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Contursi A, Tacconelli S, Hofling U, Bruno A, Dovizio M, Ballerini P, Patrignani P. Biology and pharmacology of platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase in platelets, cancer cells, and their crosstalk. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115252. [PMID: 36130648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-type lipoxygenase (pl12-LOX), encoded by ALOX12, catalyzes the production of the lipid mediator 12S-hydroperoxyeicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid (12S-HpETE), which is quickly reduced by cellular peroxidases to form 12(S)-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12S-HETE). Platelets express high levels of pl12-LOX and generate considerable amounts of 12S-HETE from arachidonic acid (AA; C20:4, n-6). The development of sensitive chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods has allowed the accurate quantification of 12S-HETE in biological samples. Moreover, advances in the knowledge of the mechanism of action of 12S-HETE have been achieved. The orphan G-protein-coupled receptor 31 (GPR31) has been identified as the high-affinity 12S-HETE receptor. Moreover, upon platelet activation, 12S-HETE is produced, and significant amounts are found esterified to membrane phospholipids (PLs), such as phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), promoting thrombin generation. Platelets play many roles in cancer metastasis. Among them, the platelets' ability to interact with cancer cells and transfer platelet molecules by the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is noteworthy. Recently, it was found that platelets induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT) in cancer cells, a phenomenon known to confer high-grade malignancy, through the transfer of pl12-LOX contained in platelet-derived EVs. These cancer cells now generate 12-HETE, considered a key modulator of cancer metastasis. Interestingly, 12-HETE was mainly found esterified in plasmalogen phospholipids of cancer cells. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the regulation and functions of pl12-LOX in platelets and cancer cells and their crosstalk.Novel approaches to preventing cancer and metastasis by the pharmacological inhibition of pl12-LOX and the internalization of mEVs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Contursi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefania Tacconelli
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ulrika Hofling
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bruno
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Melania Dovizio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ballerini
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy; Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paola Patrignani
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.
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Vaezi MA, Safizadeh B, Eghtedari AR, Ghorbanhosseini SS, Rastegar M, Salimi V, Tavakoli-Yaraki M. 15-Lipoxygenase and its metabolites in the pathogenesis of breast cancer: A double-edged sword. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:169. [PMID: 34838055 PMCID: PMC8627626 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
15-lipoxygenase is one of the key enzymes for the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids that its manipulation has been proposed recently as a new molecular target for regulating cancer cell growth. Aberrant expression of 15-lipoxygenase enzyme seems to play an indicative role in the pathology of different cancer types, tumor progression, metastasis, or apoptosis. Based on the fact that breast cancer is one of the most common cancers that imposes a burden of mortality in women also, on the other hand, evidence in experimental models and human studies indicate the emerging role of the 15-lipoxygenase pathway in breast cancer pathogenesis, we present a review of recent findings related to the role of 15- lipoxygenase enzyme and metabolites in breast cancer growth, apoptosis, metastasis, and invasion as well as their local and circulating expression pattern in patients with breast cancer. Our review supports the emerging role of 15- lipoxygenase in molecular and cellular processes regulating breast tumor cell fate with both positive and negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Vaezi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Safizadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Eghtedari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Rastegar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Our own studies and those of others have shown that defects in essential fatty acid (EFA) metabolism occurs in age-related disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, immune dysfunction and cancer. It has been noted that in all these disorders there could occur a defect in the activities of desaturases, cyclo-oxygenase (COX), and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes leading to a decrease in the formation of their long-chain products gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This leads to an increase in the production of pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thromboxanes (TXs), and leukotrienes (LTs) and a decrease in anti-inflammatory lipoxin A4, resolvins, protectins and maresins. All these bioactive molecules are termed as bioactive lipids (BALs). This imbalance in the metabolites of EFAs leads to low-grade systemic inflammation and at times acute inflammatory events at specific local sites that trigger the development of various age-related disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and immune dysfunction as seen in rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, nephritis and other localized inflammatory conditions. This evidence implies that methods designed to restore BALs to normal can prevent age-related disorders and enhance longevity and health.
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Thiele W, Kyjacova L, Köhler A, Sleeman JP. A cautionary note: Toxicity of polyethylene glycol 200 injected intraperitoneally into mice. Lab Anim 2019; 54:391-396. [DOI: 10.1177/0023677219873684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The parenteral administration of hydrophobic substances in vivo requires the use of organic solvents to ensure sufficient solubility and avoid precipitation. Dimethyl sulfoxide is commonly used for this purpose. Based on the common assumption that polyethylene glycol (PEG) is non-toxic, our local regulatory authorities recently recommended the use of PEG instead. However, mice injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with PEG 200 at a dose of 8 mL/kg (i.e. 9 g/kg) did not tolerate PEG 200 well, and half of the animals had to be euthanized. Our results demonstrate that although PEG 200 is generally considered to be harmless, it can be toxic when injected i.p. and is painful for the recipient mice. Nevertheless, it can be used as a solvent for repeated i.p. injections in mice at a dose of 2 mL/kg (i.e. 2.25 g/kg) without obvious signs of systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilko Thiele
- Universität Heidelberg, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- KIT Campus Nord, Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lenka Kyjacova
- Universität Heidelberg, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Almut Köhler
- KIT, Stabsstelle Sicherheit und Umwelt, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonathan P Sleeman
- Universität Heidelberg, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- KIT Campus Nord, Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruhe, Germany
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The role of the 12( S)-HETE/GPR31/12-HETER axis in cancer and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:743-754. [PMID: 30902921 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a large superfamily of seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that are activated by several classes of ligands, including bioactive lipids. GPCRs are attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of human diseases, as they finely regulate a wide array of cellular functions. In this minireview, we summarized what is currently known about the G protein-coupled receptor GPR31/12-HETER. We highlighted, in particular, its structural similarity with human homologs, the biological functions of its recognized ligand 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), an arachidonic acid metabolite, and the role that GPR31/12-HETER-mediated signals play in cancer cell growth, invasion and metastasis, and in liver ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Recent studies shed light and interest on the 12(S)-HETE/GPR31/12-HETER-activated signaling pathways and functions. The full spectrum of GPR31/12-HETER-mediated biological functions has yet to be characterized. Further studies are needed to identify other potential ligands, i.e. other than 12(S)-HETE. Another important remaining question is whether the multiple 12(S)-HETE-induced biological activities, including its role in diabetes, neurodegeneration, neuroprotection, and platelet function, occur via GPR31/12-HETER and/or involve the activation of other receptor molecules and pathways.
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Rong YM, Huang XM, Fan DJ, Lin XT, Zhang F, Hu JC, Tan YX, Chen X, Zou YF, Lan P. Overexpression of G protein-coupled receptor 31 as a poor prognosticator in human colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4679-4690. [PMID: 30416315 PMCID: PMC6224474 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i41.4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression of G protein-coupled receptor 31 (GPR31) and its clinical significance in human colorectal cancer (CRC).
METHODS To determine the association between the GPR31 expression and the prognosis of patients, we obtained paraffin-embedded pathological specimens from 466 CRC patients who underwent initial resection. A total of 321 patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 1996 to December 2008 were included as a training cohort, whereas 145 patients from the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2007 to November 2008 were included as a validation cohort. We examined GPR31 expression levels in CRC tissues from two independent cohorts via immunohistochemical staining. All patients were categorized into either a GPR31 low expression group or a GPR31 high expression group. The clinicopathological factors and the prognosis of patients in the GPR31 low expression group and GPR31 high expression group were compared.
RESULTS We compared the clinicopathological factors and the prognosis of patients in the GPR31 low expression group and GPR31 high expression group. Significant differences were observed in the number of patients in pM classification between patients in the GPR31 low expression group and GPR31 high expression group (P = 0.007). The five-year survival and tumor-free survival rates of patients were 84.3% and 82.2% in the GPR31 low expression group, respectively, and both rates were 59.7% in the GPR31 high expression group (P < 0.05). Results of the Cox proportional hazard regression model revealed that GPR31 upregulation was associated with shorter overall survival and tumor-free survival of patients with CRC (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified GPR31 expression in colorectal cancer as an independent predictive factor of CRC patient survival (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION High GPR31 expression levels were found to be correlated with pM classification of CRC and to serve as an independent predictive factor of poor survival of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Rong
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - De-Jun Fan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xu-Tao Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-Cong Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying-Xin Tan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi-Feng Zou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
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Jiang Y, Pan Y, Rhea PR, Tan L, Gagea M, Cohen L, Fischer SM, Yang P. A Sucrose-Enriched Diet Promotes Tumorigenesis in Mammary Gland in Part through the 12-Lipoxygenase Pathway. Cancer Res 2016; 76:24-9. [PMID: 26729790 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have shown that dietary sugar intake has a significant impact on the development of breast cancer. One proposed mechanism for how sugar impacts cancer development involves inflammation. In the current study, we investigated the impact of dietary sugar on mammary gland tumor development in multiple mouse models, along with mechanisms that may be involved. We found that sucrose intake in mice comparable with levels of Western diets led to increased tumor growth and metastasis, when compared with a nonsugar starch diet. This effect was ascribed in part to increased expression of 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) and its arachidonate metabolite 12-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE). We determined that fructose derived from the sucrose was responsible for facilitating lung metastasis and 12-HETE production in breast tumors. Overall, our data suggested that dietary sugar induces 12-LOX signaling to increase risks of breast cancer development and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yong Pan
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patrea R Rhea
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lorenzo Cohen
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan M Fischer
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Peiying Yang
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Honn KV, Guo Y, Cai Y, Lee MJ, Dyson G, Zhang W, Tucker SC. 12-HETER1/GPR31, a high-affinity 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid receptor, is significantly up-regulated in prostate cancer and plays a critical role in prostate cancer progression. FASEB J 2016; 30:2360-9. [PMID: 26965684 PMCID: PMC4871796 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Previously we identified and deorphaned G-protein-coupled receptor 31 (GPR31) as the high-affinity 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [12(S)-HETE] receptor (12-HETER1). Here we have determined its distribution in prostate cancer tissue and its role in prostate tumorigenesis using in vitro and in vivo assays. Data-mining studies strongly suggest that 12-HETER1 expression positively correlates with the aggressiveness and progression of prostate tumors. This was corroborated with real-time PCR analysis of human prostate tumor tissue arrays that revealed the expression of 12-HETER1 positively correlates with the clinical stages of prostate cancers and Gleason scores. Immunohistochemistry analysis also proved that the expression of 12-HETER1 is positively correlated with the grades of prostate cancer. Knockdown of 12-HETER1 in prostate cancer cells markedly reduced colony formation and inhibited tumor growth in animals. To discover the regulatory factors, 5 candidate 12-HETER1 promoter cis elements were assayed as luciferase reporter fusions in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, where the putative cis element required for gene regulation was mapped 2 kb upstream of the 12-HETER1 transcriptional start site. The data implicate 12-HETER1 in a critical new role in the regulation of prostate cancer progression and offer a novel alternative target for therapeutic intervention.-Honn, K. V., Guo, Y., Cai, Y., Lee, M.-J., Dyson, G., Zhang, W., Tucker, S. C. 12-HETER1/GPR31, a high-affinity 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid receptor, is significantly up-regulated in prostate cancer and plays a critical role in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth V Honn
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yande Guo
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yinlong Cai
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Menq-Jer Lee
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregory Dyson
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Biostatics Core, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Wenliang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Stephanie C Tucker
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA;
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Blaylock RL. Methodological problems with population cancer studies: The forgotten confounding factors. Surg Neurol Int 2015; 6:93. [PMID: 26097772 PMCID: PMC4455124 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.157893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among clinical physicians it is the population study that is considered to be the “gold standard” of medical evidence concerning acceptable treatments. As new information comes to light concerning the many variables and confounding factors that can affect such studies, many older studies lose much of their original impact. While newer population studies take into consideration a far greater number of confounding factors many are still omitted and a number of these omitted factors can have profound effects on interpretation and validity of the study. In this editorial, I will discuss some of the omitted confounding factors and demonstrate how they can alter the interpretation of these papers and their clinical application.
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Connor AE, Baumgartner RN, Baumgartner KB, Pinkston CM, Boone SD, John EM, Torres-Mejía G, Hines LM, Giuliano AR, Wolff RK, Slattery ML. Associations between ALOX, COX, and CRP polymorphisms and breast cancer among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women: The breast cancer health disparities study. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:1541-53. [PMID: 25339205 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is suggested to be associated with specific cancer sites, including breast cancer. Recent research has focused on the roles of genes involved in the leukotriene/lipoxygenase and prostaglandin/cyclooxygenase pathways in breast cancer etiology. We hypothesized that genes in ALOX/COX pathways and CRP polymorphisms would be associated with breast cancer risk and mortality in our sample of Hispanic/Native American (NA) (1430 cases, 1599 controls) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) (2093 cases, 2610 controls) women. A total of 104 Ancestral Informative Markers was used to distinguish European and NA ancestry. The adaptive rank truncated product (ARTP) method was used to determine the significance of associations for each gene and the inflammation pathway with breast cancer risk and by NA ancestry. Overall, the pathway was associated with breast cancer risk (PARTP = 0.01). Two-way interactions with NA ancestry (P(adj) < 0.05) were observed for ALOX12 (rs2292350, rs2271316) and PTGS1 (rs10306194). We observed increases in breast cancer risk in stratified analyses by tertiles of polyunsaturated fat intake for ALOX12 polymorphisms; the largest increase in risk was among women in the highest tertile with ALOX12 rs9904779CC (Odds Ratio (OR), 1.49; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.14-1.94, P(adj) = 0.01). In a sub-analysis stratified by NSAIDs use, two-way interactions with NSAIDs use were found for ALOX12 rs9904779 (P(adj) = 0.02), rs434473 (P(adj ) = 0.02), and rs1126667 (P(adj) = 0.01); ORs for ALOX12 polymorphisms ranged from 1.55 to 1.64 among regular users. Associations were not observed with breast cancer mortality. These findings could support advances in the discovery of new pathways related to inflammation for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avonne E Connor
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Richard N Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kathy B Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Christina M Pinkston
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Stephanie D Boone
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Esther M John
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, California.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Gabriela Torres-Mejía
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Lisa M Hines
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Roger K Wolff
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Martha L Slattery
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Vona-Davis L, Rose DP. The obesity-inflammation-eicosanoid axis in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:291-307. [PMID: 24170420 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the adipose tissues occurs in association with obesity. This inflammatory process leads to the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and a consequent elevation in prostaglandin (PG) production, which, together with proinflammatory cytokines, induce aromatase expression and estrogen synthesis. Infiltrating macrophages support the growth of breast epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells by producing a milieu of cytokines and growth factors. This scenario creates a microenvironment favorable to breast cancer growth and invasion. The eicosanoids promote further development and growth of breast cancers indirectly by the induction of aromatase, particularly in estrogen positive breast cancers, or by direct stimulatory effect of PGE2 and lipoxygenase (LOX) products on the more aggressive, estrogen-independent tumors. Beyond this, the local production of estrogens and proinflammatory cytokines which occurs in association with breast adipose tissue inflammation, and consequent activation of the estrogen receptor and nuclear factor-κB, provides a mechanism by which breast cancers develop resistance to selective estrogen receptor modulation and aromatase inhibitor therapy. The obesity-inflammation-eicosanoid axis in breast cancer does offer a therapeutic target for the prevention of relapse in breast cancer by improving the efficacy of antiaromatase therapy using COX/LOX inhibitors; however, careful consideration of menopausal status and obesity in patients is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vona-Davis
- Department of Surgery and Breast Cancer Research Program, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 9238, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA,
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12
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Thiele W, Rothley M, Teller N, Jung N, Bulat B, Plaumann D, Vanderheiden S, Schmaus A, Cremers N, Göppert B, Dimmler A, Eschbach V, Quagliata L, Thaler S, Marko D, Bräse S, Sleeman JP. Delphinidin is a novel inhibitor of lymphangiogenesis but promotes mammary tumor growth and metastasis formation in syngeneic experimental rats. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2804-13. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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13
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Zhang G, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. Effects of green, oolong and black teas and related components on the proliferation and invasion of hepatoma cells in culture. Cytotechnology 2012; 31:37-44. [PMID: 19003122 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008076306672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of teas and related components on the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells were examined by employing both in vitro proliferation and invasion assay systems. Powdered green, oolong and black tea extracts dose-dependently inhibited proliferation and invasion of a rat ascites hepatoma cell line of AH109A but did not affect the proliferation of the normal mesentery-derived mesothelial cells (M-cells) isolated from rats; higher concentrations of powdered oolong and black teas could restrain the proliferation of another tumor cell line of L929. The AH109A cells were found to penetrate underneath the monolayer of M-cells in the presence of 10% calf serum. When each rat serum obtained at 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 5 h after oral intubation of each tea extract was added to the culture media instead of calf serum at a concentration of 10%, both the invasion and proliferation of AH109A were significantly suppressed. These ex vivo results suggest the potential bioavailability of effective tea components in rats. Furthermore, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin from green tea as well as the mixture of theaflavin and theaflavin gallates from black tea were shown to be the most effective components against the invasion and proliferation of AH109A. These results show that the inhibitory effects of the teas and related components against AH109A cells are due to the cell-specific and higher sensitivity of the cell line to tea components.
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Miura Y, Furuse T, Yagasaki K. Inhibitory effect of serum from rats administered with coffee on the proliferation and invasion of rat ascites hepatoma cells. Cytotechnology 2012; 25:221-5. [PMID: 22358895 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007915917201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The action of coffee on the proliferation and invasion of a rat ascites hepatoma cell line of AH109A was investigated using in vitro and ex vivo assay systems. When rats were given oral intubation of instant coffee powder solution, the sera of those rats had the potent inhibitory activity on both the proliferation and invasion of AH109A. The activity of rat serum was both time- and dose-dependent. The instant coffee powder also inhibited the proliferation and invasion of AH109A in vitro. These results indicate that coffee has anti-proliferative and anti-invasive activity both in vitro and ex vivo. They also suggest that some anti-proliferative and anti-invasive material(s), which may be the ingredient(s) of coffee or their metabolites, appear in rat serum when rats are given oral intubation of coffee, although a possibility that host defense systems may be activated by the oral intubation of coffee cannot be ruled out.
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Singh AK, Singh R, Naz F, Chauhan SS, Dinda A, Shukla AA, Gill K, Kapoor V, Dey S. Structure based design and synthesis of peptide inhibitor of human LOX-12: in vitro and in vivo analysis of a novel therapeutic agent for breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32521. [PMID: 22384268 PMCID: PMC3285689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast cancer cell proliferation involves a complex interaction between growth factors, steroid hormones and peptide hormones. The interaction of growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), with their receptors on breast cancer cells can lead to the hydrolysis of phospholipids and release of fatty acid such as arachidonic acid, which can be further metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways to produce prostaglandins. The high concentration of prostaglandins has been associated with chronic inflammatory diseases and several types of human cancers. This is due to the over expression COX, LOX and other inflammatory enzymes. Ten peptides were designed and synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis and analyzed in vitro for enzyme inhibition. Out of these peptides, YWCS had shown significant inhibitory effects. The dissociation constant (KD) was determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis and was found to be 3.39×10−8 M and 8.6×10−8 M for YWCS and baicalein (positive control), respectively. The kinetic constant Ki was 72.45×10−7 M as determined by kinetic assay. The peptide significantly reduced the cell viability of estrogen positive MCF-7 and estrogen negative MDA-MB-231 cell line with the half maximal concentration (IC50) of 75 µM and 400 µM, respectively. The peptide also induced 49.8% and 20.8% apoptosis in breast cancer cells MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, respectively. The YWCS was also found to be least hemolytic at a concentration of 358 µM. In vivo studies had shown that the peptide significantly inhibits tumor growth in mice (p<0.017). This peptide can be used as a lead compound and complement for ongoing efforts to develop differentiation therapies for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay kumar Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ratnakar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Farhat Naz
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam Singh Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Dinda
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhay Anand Shukla
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kamaldeep Gill
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Kapoor
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sharmistha Dey
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Kozuki Y, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. Inhibitory effect of curcumin on the invasion of rat ascites hepatoma cells in vitro and ex vivo. Cytotechnology 2011; 35:57-63. [PMID: 19003281 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008167502110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a yellow pigment in turmeric, is a food factor withantioxidative activity. The effect of curcumin on the proliferation and invasion of the rat ascites hepatoma AH109Acells was studied in vitro and ex vivo assay systems. Especially, a co-culture system of the hepatoma cellswith mesothelial cells derived from rat mesentery was employed to investigate the invasive motility. Curcumin suppressed thehepatoma slipping motility in a dose-dependent manner up to 5 muM and thereafter maintained the effect up to 20 muM, whereas this substance exerted little influence on the proliferation of the hepatoma cells at the same concentrations. Sera obtained from rats orally given curcumin also inhibited the AH109A cellular invasive movement when added to the culturemedium. Hepatoma cells previously cultured with hypoxanthineand xanthine oxidase showed a highly invasive activity. Curcumin and curcumin-loaded rat sera suppressed this reactive oxygen species-potentiated invasive capacity by simultaneously treating AH109A cells with hypoxanthine, xanthine oxidase and either of curcumin samples. These resultssuggest that the antioxidative property of curcumin may beinvolved in its anti-invasive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kozuki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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Miura D, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. Restoration by Prostaglandins E(2) and F (2) (alpha) of Resveratrol-Induced Suppression of Hepatoma Cell Invasion in Culture. Cytotechnology 2011; 43:155-9. [PMID: 19003221 DOI: 10.1023/b:cyto.0000039903.22449.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound in grapes with antioxidative property, and resveratol-loaded rat serum (RS) were found to suppress the invasion of AH109A cells, an ascite hepatoma cell line. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether and which prostaglandins (PGs) would be involved in the invasion of AH109A cells and its suppression by resveratrol and resveratrol-loaded RS, using an in vitro invasion assay system. Not only PGE(2) but also PGF(2) (alpha) stimulated the spontaneous invasion of AH109A cells.They also canceled the resveratrol-induced suppression of hepatoma cell invasion. Results obtained suggest an involvement of PGs, especially PGE(2), in the invasion of hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Miura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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18
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Guo Y, Zhang W, Giroux C, Cai Y, Ekambaram P, Dilly AK, Hsu A, Zhou S, Maddipati KR, Liu J, Joshi S, Tucker SC, Lee MJ, Honn KV. Identification of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR31 as a receptor for 12-(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33832-40. [PMID: 21712392 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.216564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxy fatty acids are critical lipid mediators involved in various pathophysiologic functions. We cloned and identified GPR31, a plasma membrane orphan G protein-coupled receptor that displays high affinity for the human 12-lipoxygenase-derived product 12-(S)-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE). Thus, GPR31 is named 12-(S)-HETE receptor (12-HETER) in this study. The cloned 12-HETER demonstrated high affinity binding for 12-(S)-[(3)H]HETE (K(d) = 4.8 ± 0.12 nm). Also, 12-(S)-HETE efficiently and selectively stimulated GTPγS coupling in the membranes of 12-HETER-transfected cells (EC(50) = 0.28 ± 1.26 nm). Activating GTPγS coupling with 12-(S)-HETE proved to be both regio- and stereospecific. Also, 12-(S)-HETE/12-HETER interactions lead to activation of ERK1/2, MEK, and NFκB. Moreover, knocking down 12-HRTER specifically inhibited 12-(S)-HETE-stimulated cell invasion. Thus, 12-HETER represents the first identified high affinity receptor for the 12-(S)-HETE hydroxyl fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yande Guo
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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19
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Madlener S, Saiko P, Vonach C, Viola K, Huttary N, Stark N, Popescu R, Gridling M, Vo NTP, Herbacek I, Davidovits A, Giessrigl B, Venkateswarlu S, Geleff S, Jäger W, Grusch M, Kerjaschki D, Mikulits W, Golakoti T, Fritzer-Szekeres M, Szekeres T, Krupitza G. Multifactorial anticancer effects of digalloyl-resveratrol encompass apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, and inhibition of lymphendothelial gap formation in vitro. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:1361-70. [PMID: 20424615 PMCID: PMC2865764 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Digalloyl-resveratrol (di-GA) is a synthetic compound aimed to combine the biological effects of the plant polyhydroxy phenols gallic acid and resveratrol, which are both radical scavengers and cyclooxygenase inhibitors exhibiting anticancer activity. Their broad spectrum of activities may probably be due to adjacent free hydroxyl groups. Methods: Protein activation and expression were analysed by western blotting, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate levels by HPLC, ribonucleotide reductase activity by 14C-cytidine incorporation into nascent DNA and cell-cycle distribution by FACS. Apoptosis was measured by Hoechst 33258/propidium iodide double staining of nuclear chromatin and the formation of gaps into the lymphendothelial barrier in a three-dimensional co-culture model consisting of MCF-7 tumour cell spheroids and human lymphendothelial monolayers. Results: In HL-60 leukaemia cells, di-GA activated caspase 3 and dose-dependently induced apoptosis. It further inhibited cell-cycle progression in the G1 phase by four different mechanisms: rapid downregulation of cyclin D1, induction of Chk2 with simultaneous downregulation of Cdc25A, induction of the Cdk-inhibitor p21Cip/Waf and inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase activity resulting in reduced dCTP and dTTP levels. Furthermore, di-GA inhibited the generation of lymphendothelial gaps by cancer cell spheroid-secreted lipoxygenase metabolites. Lymphendothelial gaps, adjacent to tumour bulks, can be considered as gates facilitating metastatic spread. Conclusion: These data show that di-GA exhibits three distinct anticancer activities: induction of apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest and disruption of cancer cell-induced lymphendothelial disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madlener
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Byon CH, Hardy RW, Ren C, Ponnazhagan S, Welch DR, McDonald JM, Chen Y. Free fatty acids enhance breast cancer cell migration through plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and SMAD4. J Transl Med 2009; 89:1221-8. [PMID: 19752858 PMCID: PMC2905319 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer and is associated with increased plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs). We and others have demonstrated that FFA induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in a variety of cells. Emerging evidence supports elevation of PAI-1 as a prognostic marker for breast cancer. Therefore, we hypothesized that FFAs might increase expression of PAI-1 in breast cancer cells and facilitate breast cancer progression. Secreted PAI-1 was higher in invasive and metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells compared with less invasive and non-metastatic Hs578T cells. Utilizing FFAs with different saturation and chain lengths, we demonstrated that linoleic acid induced expression of PAI-1 in MDA-MB-231 cells. Linoleic acid also induced in vitro migration of MDA-MB-231. By contrast, other FFAs tested had little or no effect on PAI-1 expression or migration. Linoleic acid-induced breast cancer cell migration was completely inhibited by virally expressed antisense PAI-1 RNA. Furthermore, increased expression of PAI-1 by FFAs was not detected in the SMAD4-deficient MDA-MB-468 breast carcinoma cells. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assay confirmed that linoleic acid-induced expression of PAI-1 was mediated, at least in part, by SMAD4 in MDA-MB-231 cells. That linoleic acid induces PAI-1 expression in breast cancer cells through SMAD4 provides a novel insight into understanding the relationships between two migration-associated molecules, FFAs, and PAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Byon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, 533 LHRB, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Robert W Hardy
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Changchun Ren
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jay M McDonald
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
,Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yabing Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Hammamieh R, Jett M. Potential roles for inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism in prevention and treatment of breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/17460875.3.3.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Nassar A, Radhakrishnan A, Cabrero IA, Cotsonis G, Cohen C. COX-2 expression in invasive breast cancer: correlation with prognostic parameters and outcome. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2007; 15:255-9. [PMID: 17721268 DOI: 10.1097/01.pai.0000213130.63417.b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) and cyclooxygenases (COX) are key mediators of arachidonic acid metabolism. Recently, studies have reported that human breast carcinomas aberrantly express LOX and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and that decreased levels of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) and raised levels of COX-2 and 12-LOX have prognostic value in patients with breast cancer. 15-LOX was significantly reduced with increasing stage, and in patients who developed metastatic disease, local recurrence, and/or died. With high COX-2, patients developed local recurrence, died from breast cancer and had reduced disease-free and disease-related overall survival in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative but not ER-positive disease. COX-2 expression is also associated with increased angiogenesis, lymph node metastasis, and Her2-neu overexpression. The purpose of this study is to evaluate COX-2 expression in breast cancer and to determine its correlation with prognostic parameters and outcome. Five tissue microarrays were constructed from 43 breast carcinomas and 5 normal breast tissues, represented by 1 mm cores in triplicate from each of 3 foci. Tissue microarray cores were immunostained with monoclonal COX-2. Expression was assessed as intensity and scored as percentage of cells positive. Prognostic parameters and follow-up information were obtained from the hospital records of Mexican Oncology Hospital, Mexico, where the carcinomas were diagnosed. Ninety-five percent (41/43) of the breast carcinomas showed cytoplasmic COX-2 expression. COX-2 intensity and percentage of cells positive correlated significantly with size of carcinoma (P=0.0271; P=0.0539, respectively). COX-2 intensity correlated significantly with histologic grade (P=0.0182). COX-2 did not correlate with outcome (disease-free and overall survival). There was no significant correlation between COX-2 and ER. In conclusion, COX-2 correlates with poor prognostic markers in breast cancer (large tumor size and high tumor grade), but not with outcome. The therapeutic value of COX-2 inhibitors in COX-2 positive breast cancer patients requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Nassar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Miura D, Kida Y, Nojima H. Camellia oil and its distillate fractions effectively inhibit the spontaneous metastasis of mouse melanoma BL6 cells. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:2541-8. [PMID: 17499720 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 04/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that daily intraperitoneal injections of oleamide weakly inhibits the spontaneous metastasis of BL6 cells by blocking the gap junction-mediated intercellular communications (GJIC) of connexin 26 (Cx26). In the present study, we tested camellia oil, olive oil and cottonseed oil which are rich in oleamide-like oleic acid for their inhibitory potency on Cx26-mediated GJIC and spontaneous metastasis of BL6 cells. We found that camellia oil, olive oil and cottonseed oil, and their distillate fractions inhibited Cx26-mediated GJIC. We also showed that daily intraperitoneal injection of camellia oil and its distillate fractions more potently inhibited spontaneous lung metastasis of BL6 cells than oleamide. Moreover, a daily oral administration of camellia oil distillate fraction effectively inhibited spontaneous metastasis. Notably, even camellia Tempura-oil, a commercially available food, weakly inhibited the spontaneous metastasis of BL6 cells. Since these oils are used as foods and are quite safe, we propose that they could be used as supplements to protect patients from lung metastasis of melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisaku Miura
- Biosafety Research Center for Foods, Drugs and Pesticides, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
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Chen J, Wang L, Thompson LU. Flaxseed and its components reduce metastasis after surgical excision of solid human breast tumor in nude mice. Cancer Lett 2006; 234:168-75. [PMID: 15913884 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Revised: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the effect of 10% flaxseed (FS) and its components, secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) and flaxseed oil (FO) alone or in combination (SDG+FO), on the metastasis and recurrence of human breast tumor after excision in nude mice. Mice were injected orthotopically with human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-435) and fed basal diet (BD). When the tumors reached an average size of 110 mm(2) (0.9 g), surgical excisions were performed, and the mice were assigned to one of five diet groups for 7 weeks. The total incidence of metastasis was significantly lower in the FS, SDG, and SDG+FO groups. Reduced lung and lymph node metastases were observed in the FS and SDG+FO groups. In the FS and FO groups, a greater reduction in lung and total metastases was found when excised tumors were <or=0.9 versus >0.9 g. There was no significant difference in tumor recurrence among groups. In conclusion, FS and its components inhibited tumor metastasis but not tumor recurrence after surgical excision of the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Room 318, 150 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
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Kashfi K, Rigas B. Non-COX-2 targets and cancer: Expanding the molecular target repertoire of chemoprevention. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:969-86. [PMID: 15949789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemoprevention represents a highly promising approach for the control of cancer. That nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) prevent colon and other cancers has led to novel approaches to cancer prevention. The known inhibitory effect of NSAIDs on the eicosanoid pathway prompted mechanistic and drug development work focusing on cyclooxygenase (COX), culminating in clinical trials of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors for cancer prevention or treatment. However, two COX-2 inhibitors have been withdrawn due to side effects. Here we review several pathways of the eicosanoid cascade that are relevant to cancer; summarize the evidence regarding the role of COX-2 as a target for cancer prevention; and discuss several of the molecular targets that may mediate the chemopreventive effect of NSAIDs. The clinically modest results obtained to date with COX-2 specific inhibitors used in cancer prevention; the multiple COX-2-independent targets of both NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors; and the limitations of some COX-2 inhibitors indicate that exploiting these (non-COX-2) molecular targets will likely yield effective new approaches for cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, City University of New York Medical School, 138th Street and Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA.
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Nony PA, Kennett SB, Glasgow WC, Olden K, Roberts JD. 15(S)-Lipoxygenase-2 Mediates Arachidonic Acid-stimulated Adhesion of Human Breast Carcinoma Cells through the Activation of TAK1, MKK6, and p38 MAPK. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:31413-9. [PMID: 16000313 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500418200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary cis-polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid, stimulates adhesion of metastatic human breast carcinoma cells (MDA-MB-435) to the extracellular matrix, but the molecular mechanisms by which fatty acids modify the behavior of these cells are unclear. Exposure to arachidonic acid activates multiple signaling pathways. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) is required for increased cell adhesion to type IV collagen, and this activation is sensitive to inhibitors of lipoxygenases, suggesting a requirement for arachidonic acid metabolism. The goals of the current study were to identify the one or more key metabolites of arachidonic acid that are responsible for activation of p38 MAPK and to elucidate the upstream kinases that lead to p38 MAPK activation. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis revealed that MDA-MB-435 cells metabolize exogenous arachidonic acid predominantly to 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE). Immunoblot analysis with antibodies specific to 15(S)-lipoxygenase-1 (LOX-1) and 15(S)-lipoxygenase-2 (LOX-2) demonstrated the expression of 15-LOX-2, but not 15-LOX-1, in these tumor cells. A LOX inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, attenuated production of 15(S)-HETE and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK following exposure to arachidonic acid. In contrast, overexpression of LOX-2 sensitized the cells to the addition of arachidonic acid, leading to increased activation of p38 MAPK. Addition of exogenous 15(S)-HETE to MDA-MB-435 cells stimulated cell adhesion to type IV collagen and activated the p38 MAPK pathway, including the upstream kinases transforming growth factor-beta1-activated protein kinase-1 (TAK1) and MAPK kinase 6. Transfection of these cells with a dominant negative form of TAK1 blocked arachidonic acid-stimulated p38 MAPK phosphorylation. These data demonstrate that 15(S)-LOX-2 generation of 15(S)-HETE activates specific growth factor receptor-related signaling pathways, thereby initiating signal transduction events leading to increased cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Nony
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Wang L, Chen J, Thompson LU. The inhibitory effect of flaxseed on the growth and metastasisof estrogen receptor negative human breast cancer xenograftsis attributed to both its lignan and oil components. Int J Cancer 2005; 116:793-8. [PMID: 15849746 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that dietary flaxseed (FS) can reduce the growth and metastasis of human estrogen receptor negative (ER-) breast cancer in nude mice. The aims of our study were to determine (i) whether the tumor inhibitory effect of FS was due to its oil (FO), lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG), or both components, and (ii) whether the effect on tumor growth was related to increased lipid peroxidation. Athymic nude mice were orthotopically injected with ER- breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-435) and 8 weeks later were fed either the basal diet (BD) or BD supplemented with 10% FS, SDG, FO, or combined SDG and FO (SDG + FO) for 6 weeks. The SDG and FO levels were equivalent to the amounts in the 10% FS. Compared to the BD group, the tumor growth rate was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the FS, FO, and SDG + FO groups, in concordance with decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis; however, these did not significantly relate to the lipid peroxidation, indexed as malonaldehyde (MDA), in the primary tumors. Lung metastasis incidence was reduced (16-70%) by all treatments, significantly in the FS and SDG + FO groups. The distant lymph node metastasis was significantly decreased (52%) only in the FO group. Although the total metastasis incidence was lowered (42%) significantly only in the SDG + FO group, all treatment groups did not differ significantly. In conclusion, FS reduced the growth and metastasis of established ER- human breast cancer in part due to its lignan and FO components, and not to lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Freeman VL, Meydani M, Hur K, Flanigan RC. Inverse association between prostatic polyunsaturated fatty acid and risk of locally advanced prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2004; 101:2744-54. [PMID: 15495177 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An effect of fatty acids has been implicated in men with advanced-stage prostate carcinoma and in men who have died of the disease. To evaluate the influence of fatty acids in men with prostate carcinoma at earlier stages, the authors examined the relation between prostatic concentrations of fatty acids and locally advanced prostate carcinoma in men with clinically organ-confined disease. METHODS Fatty acids were measured by capillary gas chromatography in fresh, nonmalignant prostate tissue specimens collected during surgery from 196 men undergoing radical prostatectomy for localized prostate carcinoma. Two-sided, two-sample Student t tests compared mean concentrations in men with extraprostatic disease (pT3-4N0-1M0) with control men with organ-confined disease. Logistic regression accounted for clinical stage, prostate-specific antigen level, Gleason sum, and other factors. RESULTS Percent total prostatic polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was found to be inversely associated with risk of locally advanced prostate carcinoma (n=52) (odds ratio [OR]=0.93, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.87-0.99; P=0.035). Risk of seminal vesicle involvement accounted for this association (OR=0.86, 95% CI, 0.78-0.95; P=0.003). Percent omega-3 fatty acid (eicosapentanoic + docosahexanoic acids) and percent arachidonic acid also were found to be inversely related to the risk of seminal vesicle involvement (OR=0.52, 95% CI, 0.30-0.90; P=0.02; and OR=0.84, 95% CI,; 0.75-0.95; P=0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Prostatic PUFA levels appear to influence the risk of locally advanced prostate carcinoma in men with clinically organ-confined disease. This association may be mediated through the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent L Freeman
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612-4336, USA.
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29
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Nie D, Nemeth J, Qiao Y, Zacharek A, Li L, Hanna K, Tang K, Hillman GG, Cher ML, Grignon DJ, Honn KV. Increased metastatic potential in human prostate carcinoma cells by overexpression of arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase. Clin Exp Metastasis 2003; 20:657-63. [PMID: 14669797 DOI: 10.1023/a:1027302408187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (LOX) converts arachidonic acid to 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), a bioactive lipid implicated in tumor angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis. Alteration in 12-LOX expression or activity has been reported in various carcinomas including prostate carcinoma. However, little is known about the impact of the altered expression or activity of 12-LOX on tumor metastasis. In the present study, we examined whether or not an increase in 12-LOX expression in human prostate carcinoma cells can modulate their metastatic potential. We report that increased expression of 12-LOX in PC-3 cells caused a significant change in cell adhesiveness, spreading, motility, and invasiveness. Specifically 12-LOX transfected PC-3 cells were more adhesive toward vitronectin, type I and IV collagen, but not to fibronectin or laminin, than cells transfected with control vector. Increased spreading on vitronectin, fibronectin, collagen type I and IV also was observed in 12-LOX transfected PC-3 cells when compared to control PC-3 cells. The increased spreading of 12-LOX transfected PC-3 cells was blocked by treatment with 12-LOX inhibitors, baicalein and CDC. 12-LOX transfected PC-3 cells were more invasive through Matrigel than cells transfected with control vector. In vivo, tumor cell invasion to surrounding muscle or fat tissues was more frequent in nude mice bearing s.c. tumors from 12-LOX transfected PC-3 cells than in those from control vector transfected cells. When injected via the tail vein into SCID mice with implanted human bone fragments, there was an increase in tumor metastasis to human bone by 12-LOX transfected PC-3 cells in comparison to control vector transfected cells. Taken together, our data suggest that an increase in 12-LOX expression enhances the metastatic potential of human prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daotai Nie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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30
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Jiang WG, Douglas-Jones A, Mansel RE. Levels of expression of lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenase-2 in human breast cancer. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2003; 69:275-81. [PMID: 12907138 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-3278(03)00110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenase are key mediators of arachidonic acid metabolism. The eicosanoids metabolites from these oxygynases have been shown to regulate the growth and death of cancer cells. This study determined the level of expression of 5-, 12-, 15-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in a cohort of breast cancer patients and their correlation with clinical outcomes. Compared with normal breast tissues, tumour tissues exhibited a significantly higher levels of 12-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 (P<0.05), and significantly lower level of 15-lipoxygenase (P=0.05). Lobular carcinomas had a higher level of cyclooxygenase-2 and lower level of 15-lipoxygenase than ductal carcinomas. The lowest level of 15-lipoxygenase was seen in TNM3 and TNM4 tumours and from patients who died of breast cancer. Levels of 12- and 5-lipoxygenases were also particularly high in tumours from patients who died of breast cancer. This study shows that human breast tumours aberrantly express lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenase-2 and that decreased level of 15-lipoxygenase and raised level of cyclooxygenase-2 and 12-lipoxygenase has prognostic value in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen G Jiang
- Metastasis Research Group, University Department of Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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31
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Chen J, Stavro PM, Thompson LU. Dietary flaxseed inhibits human breast cancer growth and metastasis and downregulates expression of insulin-like growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor. Nutr Cancer 2003; 43:187-92. [PMID: 12588699 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc432_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that diets rich in phytoestrogens and n-3 fatty acid have anticancer potential. This study determined the effect of flaxseed (FS), the richest source of lignans and alpha-linolenic acid, on growth and metastasis of established human breast cancer in a nude mice model. Estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-435, were injected into the mammary fat pad of mice (Ncr nu/nu) fed a basal diet (BD). At Week 8, mice were randomized into two diet groups, such that the groups had similar tumor size and body weight. One continued on the BD, while the other was changed to BD supplemented with 10% FS, until sacrifice at Week 15. A significant reduction (P < 0.05) in tumor growth rate and a 45% reduction (P = 0.08) in total incidence of metastasis were observed in the FS group. Lung metastasis incidence was 55.6% in the BD group and 22.2% in the FS group, while the lymph node metastasis incidence was 88.9% in the BD group and 33.3% in the FS group (P < 0.05). Mean tumor number (tumor load) of total and lymph node metastasis was significantly lower in the FS than in the BD group (P < 0.05). Metastatic lung tumor number was reduced by 82%, and a significantly lower tumor trend (P < 0.01) was observed in the FS group. Lung weight, which also reflects metastatic tumor load, in the FS group was reduced by 20% (P < 0.05) compared with the BD group. Immunohistochemical study showed that Ki-67 labeling index and expression of insulin-like growth factor I and epithelial growth factor receptor in the primary tumor were lower in the FS (P < 0.05) than in the BD group. In conclusion, flaxseed inhibited the established human breast cancer growth and metastasis in a nude mice model, and this effect is partly due to its downregulation of insulin-like growth factor I and epidermal growth factor receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
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32
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Kelavkar U, Cohen C, Eling T, Badr K. 15-lipoxygenase-1 overexpression in prostate adenocarcinoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 507:133-45. [PMID: 12664577 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0193-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uddhav Kelavkar
- Center for Glomerulonephritis, Renal Division, Emory University, VAMC, Atlanta, GA, USA
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33
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Diggle CP. In vitro studies on the relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancer: tumour or tissue specific effects? Prog Lipid Res 2002; 41:240-53. [PMID: 11814525 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7827(01)00025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cell culture experiments have lead to the consensus in the literature that certain PUFAs have a selective cytotoxic or anti-proliferative effect on tumour cells and a minimal, or no effect on normal cells. Re-examination of key publications showed that when normal cells were used for comparison, they were generally not from the same cell, tissue, or species type as the tumour cells. Recently, investigations have included more appropriate normal control cells, and though tumour specific cytotoxic/anti-proliferative PUFA effects are found in some cell types, in others the normal cells are more sensitive. Cell type differences were found in the relative ability of individual PUFAs to act. However, within a cell type differences in susceptibility were influenced by grade and stage of tumour, immortalisation and tumourigenic status, cell culture media and cell plating density. Together these results suggest that the consensus is not valid, and that susceptibility to PUFA is cell type specific, and alters during neoplastic progression. Furthermore, the cytotoxic/anti-proliferative effect induced by both n-3 and n-6 PUFAs on a wide variety of cell types, associated with an increase in lipid peroxidation in vitro, cannot account for the in vivo data on the relationship between dietary fat and certain cancers. However, the effects of PUFAs and their metabolites on cell signalling pathways may explain the in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine P Diggle
- ICRF Cancer Medicine Research Unit, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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Abstract
Angiogenesis is a prerequisite for tumor growth and metastasis. Vascular endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and capillary formation are stimulated by angiogenic growth factors, which include the proteins vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and transforming growth factor-beta, and eicosanoids synthesized from n-6 fatty acids. Clinical studies have shown that angiogenesis in solid tumors relates to a poor prognosis and, in premalignant lesions, indicates potential for cancerous transformation. High-fat, n-6 fatty acid-rich diets were associated with a relatively poor prognosis in breast cancer patients; in a nude mouse model the same diet enhanced breast cancer progression, whereas n-3 fatty acids exerted suppressive effects that were associated with impaired angiogenesis. Lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products of n-6 fatty acid metabolism are angiogenic in in vitro assays. This activity is blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis, and one, indomethacin, suppressed n-6 fatty acid-stimulated murine mammary carcinoma growth and metastasis and tumor vascularization. Review of the experimental data suggests that selective inhibitors of eicosanoid-synthesizing enzymes and dietary intervention with n-3 fatty acids merit clinical evaluation as adjuvant therapy and chemopreventive agents.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Dietary Fats/administration & dosage
- Dietary Fats/adverse effects
- Dietary Fats/metabolism
- Eicosanoids/antagonists & inhibitors
- Eicosanoids/biosynthesis
- Endothelial Growth Factors/physiology
- Fatty Acids/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids/adverse effects
- Fatty Acids/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/adverse effects
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Lipoxygenase/metabolism
- Lymphokines/physiology
- Mice
- Models, Animal
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasms/blood supply
- Neoplasms/diet therapy
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/diet therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/etiology
- Prognosis
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Rose
- Division of Nutrition and Endrocrinology, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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35
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Zhang G, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. Inhibition of hepatoma cell invasion beneath mesothelial-cell monolayer by sera from tea- and related component-treated rats and their modes of action. Cytotechnology 2001; 36:187-93. [PMID: 19003330 PMCID: PMC3449659 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014008129116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioavailability and action of teas on the invasion of a rat ascites hepatoma cell line, AH109A, were determined and their modes of action were by co-culturing the cancer cells with a rat mesentery-derived mesothelial-cell (M-cell) monolayer in the presence of sera from rats orally given teas and their component, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The rat sera obtained 2 and 5 hr after oral intubation of a low concentration of green, oolong, or black tea, or EGCG significantly inhibited AH109A invasion underneath the M-cell monolayer. These sera showed a time-dependent and significant inhibitory effect on the AH109A invasion. The 2-hr sera and 2.5 muM EDTA in the medium completely eliminated the enhancement of AH109A invasion induced by a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating system. These results show that the inhibition of relevant ROS-potentiated invasion of AH109A cells across the M-cell monolayer may be due to the antioxidative action of EGCG, the in vivo metabolites, and tea-induced changes in the endogenous substances. The results suggest that the drinking of tea in daily life may have certain preventive and therapeutic effects against cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Zhang
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509 Japan
| | - Yutaka Miura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509 Japan
| | - Kazumi Yagasaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509 Japan
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36
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Kozuki Y, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. Resveratrol suppresses hepatoma cell invasion independently of its anti-proliferative action. Cancer Lett 2001; 167:151-6. [PMID: 11369135 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol, found in grapes, is a phytoalexin with antioxidative activity. The compound (100 and 200 microM) inhibited the proliferation of hepatoma cells, although this phytoalexin exerted little influence up to 50 microM. Resveratrol, however, suppressed the invasion of the hepatoma cells even at a concentration of 25 microM. Sera from rats orally given resveratrol restrained only the invasion of AH109A cells. Resveratrol and resveratrol-loaded rat serum suppressed reactive oxygen species-potentiated invasive capacity. These results suggest that the anti-invasive activity of resveratrol is independent of the anti-proliferative activity, and that the antioxidative property of resveratrol may be involved in its anti-invasive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kozuki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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37
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McCarty MF. Current prospects for controlling cancer growth with non-cytotoxic agents--nutrients, phytochemicals, herbal extracts, and available drugs. Med Hypotheses 2001; 56:137-54. [PMID: 11425277 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.2000.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In animal or cell culture studies, the growth and spread of cancer can be slowed by many nutrients, food factors, herbal extracts, and well-tolerated, available drugs that are still rarely used in the clinical management of cancer, in part because they seem unlikely to constitute definitive therapies in themselves. However, it is reasonable to expect that mechanistically complementary combinations of these measures could have a worthwhile impact on survival times and, when used as adjuvants, could improve the cure rates achievable with standard therapies. The therapeutic options available in this regard include measures that: down-regulate serum free IGF-I; suppress the synthesis of mevalonic acid and/or certain derivatives thereof; modulate arachidonate metabolism by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase, 12-lipoxygenase, or COX-2; antagonize the activation of AP-1 transcription factors; promote the activation of PPAR-gamma transcription factors; and that suppress angiogenesis by additional mechanisms. Many of these measures appear suitable for use in cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F McCarty
- Pantox Laboratories, 4622 Santa Fe Street, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
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38
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Szekeres CK, Tang K, Trikha M, Honn KV. Eicosanoid activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 in human epidermoid carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:38831-41. [PMID: 10952974 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002673200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
12(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE), a 12-lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid, has multiple effects on tumor and endothelial cells, including stimulation of invasion and angiogenesis. However, the signaling mechanisms controlling these physiological processes are poorly understood. In a human epidermoid carcinoma cell line (i.e. A431), 12(S)-HETE activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), which is mediated by upstream kinases MEK and Raf. 12(S)-HETE stimulates phosphorylation of phospholipase Cgamma1 and activity of protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha). In addition, independent of PKC 12(S)-HETE increases tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, and Grb2, stimulates association between Shc and Src, and increases the activity of Ras, via Src family kinases. Furthermore, at low (10-100 nm) concentrations 12(S)-HETE counteracts epidermal growth factor-stimulated activation of ERK1/2 via stimulating protein tyrosine phosphatases. We also present evidence that 12(S)-HETE stimulates ERK1/2 via G proteins and that A431 cells have multiple binding sites for 12(S)-HETE. Finally, inhibition of 12-lipoxygenase induced apoptosis of A431 cells, which was reversed by addition of exogenous 12(S)-HETE. Collectively we demonstrate that the activation of ERK1/2 by 12(S)-HETE may be regulated by multiple receptors triggering PKC-dependent and PKC-independent pathways in A431 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Szekeres
- Department of Radiation Oncology and the Departments of Pathology and Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit Michigan 48202, USA
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39
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40
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FREEMAN VINCENTL, MEYDANI MOHSEN, YONG SHERRI, PYLE JOSEPH, FLANIGAN ROBERTC, WATERS WBEDFORD, WOJCIK EVAM. PROSTATIC LEVELS OF FATTY ACIDS AND THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OF LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER. J Urol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)66991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- VINCENT L. FREEMAN
- From the Midwest Center for Health Services and Policy Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines, Jr. Hospital, Hines and Departments of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, and Surgical Pathology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - MOHSEN MEYDANI
- From the Midwest Center for Health Services and Policy Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines, Jr. Hospital, Hines and Departments of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, and Surgical Pathology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - SHERRI YONG
- From the Midwest Center for Health Services and Policy Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines, Jr. Hospital, Hines and Departments of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, and Surgical Pathology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - JOSEPH PYLE
- From the Midwest Center for Health Services and Policy Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines, Jr. Hospital, Hines and Departments of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, and Surgical Pathology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - ROBERT C. FLANIGAN
- From the Midwest Center for Health Services and Policy Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines, Jr. Hospital, Hines and Departments of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, and Surgical Pathology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - W. BEDFORD WATERS
- From the Midwest Center for Health Services and Policy Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines, Jr. Hospital, Hines and Departments of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, and Surgical Pathology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - EVA M. WOJCIK
- From the Midwest Center for Health Services and Policy Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines, Jr. Hospital, Hines and Departments of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, and Surgical Pathology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
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41
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Steele VE, Holmes CA, Hawk ET, Kopelovich L, Lubet RA, Crowell JA, Sigman CC, Kelloff GJ. Potential use of lipoxygenase inhibitors for cancer chemoprevention. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000; 9:2121-38. [PMID: 11060797 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.9.9.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that lipoxygenase (LO)-catalysed metabolites have a profound influence on the development and progression of human cancers. Compared with normal tissues, significantly elevated levels of LO products have been found in breast tumours, colon cancers, lung, skin and prostate cancers, as well as in cells from patients with both acute and chronic leukaemias. LO-mediated products elicit diverse biological activities needed for neoplastic cell growth, influencing growth factor and transcription factor activation, oncogene induction, stimulation of tumour cell adhesion and regulation of apoptotic cell death. Agents that block LO catalytic activity may be effective in preventing cancer by interfering with signalling events needed for tumour growth. In the past ten years, pharmaceuticals agents that specifically inhibit the 5-LO metabolic pathway have been developed to treat inflammatory diseases such as asthma, arthritis and psoriasis. Some of these compounds possess anti-oxidant properties and may be effective in preventing cancer by blocking free radical-induced genetic damage or by preventing the metabolic activation of carcinogens. Other compounds may work by negatively modulating DNA synthesis. Pharmacological profiles of potential chemopreventive agents are compiled from enzyme assays, in vitro testing (e.g., cell proliferation inhibition in human cancer cells) and in vivo animal carcinogenesis models (e.g., N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced rat mammary cancer, benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung tumours in strain A/J mice and hormone-induced prostate tumours in rats). In this way, compounds are identified for chemoprevention trials in human subjects. Based on currently available data, it is expected that the prevention of lung and prostate cancer will be initially studied in human trials of LO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Steele
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Mammary derived growth inhibitor (MDGI) is a member of the family of cytoplasmic fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs), which bind hydrophobic ligands such as fatty acids, retinoids, eicosanoids and prostaglandines. MDGI and an 11 amino acid MDGI-derived conserved C-terminal peptide (P108) inhibits growth of normal mammary epithelial cells in tissue and organ culture, but fails to inhibit proliferation of many breast cancer cell lines in vitro. Here, the effects of peptide P108 on tumor growth of MCF-7, MDA-MB468 and MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cell lines in nude mice were tested. To deliver P108 into tumors, a novel peptide production system was applied for expression and secretion of small bioactive peptides in mammalian cells. Functional differentiation was observed in MCF-7 and MDA-MB468 cells upon P108 expression. In addition, EGF-dependent colony formation in soft agar by MDA-MB468 cells was inhibited by secreted P108. Tumor growth in athymic nude mice was suppressed in all three cell lines tested. Furthermore, P108 expressed by MCF-7/P108 cells caused paracrine tumor growth inhibition of MDA-MB231 cells. These results indicate that breast cancer inhibition by P108 is independent of binding to hydrophobic ligands and is perhaps mediated by interference with EGF-dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Wang
- Georgetown University, Vincent T. Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, TRB W208, 3970 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, D.C. 20007, USA
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43
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Kozuki Y, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. Inhibitory effects of carotenoids on the invasion of rat ascites hepatoma cells in culture. Cancer Lett 2000; 151:111-5. [PMID: 10766430 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of carotenoids--alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin--on the invasion of rat ascites hepatoma AH109A cells were investigated by co-culturing the hepatoma cells with rat mesentery-derived mesothelial cells (M-cells). All the carotenoids examined inhibited AH109A invasion in a dose-dependent manner up to 5 microM. Cancer cells previously cultured with hypoxanthine (HX) and xanthine oxidase (XO) showed a highly invasive activity. Carotenoids, 5 microM of beta-carotene and astaxanthin, suppressed this reactive oxygen species-potentiated invasive capacity by simultaneously treating AH109A cells with the carotenoids, HX and XO. These results suggest that the antioxidative property of these carotenoids may be involved in their anti-invasive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kozuki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Fuchu, Japan
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44
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Abstract
It will be apparent from this review that dietary fat can exert both specific and non-specific effects on carcinogenesis, at least in experimental animals. The non-specific effects appear to be related primarily to effects of dietary fat on energy balance. Although a positive energy balance can be achieved on a high-carbohydrate low-fat diet, it is much more likely to occur on a high-fat diet because of the high energy density of fat [101] and the fact that dietary fat is less capable of imparting a sense of satiety [102]. A continuing state of positive energy balance leads to obesity which has been associated with increased risk of cancer at a number of sites, including endometrium [103-106], postmenopausal breast cancer [107-113], renal cancer [114,115] and possibly cancers of the colorectum [116-122], pancreas [103,123] and prostate [124]. Whereas the non-specific effects of dietary fat appear to be deleterious for cancer, the specific effects in some cases can be beneficial. Examples are long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. CLA and tocotrienols. It is still too early to predict whether these may be of value in the prevention and/or treatment of human cancer but they seem worthy of further investigation. Knowledge of their mechanism of action may suggest novel approaches to the cancer problem and, as in the case of vitamins A and D, it may be possible to find analogues with more potent anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Guthrie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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45
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Snyderwine EG, Thorgeirsson UP, Venugopal M, Roberts-Thomson SJ. Mammary gland carcinogenicity of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in Sprague-Dawley rats on high- and low-fat diets. Nutr Cancer 1998; 31:160-7. [PMID: 9795967 DOI: 10.1080/01635589809514698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is a carcinogenic heterocyclic amine derived from cooked meat. Mammary gland tumors were induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats given 10 doses of PhIP (75 mg/kg po) once per day from 43 days of age and then placed on a defined high-fat (23.5% corn oil) or low-fat (5% corn oil) diet for 25 weeks. Mammary tumor incidence was 49% (44 of 90 rats) and 31% (27 of 88 rats) in the high- and low-fat groups, respectively. No tumors were found in vehicle control rats on the high-or the low-fat diet (n = 44 and 43, respectively). The higher tumor incidence in the high-fat group was due to an increase specifically in carcinomas (classified as tubulopapillary carcinomas) rather than benign tumors (tubular adenomas and fibroadenomas). The incidence of carcinomas was 45% and 24% in PhIP-treated rats on the high- and low-fat diets, respectively. In addition, the percentage of carcinomas showing stromal invasion was highest in the high-fat diet group (22% vs. 8%, high- vs. low-fat diet). Proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunostaining (PCNA) index revealed six times more proliferation in carcinomas from rats on the high-fat diet than in rats on the low-fat diet. Adenomas from rats on different diets had similar PCNA indexes. The tumor apoptotic index, quantitated by immunohistochemical detection (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling), was twice as high in carcinomas from rats on the high-fat diet as in carcinomas from rats on the low-fat diet but was similar between the two groups of adenomas. The PCNA-to-apoptosis ratio was 43 and 17 in carcinomas from rats on the high- and low-fat diets, respectively, indicating that the growth rate of carcinomas was greater in rats on the high-fat diet. The results from this study show that the high-fat diet increases the incidence, invasiveness, and growth of PhIP-induced mammary gland carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Snyderwine
- Division of Basic Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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46
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Abstract
The arachidonic acid metabolites, or eicosanoids, are a large series of lipid-derived mediators capable of producing a multitude of physiologic effects in the local environment. They play important roles in a variety of signaling pathways in endocrinology, immunology, and oncology. A significant body of work in this area has occurred in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck over the past 15 years. This review will attempt to familiarize the head and neck surgical oncologist with the basic biochemical steps in the formation of these compounds, newer developments in the field of eicosanoid biochemistry, and related experimental evidence of the roles of these substances in head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Ondrey
- Tumor Cell Biology Section/Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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47
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Mariani TJ, Sandefur S, Roby JD, Pierce RA. Collagenase-3 induction in rat lung fibroblasts requires the combined effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and 12-lipoxygenase metabolites: a model of macrophage-induced, fibroblast-driven extracellular matrix remodeling during inflammatory lung injury. Mol Biol Cell 1998; 9:1411-24. [PMID: 9614183 PMCID: PMC25362 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.9.6.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/1998] [Accepted: 03/27/1998] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the induction of matrix-degrading proteases during lung injury are ill defined. Macrophage-derived mediators are believed to play a role in regulating synthesis and turnover of extracellular matrix at sites of inflammation. We find a localized increase in the expression of the rat interstitial collagenase (MMP-13; collagenase-3) gene from fibroblastic cells directly adjacent to macrophages within silicotic rat lung granulomas. Conditioned medium from macrophages isolated from silicotic rat lungs was found to induce rat lung fibroblast interstitial collagenase gene expression. Conditioned medium from primary rat lung macrophages or J774 monocytic cells activated by particulates in vitro also induced interstitial collagenase gene expression. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) alone did not induce interstitial collagenase expression in rat lung fibroblasts but did in rat skin fibroblasts, revealing tissue specificity in the regulation of this gene. The activity of the conditioned medium was found to be dependent on the combined effects of TNF-alpha and 12-lipoxygenase-derived arachidonic acid metabolites. The fibroblast response to this conditioned medium was dependent on de novo protein synthesis and involved the induction of nuclear activator protein-1 activity. These data reveal a novel requirement for macrophage-derived 12-lipoxygenase metabolites in lung fibroblast MMP induction and provide a mechanism for the induction of resident cell MMP gene expression during inflammatory lung processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Mariani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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48
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Jiang WG, Bryce RP, Horrobin DF. Essential fatty acids: molecular and cellular basis of their anti-cancer action and clinical implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1998; 27:179-209. [PMID: 9649932 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(98)00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W G Jiang
- University Department of Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
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49
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Robertson FM, Parrett ML, Joarder FS, Ross M, Abou-Issa HM, Alshafie G, Harris RE. Ibuprofen-induced inhibition of cyclooxygenase isoform gene expression and regression of rat mammary carcinomas. Cancer Lett 1998; 122:165-75. [PMID: 9464506 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(97)00387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A single dose of 75 mg/kg 7,12 dimethylbenz[a]anthracene was administered to 50-day-old virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats and 100 days later, animals were randomized and provided with Teklad rodent chow mixed with a dose of 25 mg/rat/day ibuprofen for 35 days. Ibuprofen treatment reduced tumor volume (P < 0.05) and significantly inhibited gene expression of both cyclooxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-2 (P < 0.02). These results indicate that ibuprofen induced significant regression of established mammary carcinomas which was associated with inhibition of expression of isoforms of the gene responsible for prostaglandin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Robertson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
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50
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Rose DP, Connolly JM, Liu XH. Fatty acid regulation of breast cancer cell growth and invasion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 422:47-55. [PMID: 9361814 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-2670-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D P Rose
- Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York, USA
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