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Ji C, Xu H, Yu H, Cui Z, Fan J, Zhai Z. An online monitoring device for measuring the concentration of four types of in-situ microorganisms by using the near-infrared band. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 310:123895. [PMID: 38262294 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Using optical density at 600 nm (OD600) to measure the microbial concentration is a popular approach due to its advantages like quick response and non-destructive. However, the OD600 measurement might be affected by the metabolic pigment, and it would become invalid when the solution dilution is insufficient. To overcome these issues, we proposed to adopt a more robust wavelength at 890 nm to quantify the attenuation of transmission light. After selecting this light source, we designed the light path and the circuit of the online monitoring device. Meanwhile, the random forest algorithm was introduced for temperature compensation and improving the stability of the device. This device was verified by monitoring the microbial concentration of four strains (Yeast, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, and Escherichia coli). The experimental result suggested that the mean absolute percentage error reached 4.11 %, 4.28 %, 4.49 %, and 4.53 % respectively, which is helpful to improve the accuracy of microbial concentration measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Ji
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Huanliang Xu
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Hongfeng Yu
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jiaqing Fan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhai
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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2
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Deutzmann JS, Callander G, Gu W, Müller AL, McCully AL, Ahn JK, Kracke F, Spormann AM. Low-Cost Clamp-On Photometers (ClampOD) and Tube Photometers (TubeOD) for Online Cell Density Determination. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:790576. [PMID: 35095803 PMCID: PMC8793360 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.790576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical density (OD) measurement is the gold standard to estimate microbial cell density in aqueous systems. Recording microbial growth curves is essential to assess substrate utilization, gauge sensitivity to inhibitors or toxins, or determine the perfect sampling point. Manual sampling for cuvette-photometer-based measurements can cause disturbances and impact growth, especially for strictly anaerobic or thermophilic microbes. For slow growing microbes, manual sampling can cause data gaps that complicate analysis. Online OD measurement systems provide a solution, but are often expensive and ill-suited for applications such as monitoring microbial growth in custom or larger anaerobic vessels. Furthermore, growth measurements of thermophilic cultures are limited by the heat sensitivity of complex electronics. Here, we present two simple, low-cost, self-assembled photometers—a “TubeOD” for online measurement of anaerobic and thermophilic cultures in Hungate tubes and a “ClampOD” that can be attached to virtually any transparent growth vessel. Both OD-meters can be calibrated in minutes. We detail the manufacturing and calibration procedure and demonstrate continuous acquisition of high quality cell density data of a variety of microbes, including strict anaerobes, a thermophile, and gas-utilizing strains in various glassware. When calibrated and operated within their detection limits (ca. 0.3–90% of the photosensor voltage range), these self-build OD-meters can be used for continuous measurement of microbial growth in a variety of applications, thereby, simplifying and enhancing everyday lab operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg S. Deutzmann
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jörg S. Deutzmann,
| | - Grace Callander
- Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Wenyu Gu
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Albert L. Müller
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alexandra L. McCully
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jenna Kim Ahn
- Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Frauke Kracke
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alfred M. Spormann
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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3
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An Arduino based automatic pressure evaluation system to quantify growth of non‐model anaerobes in culture. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Anderlei T, Keebler MV, Cairó JJ, Lecina M. HEK293 Cell-Based Bioprocess Development at Bench Scale by Means of Online Monitoring in Shake Flasks (RAMOS and SFR). Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2095:83-103. [PMID: 31858464 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0191-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The platforms for bioprocess development have been developed in parallel to the needs of the manufacturing industry of biopharmaceuticals, aiming to ensure the quality and safety of their products. In this sense, Quality by Design (QbD) and Process Analytical Technology (PAT) have become the pillars for quality control and quality assurance.A new combination of Shake Flask Reader (SFR) and Respiration Activity Monitoring System for online determination of OTR and CTR (RAMOS) allows online monitoring of main culture parameters needed for bioprocess development (pH, pO2, OTR, CTR, and QR) as presented below. Eventually, a case study of the application of the combination of SFR-RAMOS system is presented. The case study discloses the optimization of HEK293 cells cultures through the manipulation of their metabolic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jordi Joan Cairó
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Martí Lecina
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
- Bioengineering Department, IQS, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Turbidimetry and Dielectric Spectroscopy as Process Analytical Technologies for Mammalian and Insect Cell Cultures. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2095:335-364. [PMID: 31858478 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0191-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The production of biopharmaceuticals in cell culture involves stringent controls to ensure product safety and quality. To meet these requirements, quality by design principles must be applied during the development of cell culture processes so that quality is built into the product by understanding the manufacturing process. One key aspect is process analytical technology, in which comprehensive online monitoring is used to identify and control critical process parameters that affect critical quality attributes such as the product titer and purity. The application of industry-ready technologies such as turbidimetry and dielectric spectroscopy provides a deeper understanding of biological processes within the bioreactor and allows the physiological status of the cells to be monitored on a continuous basis. This in turn enables selective and targeted process controls to respond in an appropriate manner to process disturbances. This chapter outlines the principles of online dielectric spectroscopy and turbidimetry for the measurement of optical density as applied to mammalian and insect cells cultivated in stirred-tank bioreactors either in suspension or as adherent cells on microcarriers.
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6
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New developments in online OUR monitoring and its application to animal cell cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6903-6917. [PMID: 31309268 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The increasing demand for biopharmaceuticals produced in mammalian cells has driven the industry to enhance the productivity of bioprocesses through intensification of culture process. Fed-batch and perfusion culturing strategies are considered the most attractive choices, but the application of these processes requires the availability of reliable online measuring systems for the estimation of cell density and metabolic activity. This manuscript reviews the methods (and the devices used) for monitoring of the oxygen consumption, also known as oxygen uptake rate (OUR), since it is a straightforward parameter to estimate viable cell density and the physiological state of cells. Furthermore, as oxygen plays an important role in the cell metabolism, OUR has also been very useful to estimate nutrient consumption, especially the carbon (glucose and glutamine) and nitrogen (glutamine) sources. Three different methods for the measurement of OUR have been developed up to date, being the dynamic method the golden standard, even though DO and pH perturbations generated in the culture during each measurement. For this, many efforts have been focused in developing non-invasive methods, such as global mass balance or stationary liquid mass balance. The low oxygen consumption rates by the cells and the high accuracy required for oxygen concentration measurement in the gas streams (inlet and outlet) have limited the applicability of the global mass balance methodology in mammalian cell cultures. In contrast, stationary liquid mass balance has successfully been implemented showing very similar OUR profiles compared with those obtained with the dynamic method. The huge amount of studies published in the last years evidence that OUR have become a reliable alternative for the monitoring and control of high cell density culturing strategies with very high productivities.
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7
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A new strategy for fed-batch process control of HEK293 cell cultures based on alkali buffer addition monitoring: comparison with O.U.R. dynamic method. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:10469-10483. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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8
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Dielectric Spectroscopy and Optical Density Measurement for the Online Monitoring and Control of Recombinant Protein Production in Stably Transformed Drosophila melanogaster S2 Cells. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18030900. [PMID: 29562633 PMCID: PMC5876727 DOI: 10.3390/s18030900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins in bioreactors requires real-time process monitoring and control to increase process efficiency and to meet the requirements for a comprehensive audit trail. The combination of optical near-infrared turbidity sensors and dielectric spectroscopy provides diverse system information because different measurement principles are exploited. We used this combination of techniques to monitor and control the growth and protein production of stably transformed Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells expressing antimicrobial proteins. The in situ monitoring system was suitable in batch, fed-batch and perfusion modes, and was particularly useful for the online determination of cell concentration, specific growth rate (µ) and cell viability. These data were used to pinpoint the optimal timing of the key transitional events (induction and harvest) during batch and fed-batch cultivation, achieving a total protein yield of ~25 mg at the 1-L scale. During cultivation in perfusion mode, the OD880 signal was used to control the bleed line in order to maintain a constant cell concentration of 5 × 107 cells/mL, thus establishing a turbidostat/permittistat culture. With this setup, a five-fold increase in productivity was achieved and 130 mg of protein was recovered after 2 days of induced perfusion. Our results demonstrate that both sensors are suitable for advanced monitoring and integration into online control strategies.
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9
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Zitzmann J, Weidner T, Czermak P. Optimized expression of the antimicrobial protein Gloverin from Galleria mellonella using stably transformed Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Cytotechnology 2017; 69:371-389. [PMID: 28132128 PMCID: PMC5366974 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are valuable as leads in the pharmaceutical industry for the development of novel anti-infective drugs. Here we describe the efficient heterologous expression and basic characterization of a Gloverin-family AMP derived from the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. Highly productive single-cell clones prepared by limiting dilution achieved a 100% increase in productivity compared to the original polyclonal Drosophila melanogaster S2 cell line. Comprehensive screening for suitable expression conditions using statistical experimental designs revealed that optimal induction was achieved using 600 µM CuSO4 at the mid-exponential growth phase. Under these conditions, 25 mg/L of the AMP was expressed at the 1-L bioreactor scale, with optimal induction and harvest times ensured by dielectric spectroscopy and the online measurement of optical density. Gloverin was purified from the supernatant by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography followed by dialysis. In growth assays, the purified protein showed specific antimicrobial activity against two different strains of Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zitzmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
- Project Group Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany.
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10
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Musmann C, Joeris K, Markert S, Solle D, Scheper T. Spectroscopic methods and their applicability for high-throughput characterization of mammalian cell cultures in automated cell culture systems. Eng Life Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201500122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Musmann
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Pharma Biotech Production and Development; Penzberg Germany
| | - Klaus Joeris
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Pharma Biotech Production and Development; Penzberg Germany
| | - Sven Markert
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Pharma Biotech Production and Development; Penzberg Germany
| | - Dörte Solle
- University of Hannover; Institute for Technical Chemistry; Hannover Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- University of Hannover; Institute for Technical Chemistry; Hannover Germany
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11
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Sasaki S, Kato H. A Simple Instrument for Luminescence/Growth Measurement for Bioluminescent Bacteria. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.16we088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sasaki
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Hiroshi Kato
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Tokyo University of Technology
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12
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Biechele P, Busse C, Solle D, Scheper T, Reardon K. Sensor systems for bioprocess monitoring. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Biechele
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Christoph Busse
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Dörte Solle
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Kenneth Reardon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
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13
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Li L, Wang ZJ, Chen XJ, Chu J, Zhuang YP, Zhang SL. Optimization of polyhydroxyalkanoates fermentations with on-line capacitance measurement. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 156:216-221. [PMID: 24508658 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to provide an effective methodology for optimization of the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) fermentation with Ralstonia eutropha by the on-line capacitance measurement. The present study found the capacitance values could reflect variations of microbial morphology and viability. Furthermore, oxygen uptake rate, specific oxygen uptake rate and specific growth rate were measured in real-time and compared with the capacitance value. In addition, a fed-batch control strategy based on the on-line capacitance measurement was proposed to improve the PHAs production by 22%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ze-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xue-Jun Chen
- Zhejiang Pharma, Group Tian An Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ying-Ping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Si-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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14
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Párta L, Zalai D, Borbély S, Putics Á. Application of dielectric spectroscopy for monitoring high cell density in monoclonal antibody producing CHO cell cultivations. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:311-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-0998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Whelan J, Murphy E, Pearson A, Jeffers P, Kieran P, McDonnell S, Raposo S, Lima-Costa ME, Glennon B. Use of focussed beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) for monitoring changes in biomass concentration. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 35:963-75. [PMID: 22246535 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The potential of focussed beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) as a tool to monitor changes in biomass concentration was investigated in a number of biological systems. The measurement technique was applied to two morphologically dissimilar plant cell suspension cultures, Morinda citrifolia and Centaurea calcitrapa, to a filamentous bacteria, Streptomyces natalensis, to high density cultures of Escherichia coli and to a murine Sp2/0 hybridoma suspension cell line, 3-2.19. In all cases, the biomass concentration proved to be correlated with total FBRM counts. The nature of the correlation varied between systems and was influenced by the concentration, nature, size and morphology of the particle under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Whelan
- UCD School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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16
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Abstract
Methods of biomass monitoring have increasingly been developed towards online, in situ techniques in order to advance process analysis and control. Off-line, ex situ methods, such as dry cell mass determination and direct cell counts, remain the reference for determining cell mass and number, respectively, but this type of analysis is time consuming. Absorbance measurement, which is used extensively as an off-line, ex situ, or online, in situ technique, is fast and straightforward, as the absorbance can be correlated to cell mass and number by a simple calibration. The downside is that absorbance measurements provide no estimation of viability and in situ applications can suffer from interference, such as aeration. Impedance spectroscopy is widely available and provides a quick measure of viable cell concentration, but does not give an estimation of total cell concentration and, hence, potential product. Sensitivity of impedance spectroscopy remains an issue at low cell concentration, and interference during in situ measurements is also a significant factor. In this chapter, a range of protocols is presented for online determination of biomass yields of recombinant yeast cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Palmer
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, The Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Palmer SM, Kunji ERS. Online analysis and process control in recombinant protein production (review). Methods Mol Biol 2012; 866:129-155. [PMID: 22454120 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-770-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Online analysis and control is essential for efficient and reproducible bioprocesses. A key factor in real-time control is the ability to measure critical variables rapidly. Online in situ measurements are the preferred option and minimize the potential loss of sterility. The challenge is to provide sensors with a good lifespan that withstand harsh bioprocess conditions, remain stable for the duration of a process without the need for recalibration, and offer a suitable working range. In recent decades, many new techniques that promise to extend the possibilities of analysis and control, not only by providing new parameters for analysis, but also through the improvement of accepted, well practiced, measurements have arisen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Palmer
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, The Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK
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18
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Opel CF, Li J, Amanullah A. Quantitative modeling of viable cell density, cell size, intracellular conductivity, and membrane capacitance in batch and fed-batch CHO processes using dielectric spectroscopy. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:1187-99. [PMID: 20730773 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric spectroscopy was used to analyze typical batch and fed-batch CHO cell culture processes. Three methods of analysis (linear modeling, Cole-Cole modeling, and partial least squares regression), were used to correlate the spectroscopic data with routine biomass measurements [viable packed cell volume, viable cell concentration (VCC), cell size, and oxygen uptake rate (OUR)]. All three models predicted offline biomass measurements accurately during the growth phase of the cultures. However, during the stationary and decline phases of the cultures, the models decreased in accuracy to varying degrees. Offline cell radius measurements were unsuccessfully used to correct for the deviations from the linear model, indicating that physiological changes affecting permittivity were occurring. The beta-dispersion was analyzed using the Cole-Cole distribution parameters Deltaepsilon (magnitude of the permittivity drop), f(c) (critical frequency), and alpha (Cole-Cole parameter). Furthermore, the dielectric parameters static internal conductivity (sigma(i)) and membrane capacitance per area (C(m)) were calculated for the cultures. Finally, the relationship between permittivity, OUR, and VCC was examined, demonstrating how the definition of viability is critical when analyzing biomass online. The results indicate that the common assumptions of constant size and dielectric properties used in dielectric analysis are not always valid during later phases of cell culture processes. The findings also demonstrate that dielectric spectroscopy, while not a substitute for VCC, is a complementary measurement of viable biomass, providing useful auxiliary information about the physiological state of a culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary F Opel
- Genentech, Inc., Oceanside PTD, US Biologics, Pharma Technical Development, One Antibody Way, Oceanside, CA 92056, USA.
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19
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Kamen AA, Bédard C, Tom R, Perret S, Jardin B. On-line monitoring of respiration in recombinant-baculovirus infected and uninfected insect cell bioreactor cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 50:36-48. [PMID: 18626897 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19960405)50:1<36::aid-bit5>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Respiration rates in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cell bioreactor cultures were successfully measured on-line using two methods: The O(2) uptake rate (OUR) was determined using gas phase pO(2) values imposed by a dissolved oxygen controller and the CO(2) evolution rate (CER) was measured using an infrared detector. The measurement methods were accurate, reliable, and relatively inexpensive. The CER was routinely determined in bioreactor cultures used for the production of several recombinant proteins. Simple linear relationships between viable cell densities and both OUR and CER in exponentially growing cultures were used to predict viable cell density. Respiration measurements were also used to follow the progress of baculoviral infections in Sf-9 cultures. Infection led to increases in volumetric and per-cell respiration rates. The relationships between respiration and several other culture parameters, including viable cell density, cell protein, cell volume, glucose consumption, lactate production, viral titer, and recombinant beta-galactosidase accumulation, were examined. The extent of the increase in CER following infection and the time postinfection at which maximum CER was attained were negatively correlated with the multiplicity of infection (MOI) at multiplicities below the level required to infect all the cells in a culture. Delays in the respiration peak related to the MOI employed were correlated with delays in the peak in recombinant protein accumulation. DO levels in the range 5-100% did not exert any major effects on viable cell densities, CER, or product titer in cultures infected with a baculovirus expressing recombinant beta-galactosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kamen
- Animal Cell Engineering Group, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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20
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Junker BH, Wang HY. Bioprocess monitoring and computer control: key roots of the current PAT initiative. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 95:226-261. [PMID: 16933288 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review article has been written for the journal, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, to commemorate the 70th birthday of Daniel I.C. Wang, who served as doctoral thesis advisor to each of the co-authors, but a decade apart. Key roots of the current PAT initiative in bioprocess monitoring and control are described, focusing on the impact of Danny Wang's research as a professor at MIT. The history of computer control and monitoring in biochemical processing has been used to identify the areas that have already benefited and those that are most likely to benefit in the future from PAT applications. Past applications have included the use of indirect estimation methods for cell density, expansion of on-line/at-line and on-line/in situ measurement techniques, and development of models and expert systems for control and optimization. Future applications are likely to encompass additional novel measurement technologies, measurements for multi-scale and disposable bioreactors, real time batch release, and more efficient data utilization to achieve process validation and continuous improvement goals. Dan Wang's substantial contributions in this arena have been one key factor in steering the PAT initiative towards realistic and attainable industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Junker
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Building R810-127, Rahway 07065, New Jersey
| | - H Y Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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21
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Stärk E, Hitzmann B, Schügerl K, Scheper T, Fuchs C, Köster D, Märkl H. In-situ-fluorescence-probes: a useful tool for non-invasive bioprocess monitoring. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2002; 74:21-38. [PMID: 11991181 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45736-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Optical sensors appear to be very promising for different applications in modern biotechnology. They offer the possibility to interface all the well known optical analysis techniques to bioprocesses via fiber optical cables. Thus, high sophisticated and sensitive optical analysis techniques can be coupled to a bioprocess via these light signal transporting fibers. A wide variety of sensor types for application in biotechnology has been described. Normally these sensors are non-invasive and the response times are nearly instantaneous. In particular, the use of glass fiber technology makes these sensors small, robust and reduces their costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stärk
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Hannover, Germany
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Yardley JE, Kell DB, Barrett J, Davey CL. On-line, real-time measurements of cellular biomass using dielectric spectroscopy. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2001; 17:3-35. [PMID: 11255671 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Yardley
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, Wales, U.K
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Zeiser A, Bédard C, Voyer R, Jardin B, Tom R, Kamen AA. On-line monitoring of the progress of infection in Sf-9 insect cell cultures using relative permittivity measurements. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999; 63:122-6. [PMID: 10099588 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990405)63:1<122::aid-bit13>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of on-line relative permittivity (epsilon') measurements for monitoring cultures of Sf-9 cells was evaluated in a batch culture and a batch infected with a baculovirus expressing beta-galactosidase. It was found that viable cell density and volume essentially accounted for all the variation in epsilon' in both non-infected and synchronously infected cultures, indicating that the epsilon' of a cell suspension was sensitive only to changes in the viable cell population. Additionally the parameter provided clearly defined signposts of the progress of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zeiser
- Animal Cell Technology and Downstream Processing Group, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H4P 2R2
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Davey CL, Kell DB. The influence of electrode polarisation on dielectric spectra, with special reference to capacitive biomass measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-4598(98)00131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Jones A, Young D, Taylor J, Kell DB, Rowland JJ. Quantification of microbial productivity via multi-angle light scattering and supervised learning. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998; 59:131-43. [PMID: 10099324 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980720)59:2<131::aid-bit1>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the use of chemometric methods for prediction of biological parameters of cell suspensions on the basis of their light scattering profiles. Laser light is directed into a vial or flow cell containing media from the suspension. The intensity of the scattered light is recorded at 18 angles. Supervised learning methods are then used to calibrate a model relating the parameter of interest to the intensity values. Using such models opens up the possibility of estimating the biological properties of fermentor broths extremely rapidly (typically every 4 sec), and, using the flow cell, without user interaction. Our work has demonstrated the usefulness of this approach for estimation of yeast cell counts over a wide range of values (10(5)-10(9) cells mL-1), although it was less successful in predicting cell viability in such suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jones
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, ABERYSTWYTH, Ceredigion SY23 3DD, Wales, United Kingdom. auj/diy/jjt95/dbk/
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Bachinger T, Mårtensson P, Mandenius CF. Estimation of biomass and specific growth rate in a recombinant Escherichia coli batch cultivation process using a chemical multisensor array. J Biotechnol 1998; 60:55-66. [PMID: 9571802 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(97)00187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A chemical multisensor array is used in combination with an artificial neural network to estimate the biomass concentration and specific growth rate in a recombination Escherichia coli batch cultivation. It is shown that by providing sufficient information to the artificial neural network, an accuracy comparable to that of an established dry weight method can be achieved. The obtained prediction error (1 sigma) of 0.043 g l-1 for biomass compares well with the error of the dry weight method in this low biomass concentration range (0.1-3 g l-1). The prediction for the specific growth rate is accurate during important parts of the cell growth (1 sigma = 0.025 h-1). The results show that this non-invasive method is potentially useful for estimating biomass and specific growth rate on-line in bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bachinger
- Department of Physics and Measurement Technology, Linköping University, Sweden
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27
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Ciureanu M, Levadoux W, Goldstein S. Electrical impedance studies on a culture of a newly discovered strain of Streptomyces. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(97)00017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Baxter PJ, Christian GD. Sequential Injection Analysis: A Versatile Technique for Bioprocess Monitoring. Acc Chem Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ar950214z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Baxter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Gary D. Christian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Davey HM, Davey CL, Woodward AM, Edmonds AN, Lee AW, Kell DB. Oscillatory, stochastic and chaotic growth rate fluctuations in permittistatically controlled yeast cultures. Biosystems 1996; 39:43-61. [PMID: 8735387 DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(95)01577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a continuous culture system related to the turbidostat, but using a feedback system based on biomass estimation from the dielectric permittivity of the cell suspension rather than its optical density. It is shown that this system provides an excellent method of maintaining a constant biomass level within a fermentor. The computer-controlled system was able to effect the essentially continuous registration of growth rate by monitoring the rate of medium addition via the time-dependent activity of the pump. At some biomass setpoints for aerobically grown cultures of baker's yeast substantial time-dependent fluctuations in the growth rate of the culture were thereby observed. At some biomass setpoints, however, or under anaerobic conditions, or when using a non-Crabtree yeast, the growth rate was constant, indicating that the fluctuations were inherent to the biological system and not simply a property of the fermentor and control system. A variety of time series analyses (Fourier transformations, Hurst and Lyapunov exponents, the determination of embedding dimension, and non-linear time series predictions based on the methodology of Sugihara and May) were used to demonstrate, for the first time, that as well as stochastic and periodic components these fluctuations exhibited deterministic chaos. 'Trivial predictors' were unable to give accurate predictions of the growth rate in these cultures. The growth rate fluctuations were studied further by means of offline measurements of changes in percentage viability, bud count, and in the external ethanol and glucose concentrations; these data and other evidence suggested that the growth rate fluctuations were closely linked to the primary respiro-fermentative metabolism of this organism. The identification of chaotic growth rates in cell cultures suggests that there may be novel methods for controlling the growth of such cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Davey
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK
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Hatch RT, Veilleux BG. Monitoring ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae in commercial bakers' yeast fermentation. Biotechnol Bioeng 1995; 46:371-4. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260460410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Although they were used historically as antimicrobial agents, there is a modern requirement to devise organic solvent systems for exploitation in the biotransformation by intact cells of substrates that are poorly soluble in water. Water-immiscible solvents are normally less cytotoxic than are water-miscible ones. While a unitary mechanism is excluded, damage to the membrane remains the likeliest major mechanism of cytotoxicity, and may be conveniently assessed using an electronic biomass probe. Studies designed to account for the mechanisms of action of general anesthetics and of uncouplers parallel those designed to account for the cytotoxicity of organic solvents. Although there are hundreds of potential physical descriptors of solvent properties, many are broadly similar to each other, such that the intrinsic dimensionality of solvent space is relatively small (< 10). This opens up the possibility of providing a rational biophysical basis for the optimization of the solvents used for biotransformations. The widely used descriptor of solvent behavior, log P (the octanol:water partition coefficient), is a composite of more fundamental molecular descriptors; this explains why there are rarely good correlations between cytotoxicity and log P when a wide variety of solvents is studied. Although the intrinsic dimensionality of solvent space is relatively small, pure solvents still populate it rather sparsely. Thus, mixtures of solvents can and do provide the opportunity of obtaining a solvent optimal for a biotransformation of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Salter
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, U.K
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