (CaCPK1 and CaCPK2) from chickpea. Both isoforms were expressed as fusion proteins in Escherichia coli. Biochemical analyses have identified CaCPK1 and CaCPK2 as Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinases since both enzymes phosphorylated themselves and histone III-S as substrate only in the presence of Ca(2+). The kinase activity of the recombinant enzymes was calmodulin independent and sensitive to CaM antagonists W7 [N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalene sulphonamide] and calmidazoilum. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that the isoforms transferred the gamma-phosphate of ATP only to serine residues of histone III-S and their autophosphorylation occurred on serine and threonine residues. These two isoforms showed considerable variations with respect to their biochemical and kinetic properties including Ca(2+) sensitivities. The recombinant CaCPK1 has a pH and temperature optimum of pH 6.8-8.6 and 35-42 degrees C, respectively, whereas CaCPK2 has a pH and temperature optimum of pH 7.2-9 and 35-42 degrees C, respectively. Taken together, our results suggest that CaCPK1 and CaCPK2 are functional serine/threonine kinases and may play different roles in Ca(2+)-mediated signaling in chickpea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Syam Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, India
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12
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Liu G, Chen J, Wang X. VfCPK1, a gene encoding calcium-dependent protein kinase from Vicia faba, is induced by drought and abscisic acid. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:2091-9. [PMID: 17081243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Calcium, one of the most ubiquitous second messengers, has been shown to be involved in a wide variety of responses in plants. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) (EC 2.7.1.37) are the predominant Ca(2+)-regulated serine/threonine protein kinase in plants and play an important role in plant calcium signal transduction. CDPKs are encoded by a large multigene family in many plants, which has been showed so far; however, the precise role of each specific CDPK is still largely unknown. A novel CDPK gene designated as VfCPK1 was cloned from epidermal peels of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) leaves using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR technique and its expression was studied in detail. The VfCPK1 cDNA is 1783 bp long and contains an open reading frame of 1482 bp encoding 493 amino acids. VfCPK1 contains all conserved regions found in CDPKs and shows a high level of sequence similarity to many other plant CDPKs. VfCPK1 was highly expressed in leaves, especially in leaf epidermal peels of broad bean in mRNA and protein levels. Expressions of VfCPK1 at both the mRNA and protein levels were increased in leaves treated with abscisic acid or subjected to drought stress. Potential roles of VfCPK1 in epidermal peels are discussed. The nucleotide sequence data reported here were deposited in the GenBank database under accession number AY753552.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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Lu B, Ding R, Zhang L, Yu X, Huang B, Chen W. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Calcium-dependent Protein Kinase Gene IiCPK2 Responsive to Polyploidy from Tetraploid Isatis indigotica. BMB Rep 2006; 39:607-17. [PMID: 17002882 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2006.39.5.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel calcium-dependent protein kinase gene (designated as IiCPK2) was cloned from tetraploid Isatis indigotica. The full-length cDNA of IiCPK2 was 2585 bp long with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1878 bp encoding a polypeptide of 625 amino acid residues. The predicted IiCPK2 polypeptide included three domains: a kinase domain, a junction domain (or autoinhibitory region), and a C-terminal calmodulin-like domain (or calcium-binding domain), which presented a typical structure of plant CDPKs. Further analysis of IiCPK2 genomic DNA revealed that it contained 7 exons, 6 introns and the length of most exons was highly conserved. Semi-quantitative RTPCR revealed that the expression of IiCPK2 in root, stem and leaf were much higher in tetraploid sample than that in diploid progenitor. Further expression analysis revealed that gibberellin (GA3), NaCl and cold treatments could upregulate the IiCPK2 transcription. All our findings suggest that IiCPK2 might participate in the cold, high salinity and GA3 responsive pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Lu
- Department of pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Morello L, Bardini M, Cricrì M, Sala F, Breviario D. Functional analysis of DNA sequences controlling the expression of the rice OsCDPK2 gene. PLANTA 2006; 223:479-91. [PMID: 16200411 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are involved in calcium-mediated signal transduction pathways. Their expression is finely tuned in different tissues and in response to specific signals, but the mechanism of such a regulation is still largely unknown. OsCDPK2 gene expression is modulated in vivo during rice (Oryza sativa L.) flower development and is downregulated by white light in leaves. In order to identify OsCDPK2 regulatory sequences, we amplified and cloned both the 5' and 3'-flanking regions of the gene. Sequence analysis revealed that the leader sequence is interrupted by an intron, whose regulatory role was investigated. Different ss-gucuronidase (GUS) expression vectors, carrying combinations of the putative OsCDPK2 regulatory regions, were generated and GUS expression was analyzed both in transient assays and in transgenic rice plants. The whole 5'-flanking sequence was able to drive GUS expression in rice calli and leaves transiently transformed with the biolistic technique. Analysis of the GUS expression pattern in transgenic plants revealed strong activity in root tips, leaf veins and mesophyll cells, in flower reproductive organs and in mature pollen grains. Expression was also shown to be subject to an intron-mediated enhancement (IME) mechanism, since the deletion of the leader intron sequence from chimeric OsCDPK2::GUS plasmids almost completely abolished GUS activity. Furthermore, in transiently transformed leaves, GUS expression driven by the OsCDPK2 promoter-leader region was constitutively observed regardless of light or dark exposure. Light-regulated expression was restored by inserting the OsCDPK2 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) downstream of the chimeric OsCDPK2::GUS transcription unit, suggesting that light down-regulation is mediated by a mechanism driven by the 3'UTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morello
- Istituto Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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15
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Zhang T, Wang Q, Chen X, Tian C, Wang X, Xing T, Li Y, Wang Y. Cloning and biochemical properties of CDPK gene OsCDPK14 from rice. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 162:1149-59. [PMID: 16255173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A rice CDPK gene, OsCDPK14 (AY144497), was cloned from developing caryopses of rice (Oryza sativa cv. Zhonghua 15). Its cDNA sequence (1922 bp) contains an ORF encoding a 514 amino acids protein (56.7kD, pl 5.18). OsCDPK14 shows the typical structural features of the CDPK family, including a conserved catalytic Ser/Thr kinase domain, an autoinhibitory domain and a CaM-like domain with four putative Ca2+-binding EF hands. Subcellular targeting indicated that OsCDPK14 was located in the cytoplasm, probably due to the absence of myristoylation and palmitoylation motifs. OsCDPK14 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified from bacterial extracts. The recombinant protein was shown to be a functional protein kinase using Syntide-2, a synthetic peptide. Kinase activity was shown to be Ca2+-dependent, and this activation was strongly enhanced by Mn2+ and inhibited by W7 in vitro. These results provide significant insights into the regulation and biochemical properties of OsCDPK14, suggesting OsCDPK14 may be a signal factor of cytoplasm in rice plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiegang Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Development Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, PR China
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16
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Asano T, Tanaka N, Yang G, Hayashi N, Komatsu S. Genome-wide identification of the rice calcium-dependent protein kinase and its closely related kinase gene families: comprehensive analysis of the CDPKs gene family in rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 46:356-66. [PMID: 15695435 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, calcium acts as a universal second messenger in various signal transduction pathways. The plant-specific calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) play important roles regulating downstream components of calcium signaling. We conducted a genome-wide analysis of rice CDPKs and identified 29 CDPK genes and eight closely related kinase genes, including five CDPK-related kinases (CRKs), one calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) and two phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase kinase-related kinases (PEPRKs). The mRNA splicing sites of the rice CDPKs, CRKs and PEPRKs (but not OsCCaMK) are highly conserved, suggesting that these kinases are derived from a common ancestor. RNA gel blot analyses revealed that the majority of rice CDPK genes exhibited tissue-specific expression. Expression of OsCPK9 was elevated in seedlings infected by rice blast, indicating that this gene plays an important role in signaling in response to rice blast treatment. Our genomic and bioinformatic analyses will provide an important foundation for further functional dissection of the rice CDPK gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Asano
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
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17
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Kumar KGS, Ullanat R, Jayabaskaran C. Molecular cloning, characterization, tissue-specific and phytohormone-induced expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase gene in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 161:1061-1071. [PMID: 15499908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A cucumber cDNA designated CsCPK5 and encoding a calcium-dependent protein kinase (CsCDPK5) was isolated and characterized. An open reading frame of 1542 bp was detected that could encode a protein of 514 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 56.5kDa. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of CsCDPK5 with sequences of other CDPKs revealed the highest similarity (85%) to AtCDPK6. As described for other CDPKs, CsCDPK5 has a long variable domain preceding a catalytic domain, an autoinhibitory function domain, and a C-terminal calmodulin-domain containing 4 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. The N-terminal long variable domain of CsCDPK5 does not contain the N-myristoylation motif, which is found in many CDPKs. The relative expression level of the CsCPK genes in various organs of cucumber plants and seedlings and in etiolated, excised cotyledons and hypocotyls following treatments with light and/or benzyladenine (BA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA) or indole acetic acid (IAA) was determined by northern analysis using the CsCPK5 cDNA probe. The CsCPK transcripts are most abundant in cucumber plant Leaves with less accumulation in cucumber seedling roots and hypocotyls and lowest Levels in cucumber plant flowers and seedling hooks and cotyledons. All phytohormones tested enhanced the accumulation of the transcripts 2-3-fold in etiolated cotyledons. On the other hand, levels of the transcripts increased to a lesser extent in both light and BA- or IAA-treated cotyledons and no effect was noted in response to light treatment with GA. In hypocotyls, no major changes in the relative levels of CsCPK transcripts were observed in the phytohormone-treated etiolated and light-exposed tissues, except an up-regulatory effect with IAA treatment in the etiolated and IAA, ABA and GA treatments in light-exposed hypocotyls. These observations suggest that exogenous phytohormones can up-regulate the CsCPK transcript levels in tissue-specific, and light-dependent and independent manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Suresh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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18
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Kumar KGS, Jayabaskaran C. Variations in the level of enzyme activity and immunolocalization of calcium-dependent protein kinases in the phloem of different cucumber organs. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 161:889-901. [PMID: 15384400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2003.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) constitute a unique family of enzymes in plants that are characterized by a C-terminal calmodulin (CaM)-like domain. Through protein kinase assays, we have examined the levels of cucumber calcium-dependent kinase (CsCDPK) activity in various organs of cucumber seedlings and plants. The activity of CsCDPK was highest in cucumber plant leaves followed by seedling roots and hypocotyls; however, cucumber plant flowers, seedling cotyledons, and hooks had levels that were barely detectable. The CsCDPKs were immunolocalized using polyclonal antibodies that are highly specific against a part of the kinase domain of a calcium-dependent protein kinase (CsCDPKS) in the phloem sieve elements (SEs) in various organs of cucumber. In addition, this study indicates the presence of CsCDPKs in organelle-like bodies associated with the plasma membrane of sieve elements in mature stems and roots as well as in the storage bodies of immature seeds. These findings are discussed in terms of the likely roles played by CDPKs in the signal transduction pathways for Ca2+-regulated phloem transport of assimilates from leaves to various organs during growth and development of cucumber seedlings and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Suresh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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19
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Abbasi F, Onodera H, Toki S, Tanaka H, Komatsu S. OsCDPK13, a calcium-dependent protein kinase gene from rice, is induced by cold and gibberellin in rice leaf sheath. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 55:541-52. [PMID: 15604699 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-004-1178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) play an important role in rice signal transduction, but the precise role of each individual CDPK is still largely unknown. Recently, a full-length cDNA encoding OsCDPK13 from rice seedling was isolated. To characterize the function of OsCDPK13, its responses to various stresses and hormones were analyzed in this study. OsCDPK13 accumulated in 2-week-old leaf sheath and callus, and became phosphorylated in response to cold and gibberellin (GA). OsCDPK13 gene expression and protein accumulation were up-regulated in response to GA3 treatment, but suppressed in response to abscisic acid and brassinolide. Antisense OsCDPK13 transgenic rice lines were shorter than the vector control lines, and the expression of OsCDPK13 was lower in dwarf mutants of rice than in wild type. Furthermore, OsCDPK13 gene expression and protein accumulation were enhanced in response to cold, but suppressed under salt and drought stresses. Sense OsCDPK13 transgenic rice lines had higher recovery rates after cold stress than vector control rice. The expression of OsCDPK13 was stronger in cold-tolerant rice varieties than in cold-sensitive ones. The results suggest that OsCDPK13 might be an important signaling component in the response of rice to GA and cold stress.
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MESH Headings
- Abscisic Acid/pharmacology
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Brassinosteroids
- Calcium Chloride/pharmacology
- Cholestanols/pharmacology
- Cold Temperature
- DNA, Antisense/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Gibberellins/pharmacology
- Oryza/genetics
- Oryza/growth & development
- Oryza/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Plant Structures/genetics
- Plant Structures/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Steroids, Heterocyclic/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fida Abbasi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
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20
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McCubbin AG, Ritchie SM, Swanson SJ, Gilroy S. The calcium-dependent protein kinase HvCDPK1 mediates the gibberellic acid response of the barley aleurone through regulation of vacuolar function. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 39:206-218. [PMID: 15225286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the aleurone cells of the cereal grain, gibberellic acid (GA) induces the secretion of hydrolases that mobilize endosperm reserves to fuel early seedling growth. GA is known to trigger a range of cellular responses, including increases in cytoplasmic calcium, vacuolar reserve mobilization, gene transcription, and the synthesis and secretion of hydrolases. To further define elements of the Ca2+-dependent GA response machinery, we have cloned a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (HvCDPK1) from these cells. Although expression of an inactivated (D140N) version of this kinase did not affect GA-induced gene expression or changes in cytosolic Ca2+, it did inhibit secretion, cell vacuolation, and vacuolar acidification, all responses linked to the GA response. Additionally, recombinant wild-type HvCDPK1 activated the V-type H(+)-ATPase present in isolated aleurone vacuoles. These results suggest HvCDPK1 may mediate Ca2+-dependent events of the GA response, such as control of vacuolar function, that lie downstream of transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G McCubbin
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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21
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Saijo Y, Kinoshita N, Ishiyama K, Hata S, Kyozuka J, Hayakawa T, Nakamura T, Shimamoto K, Yamaya T, Izui K. A Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase that endows rice plants with cold- and salt-stress tolerance functions in vascular bundles. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 42:1228-33. [PMID: 11726707 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A rice Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase, OsCDPK7, is a positive regulator commonly involved in the tolerance to cold and salt/drought. We carried out in situ detection of the transcript and immunolocalization of the protein. In the wild-type rice plants under both stress conditions, OsCDPK7 was expressed predominantly in vascular tissues of crowns and roots, vascular bundles and central cylinder, respectively, where water stress occurs most severely. This enzyme was also expressed in the peripheral cylinder of crown vascular bundles and root sclerenchyma. Similar localization patterns with stronger signals were observed in stress-tolerant OsCDPK7 over-expressing transformants with the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. The transcript of a putative target gene of the OsCDPK7 signaling pathway, rab16A, was also detected essentially in the same tissues upon salt stress, suggesting that the OsCDPK7 pathway operates predominantly in these regions. We propose that the use of the 35S promoter fortuitously strengthened the localized expression of OsCDPK7, resulting in enhancement of the stress signaling in the inherently operating regions leading to improved stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Saijo
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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22
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Davletova S, Mészáros T, Miskolczi P, Oberschall A, Török K, Magyar Z, Dudits D, Deák M. Auxin and heat shock activation of a novel member of the calmodulin like domain protein kinase gene family in cultured alfalfa cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2001; 52:215-221. [PMID: 11283165 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/52.355.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A calmodulin like domain protein kinase (CPK) homologue was identified in alfalfa and termed MsCPK3. The full-length sequence of cDNA encoded a 535 amino acid polypeptide with a molecular weight of 60.2 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence showed all the conserved motifs that define other members of this kinase family, such as serine-threonine kinase domain, a junction region and four potential Ca2+ -binding EF sites. The recombinant MsCPK3 protein purified from E. coli was activated by Ca2+ and inhibited by calmodulin antagonist (W-7) in in vitro phosphorylation assays. The expression of MsCPK3 gene increased in the early phase of the 2,4-D induced alfalfa somatic embryogenesis. Heat shock also activated this gene while kinetin, ABA and NaCl treatment did not result in MsCPK3 mRNA accumulation. The data presented suggest that the new alfalfa CPK differs in stress responses from the previously described homologues and in its potential involvement in hormone and stress-activated reprogramming of developmental pathways during somatic embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Davletova
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences H-6701 Szeged, POB 521, Hungary
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23
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Morello L, Frattini M, Gianì S, Christou P, Breviario D. Overexpression of the calcium-dependent protein kinase OsCDPK2 in transgenic rice is repressed by light in leaves and disrupts seed development. Transgenic Res 2000; 9:453-62. [PMID: 11206974 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026555021606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Independent transgenic rice lines overexpressing the rice CDPK isoform OsCDPK2 were generated by particle bombardment. High levels of OsCDPK2 were detected in leaves removed from etiolated plants, as well as in stems and flowers. However, there was no overexpression in green leaves that had been exposed to light, confirming that OsCDPK2 protein stability was subject to light regulation. The morphological phenotype of transgenic plants producing high levels of recombinant OsCDPK2 was normal until the onset of seed development. Flowers developed normally, producing well-shaped ovaries and stigmas, and mature anthers filled with pollen grains. However, seed formation in these plants was strongly inhibited, with only 3-7% of the flowers producing seeds. Seed development was arrested at an early stage. We discuss these data with respect to the possible requirement for specific CDPK isoforms during rice seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Morello
- Department of Botany, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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24
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Yang G, Komatsu S. Involvement of calcium-dependent protein kinase in rice (Oryza sativa L.) lamina inclination caused by brassinolide. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 41:1243-50. [PMID: 11092909 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcd050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Promotive effect of brassinolide (BL) on green lamina inclination was concentration-dependent when excised rice (Oryza sativa L.) lamina was floated on BL solution under continuous light conditions. Protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine and Ca2+ channel blocker LaCl3 could completely, while Ca2+ chelator EGTA could partially inhibit the lamina inclination caused by BL. Two protein kinases with apparent molecular masses of 45 and 54 kDa were detected using an in-gel kinase assay with histone III-S as a substrate. In particular, the changes in 45 kDa protein kinase activity correlated with lamina inclination caused by BL. The 45 kDa kinase activity was inhibited by Ca2+ chelator EGTA, protein kinase inhibitor, staurosporine and calmodulin antagonist W-7. Therefore, this 45 kDa protein kinase was identified as a Ca2+ -dependent protein kinase (CDPK). Patterns of 2-dimensional PAGE after in vitro phosphorylation of crude extracts showed that the phosphorylation of 56 and 41 kDa proteins, which was Ca2+ -dependent, was strongly increased by BL treatment. These results suggested that CDPK and Ca2+ -dependent protein phosphorylation are involved in BL-induced rice lamina inclination.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan
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25
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Pinontoan R, Yuasa T, Anderca MI, Matsuoka T, Uozumi N, Mori H, Muto S. CLONING OF A cDNA ENCODING A 66-kDa Ca 2 +-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE (CDPK) FROM DUNALIELLA TERTIOLECTA (CHLOROPHYTA). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2000; 36:545-552. [PMID: 29544003 DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.99185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone encoding a Ca2 +-dependent protein kinase (DtCPK1) with a calculated molecular mass of 65,746 Da was isolated by sequential immuno- and hybridization-screening from a cDNA library of the halotolerant green alga, Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher (Chlorophyceae). Primary structure analysis of DtCPK1 revealed a long variable domain preceding a catalytic domain, an autoinhibitory junction domain, and a C-terminal calmodulin-like domain containing 4 EF-hand motifs. Database searches showed that DtCPK1 has a high similarity to CCK1, a CDPK from the green alga, Chlamydomonas eugamentos Moewus. The N-terminal long variable domain of DtCPK1 contains neither the N-myristoylation motif, which is found in many CDPKs, nor the PEST motif, which is associated with rapid protein turnover and found in one CDPK subfamily. However, a putative Ca2 +-dependent lipid binding domain that might be responsible for the association of cytosolic DtCPK1 with the cell membrane was identified in the variable domain. Three CDPKs, with molecular masses of 62, 54, and 47 kDa respectively, were observed in an in-gel protein kinase assay of D. tertiolecta cells extract. No change in the activities of these CDPKs were observed for up to 30 min after D. tertiolecta cells had been subjected to a hypoosmotic shock. An antibody raised against a CDPK purified from D. tertiolecta and used to isolate the DtCPK1 cDNA clone cross-reacted strongly with the 62-kDa CDPK but weakly with the 54-kDa CDPK in a Western blot, indicating that the 62-kDa CDPK is identical to DtCPK1. There was no change in the intensity of these bands after hypoosmotic shock, implying that the cellular level of the enzyme protein is not associated with hypoosmotic shock. These results indicate that CDPK is activated only by the increase in cytosolic-free Ca2 + concentration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Pinontoan
- Nagoya University Bioscience Center, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan Nagoya University Bioscience Center and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan Nagoya University Bioscience Center and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Takashi Yuasa
- Nagoya University Bioscience Center, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan Nagoya University Bioscience Center and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan Nagoya University Bioscience Center and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Marinela I Anderca
- Nagoya University Bioscience Center, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan Nagoya University Bioscience Center and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan Nagoya University Bioscience Center and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuoka
- Nagoya University Bioscience Center, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan Nagoya University Bioscience Center and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan Nagoya University Bioscience Center and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Uozumi
- Nagoya University Bioscience Center, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan Nagoya University Bioscience Center and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan Nagoya University Bioscience Center and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mori
- Nagoya University Bioscience Center, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan Nagoya University Bioscience Center and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan Nagoya University Bioscience Center and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Shoshi Muto
- Nagoya University Bioscience Center, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan Nagoya University Bioscience Center and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanGraduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan Nagoya University Bioscience Center and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
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26
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Weljie AM, Clarke TE, Juffer AH, Harmon AC, Vogel HJ. Comparative modeling studies of the calmodulin-like domain of calcium-dependent protein kinase from soybean. Proteins 2000; 39:343-57. [PMID: 10813816 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0134(20000601)39:4<343::aid-prot70>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulin-like domain protein kinases (CDPKs) represent a new class of calcium-dependent protein-phosphorylating enzymes that are not activated by calmodulin or phospholipid compounds. They have been found exclusively in plant and protozoal tissues. CDPKs are typified by four distinct domains: an N-terminal leader sequence, a protein kinase (PK) domain, a calmodulin-like domain (CLD), and a junction domain (JD) between the PK domain and CLD. Structural characterization of the CLD of CDPKalpha from soybean was undertaken based on the amino acid sequence homology of CLD to the structurally well-characterized calmodulin (CaM) family of structures. Tertiary models of apo-CLD, Ca(2+)-CLD complex, and intermolecularly bound Ca(2+)-CLD-JD complexes were obtained via automated and non-automated homology building methods. The resulting structures were compared and validated based on energy differences, phi-psi angle distribution, solvent accessibility, and hydrophobic potential. Circular dichroism, one-dimensional, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of the CLD and peptides encompassing the JD provide experimental support to the models. The results suggest that there is a possible interaction between the CLD and JD domain similar to that of the CaM/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II system. At low Ca(2+) levels, the JD may act as an autoinhibitory domain for kinase activity, and during calcium activation an intramolecular CLD-JD complex may form, relieving inhibition of the PK domain. Interactions between the JD and the C terminus of the CLD appear to be particularly important. The outcome of this study supports an intramolecular binding model for calcium activation of CDPK, although not exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Weljie
- Structural Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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27
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Li JL, Baker DA, Cox LS. Sexual stage-specific expression of a third calcium-dependent protein kinase from Plasmodium falciparum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1491:341-9. [PMID: 10760601 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A third calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) gene has been isolated from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum by vectorette technology. The gene consists of five exons and four introns. The open reading frame resulting from removal of the four introns encodes a protein of 562 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 65.3 kDa. The encoded protein, termed PfCDPK3, consists of four distinct domains characteristic of a member of the CDPK family and displays the highest homology (46% identity and 69% similarity) to PfCDPK2, the second CDPK of P. falciparum. The N-terminal variable domain is rich in serine/threonine and lysine and contains multiple consensus phosphorylation sites for a range of protein kinases. The catalytic domain possesses all conserved motifs of the protein kinase family except for the highly conserved glutamic acid residue in subdomain VIII, which is replaced by a glutamine residue. The sequence of the junction domain comprising 31 amino acid residues is less conserved. The calmodulin-like regulatory domain contains four EF-hand calcium-binding motifs, each consisting of a loop of 12 amino acid residues which is flanked by two alpha-helices. Southern blotting of genomic DNA digests showed that the Pfcdpk3 gene is present as a single copy per haploid genome. A 2900 nucleotide transcript of this gene is expressed specifically in the sexual erythrocytic stage, indicating that PfCDPK3 is involved in sexual stage-specific events. It is proposed that PfCDPK3 may serve as a link between calcium and gametogenesis of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.
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28
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Qi Q, Rajala RV, Anderson W, Jiang C, Rozwadowski K, Selvaraj G, Sharma R, Datla R. Molecular cloning, genomic organization, and biochemical characterization of myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:9673-83. [PMID: 10734119 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.13.9673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT, EC 2.3.1.97) catalyzes the co-translational addition of myristic acid to the amino-terminal glycine residue of a number of important proteins of diverse functions. We have isolated a full-length Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA encoding NMT (AtNMT1), the first described from a higher plant. This AtNMT1 cDNA clone has an open reading frame of 434 amino acids and a predicted molecular mass of 48,706 Da. The primary structure is 50% identical to the mammalian NMTs. Analyses of Southern blots, genomic clones, and database sequences suggested that the A. thaliana genome contains two copies of NMT gene, which are present on different chromosomes and have distinct genomic organizations. The recombinant AtNMT1 expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited a high catalytic efficiency for the peptides derived from putative plant myristoylated proteins AtCDPK6 and Fen kinase. The AtNMT was similar to the mammalian NMTs with respect to a relative specificity for myristoyl CoA among the acyl CoA donors and also inhibition by the bovine brain NMT inhibitor NIP(71). The AtNMT1 expression profile indicated ubiquity in roots, stem, leaves, flowers, and siliques (approximately 1.7 kb transcript and approximately 50 kDa immunoreactive polypeptide) but a greater level in the younger tissue, which are developmentally very active. NMT activity was also evident in all these tissues. Subcellular distribution studies indicated that, in leaf extracts, approximately 60% of AtNMT activity was associated with the ribosomal fractions, whereas approximately 30% of the activity was observed in the cytosolic fractions. The NMT is biologically important to plants, as noted from the stunted development when the AtNMT1 was down-regulated in transgenic Arabidopsis under the control of an enhanced CaMV 35S promoter. The results presented in this study provide the first direct molecular evidence for plant protein N-myristoylation and a mechanistic basis for understanding the role of this protein modification in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Qi
- National Research Council of Canada, Plant Biotechnology Institute, Saskatoon S7N 0W9, Canada
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29
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Abstract
Increasing numbers of plant proteins are being shown to have posttranslationally-attached lipids. The modifications include N-myristoylation, S-palmitoylation, prenylation by farnesyl or geranylgeranyl moieties, or attachment of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors. This report summarizes recent findings regarding the structure, metabolism and physiological functions of these important protein-linked lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Thompson
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Plants experience a wide array of environmental stimuli, not all of which are favorable, and, unlike animals, are unable to move away from stressful environments. They therefore require a mechanism with which to recognize and respond to abiotic stresses of many different types. Frequently this mechanism involves intracellular calcium. Stress-induced changes in the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) occur as a result of influx of Ca2+ from outside the cell, or release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. These alterations in [Ca2+]cyt constitute a signal that is transduced via calmodulin, calcium-dependent protein kinases, and other Ca(2+)-controlled proteins to effect a wide array of downstream responses involved in the protection of the plant and adjustment to the new environmental conditions. Ca2+ signaling has been implicated in plant responses to a number of abiotic stresses including low temperature, osmotic stress, heat, oxidative stress, anoxia, and mechanical perturbation, which are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Knight
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
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31
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Farmer PK, Choi JH. Calcium and phospholipid activation of a recombinant calcium-dependent protein kinase (DcCPK1) from carrot (Daucus carota L.). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1434:6-17. [PMID: 10556555 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A calmodulin-like domain protein kinase (DcCPK1, previously designated CDPK431) cloned from carrot (Daucus carota L.) was expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli and partially purified. Ca(2+)-induced gel mobility shift and (45)Ca(2+) ligand binding assays confirmed that recombinant DcCPK1 binds Ca(2+) through its calmodulin-like domain and undergoes a significant conformational change. Ca(2+) activated the kinase activity of recombinant DcCPK1 (K(0.5)=1.7 microM) up to 20-fold. Ca(2+) combined with certain lipids, including phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol, but not diolein or lysophosphatidylcholine, provided even greater Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase activity. DcCPK1 phosphorylated casein and histone III-S, and a variety of peptide substrates containing a hydrophobic and a basic residue situated P-5 and P-3 amino acids N-terminal to a Ser or Thr residue. The calmodulin and protein kinase inhibitors, W-7 and staurosporine, inhibited CDPK activity. The similarities between DcCPK1 and mammalian protein kinase C (PKC) in substrate specificity, sensitivity to inhibitors, and activation by Ca(2+) and phospholipid suggest that various CDPK isoforms may be responsible for some PKC-like activities in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Farmer
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230, USA
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32
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Chandok MR, Sopory SK. ZmcPKC70, a protein kinase C-type enzyme from maize. Biochemical characterization, regulation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and its possible involvement in nitrate reductase gene expression. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:19235-42. [PMID: 9668112 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.30.19235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial enzyme in diacylglycerol-mediated signaling is protein kinase C (PKC). In this paper we provide evidence for the existence and role of PKC in maize. A protein of an apparent molecular mass of 70 kDa was purified. The protein showed kinase activity that was stimulated by phosphatidylserine and oleyl acetyl glycerol (OAG) in the presence of Ca2+. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) replaced the requirement of OAG. [3H]PMA binding to the 70-kDa protein was competed by unlabeled PMA and OAG but not by 4alpha-PMA, an inactive analog. The kinase phosphorylates histone H1 at serine residue(s), and this activity was inhibited by H-7 and staurosporine. These properties suggest that the 70-kDa protein is a conventional serine/threonine protein kinase C (cPKC). Polyclonal antibodies raised against the polypeptide precipitate the enzyme activity and immunostained the protein on Western blots. The antibodies also cross-reacted with a protein of expected size from sorghum, rice, and tobacco. A rapid increase in the protein level was observed in maize following PMA treatments. In order to assign a possible role of PKC in gene regulation, the nitrate reductase transcript level was investigated. The transcript level increased by PMA, not by 4alpha-PMA treatments, and the increase was inhibited by H-7 but not by okadaic acid. The data show the existence and possible function of PKC in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Chandok
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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33
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Abstract
Protein kinases play important roles in controlling biological functions. We employed PCR-based cloning technique to isolate a protein kinase gene from rice endosperm and obtained a novel protein kinase (REK) cDNA clone from a cDNA library constructed from maturing rice seed. The deduced amino acid sequence from the cDNA exhibited a high similarity to the wheat abscisic acid inducible protein kinase (PKABA1), including 11 conserved regions of the catalytic domain. REK belongs to the SNF1-related family that possesses abundant acidic amino acid resides in the C-terminal region. RT-PCR analysis showed that the REK gene is expressed in leaf and maturing seed, but not in stem and root. Bacterial recombinant REK showed autophosphorylation activity depending upon Ca2+. In addition, we isolated a REK genomic clone and determined its gene structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hotta
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-01, Japan
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34
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Qin W, Pappan K, Wang X. Molecular heterogeneity of phospholipase D (PLD). Cloning of PLDgamma and regulation of plant PLDgamma, -beta, and -alpha by polyphosphoinositides and calcium. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:28267-73. [PMID: 9353280 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.45.28267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) has emerged as an important enzyme involved in signal transduction, vesicle trafficking, and membrane metabolism. This report describes the cloning and expression of a new Arabidopsis PLD cDNA, designated PLDgamma, and the regulation of PLDgamma, -beta, and -alpha by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and Ca2+. The PLDgamma cDNA is 3.3 kilobases in length and codes for an 855-amino acid protein of 95,462 Da with a pI of 6.9. PLDgamma shares a 66% amino acid sequence identity with PLDbeta, but only a 41% identity with PLDalpha. A potential N-terminal myristoylation site is found in PLDgamma, but not in PLDalpha and -beta. Catalytically active PLDgamma was expressed in Escherichia coli, and its activity requires polyphosphoinositides. Both PLDgamma and -beta are most active at microM Ca2+ concentrations, whereas the optimal PLDalpha activity requires mM Ca2+ concentrations. Binding studies showed that the PLDs bound PIP2 in the order of PLDbeta > PLDgamma > PLDalpha. This binding ability correlates with the degree of conservation of a basic PIP2-binding motif located near the putative catalytic site. The binding of [3H]PIP2 was saturable and could be competitively decreased by addition of unlabeled PIP2. Neomycin inhibited the activities of PLDgamma and -beta, but not PLDalpha. These results demonstrate that PLD is encoded by a heterogeneous gene family and that direct polyphosphoinositide binding is required for the activities of PLDgamma and -beta, but not PLDalpha. The different structural and biochemical properties suggest that PLDalpha, -beta, and -gamma are regulated differently and may mediate unique cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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35
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Lessard P, Kreis M, Thomas M. [Protein phosphatases and protein kinases in higher plants]. COMPTES RENDUS DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES. SERIE III, SCIENCES DE LA VIE 1997; 320:675-88. [PMID: 9377173 DOI: 10.1016/s0764-4469(97)84815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The recent gain in knowledge concerning enzymes involved in signal transduction pathways is a direct consequence of the considerable advances made in molecular biology. Protein kinases and protein phosphatases, the two major enzymes implicated in post-translational modifications, have been studied in particular. The number of characterized plant genes and/or cDNAs encoding these enzymes is increasing everyday. Since 1991, 26 genes and cDNAs coding for plant protein phosphatases have been isolated and characterized. The huge number of protein kinases (estimated at several thousands) makes it impossible to give an exhaustive list of the genes already identified, but a classification of these enzymes, based on phylogenetic criteria, allows us to appreciate the range of functions this protein family may play in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lessard
- Laboratoire de biologie du développement des plantes, université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.
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36
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Färber PM, Graeser R, Franklin RM, Kappes B. Molecular cloning and characterization of a second calcium-dependent protein kinase of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997; 87:211-6. [PMID: 9247932 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(97)00052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P M Färber
- Department of Structural Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
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37
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Saijo Y, Hata S, Sheen J, Izui K. cDNA cloning and prokaryotic expression of maize calcium-dependent protein kinases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1350:109-14. [PMID: 9048876 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(96)00207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Using degenerate oligonucleotide primers corresponding to conserved regions of the calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) family, we carried out a polymerase chain reaction and obtained four distinct partial-length cDNAs from a maize leaf library. We then used these clones as probes for conventional screening and isolated 19 longer clones from another cDNA library of maize seedlings. These clones were classified into four groups based on their DNA cross-hybridization. Two full-length cDNAs, designated as ZmCDPK9 and ZmCDPK7, were sequenced and characterized. The predicted protein of each clone was a typical CDPK with eleven canonical subdomains of protein kinases, and four EF-hand calcium-binding motifs in its N-terminal and C-terminal halves, respectively. The catalytic and regulatory domains were linked by a well-conserved junction domain. The N-terminus of the protein also contained a consensus sequence for an N-myristoylation signal. Northern blot analysis showed that the transcription level of each gene was higher in roots and etiolated leaves than in green leaves. To confirm the calcium dependency of the maize enzymes, the entire coding region of ZmCDPK9 was subcloned into an expression vector so that it was in frame with the vector-encoded peptide tags. A cell-free extract of Escherichia coli transformed with the recombinant plasmid exhibited calcium-dependent phosphorylation activity, using casein as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Saijo
- Laboratory of Applied Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
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