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Zhang H, Pei Y, He Q, Zhu W, Jahangir M, Haq SU, Khan A, Chen R. Salicylic acid-related ribosomal protein CaSLP improves drought and Pst.DC3000 tolerance in pepper. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2023; 3:6. [PMID: 37789468 PMCID: PMC10514951 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-023-00054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The ribosomal protein contains complex structures that belong to polypeptide glycoprotein family, which are involved in plant growth and responses to various stresses. In this study, we found that capsicum annuum 40S ribosomal protein SA-like (CaSLP) was extensively accumulated in the cell nucleus and cell membrane, and the expression level of CaSLP was up-regulated by Salicylic acid (SA) and drought treatment. Significantly fewer peppers plants could withstand drought stress after CaSLP gene knockout. The transient expression of CaSLP leads to drought tolerance in pepper, and Arabidopsis's ability to withstand drought stress was greatly improved by overexpressing the CaSLP gene. Exogenous application of SA during spraying season enhanced drought tolerance. CaSLP-knockdown pepper plants demonstrated a decreased resistance of Pseudomonas syringae PV.tomato (Pst) DC3000 (Pst.DC3000), whereas ectopic expression of CaSLP increased the Pst.DC3000 stress resistance in Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) results showed that CaNAC035 physically interacts with CaSLP in the cell nucleus. CaNAC035 was identified as an upstream partner of the CaPR1 promoter and activated transcription. Collectively the findings demonstrated that CaSLP plays an essential role in the regulation of drought and Pst.DC3000 stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingping Pei
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wang Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Maira Jahangir
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Saeed Ul Haq
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Abid Khan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22620, Pakistan
| | - Rugang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Downregulation of Squalene Synthase Broadly Impacts Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Guayule. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040303. [PMID: 35448489 PMCID: PMC9030042 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of natural rubber by Parthenium argentaum (guayule) requires increased yield for economic sustainability. An RNAi gene silencing strategy was used to engineer isoprenoid biosynthesis by downregulation of squalene synthase (SQS), such that the pool of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) substrate might instead be available to initiate natural rubber synthesis. Downregulation of SQS resulted in significantly reduced squalene and slightly increased rubber, but not in the same tissues nor to the same extent, partially due to an apparent negative feedback regulatory mechanism that downregulated mevalonate pathway isoprenoid production, presumably associated with excess geranyl pyrophosphate levels. A detailed metabolomics analysis of isoprenoid production in guayule revealed significant differences in metabolism in different tissues, including in active mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways in stem tissue, where rubber and squalene accumulate. New insights and strategies for engineering isoprenoid production in guayule were identified.
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Zhang Z, Guo Y, Marasigan KM, Conner JA, Ozias-Akins P. Gene activation via Cre/lox-mediated excision in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:119-138. [PMID: 34591155 PMCID: PMC8803690 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Expression of Cre recombinase by AtRps5apro or AtDD45pro enabled Cre/lox-mediated recombination at an early embryonic developmental stage upon crossing, activating transgenes in the hybrid cowpea and tobacco. Genetic engineering ideally results in precise spatiotemporal control of transgene expression. To activate transgenes exclusively in a hybrid upon fertilization, we evaluated a Cre/lox-mediated gene activation system with the Cre recombinase expressed by either AtRps5a or AtDD45 promoters that showed activity in egg cells and young embryos. In crosses between Cre recombinase lines and transgenic lines harboring a lox-excision reporter cassette with ZsGreen driven by the AtUbq3 promoter after Cre/lox-mediated recombination, we observed complete excision of the lox-flanked intervening DNA sequence between the AtUbq3pro and the ZsGreen coding sequence in F1 progeny upon genotyping but no ZsGreen expression in F1 seeds or seedlings. The incapability to observe ZsGreen fluorescence was attributed to the activity of the AtUbq3pro. Strong ZsGreen expression in F1 seeds was observed after recombination when ZsGreen was driven by the AtUbq10 promoter. Using the AtDD45pro to express Cre resulted in more variation in recombination frequencies between transgenic lines and crosses. Regardless of the promoter used to regulate Cre, mosaic F1 progeny were rare, suggesting gene activation at an early embryo-developmental stage. Observation of ZsGreen-expressing tobacco embryos at the globular stage from crosses with the AtRps5aproCre lines pollinated by the AtUbq3prolox line supported the early activation mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifen Zhang
- Department of Horticulture and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, 2356 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Yinping Guo
- Department of Horticulture and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, 2356 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Kathleen Monfero Marasigan
- Department of Horticulture and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, 2356 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Joann A Conner
- Department of Horticulture and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, 2356 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Peggy Ozias-Akins
- Department of Horticulture and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, 2356 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA.
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Campbell BW, Hoyle JW, Bucciarelli B, Stec AO, Samac DA, Parrott WA, Stupar RM. Functional analysis and development of a CRISPR/Cas9 allelic series for a CPR5 ortholog necessary for proper growth of soybean trichomes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14757. [PMID: 31611562 PMCID: PMC6791840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Developments in genomic and genome editing technologies have facilitated the mapping, cloning, and validation of genetic variants underlying trait variation. This study combined bulked-segregant analysis, array comparative genomic hybridization, and CRISPR/Cas9 methodologies to identify a CPR5 ortholog essential for proper trichome growth in soybean (Glycine max). A fast neutron mutant line exhibited short trichomes with smaller trichome nuclei compared to its parent line. A fast neutron-induced deletion was identified within an interval on chromosome 6 that co-segregated with the trichome phenotype. The deletion encompassed six gene models including an ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana CPR5. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to mutate the CPR5 ortholog, resulting in five plants harboring a total of four different putative knockout alleles and two in-frame alleles. Phenotypic analysis of the mutants validated the candidate gene, and included intermediate phenotypes that co-segregated with the in-frame alleles. These findings demonstrate that the CPR5 ortholog is essential for proper growth and development of soybean trichomes, similar to observations in A. thaliana. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the value of using CRISPR/Cas9 to generate an allelic series and intermediate phenotypes for functional analysis of candidate genes and/or the development of novel traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Campbell
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Jacob W Hoyle
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Bruna Bucciarelli
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- USDA-ARS-Plant Science Research Unit, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Adrian O Stec
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Deborah A Samac
- USDA-ARS-Plant Science Research Unit, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Wayne A Parrott
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert M Stupar
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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Placido DF, Dong N, Dong C, Cruz VMV, Dierig DA, Cahoon RE, Kang BG, Huynh T, Whalen M, Ponciano G, McMahan C. Downregulation of a CYP74 Rubber Particle Protein Increases Natural Rubber Production in Parthenium argentatum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:760. [PMID: 31297121 PMCID: PMC6607968 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report functional genomics studies of a CYP74 rubber particle protein from Parthenium argentatum, commonly called guayule. Previously identified as an allene oxide synthase (AOS), this CYP74 constitutes the most abundant protein found in guayule rubber particles. Transgenic guayule lines with AOS gene expression down-regulated by RNAi (AOSi) exhibited strong phenotypes that included agricultural traits conducive to enhancing rubber yield. AOSi lines had higher leaf and stem biomass, thicker stembark tissues, increased stem branching and improved net photosynthetic rate. Importantly, the rubber content was significantly increased in AOSi lines compared to the wild-type (WT), vector control and AOS overexpressing (AOSoe) lines, when grown in controlled environments both in tissue-culture media and in greenhouse/growth chambers. Rubber particles from AOSi plants consistently had less AOS particle-associated protein, and lower activity (for conversion of 13-HPOT to allene oxide). Yet plants with downregulated AOS showed higher rubber transferase enzyme activity. The increase in biomass in AOSi lines was associated with not only increases in the rate of photosynthesis and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), in the cold, but also in the content of the phytohormone SA, along with a decrease in JA, GAs, and ABA. The increase in biosynthetic activity and rubber content could further result from the negative regulation of AOS expression by high levels of salicylic acid in AOSi lines and when introduced exogenously. It is apparent that AOS in guayule plays a pivotal role in rubber production and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante F. Placido
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Niu Dong
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Chen Dong
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Von Mark V. Cruz
- Guayule Research Farm, Section Manager Agricultural Operations, Bridgestone Americas, Inc., Eloy, AZ, United States
| | - David A. Dierig
- Guayule Research Farm, Section Manager Agricultural Operations, Bridgestone Americas, Inc., Eloy, AZ, United States
| | - Rebecca E. Cahoon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | | | - Trinh Huynh
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Maureen Whalen
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Grisel Ponciano
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Colleen McMahan
- Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
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Diamos AG, Mason HS. Modifying the Replication of Geminiviral Vectors Reduces Cell Death and Enhances Expression of Biopharmaceutical Proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1974. [PMID: 30687368 PMCID: PMC6333858 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants are a promising platform to produce biopharmaceutical proteins, however, the toxic nature of some proteins inhibits their accumulation. We previously created a replicating geminiviral expression system based on bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV) that enables very high-level production of recombinant proteins. To study the role of replication in this system, we generated vectors that allow separate and controlled expression of BeYDV Rep and RepA proteins. We show that the ratio of Rep and RepA strongly affects the efficiency of replication. Rep, RepA, and vector replication all elicit the plant hypersensitive response, resulting in cell death. We find that a modest reduction in expression of Rep and RepA reduces plant leaf cell death which, despite reducing the accumulation of viral replicons, increases target protein accumulation. A single nucleotide change in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) reduced Rep/RepA expression, reduced cell death, and enhanced the production of monoclonal antibodies. We also find that replicating vectors achieve optimal expression with lower Agrobacterium concentrations than non-replicating vectors, further reducing cell death. Viral UTRs are also shown to contribute substantially to cell death, while a native plant-derived 5' UTR does not.
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Zhang G, Bahn SC, Wang G, Zhang Y, Chen B, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhao J. PLDα1-knockdown soybean seeds display higher unsaturated glycerolipid contents and seed vigor in high temperature and humidity environments. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:9. [PMID: 30622651 PMCID: PMC6319013 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean oil constitutes an important source of vegetable oil and biofuel. However, high temperature and humidity adversely impacts soybean seed development, yield, and quality during plant development and after harvest. Genetic improvement of soybean tolerance to stress environments is highly desirable. RESULTS Transgenic soybean lines with knockdown of phospholipase Dα1 (PLDα1KD) were generated to study PLDα1's effects on lipid metabolism and seed vigor under high temperature and humidity conditions. Under such stress, as compared with normal growth conditions, PLDα1KD lines showed an attenuated stress-induced deterioration during soybean seed development, which was associated with elevated expression of reactive oxygen species-scavenging genes when compared with wild-type control. The developing seeds of PLDα1KD had higher levels of unsaturation in triacylglycerol (TAG) and major membrane phospholipids, but lower levels of phosphatidic acid and lysophospholipids compared with control cultivar. Lipid metabolite and gene expression profiling indicates that the increased unsaturation on phosphatidylcholine (PC) and enhanced conversion between PC and diacylglycerol (DAG) by PC:DAG acyltransferase underlie a basis for increased TAG unsaturation in PLDα1KD seeds. Meanwhile, the turnover of PC and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) into lysoPC and lysoPE was suppressed in PLDα1KD seeds under high temperature and humidity conditions. PLDα1KD developing seeds suffered lighter oxidative stresses than did wild-type developing seeds in the stressful environments. PLDα1KD seeds contain higher oil contents and maintained higher germination rates than the wild-type seeds. CONCLUSIONS The study provides insights into the roles of PLDα1 in developing soybean seeds under high temperature and humidity stress. PLDα1KD decreases pre-harvest deterioration and enhances acyl editing in phospholipids and TAGs. The results indicate a way towards improving production of quality soybean seeds as foods and biofuels under increasing environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Sung-Chul Bahn
- University of Missouri at St Louis, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132 USA
| | - Geliang Wang
- University of Missouri at St Louis, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132 USA
| | - Yanrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Beibei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430075 China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops. Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101 China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- University of Missouri at St Louis, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132 USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
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Huang XF, Nazarian F, Vincken JP, Visser RGF, Trindade LM. A tandem CBM25 domain of α-amylase from Microbacterium aurum as potential tool for targeting proteins to starch granules during starch biosynthesis. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:86. [PMID: 29202734 PMCID: PMC5715617 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch-binding domains from carbohydrate binding module family 20 have been used as a tool for starch engineering. Previous studies showed that expression of starch binding domain fusion proteins in planta resulted in modified starch granule structures and physicochemical properties. However, although 13 carbohydrate binding module families have been reported to contain starch-binding domains, only starch-binding domains from carbohydrate binding module family 20 have been well studied and introduced into plants successfully. In this study, two fragments, the tandem CBM25 domain and the tandem CBM25 with multiple fibronectin type III (FN3) domains of the α-amylase enzyme from Microbacterium aurum, were expressed in the tubers of a wild type potato cultivar (cv. Kardal) and an amylose-free (amf) potato mutant. RESULTS The (CBM25)2 and FN3 protein were successfully accumulated in the starch granules of both Kardal and amf transformants. The accumulation of (CBM25)2 protein did not result in starch morphological alterations in Kardal but gave rise to rough starch granules in amf, while the FN3 resulted in morphological changes of starch granules (helical starch granules in Kardal and rough surface granules in amf) but only at a very low frequency. The starches of the different transformants did not show significant differences in starch size distribution, apparent amylose content, and physico-chemical properties in comparison to that of untransformed controls. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the starch-binding domains from carbohydrate binding module family 25 can be used as a novel tool for targeting proteins to starch granules during starch biosynthesis without side-effects on starch morphology, composition and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Feng Huang
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Campus delivery 1370, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Farhad Nazarian
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Agronomy and plant breeding group, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lorestan, P.O.Box 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luisa M. Trindade
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Gong Q, Yang Z, Wang X, Butt HI, Chen E, He S, Zhang C, Zhang X, Li F. Salicylic acid-related cotton (Gossypium arboreum) ribosomal protein GaRPL18 contributes to resistance to Verticillium dahliae. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:59. [PMID: 28253842 PMCID: PMC5335750 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Verticillium dahliae is a phytopathogenic fungal pathogen that causes vascular wilt diseases responsible for considerable decreases in cotton yields. The complex mechanism underlying cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt remains uncharacterized. Identifying an endogenous resistance gene may be useful for controlling this disease. RESULTS We cloned the ribosomal protein L18 (GaRPL18) gene, which mediates resistance to Verticillium wilt, from a wilt-resistant cotton species (Gossypium arboreum). We then characterized the function of this gene in cotton and Arabidopsis thaliana plants. GaRPL18 encodes a 60S ribosomal protein subunit important for intracellular protein biosynthesis. However, previous studies revealed that some ribosomal proteins are also inhibitory toward oncogenesis and congenital diseases in humans and play a role in plant disease defense. Here, we observed that V. dahliae infections induce GaRPL18 expression. Furthermore, we determined that the GaRPL18 expression pattern is consistent with the disease resistance level of different cotton varieties. GaRPL18 expression is upregulated by salicylic acid (SA) treatments, suggesting the involvement of GaRPL18 in the SA signal transduction pathway. Virus-induced gene silencing technology was used to determine whether the GaRPL18 expression level influences cotton disease resistance. Wilt-resistant cotton species in which GaRPL18 was silenced became more susceptible to V. dahliae than the control plants because of a significant decrease in the abundance of immune-related molecules. We also transformed A. thaliana ecotype Columbia (Col-0) plants with GaRPL18 according to the floral dip method. The plants overexpressing GaRPL18 were more resistant to V. dahliae infections than the wild-type Col-0 plants. The enhanced resistance of transgenic A. thaliana plants to V. dahliae is likely mediated by the SA pathway. CONCLUSION Our findings provide new insights into the role of GaRPL18, indicating that it plays a crucial role in resistance to cotton "cancer", also known as Verticillium wilt, mainly regulated by an SA-related signaling pathway mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 China
| | - Zhaoen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 China
| | - Hamama Islam Butt
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 China
| | - Eryong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 China
| | - Shoupu He
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 China
| | - Chaojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 China
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10
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Tao YB, He LL, Niu L, Xu ZF. Isolation and characterization of the Jatropha curcas APETALA1 (JcAP1) promoter conferring preferential expression in inflorescence buds. PLANTA 2016; 244:467-478. [PMID: 27095108 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The 1.5 kb JcAP1 promoter from the biofuel plant Jatropha curcas is predominantly active in the inflorescence buds of transgenic plants, in which the -1313/-1057 region is essential for maintaining the activity. Arabidopsis thaliana APETALA1 (AP1) is a MADS-domain transcription factor gene that functions primarily in flower development. We isolated a homolog of AP1 from Jatropha curcas (designated JcAP1), which was shown to exhibit flower-specific expression in Jatropha. JcAP1 is first expressed in inflorescence buds and continues to be primarily expressed in the sepals. We isolated a 1.5 kb JcAP1 promoter and evaluated its activity in transgenic Arabidopsis and Jatropha using the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. In transgenic Arabidopsis and Jatropha, the inflorescence buds exhibited notable GUS activity, whereas the sepals did not. Against expectations, the JcAP1 promoter was active in the anthers of Arabidopsis and Jatropha and was highly expressed in Jatropha seeds. An analysis of promoter deletions in transgenic Arabidopsis revealed that deletion of the -1313/-1057 region resulted in loss of JcAP1 promoter activity in the inflorescence buds and increased activity in the anthers. These results suggested that some regulatory sequences in the -1313/-1057 region are essential for maintaining promoter activity in inflorescence buds and can partly suppress activity in the anthers. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that other elements located upstream of the 1.5 kb JcAP1 promoter may be required for flower-specific activation. The JcAP1 promoter characterized in this study can be used to drive transgene expression in both the inflorescence buds and seeds of Jatropha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Liang-Liang He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Longjian Niu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Zeng-Fu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China.
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11
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Pierce EC, LaFayette PR, Ortega MA, Joyce BL, Kopsell DA, Parrott WA. Ketocarotenoid Production in Soybean Seeds through Metabolic Engineering. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138196. [PMID: 26376481 PMCID: PMC4574205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pink or red ketocarotenoids, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin, are used as feed additives in the poultry and aquaculture industries as a source of egg yolk and flesh pigmentation, as farmed animals do not have access to the carotenoid sources of their wild counterparts. Because soybean is already an important component in animal feed, production of these carotenoids in soybean could be a cost-effective means of delivery. In order to characterize the ability of soybean seed to produce carotenoids, soybean cv. Jack was transformed with the crtB gene from Pantoea ananatis, which codes for phytoene synthase, an enzyme which catalyzes the first committed step in the carotenoid pathway. The crtB gene was engineered together in combinations with ketolase genes (crtW from Brevundimonas sp. strain SD212 and bkt1 from Haematococcus pluvialis) to produce ketocarotenoids; all genes were placed under the control of seed-specific promoters. HPLC results showed that canthaxanthin is present in the transgenic seeds at levels up to 52 μg/g dry weight. Transgenic seeds also accumulated other compounds in the carotenoid pathway, such as astaxanthin, lutein, β-carotene, phytoene, α-carotene, lycopene, and β-cryptoxanthin, whereas lutein was the only one of these detected in non-transgenic seeds. The accumulation of astaxanthin, which requires a β-carotene hydroxylase in addition to a β-carotene ketolase, in the transgenic seeds suggests that an endogenous soybean enzyme is able to work in combination with the ketolase transgene. Soybean seeds that accumulate ketocarotenoids could potentially be used in animal feed to reduce or eliminate the need for the costly addition of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Pierce
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies and the Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Peter R. LaFayette
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies and the Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - María A. Ortega
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies and the Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Blake L. Joyce
- The School of Plant Sciences, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Dean A. Kopsell
- Plant Sciences Department, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wayne A. Parrott
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies and the Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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12
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Tao YB, He LL, Niu LJ, Xu ZF. Isolation and characterization of an ubiquitin extension protein gene (JcUEP) promoter from Jatropha curcas. PLANTA 2015; 241:823-36. [PMID: 25502690 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The JcUEP promoter is active constitutively in the bio-fuel plant Jatropha curcas , and is an alternative to the widely used CaMV35S promoter for driving constitutive overexpression of transgenes in Jatropha. Well-characterized promoters are required for transgenic breeding of Jatropha curcas, a biofuel feedstock with great potential for production of bio-diesel and bio-jet fuel. In this study, an ubiquitin extension protein gene from Jatropha, designated JcUEP, was identified to be ubiquitously expressed. Thus, we isolated a 1.2 kb fragment of the 5' flanking region of JcUEP and evaluated its activity as a constitutive promoter in Arabidopsis and Jatropha using the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. As expected, histochemical GUS assay showed that the JcUEP promoter was active in all Arabidopsis and Jatropha tissues tested. We also compared the activity of the JcUEP promoter with that of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV35S) promoter, a well-characterized constitutive promoter conferring strong transgene expression in dicot species, in various tissues of Jatropha. In a fluorometric GUS assay, the two promoters showed similar activities in stems, mature leaves and female flowers; while the CaMV35S promoter was more effective than the JcUEP promoter in other tissues, especially young leaves and inflorescences. In addition, the JcUEP promoter retained its activity under stress conditions in low temperature, high salt, dehydration and exogenous ABA treatments. These results suggest that the plant-derived JcUEP promoter could be an alternative to the CaMV35S promoter for driving constitutive overexpression of transgenes in Jatropha and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303, Yunnan, China
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13
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Jacobs TB, LaFayette PR, Schmitz RJ, Parrott WA. Targeted genome modifications in soybean with CRISPR/Cas9. BMC Biotechnol 2015. [PMID: 25879861 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-12015-10131-12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to selectively alter genomic DNA sequences in vivo is a powerful tool for basic and applied research. The CRISPR/Cas9 system precisely mutates DNA sequences in a number of organisms. Here, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is shown to be effective in soybean by knocking-out a green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene and modifying nine endogenous loci. RESULTS Targeted DNA mutations were detected in 95% of 88 hairy-root transgenic events analyzed. Bi-allelic mutations were detected in events transformed with eight of the nine targeting vectors. Small deletions were the most common type of mutation produced, although SNPs and short insertions were also observed. Homoeologous genes were successfully targeted singly and together, demonstrating that CRISPR/Cas9 can both selectively, and generally, target members of gene families. Somatic embryo cultures were also modified to enable the production of plants with heritable mutations, with the frequency of DNA modifications increasing with culture time. A novel cloning strategy and vector system based on In-Fusion® cloning was developed to simplify the production of CRISPR/Cas9 targeting vectors, which should be applicable for targeting any gene in any organism. CONCLUSIONS The CRISPR/Cas9 is a simple, efficient, and highly specific genome editing tool in soybean. Although some vectors are more efficient than others, it is possible to edit duplicated genes relatively easily. The vectors and methods developed here will be useful for the application of CRISPR/Cas9 to soybean and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Jacobs
- Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Present address: Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Peter R LaFayette
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Robert J Schmitz
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Wayne A Parrott
- Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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14
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Jacobs TB, LaFayette PR, Schmitz RJ, Parrott WA. Targeted genome modifications in soybean with CRISPR/Cas9. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:16. [PMID: 25879861 PMCID: PMC4365529 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to selectively alter genomic DNA sequences in vivo is a powerful tool for basic and applied research. The CRISPR/Cas9 system precisely mutates DNA sequences in a number of organisms. Here, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is shown to be effective in soybean by knocking-out a green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene and modifying nine endogenous loci. RESULTS Targeted DNA mutations were detected in 95% of 88 hairy-root transgenic events analyzed. Bi-allelic mutations were detected in events transformed with eight of the nine targeting vectors. Small deletions were the most common type of mutation produced, although SNPs and short insertions were also observed. Homoeologous genes were successfully targeted singly and together, demonstrating that CRISPR/Cas9 can both selectively, and generally, target members of gene families. Somatic embryo cultures were also modified to enable the production of plants with heritable mutations, with the frequency of DNA modifications increasing with culture time. A novel cloning strategy and vector system based on In-Fusion® cloning was developed to simplify the production of CRISPR/Cas9 targeting vectors, which should be applicable for targeting any gene in any organism. CONCLUSIONS The CRISPR/Cas9 is a simple, efficient, and highly specific genome editing tool in soybean. Although some vectors are more efficient than others, it is possible to edit duplicated genes relatively easily. The vectors and methods developed here will be useful for the application of CRISPR/Cas9 to soybean and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Jacobs
- Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Present address: Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Peter R LaFayette
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Robert J Schmitz
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Wayne A Parrott
- Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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15
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Ajjappala H, Chung HY, Sim JS, Choi I, Hahn BS. Disruption of prefoldin-2 protein synthesis in root-knot nematodes via host-mediated gene silencing efficiently reduces nematode numbers and thus protects plants. PLANTA 2015; 241:773-87. [PMID: 25491640 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The aim of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of down-regulating endogeneous prefoldin-2 root-knot nematode transcripts by expressing dsRNA with sequence identity to the nematode gene in tobacco roots under the influence of strong Arabidopsis ubiquitin (UBQ1) promoter. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are sedentary endoparasites infecting a wide range of plant species. They parasitise the root system, thereby disrupting water and nutrient uptake and causing major reductions in crop yields. The most reliable means of controlling RKNs is via the use of soil fumigants such as methyl bromide. With the emergence of RNA interference (RNAi) technology, which permits host-mediated nematode gene silencing, a new strategy to control plant pathogens has become available. In the present study, we investigated host-induced RNAi gene silencing of prefoldin-2 in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. Reductions in prefoldin-2 mRNA transcript levels were observed when nematodes were soaked in a dsRNA solution in vitro. Furthermore, nematode reproduction was suppressed in RNAi transgenic lines, as evident by reductions in the numbers of root knots (by 34-60 % in independent RNAi lines) and egg masses (by 33-58 %). Endogenous expression of prefoldin-2, analysed via real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, revealed that the gene was strongly expressed in the pre-parasitic J2 stage. Our observations demonstrate the relevance and potential importance of targeting the prefoldin gene during the nematode life cycle. The work also suggests that further improvements in silencing efficiency in economically important crops can be accomplished using RNAi directed against plant-parasitic nematodes.
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16
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Kanizay LB, Jacobs TB, Gillespie K, Newsome JA, Spaid BN, Parrott WA. HtStuf: High-Throughput Sequencing to Locate Unknown DNA Junction Fragments. THE PLANT GENOME 2015; 8:eplantgenome2014.10.0070. [PMID: 33228280 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2014.10.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances in high-throughput sequencing have led to many new technologies for assessing genomes and population diversity. In spite of this, inexpensive and technically simple methods for efficiently pinpointing the location of transgenes and other specific sequences in large genomes are lacking. Here we report the development of a modified TA cloning and Illumina sequencing method called high-throughput sequencing to locate unmapped DNA fragments (HtStuf). Transgenic insertion sites were identified and confirmed in nine out of 10 transgenic soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines, and major rearrangements of the transgene were detected in these lines. Additionally this method was used to map insertions of the introduced DNA transposon, mPing, in four T6 lines derived from a single event. Fifteen of the mPing insertion sites were validated with polymerase chain reaction. Together, these data demonstrate the simplicity and effectiveness of this novel sequencing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B Kanizay
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Thomas B Jacobs
- Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Kevin Gillespie
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Jade A Newsome
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Brittany N Spaid
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Wayne A Parrott
- Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
- Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
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17
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Kim J, Chang C, Tucker ML. To grow old: regulatory role of ethylene and jasmonic acid in senescence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:20. [PMID: 25688252 PMCID: PMC4310285 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Senescence, the final stage in the development of an organ or whole plant, is a genetically programmed process controlled by developmental and environmental signals. Age-related signals underlie the onset of senescence in specific organs (leaf, flower, and fruit) as well as the whole plant (monocarpic senescence). Rudimentary to most senescence processes is the plant hormone ethylene, a small gaseous molecule critical to diverse processes throughout the life of the plant. The role of ethylene in senescence was discovered almost 100 years ago, but the molecular mechanisms by which ethylene regulates senescence have been deciphered more recently primarily through genetic and molecular studies in Arabidopsis. Jasmonic acid (JA), another plant hormone, is emerging as a key player in the control of senescence. The regulatory network of ethylene and JA involves the integration of transcription factors, microRNAs, and other hormones. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of ethylene's role in senescence, and discuss the interplay of ethylene with JA in the regulation of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyup Kim
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- *Correspondence: Joonyup Kim and Mark L. Tucker, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 006, Room 212, BARC-WEST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA e-mail: ;
| | - Caren Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Mark L. Tucker
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
- *Correspondence: Joonyup Kim and Mark L. Tucker, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 006, Room 212, BARC-WEST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA e-mail: ;
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18
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Maynard CA, McGuigan LD, Oakes AD, Zhang B, Newhouse AE, Northern LC, Chartrand AM, Will LR, Baier KM, Powell WA. Chestnut, American (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.). Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1224:143-161. [PMID: 25416256 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1658-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The key to successful transformation of American chestnut is having the correct combination of explant tissue, selectable markers, a very robust DNA delivery system, and a reliable regeneration system. The most important components of this transformation protocol for American chestnut are the following: starting out with rapidly dividing somatic embryos, treating the embryos gently throughout the Agrobacterium inoculation and cocultivation steps, doing the cocultivation step in desiccation plates, and finally transferring the embryos into temporary-immersion bioreactors for selection. None of these departures from standard Agrobacterium transformation protocols is sufficient by itself to achieve transgenic American chestnut, but each component makes a difference, resulting in a highly robust protocol. The average transformation efficiency that can be expected using the described protocol is approximately 170 stable embryogenic transformation events per gram of somatic embryo tissue, a considerable improvement over the 20 transformation events per gram we reported in 2006 (Maynard et al. American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) Agrobacterium protocols, 2nd ed., 2006). We have regenerated nearly 100 of these events, containing 23 different gene constructs, into whole plants. As of the fall of 2013, we had a total of 1,275 transgenic chestnut trees planted at eight locations in New York State and one in Virginia. Based on a combination of field-trial inoculations, greenhouse small-stem inoculations, and detached-leaf assays, we have identified three transgenes that produce stronger resistance to chestnut blight than non-transgenic American chestnut. Depending on the transgene and the event, this resistance can be either intermediate between American chestnut and Chinese chestnut, approximately equal to or even higher than the resistance naturally found in Chinese chestnut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Maynard
- Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA,
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19
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Li ZT, Kim KH, Jasinski JR, Creech MR, Gray DJ. Large-scale characterization of promoters from grapevine (Vitis spp.) using quantitative anthocyanin and GUS assay systems. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 196:132-42. [PMID: 23017908 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Successful implementation of cisgenic/intragenic/ingenic technology for crop improvement necessitates a better understanding of the function of native promoters for driving desired gene expression in host plant. Although the genome of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) has been determined, efforts to explore promoter resources for the development of cisgenics are still lacking. Particularly, there is a shortage of constitutive promoters for marker and/or target gene expression in this species. In this work, we utilized an anthocyanin-based color histogram analysis method to evaluate quantitatively a large number of promoters for their ability to activate transgene expression. Promoter fragments corresponding to known genes were amplified from various genotypes and used to drive the VvMybA1 gene of 'Merlot' for anthocyanin production in non-pigmented somatic embryo (SE) explants to infer transcriptional activity. Results revealed that among 15 tested promoters belonging to seven ubiquitin genes, at least three promoters generated constitutive activities reaching up to 100% value of the d35S promoter. In particular, the high activity levels of VvUb6-1 and VvUb7-2 promoters were verified by transient GUS quantitative assay as well as stable anthocyanin expression in sepal and corolla of transgenic tobacco. Variations in promoter activity of different ubiquitin genes in grapevine did not correlate with the presence and sizes of 5' UTR intron, but seemed to be related positively and negatively to the number of positive cis-acting elements and root-specific elements respectively. In addition, several of the 13 promoters derived from a PR1 gene and a PAL gene produced a higher basal activity as compared to previously reported inducible promoters and might be useful for further identification of strong inducible promoters. Our study contributed invaluable information on transcriptional activity of many previously uncharacterized native promoters that could be used for genetic engineering of grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian T Li
- Grape Biotechnology Core Laboratory, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, 2725 Binion Road, Apopka, FL 32703-8504, USA
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20
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Chawla R, Shakya R, Rommens CM. Tuber-specific silencing of asparagine synthetase-1 reduces the acrylamide-forming potential of potatoes grown in the field without affecting tuber shape and yield. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:913-24. [PMID: 22726556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous silencing of asparagine synthetase (Ast)-1 and -2 limits asparagine (ASN) formation and, consequently, reduces the acrylamide-forming potential of tubers. The phenotype of silenced lines appears normal in the greenhouse, but field-grown tubers are small and cracked. Assessing the effects of silencing StAst1 and StAst2 individually, we found that yield drag was mainly linked to down-regulation of StAst2. Interestingly, tubers from untransformed scions grafted onto intragenic StAst1/2-silenced rootstock contained almost the same low ASN levels as those in the original silenced lines, indicating that ASN is mainly formed in tubers rather than being transported from leaves. This conclusion was further supported by the finding that overexpression of StAst2 caused ASN to accumulate in leaves but not tubers. Thus, ASN does not appear to be the main form of organic nitrogen transported from leaves to tubers. Because reduced ASN levels coincided with increased levels of glutamine, it appears likely that this alternative amide amino acid is mobilized to tubers, where it is converted into ASN by StAst1. Indeed, tuber-specific silencing of StAst1, but not of StAst2, was sufficient to substantially lower ASN formation in tubers. Extensive field studies demonstrated that the reduced acrylamide-forming potential achieved by tuber-specific StAst1 silencing did not affect the yield or quality of field-harvested tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Chawla
- Simplot Plant Sciences, J. R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID, USA
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21
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Generation, functional analysis and utility of Citrus grandis EST from a flower-derived cDNA library. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7221-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Richael CM, Rommens CM. Employment of cytokinin vectors for marker-free and backbone-free transformation. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 847:3-10. [PMID: 22350994 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-558-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Marker-free methods of plant transformation sacrifice the advantages of a selectable marker during regeneration or add work after regeneration to remove the marker. On the positive side, there is no stably integrated marker gene in the plant genome to present regulatory hurdles or potential biosafety hazards once the plant is released to the environment. A marker-free method that is simple and adaptable to multiple crop species-even asexually propagated species-is presented herein. This method employs an engineered vector that utilizes the isopentenyltransferase (ipt) to drive the regeneration of intragenic cells containing the gene(s) of interest. The ipt gene also acts as a marker to screen against events where the vector backbone is stably integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Richael
- Department of Plant Sciences, JR Simplot Company, Boise, ID, USA
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23
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Duan H, Richael C, Rommens CM. Overexpression of the wild potato eIF4E-1 variant Eva1 elicits Potato virus Y resistance in plants silenced for native eIF4E-1. Transgenic Res 2011; 21:929-38. [PMID: 22146867 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most important viral pathogen of cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) from a commercial perspective, causing severe losses in both tuber quality and yield worldwide. Specific accessions of wild potato species exhibit resistance against PVY but efforts to transfer the trait to cultivated material have not yielded widely adopted varieties. Because amino acid substitutions at specific domains of host factor eIF4E-1 often confer resistance to various crops, we sequenced the associated genes expressed in wild potato plants. A novel eIF4E-1 variant, designated here as Eva1, was identified in S. chacoense, S. demissum, and S. etuberosum. The protein contains amino acid substitutions at ten different positions when compared to its cultivated potato (S. tuberosum) homolog. In the yeast two-hybrid system, Eva1 failed to bind VPg, a viral protein required for infectivity. Overexpression of the associated cDNA conferred PVY resistance to transgenic potato plants silenced for the native eIF4E-1 gene. Because the gene sources of Eva1 are sexually compatible with potato, the molecular strategies described can be employed to develop 'intragenic' potato cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Duan
- Simplot Plant Sciences, JR Simplot Company, Boise, ID 83706, USA
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24
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Mann DGJ, King ZR, Liu W, Joyce BL, Percifield RJ, Hawkins JS, LaFayette PR, Artelt BJ, Burris JN, Mazarei M, Bennetzen JL, Parrott WA, Stewart CN. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) polyubiquitin gene (PvUbi1 and PvUbi2) promoters for use in plant transformation. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:74. [PMID: 21745390 PMCID: PMC3161867 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ubiquitin protein is present in all eukaryotic cells and promoters from ubiquitin genes are good candidates to regulate the constitutive expression of transgenes in plants. Therefore, two switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) ubiquitin genes (PvUbi1 and PvUbi2) were cloned and characterized. Reporter constructs were produced containing the isolated 5' upstream regulatory regions of the coding sequences (i.e. PvUbi1 and PvUbi2 promoters) fused to the uidA coding region (GUS) and tested for transient and stable expression in a variety of plant species and tissues. RESULTS PvUbi1 consists of 607 bp containing cis-acting regulatory elements, a 5' untranslated region (UTR) containing a 93 bp non-coding exon and a 1291 bp intron, and a 918 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encodes four tandem, head -to-tail ubiquitin monomer repeats followed by a 191 bp 3' UTR. PvUbi2 consists of 692 bp containing cis-acting regulatory elements, a 5' UTR containing a 97 bp non-coding exon and a 1072 bp intron, a 1146 bp ORF that encodes five tandem ubiquitin monomer repeats and a 183 bp 3' UTR. PvUbi1 and PvUbi2 were expressed in all examined switchgrass tissues as measured by qRT-PCR. Using biolistic bombardment, PvUbi1 and PvUbi2 promoters showed strong expression in switchgrass and rice callus, equaling or surpassing the expression levels of the CaMV 35S, 2x35S, ZmUbi1, and OsAct1 promoters. GUS staining following stable transformation in rice demonstrated that the PvUbi1 and PvUbi2 promoters drove expression in all examined tissues. When stably transformed into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), the PvUbi2+3 and PvUbi2+9 promoter fusion variants showed expression in vascular and reproductive tissues. CONCLUSIONS The PvUbi1 and PvUbi2 promoters drive expression in switchgrass, rice and tobacco and are strong constitutive promoter candidates that will be useful in genetic transformation of monocots and dicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- David GJ Mann
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6026, USA
| | - Zachary R King
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6026, USA
| | - Wusheng Liu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Blake L Joyce
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Ryan J Percifield
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6026, USA
| | - Jennifer S Hawkins
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6026, USA
| | - Peter R LaFayette
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6026, USA
| | - Barbara J Artelt
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6026, USA
| | - Jason N Burris
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6026, USA
| | - Mitra Mazarei
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6026, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Bennetzen
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6026, USA
| | - Wayne A Parrott
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6026, USA
| | - Charles N Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6026, USA
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Semenyuk EG, Schmidt MA, Beachy RN, Moravec T, Woodford-Thomas T. Adaptation of an ecdysone-based genetic switch for transgene expression in soybean seeds. Transgenic Res 2010; 19:987-99. [PMID: 20191320 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Soybean was used as a model for studies of chemical induction of gene expression in seeds. A chimeric transcriptional activator, VGE, driven by the soybean seed glycinin G1 promoter, was used to induce the expression of an ER-targeted GFP(KDEL) reporter protein upon addition of the chemical ligand, methoxyfenozide. The chemical gene switch activated gene expression under in vitro conditions in somatic cotyledonary embryos and zygotic seed embryos cultured from transgenic soybean plants, as well as in seeds in planta under greenhouse conditions. The efficiency of induction of GFP expression under different growth conditions was strongly influenced by the developmental stage of the seed and availability of the inducer. The formation of ER-derived GFP-containing protein bodies in seed storage parenchyma cells was correlated with the level of induced expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Semenyuk
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Road, Saint Louis, MO 63132, USA.
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26
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Confalonieri M, Borghetti R, Macovei A, Testoni C, Carbonera D, Fevereiro MPS, Rommens C, Swords K, Piano E, Balestrazzi A. Backbone-free transformation of barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) with a Medicago-derived transfer DNA. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:1013-1021. [PMID: 20571798 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation of the model legume Medicago truncatula Gaertn. (barrel medic) was carried out using the pSIM843 vector that contains a Medicago-derived transfer DNA, delineated by a 25-bp sequence homologous to bacterial T-DNA borders. The transfer DNA contains an expression cassette for the nptII (neomycin phosphotransferase) gene and is flanked by an expression cassette for the backbone integration marker gene ipt (isopentenyl transferase). Our results demonstrate that the Medicago-derived RB-like elements efficiently support DNA mobilization from A. tumefaciens to M. truncatula. Kanamycin-resistant shoots with normal phenotype and ipt-shooty lines were recovered at a frequency of 11.7 and 7.8%, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses demonstrated that 44.4% of the independent transgenic lines were backbone-free and evidenced the occurrence of backbone-transfer events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Confalonieri
- C.R.A.-Centro di Ricerca per le Produzioni Foraggere e Lattiero-Casearie, viale Piacenza 29, 26900, Lodi, Italy
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27
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Smith ZR, Long JA. Control of Arabidopsis apical-basal embryo polarity by antagonistic transcription factors. Nature 2010; 464:423-6. [PMID: 20190735 PMCID: PMC2841697 DOI: 10.1038/nature08843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants, similar to animals, form polarized axes during embryogenesis upon which cell differentiation and organ patterning programs are orchestrated. During Arabidopsis embryogenesis, establishment of the shoot and root stem cell populations occurs at opposite ends of an apical-basal axis. Recent work has identified the PLETHORA (PLT) genes as master regulators of basal/root fate1–3, while the master regulators of apical/shoot fate have remained elusive. Here we show that the PLT1 and PLT2 genes are direct targets of the transcriptional corepressor TOPLESS (TPL) and that PLT1/2 are necessary for the homeotic conversion of shoots to roots in tpl-1 mutants. Using tpl-1 as a genetic tool, we identify the CLASS IIIHOMEODOMAIN-LEUCINE ZIPPER (HD-ZIP III) transcription factors as master regulators of embryonic apical fate, and show they are sufficient to drive the conversion of the embryonic root pole into a second shoot pole. Furthermore, genetic and misexpression studies reveal an antagonistic relationship between the PLT and HD-ZIP III genes in specifying the root and shoot pole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R Smith
- Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Masura SS, Parveez GKA, Ismail I. Isolation and characterization of oil palm constitutive promoter derived from ubiquitin extension protein (uep1) gene. N Biotechnol 2010; 27:289-99. [PMID: 20123048 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.01.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin extension protein (uep1) gene was identified as a constitutively expressed gene in oil palm. We have isolated and characterized the 5' region of the oil palm uep1 gene, which contains an 828 bp sequence upstream of the uep1 translational start site. Construction of a pUEP1 transformation vector, which contains gusA reporter gene under the control of uep1 promoter, was carried out for functional analysis of the promoter through transient expression studies. It was found that the 5' region of uep1 functions as a constitutive promoter in oil palm and could drive GUS expression in all tissues tested, including embryogenic calli, embryoid, immature embryo, young leaflet from mature palm, green leaf, mesocarp and meristematic tissues (shoot tip). This promoter could also be used in dicot systems as it was demonstrated to be capable of driving gusA gene expression in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhi Siti Masura
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Biological Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, P.O. Box 10620, 50720 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Hanania U, Velcheva M, Sahar N, Flaishman M, Or E, Degani O, Perl A. The ubiquitin extension protein S27a is differentially expressed in developing flower organs of Thompson seedless versus Thompson seeded grape isogenic clones. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:1033-1042. [PMID: 19479258 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In Vitis vinifera L. cv. Thompson Seedless, fertilization occurs but seeds abort, a type of stenospermocarpy. To clone transcripts with differential expression during flower development, suppressive subtractive hybridization was carried out using two isogenic clones 'Thompson seedless' and 'Thompson seeded', at three stages of inflorescence development (from bud break to ~20 days prior to anthesis). Differential screening and sequencing of a forward and reverse subtractive cDNA library yielded several singleton ESTs. One differentially expressed clone in 'Thompson' seeded versus seedless isogenic clones was the ubiquitin extension protein S27a. In situ hybridization demonstrated its significantly higher expression in the carpel and ovaries of 'Thompson' seedless versus seeded isogenic clones during flower development. Overexpression of this gene resulted in abnormal plant regeneration and inhibited shoot development compared to controls; its silencing in embryogenic callus induced cell necrosis and callus death, evidencing tight regulation of this gene in developing organs of grape. S27a overexpression in carpels and integuments of the seedless flower may interfere with normal development of these organs, leading to embryo abortion and seedlessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Hanania
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Sharma AK, Sharma MK. Plants as bioreactors: Recent developments and emerging opportunities. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:811-832. [PMID: 19576278 PMCID: PMC7125752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of plants as bioreactors has emerged as an exciting area of research and significant advances have created new opportunities. The driving forces behind the rapid growth of plant bioreactors include low production cost, product safety and easy scale up. As the yield and concentration of a product is crucial for commercial viability, several strategies have been developed to boost up protein expression in transgenic plants. Augmenting tissue-specific transcription, elevating transcript stability, tissue-specific targeting, translation optimization and sub-cellular accumulation are some of the strategies employed. Various kinds of products that are currently being produced in plants include vaccine antigens, medical diagnostics proteins, industrial and pharmaceutical proteins, nutritional supplements like minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates and biopolymers. A large number of plant-derived recombinant proteins have reached advanced clinical trials. A few of these products have already been introduced in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Manoj K Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
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Hanania U, Velcheva M, Sahar N, Flaishman M, Or E, Dgani O, Perl A. Suppression and overexpression of ubiquitin extension protein S27a affects cell proliferation and in vitro regeneration in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 176:566-74. [PMID: 26493147 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin is a highly conserved 76-amino-acid protein found in all eukaryotic cells. Ubiquitin's expression is encoded and expressed as multimeric head-to-tail repeats (polyubiquitins) that are post-translationally cleaved into monomers, or fused with ribosomal proteins S27a and L40. S27a is highly expressed in meristematic tissues, pollen and ovules and its ubiquitin moiety is thought to act as a chaperone in ribosome biogenesis prior to cleavage. This study suggests that the ribosomal protein S27a plays a critical role in the allocation of meristematic cells that differentiate into lateral structures such as leaves and flowers. S27a was also found to regulate floral meristem development, possibly through the control of cell proliferation as well as cell identity. Overexpression of S27a was correlated with increased proliferation of undifferentiated cells and arrest of morphologically "normal" shoot and leaf development. The ubiquitin moiety did not affect the localization of S27a, but it did affect its protein level: expression of S27a without the ubiquitin moiety caused a severe reduction in S27a protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Hanania
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Margarita Velcheva
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Nachman Sahar
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Moshe Flaishman
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Etti Or
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Oded Dgani
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Avihai Perl
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
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Schmidt MA, Herman EM. Suppression of soybean oleosin produces micro-oil bodies that aggregate into oil body/ER complexes. MOLECULAR PLANT 2008; 1:910-24. [PMID: 19825592 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Using RNAi, the seed oil body protein 24-kDa oleosin has been suppressed in transgenic soybeans. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms micro-oil bodies about 50 nm in diameter that coalesce with adjacent oil bodies forming a hierarchy of oil body sizes. The oil bodies in the oleosin knockdown form large oil body-ER complexes with the interior dominated by micro-oil bodies and intermediate-sized oil bodies, while the peripheral areas of the complex are dominated by large oil bodies. The complex merges to form giant oil bodies with onset of seed dormancy that disrupts cell structure. The transcriptome of the oleosin knockdown shows few changes compared to wild-type. Proteomic analysis of the isolated oil bodies of the 24-kDa oleosin knockdown shows the absence of the 24-kDa oleosin and the presence of abundant caleosin and lipoxygenase. The formation of the micro-oil bodies in the oleosin knockdown is interpreted to indicate a function of the oleosin as a surfactant.
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Schmidt MA, Herman EM. Proteome rebalancing in soybean seeds can be exploited to enhance foreign protein accumulation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2008; 6:832-42. [PMID: 18694455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Seeds possess a high intrinsic capacity for protein production that makes them a desirable bioreactor platform for the manufacture of transgenic products. One strategy to enhance foreign protein production involves exchanging the capacity to produce intrinsic proteins for the capacity to produce a high level of foreign proteins. Suppression of the alpha/alpha' subunit of beta-conglycinin storage protein synthesis in soybean has been shown previously to result in an increase in the accumulation of the glycinin storage protein, some of which is sequestered as proglycinin into de novo endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived protein bodies. The exchange of glycinin for conglycinin is quantitative, with the remodelled soybeans possessing a normal protein content with an altered proteome. The green fluorescent protein (GFP)-kdel reporter was transferred in a construct using the glycinin promoter and terminator to mimic glycinin gene expression. When expressed in soybean seeds, GFP-kdel accreted to form ER-derived protein bodies. The introgression of GFP-kdel into the alpha/alpha' subunit of the beta-conglycinin suppression background resulted in a fourfold enhancement of GFP-kdel accumulation to > 7% (w/w) of the total protein in soybean seeds. The resulting seeds accumulated a single population of ER membrane-bound protein bodies that contained both GFP-kdel and glycinin. Thus, the collateral proteome rebalancing that occurs with the suppression of intrinsic proteins in soybean can be exploited to produce an enhanced level of foreign proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A Schmidt
- Plant Genetics Research Unit USDA/ARS, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Road, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
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Abstract
Binary plant transformation vectors are widely used for introduction of transgenes into plants via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. We report the construction of a binary plant vector pBINPLUS/ARS based on the pBINPLUS vector. Improvements introduced into pBINPLUS/ARS include the use of nonproprietary (ubiquitin-3 gene of Solanum tuberosum) promoter and terminator sequences for transcription of the NptII selectable marker and introduction of rare 8-bp restriction enzyme sites flanking both the NptII coding sequence (PmeI) and the entire selectable marker gene (FseI). This vector offers all of the advantages of its predecessor pBINPLUS and its helper plasmid pUCAP, which use the proprietary nopaline synthase promoter and terminator, while allowing for facile modification of selectable marker sequences in complex binary vector constructs. pBINPLUS/ARS has been used to introduce transgenes into potato and other crop species and is available to all researchers in academic, government, and industrial laboratories for proof-of-principle and commercial applications.
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WIENS MATTHIAS, LUKIC LADA, MÜLLER WERNERE, GAMULIN VERA. Ubiquitins (polyubiquitin and ubiquitin extension protein) in marine sponges: cDNA sequence and phylogenetic analysis. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Barone P, Rosellini D, Lafayette P, Bouton J, Veronesi F, Parrott W. Bacterial citrate synthase expression and soil aluminum tolerance in transgenic alfalfa. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:893-901. [PMID: 18305942 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Alfalfa is very sensitive to soil acidity and its yield and stand duration are compromised due to inhibited root growth and reduced nitrogen fixation caused by Al toxicity. Soil improvement by liming is expensive and only partially effective, and conventional plant breeding for Al tolerance has had limited success. Because tobacco and papaya plants overexpressing Pseudomonas aeruginosa citrate synthase (CS) have been reported to exhibit enhanced tolerance to Al, alfalfa was engineered by introducing the CS gene controlled by the Arabidopsis Act2 constitutive promoter or the tobacco RB7 root-specific promoter. Fifteen transgenic plants were assayed for exclusion of Al from the root tip, for internal citrate content, for growth in in vitro assays, or for shoot and root growth in either hydroponics or in soil assays. Overall, only the soil assays yielded consistent results. Based on the soil assays, two transgenic events were identified that were more aluminum-tolerant than the non-transgenic control, confirming that citrate synthase overexpression can be a useful tool to help achieve aluminum tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Barone
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, 30602, Athens, GA, USA.
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Cytokinin vectors mediate marker-free and backbone-free plant transformation. Transgenic Res 2008; 17:905-17. [PMID: 18320338 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-008-9175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods rely on complex and genotype-specific tissue culture media for selection, proliferation, and regeneration of genetically modified cells. Resulting transgenic plants may not only contain selectable marker genes but also carry fragments of the vector backbone. Here, we describe a new method for the production of transgenic plants that lack such foreign DNA. This method employs vectors containing the bacterial isopentenyltransferase (ipt) gene as backbone integration marker. Agrobacterium strains carrying the resulting ipt gene-containing "cytokinin" vectors were used to infect explants of various Solanaceous plant species as well as canola (Brassica napus). Upon transfer to hormone-free media, 1.8% to 9.9% of the infected explants produced shoots that contained a marker-free T-DNA while lacking the backbone integration marker. These frequencies often equal or exceed those for backbone-free conventional transformation.
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Silady RA, Ehrhardt DW, Jackson K, Faulkner C, Oparka K, Somerville CR. The GRV2/RME-8 protein of Arabidopsis functions in the late endocytic pathway and is required for vacuolar membrane flow. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 53:29-41. [PMID: 17971043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The gravitropism defective 2 (grv2) mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana were previously characterized as exhibiting shoot agravitropism resulting from mutations in a homolog of the Caenorhabditis elegans RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS-8 (RME-8) gene, which is required in C. elegans for endocytosis. A fluorescent protein fusion to the GRV2 protein localized to endosomes in transgenic plants, and vacuolar morphology was altered in grv2 mutants. A defect in vacuolar membrane dynamics provides a mechanistic explanation for the gravitropic defect, and may also account for the presence of an enlarged vacuole in early embryos, together with a nutrient requirement during seedling establishment. The GRV2-positive endosomes were sensitive to Wortmannin but not brefeldin A (BFA), consistent with GRV2 operating late in the endocytic pathway, prior to delivery of vesicles to the central vacuole. The specific enlargement of GRV2:YFP structures by Wortmannin, together with biochemical data showing that GRV2 co-fractionates with pre-vacuolar markers such as PEP12/SYP21, leads us to conclude that in plants GRV2/RME-8 functions in vesicle trafficking from the multivesicular body/pre-vacuolar compartment to the lytic vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Silady
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Kok-Jacon GA, Vincken JP, Suurs LCJM, Wang D, Liu S, Visser RGF. Expression of alternansucrase in potato plants. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:1135-42. [PMID: 17380272 PMCID: PMC1914260 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alternan, which consists of alternating α-(1→3)/α-(1→6)-linked glucosyl residues, was produced in potato tubers by expressing a mature alternansucrase (Asr) gene from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1355 in potato. Detection of alternan was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in tuber juices, revealing a concentration between 0.3 and 1.2 mg g-1 fresh wt. The Asr transcript levels correlated well with alternan accumulation in tuber juices. It appeared that the expression of sucrose-regulated starch-synthesizing genes (ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase subunit S and granule-bound starch synthase I) was down-regulated. Despite this, the physico-chemical properties of the transgenic starches were unaltered. These results are compared to those obtained with other transgenic potato plants producing mutan [α-(1→3)-linked glucosyl residues] and dextran [α-(1→6)-linked glucosyl residues].
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine A. Kok-Jacon
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc C. J. M. Suurs
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denong Wang
- Departments of Genetics, Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center B006, Stanford, CA 94305-5318 USA
- Functional Genomics Division, Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Shaoyi Liu
- Functional Genomics Division, Columbia Genome Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
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42
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Moravec T, Schmidt MA, Herman EM, Woodford-Thomas T. Production of Escherichia coli heat labile toxin (LT) B subunit in soybean seed and analysis of its immunogenicity as an oral vaccine. Vaccine 2007; 25:1647-57. [PMID: 17188785 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The B subunit of the heat labile toxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (LTB) was used as a model immunogen for production in soybean seed. LTB expression was directed to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of seed storage parenchyma cells for sequestration in de novo synthesized inert protein accretions derived from the ER. Pentameric LTB accumulated to 2.4% of the total seed protein at maturity and was stable in desiccated seed. LTB-soybean extracts administered orally to mice induced both systemic IgG and IgA, and mucosal IgA antibody responses, and was particularly efficacious when used in a parenteral prime-oral gavage boost immunization strategy. Sera from immunized mice blocked ligand binding in vitro and immunized mice exhibited partial protection against LT challenge. Moreover, soybean-expressed LTB stimulated the antibody response against a co-administered antigen by 500-fold. These results demonstrate the utility of soybean as an efficient production platform for vaccines that can be used for oral delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Moravec
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States
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43
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McCue KF, Allen PV, Shepherd LVT, Blake A, Maccree MM, Rockhold DR, Novy RG, Stewart D, Davies HV, Belknap WR. Potato glycosterol rhamnosyltransferase, the terminal step in triose side-chain biosynthesis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:327-34. [PMID: 17157337 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are potentially harmful specialty metabolites found in Solanaceous plants. Two tri-glycosylated alkaloids, alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine accumulate in potato tubers. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were identified in the available database by searching for protein homology to the Sgt1 (SOLtu:Sgt1) steriodalalkaloid galactosyltransferase. The EST sequence data was used to isolate Sgt3 cDNA sequences by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from a wounded potato tuber cDNA library. The resulting 1515bp open reading frame of Sgt3, encodes a predicted SGT3 amino acid sequence that is 18 residues longer than, 45% identical to, and 58% homologous to the SGT1 protein. The amino-terminal region of the Sgt3 cDNA was used to create an antisense transgene under control of the granule bound starch synthase, GBSS6, promoter and the ubiquitin, Ubi3, polyadenylation signal. Analysis of SGA metabolites in selected transgenic tubers revealed a dramatic decrease in the accumulation of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine. This decrease was compensated by an increase in beta-solanine and beta-chaconine with minor accumulation of alpha-SGAs. These results allowed the identification of the function for SGT3 as the beta-solanine/beta-chaconine rhamnosyl transferase, the terminal step in formation of the potato glycoalkaloid triose side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent F McCue
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Utilization Research Unit, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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44
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Mishra S, Yadav DK, Tuli R. Ubiquitin fusion enhances cholera toxin B subunit expression in transgenic plants and the plant-expressed protein binds GM1 receptors more efficiently. J Biotechnol 2006; 127:95-108. [PMID: 16843564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Developing plant based systems for the production of therapeutic recombinant proteins requires the development of efficient expression strategies and characterization of proteins made in heterologous cellular environment. In this study, the expression of cholera toxin B subunit (CtxB) was examined in the leaves of transgenic tobacco plants. A synthetic gene encoding CtxB was designed for high level expression in plant cells and cloned as ubiquitin (Ub) fusion in a plant expression vector. Tobacco plants were genetically engineered by nuclear transformation to express the CtxB or Ub-CtxB fusion proteins under the control of CaMV35S duplicated enhancer promoter. Functionally active CtxB accumulated in tobacco leaves at 2.5-fold higher level in the Ub-CtxB plants. In the best expressors, CtxB accumulated at 0.9% of the total soluble leaf protein. In both the constructs, molecular mass of the plant-expressed CtxB was 14.6 kDa in contrast to 11.6 kDa for the authentic CtxB. Schiff's test, retention on concanavalin A column and chemical and enzymatic deglycosylation established that the higher molecular mass was due to glycosylation of the CtxB expressed in plant cells. The glycosylated CtxB made in tobacco leaves had higher affinity of binding to the GM1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Mishra
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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45
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Nazarian Firouzabadi F, Kok-Jacon GA, Vincken JP, Ji Q, Suurs LCJM, Visser RGF. Fusion proteins comprising the catalytic domain of mutansucrase and a starch-binding domain can alter the morphology of amylose-free potato starch granules during biosynthesis. Transgenic Res 2006; 16:645-56. [PMID: 17160452 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-006-9053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown previously that mutan can be co-synthesized with starch when a truncated mutansucrase (GtfICAT) is directed to potato tuber amyloplasts. The mutan seemed to adhere to the isolated starch granules, but it was not incorporated in the starch granules. In this study, GtfICAT was fused to the N- or C-terminus of a starch-binding domain (SBD). These constructs were introduced into two genetically different potato backgrounds (cv. Kardal and amf), in order to bring GtfICAT in more intimate contact with growing starch granules, and to facilitate the incorporation of mutan polymers in starch. Fusion proteins of the appropriate size were evidenced in starch granules, particularly in the amf background. The starches from the various GtfICAT/SBD transformants seemed to contain less mutan than those from transformants with GtfICAT alone, suggesting that the appended SBD might inhibit the activity of GtfICAT in the engineered fusion proteins. Scanning electron microscopy showed that expression of SBD-GtfICAT resulted in alterations of granule morphology in both genetic backgrounds. Surprisingly, the amf starches containing SBD-GtfICAT had a spongeous appearance, i.e., the granule surface contained many small holes and grooves, suggesting that this fusion protein can interfere with the lateral interactions of amylopectin sidechains. No differences in physico-chemical properties of the transgenic starches were observed. Our results show that expression of granule-bound and "soluble" GtfICAT can affect starch biosynthesis differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Nazarian Firouzabadi
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
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46
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Dong N, Montanez B, Creelman RA, Cornish K. Low light and low ammonium are key factors for guayule leaf tissue shoot organogenesis and transformation. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2006; 25:26-34. [PMID: 16247613 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-005-0024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A new method has been developed for guayule tissue culture and transformation. Guayule leaf explants have a poor survival rate when placed on normal MS medium and under normal culture room light conditions. Low light and low ammonium treatment greatly improved shoot organogenesis and transformation from leaf tissues. Using this method, a 35S promoter driven BAR gene and an ubiquitin-3 promoter driven GUS gene (with intron) have been successfully introduced into guayule. These transgenic guayule plants were resistant to the herbicide ammonium-glufosinate and were positive to GUS staining. Molecular analysis showed the expected band and signal in all GUS positive transformants. The transformation efficiency with glufosinate selection ranged from 3 to 6%. Transformation with a pBIN19-based plasmid containing a NPTII gene and then selection with kanamycin also works well using this method. The ratio of kanamycin-resistant calli to total starting explants reached 50% in some experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Dong
- ARS/WRRC/CIU, U.S. Department of Argiculture, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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47
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Sivamani E, Qu R. Expression enhancement of a rice polyubiquitin gene promoter. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 60:225-39. [PMID: 16429261 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-005-3853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An 808 bp promoter from a rice polyubiquitin gene, rubi3, has been isolated. The rubi3 gene contained an open reading frame of 1,140 bp encoding a pentameric polyubiquitin arranged as five tandem, head-to-tail repeats of 76 aa. The 1,140 bp 5' UTR intron of the gene enhanced its promoter activity in transient expression assays by 20-fold. Translational fusion of the GUS reporter gene to the coding sequence of the ubiquitin monomer enhanced GUS enzyme activity in transient expression assays by 4.3-fold over the construct containing the original rubi3 promoter (including the 5' UTR intron) construct. The enhancing effect residing in the ubiquitin monomer coding sequence has been narrowed down to the first 9 nt coding for the first three amino acid residues of the ubiquitin protein. Mutagenesis at the third nucleotide of this 9 nt sequence still maintains the enhancing effect, but leads to translation of the native GUS protein rather than a fusion protein. The resultant 5' regulatory sequence, consisting of the rubi3 promoter, 5' UTR exon and intron, and the mutated first 9 nt coding sequence, has an activity nearly 90-fold greater than the rubi3 promoter only (without the 5' UTR intron), and 2.2-fold greater than the maize Ubi1 gene promoter (including its 5' UTR intron). The newly created expression vector is expected to enhance transgene expression in monocot plants. Considering the high conservation of the polyubiquitin gene structure in higher plants, the observed enhancement in gene expression may apply to 5' regulatory sequences of other plant polyubiquitin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elumalai Sivamani
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7620, USA
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48
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Kok-Jacon GA, Vincken JP, Suurs LCJM, Wang D, Liu S, Visser RGF. Production of dextran in transgenic potato plants. Transgenic Res 2005; 14:385-95. [PMID: 16201405 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-005-0439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The production of dextran in potato tubers and its effect on starch biosynthesis were investigated. The mature dextransucrase (DsrS) gene from Leuconostoc mesenteroides was fused to the chloroplastic ferredoxin signal peptide (FD) enabling amyloplast entry, which was driven by the highly tuber-expressed patatin promoter. After transformation of two potato genotypes (cv. Kardal and the amylose-free (amf) mutant), dextrans were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in tuber juices of Kardal and amf transformants. The dextran concentration appeared two times higher in the Kardal (about 1.7 mg/g FW) than in the amf transformants. No dextran was detected by ELISA inside the starch granule. Interestingly, starch granule morphology was affected, which might be explained by the accumulation of dextran in tuber juices. In spite of that, no significant changes of the physicochemical properties of the starches were detected. Furthermore, we have observed no clear changes in chain length distributions, despite the known high acceptor efficiency of DSRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine A Kok-Jacon
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
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49
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Rommens CM, Bougri O, Yan H, Humara JM, Owen J, Swords K, Ye J. Plant-derived transfer DNAs. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 139:1338-49. [PMID: 16244143 PMCID: PMC1283770 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.068692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The transfer of DNA from Agrobacterium to plant cell nuclei is initiated by a cleavage reaction within the 25-bp right border of Ti plasmids. In an effort to develop all-native DNA transformation vectors, 50 putative right border alternatives were identified in both plant expressed sequence tags and genomic DNA. Efficacy tests in a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) model system demonstrated that 14 of these elements displayed at least 50% of the activity of conventional Agrobacterium transfer DNA borders. Four of the most effective plant-derived right border alternatives were found to be associated with intron-exon junctions. Additional elements were embedded within introns, exons, untranslated trailers, and intergenic DNA. Based on the identification of a single right border alternative in Arabidopsis and three in rice (Oryza sativa), the occurrence of this motif was estimated at a frequency of at least 0.8x10(-8). Modification of plasmid DNA sequences flanking the alternative borders demonstrated that both upstream and downstream sequences play an important role in initiating DNA transfer. Optimal DNA transfer required the elements to be preceded by pyrimidine residues interspaced by AC-rich trinucleotides. Alteration of this organization lowered transformation frequencies by 46% to 93%. Despite their weaker resemblance with left borders, right border alternatives also functioned effectively in terminating DNA transfer, if both associated with an upstream A[C/T]T[C/G]A[A/T]T[G/T][C/T][G/T][C/G]A[C/T][C/T][A/T] domain and tightly linked cytosine clusters at their junctions with downstream DNA. New insights in border region requirements were used to construct an all-native alfalfa (Medicago sativa) transfer DNA vector that can be used for the production of intragenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caius M Rommens
- J.R. Simplot Company, Simplot Plant Sciences, Boise, IA 83706, USA.
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50
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Kok-Jacon GA, Vincken JP, Suurs LCJM, Visser RGF. Mutan produced in potato amyloplasts adheres to starch granules. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2005; 3:341-51. [PMID: 17129316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2005.00128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Production of water-insoluble mutan polymers in Kardal potato tubers was investigated after expression of a full-length (GtfI) and a truncated mutansucrase gene referred to as GtfICAT (GtfI without glucan-binding domain) from Streptococcus downei. Subsequent effects on starch biosynthesis at the molecular and biochemical levels were studied. Expression of the GtfICAT gene resulted in the adhesion of mutan material on starch granules, which stained red with erythrosine, and which was hydrolysed by exo-mutanase. In addition, GtfICAT-expressing plants exhibited a severely altered tuber phenotype and starch granule morphology in comparison to those expressing the full-length GtfI gene. In spite of that, no structural changes at the starch level were observed. Expression levels of the sucrose-regulated, AGPase and GBSSI genes were down-regulated in only the GTFICAT transformants, showing that GtfICAT expression interfered with the starch biosynthetic pathway. In accordance with the down-regulated AGPase gene, a lower starch content was observed in the GTFICAT transformants. Finally, the rheological properties of the GTFICAT starches were modified; they showed a higher retrogradation during cooling of the starch paste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine A Kok-Jacon
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
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