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Sallsten G, Ellingsen DG, Berlinger B, Weinbruch S, Barregard L. Variability of lead in urine and blood in healthy individuals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113412. [PMID: 35523277 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead is a non-essential toxic trace element. Lead in blood (BPb) is the most common biomarker of lead exposure but lead in urine (UPb) has also been used. There is, however, limited data on the variability of UPb in the general population and the association with BPb. OBJECTIVES Our aims were to assess variability of lead in repeated blood and urine samples. The diurnal variation of UPb was also examined as well as associations with BPb. METHODS We established an openly available biobank including 60 healthy non-smoking individuals, 29 men and 31 women, 21-64 years of age (median 31 years), with repeated sampling of blood and urine. Timed urine samples were collected at six fixed time points in two 24 h periods, about one week apart, and adjusted for creatinine and specific gravity (SG). BPb and UPb were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The within- and between-individual variabilities and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs; ratios of the between-individual to total observed variances) were calculated using mixed-effects models. RESULTS The ICCs for UPb samples were mostly above 0.5, when adjusted for creatinine or SG, and higher for overnight samples compared with daytime samples. The highest ICCs were obtained for BPb (ICC = 0.97) and for urine samples corrected for dilution by SG or creatinine. The ICC was 0.66 for overnight samples adjusted for creatinine. High correlations with BPb were found for 24 h UPb (rs = 0.77) and overnight samples, e.g. rs = 0.74 when adjusted for SG. There was diurnal variation of UPb with lowest excretion rate in overnight samples. There was also a significant association between the Pb excretion rate and urinary flow rate. CONCLUSIONS In addition to BPb, UPb adjusted for creatinine or SG seems to be a useful biomarker for exposure assessment in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Sallsten
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg & Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden.
| | | | - Balazs Berlinger
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, István U. 2., H-1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stephan Weinbruch
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 9, D-64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lars Barregard
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg & Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
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Sallsten G, Barregard L. Variability of Urinary Creatinine in Healthy Individuals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063166. [PMID: 33808539 PMCID: PMC8003281 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many urinary biomarkers are adjusted for dilution using creatinine or specific gravity. The aim was to evaluate the variability of creatinine excretion, in 24 h and spot samples, and to describe an openly available variability biobank. Urine and blood samples were collected from 60 healthy non-smoking adults, 29 men and 31 women. All urine was collected at six time points during two 24 h periods. Blood samples were also collected twice and stored frozen. Analyses of creatinine in urine was performed in fresh urine using an enzymatic method. For creatinine in urine, the intra-class correlation (ICC) was calculated for 24 h urine and spot samples. Diurnal variability was examined, as well as association with urinary flow rate. The creatinine excretion rate was lowest in overnight samples and relatively constant in the other five samples. The creatinine excretion rate in each individual was positively correlated with urinary flow rate. The creatinine concentration was highest in the overnight sample and at 09:30. For 24 h samples the ICC was 0.64, for overnight samples it was 0.5, and for all spot samples, it was much lower. The ICC for urinary creatinine depends on the time of day of sampling. Frozen samples from this variability biobank are open for researchers examining normal variability of their favorite biomarker(s).
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Middleton DRS, Watts MJ, Polya DA. A comparative assessment of dilution correction methods for spot urinary analyte concentrations in a UK population exposed to arsenic in drinking water. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104721. [PMID: 31207477 PMCID: PMC6686075 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Spot urinary concentrations of environmental exposure biomarkers require correction for dilution. There is no consensus on the most appropriate method, with creatinine used by default despite lacking theoretical robustness. We comparatively assessed the efficacy of creatinine; specific gravity (SG); osmolality and modifications of all three for dilution correcting urinary arsenic. For 202 participants with urinary arsenic, creatinine, osmolality and SG measurements paired to drinking water As, we compared the performance corrections against two independent criteria: primarily, (A) correlations of corrected urinary As and the dilution measurements used to correct them - weak correlations indicating good performance and (B) correlations of corrected urinary As and drinking water As - strong correlations indicating good performance. More than a third of variation in spot urinary As concentrations was attributable to dilution. Conventional SG and osmolality correction removed significant dilution variation from As concentrations, whereas conventional creatinine over-corrected, and modifications of all three removed measurable dilution variation. Modified creatinine and both methods of SG and osmolality generated stronger correlations of urinary and drinking water As concentrations than conventional creatinine, which gave weaker correlations than uncorrected values. A disparity in optima between performance criteria was observed, with much smaller improvements possible for Criterion B relative to A. Conventional corrections - particularly creatinine - limit the utility spot urine samples, whereas a modified technique outlined here may allow substantial improvement and can be readily retrospectively applied to existing datasets. More studies are needed to optimize urinary dilution correction methods. Covariates of urinary dilution measurements still warrant consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R S Middleton
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
| | - Michael J Watts
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK
| | - David A Polya
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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4
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Athanasiadou I, Vonaparti A, Dokoumetzidis A, Saleh A, Mbeloug M, Al‐Maadheed M, Valsami G, Georgakopoulos C. Effect of hyperhydration on the pharmacokinetics and detection of orally administered budesonide in doping control analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1489-1500. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Athanasiadou
- Anti‐Doping Lab Qatar Doha Qatar
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences National & Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | | | - Aristeidis Dokoumetzidis
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences National & Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | | | | | | | - Georgia Valsami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences National & Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
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5
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Hyperhydration-Induced Decrease in Urinary Luteinizing Hormone Concentrations of Male Athletes in Doping Control Analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:388–396. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Hertel J, Rotter M, Frenzel S, Zacharias HU, Krumsiek J, Rathkolb B, Hrabe de Angelis M, Rabstein S, Pallapies D, Brüning T, Grabe HJ, Wang-Sattler R. Dilution correction for dynamically influenced urinary analyte data. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1032:18-31. [PMID: 30143216 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Urinary analyte data has to be corrected for the sample specific dilution as the dilution varies intra- and interpersonally dramatically, leading to non-comparable concentration measures. Most methods of dilution correction utilized nowadays like probabilistic quotient normalization or total spectra normalization result in a division of the raw data by a dilution correction factor. Here, however, we show that the implicit assumption behind the application of division, log-linearity between the urinary flow rate and the raw urinary concentration, does not hold for analytes which are not in steady state in blood. We explicate the physiological reason for this short-coming in mathematical terms and demonstrate the empirical consequences via simulations and on multiple time-point metabolomic data, showing the insufficiency of division-based normalization procedures to account for the complex non-linear analyte specific dependencies on the urinary flow rate. By reformulating normalization as a regression problem, we propose an analyte specific way to remove the dilution variance via a flexible non-linear regression methodology which then was shown to be more effective in comparison to division-based normalization procedures. In the progress, we developed several, easily applicable methods of normalization diagnostics to decide on the method of dilution correction in a given sample. On the way, we identified furthermore the time-span since last urination as an important variance factor in urinary metabolome data which is until now completely neglected. In conclusion, we present strong theoretical and empirical evidence that normalization has to be analyte specific in dynamically influenced data. Accordingly, we developed a normalization methodology for removing the dilution variance in urinary data respecting the single analyte kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hertel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Markus Rotter
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
| | - Stefan Frenzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Jan Krumsiek
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München, Germany; Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, And Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany; German Mouse Clinic (GMC), Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München, Germany; Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Sylvia Rabstein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Dirk Pallapies
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/ Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rui Wang-Sattler
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München, Germany
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Lindsay A, Costello JT. Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine. Sports Med 2018; 47:11-31. [PMID: 27294353 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate monitoring of homeostatic perturbations following various psychophysiological stressors is essential in sports and exercise medicine. Various biomarkers are routinely used as monitoring tools in both clinical and elite sport settings. Blood collection and muscle biopsies, both invasive in nature, are considered the gold standard for the analysis of these biomarkers in exercise science. Exploring non-invasive methods of collecting and analysing biomarkers that are capable of providing accurate information regarding exercise-induced physiological and psychological stress is of obvious practical importance. This review describes the potential benefits, and the limitations, of using saliva and urine to ascertain biomarkers capable of identifying important stressors that are routinely encountered before, during, or after intense or unaccustomed exercise, competition, over-training, and inappropriate recovery. In particular, we focus on urinary and saliva biomarkers that have previously been used to monitor muscle damage, inflammation, cardiovascular stress, oxidative stress, hydration status, and brain distress. Evidence is provided from a range of empirical studies suggesting that urine and saliva are both capable of identifying various stressors. Although additional research regarding the efficacy of using urine and/or saliva to indicate the severity of exercise-induced psychophysiological stress is required, it is likely that these non-invasive biomarkers will represent "the future" in sports and exercise medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Joseph T Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, Cambridge Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2ER, UK
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8
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Athanasiadou I, Kraiem S, Al-Sowaidi S, Al-Mohammed H, Dbes N, Al-Yazedi S, Samsam W, Mohamed-Ali V, Dokoumetzidis A, Alsayrafi M, Valsami G, Georgakopoulos C. The effect of athletes` hyperhydration on the urinary ‘steroid profile’ markers in doping control analysis. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1458-1468. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Athanasiadou
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar; Doha Qatar
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences; National & Kapodistrian University of Athens; Greece
| | | | | | | | - N. Dbes
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar; Doha Qatar
| | | | | | | | - A. Dokoumetzidis
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences; National & Kapodistrian University of Athens; Greece
| | | | - G. Valsami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences; National & Kapodistrian University of Athens; Greece
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9
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Middleton DRS, Watts MJ, Lark RM, Milne CJ, Polya DA. Assessing urinary flow rate, creatinine, osmolality and other hydration adjustment methods for urinary biomonitoring using NHANES arsenic, iodine, lead and cadmium data. Environ Health 2016; 15:68. [PMID: 27286873 PMCID: PMC4902931 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are numerous methods for adjusting measured concentrations of urinary biomarkers for hydration variation. Few studies use objective criteria to quantify the relative performance of these methods. Our aim was to compare the performance of existing methods for adjusting urinary biomarkers for hydration variation. METHODS Creatinine, osmolality, excretion rate (ER), bodyweight adjusted ER (ERBW) and empirical analyte-specific urinary flow rate (UFR) adjustment methods on spot urinary concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), non-arsenobetaine arsenic (As(IMM)) and iodine (I) from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2009-2010 and 2011-2012) were evaluated. The data were divided into a training dataset (n = 1,723) from which empirical adjustment coefficients were derived and a testing dataset (n = 428) on which quantification of the performance of the adjustment methods was done by calculating, primarily, the correlation of the adjusted parameter with UFR, with lower correlations indicating better performance and, secondarily, the correlation of the adjusted parameters with blood analyte concentrations (Pb and Cd), with higher correlations indicating better performance. RESULTS Overall performance across analytes was better for Osmolality and UFR based methods. Excretion rate and ERBW consistently performed worse, often no better than unadjusted concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Osmolality adjustment of urinary biomonitoring data provides for more robust adjustment than either creatinine based or ER or ERBW methods, the latter two of which tend to overcompensate for UFR. Modified UFR methods perform significantly better than all but osmolality in removing hydration variation, but depend on the accuracy of UFR calculations. Hydration adjustment performance is analyte-specific and further research is needed to establish a robust and consistent framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R S Middleton
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences & Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Michael J Watts
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - R Murray Lark
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Chris J Milne
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - David A Polya
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences & Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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10
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Hoet P, Deumer G, Bernard A, Lison D, Haufroid V. Urinary trace element concentrations in environmental settings: is there a value for systematic creatinine adjustment or do we introduce a bias? JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:296-302. [PMID: 25827313 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Systematic creatinine adjustment of urinary concentrations of biomarkers has been a challenge over the past years because the assumption of a constant creatinine excretion rate appears erroneous and the issue of overadjustment has recently emerged. This study aimed at determining whether systematic creatinine adjustment is to be recommended for urinary concentrations of trace elements (TEs) in environmental settings. Paired 24-h collection and random spot urine samples (spotU) were obtained from 39 volunteers not occupationally exposed to TEs. Four models to express TEs concentration in spotU were tested to predict the 24-h excretion rate of these TEs (TEμg/24h) considered as the gold standard reference: absolute concentration (TEμg/l); ratio to creatinine (TEμg/gcr); TEμg/gcr adjusted to creatinine (TEμg/gcr-adj); and concentration adjusted to specific gravity (TEμg/l-SG). As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, Sb, Se, Te, V and Zn were analyzed by inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry. There was no single pattern of relationship between urinary TEs concentrations in spotU and TEμg/24h. TEμg/l predicted TEμg/24h with an explained variance ranging from 0 to 60%. Creatinine adjustment improved the explained variance by an additional 5 to ~60% for many TEs, but with a risk of overadjustment for the most of them. This issue could be addressed by adjusting TE concentrations on the basis of the regression coefficient of the relationship between TEμg/gcr and creatinine concentration. SG adjustment was as suitable as creatinine adjustment to predict TEμg/24h with no SG-overadjustment (except V). Regarding Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Te, none of the models were found to reflect TEμg/24h. In the context of environmental exposure, systematic creatinine adjustment is not recommended for urinary concentrations of TEs. SG adjustment appears to be a more reliable alternative. For some TEs, however, neither methods appear suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Hoet
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gladys Deumer
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of clinical chemistry, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alfred Bernard
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Haufroid
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of clinical chemistry, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Tam B, Tsuji LJS, Martin ID, Liberda EN, Ayotte P, Coté S, Dewailly É, Nieboer E. Iodine status of Eeyou Istchee community members of northern Quebec, Canada, and potential sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:844-853. [PMID: 25764377 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00674g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A multi community environment-and-health study among six of the nine communities of Eeyou Istchee in northern Quebec, Canada provided greater insight into iodine intake levels among these Cree First Nation communities. Using data from this large population-based study, descriptive statistics of measured urinary iodine concentrations (UICs) and iodine-creatinine ratios (stratified by age, sex, community of residence, and water consumption) were calculated, and the associations between independent variables and iodine concentration measures were examined through a general linear model. Traditional food consumption contributions were examined through Pearson partial correlation tests and linear regression analyses; and the importance of water sources through ANOVA. Generally speaking, urinary iodine levels of Eeyou Istchee community members were within the adequate range set out by the World Health Organization, though sex and community differences existed. However, men in one community were considered to be at risk of iodine deficiency. Older participants had significantly higher mean iodine-creatinine ratios than younger participants (15-39 years = 90.50 μmol mol(-1); >39 years = 124.52 μmol mol(-1)), and consumption of beaver (Castor canadensis) meat, melted snow and ice, and bottled water were predictive of higher iodine excretion. It is concluded that using both urinary iodine indicators can be helpful in identifying subgroups at greater risk of iodine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Tam
- Department of Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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12
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Reliability of urinary excretion rate adjustment in measurements of hippuric acid in urine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:7036-44. [PMID: 25019265 PMCID: PMC4113859 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110707036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The urinary excretion rate is calculated based on short-term, defined time sample collections with a known sample mass, and this measurement can be used to remove the variability in urine concentrations due to urine dilution. Adjustment to the urinary excretion rate of hippuric acid was evaluated in 31 healthy volunteers (14 males and 17 females). Urine was collected as short-term or spot samples and tested for specific gravity, creatinine and hippuric acid. Hippuric acid values were unadjusted or adjusted to measurements of specific gravity, creatinine or urinary excretion rate. Hippuric acid levels were partially independent of urinary volume and urinary flow rate, in contrast to specific gravity and creatinine, which were both highly dependent on the hippuric acid level. Accordingly, hippuric acid was independent on urinary specific gravity and creatinine excretion. Unadjusted and adjusted values for specific gravity or creatinine were generally closely correlated, especially in spot samples. Values adjusted to the urinary excretion rate appeared well correlated to those unadjusted and adjusted to specific gravity or creatinine values. Thus, adjustment of crude hippuric acid values to the urinary excretion rate is a valid procedure but is difficult to apply in the field of occupational medicine and does not improve the information derived from values determined in spot urine samples, either unadjusted or adjusted to specific gravity and creatinine.
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13
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Sommar JN, Hedmer M, Lundh T, Nilsson L, Skerfving S, Bergdahl IA. Investigation of lead concentrations in whole blood, plasma and urine as biomarkers for biological monitoring of lead exposure. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2014; 24:51-7. [PMID: 23443239 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2013.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lead in blood is a major concept in biomonitoring of exposure but investigations of its alternatives are scarce. The aim of the study was to describe different lead biomarkers' variances, day-to-day and between individuals, estimating their fraction of the total variance. Repeated sampling of whole blood, plasma and urine were conducted for 48 lead-exposed men and 20 individuals under normal environmental lead exposure, in total 603 measurements. For lead workers, the fraction of the total variance attributed to differences between individuals was 91% for whole-blood lead (geometric mean 227 μg/l; geometric standard deviation (GSD): 1.55 μg/l); plasma 78% (0.57 μg/l; GSD: 1.84 μg/l); density-adjusted urine 82%; and unadjusted urine 75% (23.7 μg/l; GSD: 2.48 μg/l). For the individuals under normal lead exposure, the corresponding fractions were 95% of the total variance for whole blood (20.7 μg/l; GSD: 8.6 μg/l), 15% for plasma (0.09 μg/l; GSD: 0.04 μg/l), 87% for creatinine-adjusted urine and 34% for unadjusted (10.8 μg/l; GSD: 6.7 μg/l). Lead concentration in whole blood is the biomarker with the best ability to discriminate between individuals with different mean concentration. Urinary and plasma lead also performed acceptably in lead workers, but at low exposures plasma lead was too imprecise. Urinary adjustments appear not to increase the between-individual fraction of the total variance among lead workers but among those with normal lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nilsson Sommar
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Hedmer
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leif Nilsson
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Staffan Skerfving
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingvar A Bergdahl
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Al Ali R, Rastam S, Ibrahim I, Bazzi A, Fayad S, Shihadeh AL, Zaatari GS, Maziak W. A comparative study of systemic carcinogen exposure in waterpipe smokers, cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Tob Control 2013; 24:125-7. [PMID: 23988862 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past decade, waterpipe smoking-also known as hookah, shisha, narghileh-has increased among youth. The scarcity of rigorous studies linking waterpipe smoking to smoking-related diseases has hindered policy and regulatory efforts to confront the waterpipe epidemic. This study compares systemic carcinogen exposure between independent groups of exclusive waterpipe smokers, cigarette smokers and non-smokers. METHODS This study was conducted at the Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies (SCTS) in Aleppo, Syria, between 2010 and 2011. First morning urinary samples were collected from three groups of subjects; exclusive daily waterpipe smokers (n=24), exclusive daily cigarette smokers (n=23), and non-smokers (n=28). These samples were analysed for carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1- butanol (NNAL) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS Our results show that waterpipe smokers are exposed to about 5-10 times greater NNAL than non-smokers. Mean (95% CI) free and total NNAL was 0.7 (0.3 to 1. 4) and 3.9 (1.6 to 9.5) pg/mL urine for non-smokers, 8.4 (4.8 to 14.8) and 33.0 (21.6 to 50.6) pg/mL urine for waterpipe smokers, and 10.7 (5.0 to 22.6) and 46.8 (27.6 to 79.3) pg/mL urine for cigarette smokers (p<0.001 for all comparisons). Daily waterpipe smokers were less exposed to NNAL than daily cigarette smokers, although the difference did not reach statistical significance for all measurements. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the clearest indication to date about systemic exposure to harmful carcinogens associated with long-term waterpipe smoking. Such evidence can support policy and regulatory efforts designed to confront the emerging global waterpipe epidemic, as well as drive interventions aimed at increasing the public awareness about the cancer risk associated with waterpipe smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwan Al Ali
- Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria Arab Republic
| | - Samer Rastam
- Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria Arab Republic
| | - Iman Ibrahim
- Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria Arab Republic
| | - Asma Bazzi
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sanaa Fayad
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alan L Shihadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghazi S Zaatari
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wasim Maziak
- Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria Arab Republic Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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15
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Sarkar M, Muhammad-Kah R, Liang Q, Kapur S, Feng S, Roethig H. Evaluation of spot urine as an alternative to 24h urine collection for determination of biomarkers of exposure to cigarette smoke in adult smokers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:108-114. [PMID: 23603463 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to cigarette smoke in adult smokers (SM) can be determined by measuring urinary excretion of selected smoke constituents or metabolites. Complete 24h urine collections are difficult to achieve in ambulatory clinical studies; therefore spot urine (SU) might be a useful alternative. The objective of this study was to evaluate the optimum time for SU collections, and to predict 24h urine biomarker excretion from SU collections. METHODS SU samples were collected at three time points (early morning, post-lunch and evening) along with 24h collections in 37 healthy adult smokers. Nicotine and its five metabolites (nicotine equivalents, NE), metabolites of NNK (NNAL), pyrene (1-OHP), acrolein (HPMA), benzene (S-PMA) and butadiene (MHBMA) were measured in 24h and SU samples. Correlation and agreement between creatinine-adjusted SU and 24h urine collections were determined from the Pearson product-moment correlation, Bland-Altman and Lin's concordance correlation analyses. A random effect regression model was used to calculate the 24h biomarker excretion from SU collections. RESULTS There were no significant differences (p>0.05) between the three SU collections for the selected biomarkers of exposure except for 3-HPMA, which showed a diurnal variation. Good correlation and statistical agreements were observed for creatinine-adjusted SU (all three time points) and 24h for most of the selected biomarkers. 24h biomarker excretion could be estimated for most of the biomarkers based on the regression model, with the early morning SU collections giving the best results for tobacco specific biomarkers NE (R(2)=0.66) and NNAL (R(2)=0.6). CONCLUSIONS SU is a useful alternative to 24h urine collections for most of the selected biomarkers of exposure to cigarette smoke. The early morning SU appears to be the most feasible and practical option as an alternative to 24h collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamadi Sarkar
- Altria Client Services Inc., Center for Research and Technology, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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16
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Gaines LGT, Fent KW, Flack SL, Thomasen JM, Ball LM, Zhou H, Whittaker SG, Nylander-French LA. Effect of creatinine and specific gravity normalization on urinary biomarker 1,6-hexamethylene diamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:591-9. [PMID: 20445846 DOI: 10.1039/b921073c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Urine amine levels used as biomarkers of diisocyanate exposure have usually been normalized with creatinine concentration. The suitability of using creatinine concentration or specific gravity for these biomarkers in exposure assessment has not been established. We investigated the effect of creatinine concentration and specific gravity on urine 1,6-hexamethylene diamine (HDA) levels in multiple mixed linear regression models using quantitative dermal and inhalation exposure data derived from a survey of automotive spray painters occupationally exposed to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). Painters' dermal and breathing-zone HDI exposure were monitored for an entire workday for up to three workdays spaced approximately one month apart. One urine sample was collected before the start of work with HDI-containing paints, and multiple samples were collected throughout the workday. Both creatinine concentration and specific gravity were highly significant predictors (p < 0.0001) of urine HDA levels. When these two were used together in the same model, creatinine remained highly significant (p < 0.0001), but specific gravity decreased in significance (p-values 0.10-0.17). We used different individual factors to determine which affected creatinine and specific gravity. Urine collection time was a highly significant predictor of specific gravity (p = 0.003) and creatinine concentration (p = 0.001). Smoker status was significant (p = 0.026) in the creatinine model. The findings indicate that creatinine concentration is more appropriate to account for urine water content than specific gravity and that creatinine is best used as an independent variable in HDI exposure assessment models instead of traditional urine normalization with creatinine concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda G T Gaines
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA
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17
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Sorahan T, Pang D, Esmen N, Sadhra S. Urinary concentrations of toxic substances: an assessment of alternative approaches to adjusting for specific gravity. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2008; 5:721-723. [PMID: 18777412 DOI: 10.1080/15459620802399997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Alternative approaches of adjusting urinary concentration of cadmium for differences in specific gravity of biological samples were assessed. The main analysis used 2922 cadmium-in-urine samples collected in the period 1968-1989 from workers at a UK nickel-cadmium battery facility. Geometric means of cadmium-in-urine, adjusted and unadjusted for specific gravity, were obtained for 21 different values of specific gravity ranging from 1.010 to 1.030. There was a highly significant positive trend (P < 0.001) of unadjusted cadmium-in-urine with specific gravity. Conventional adjustment for specific gravity led to a highly significant negative trend (P < 0.001) of adjusted cadmium-in-urine with specific gravity, SG. An approach proposed by Vij and Howell, involving the introduction of a z coefficient, led to satisfactory adjustment. Conventional adjustment of specific gravity leads to overcompensation of the confounding effects of specific gravity. An alternative method is available and should probably be adopted when interpreting urine biological samples for all chemical substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Sorahan
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, England.
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18
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Heavner DL, Morgan WT, Sears SB, Richardson JD, Byrd GD, Ogden MW. Effect of creatinine and specific gravity normalization techniques on xenobiotic biomarkers in smokers’ spot and 24-h urines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:928-42. [PMID: 16182503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2005] [Revised: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Renal excretion mechanisms are xenobiotic-specific; therefore, accurate exposure assessment requires an understanding of relationships of xenobiotic biomarker concentration and excretion rate to urine flow, specific gravity and creatinine concentration. Twenty-four-hour urine collection for xenobiotic exposure assessment is considered the "gold standard" procedure. Random spot-urine collection is convenient and minimizes subject compliance concerns but requires that normalization techniques be employed to account for diuresis and diurnal variation in xenobiotic biomarker excretion. This paper examines and makes recommendations concerning normalization techniques and conditions under which spot-urine results most accurately reflect 24-h urine results. Specific gravity, creatinine, and xenobiotic biomarkers were determined in smokers' spot and 24-h urines. Normalization techniques were applied, variance-component analyses were performed to estimate variability, spot urines were pooled mathematically to simulate 24-h urines and analyses of variance were performed to evaluate spot urines' ability to reflect 24-h urine concentrations. For each xenobiotic biomarker concentration, log-linear relationships were observed with urine flow, specific gravity, and creatinine. For most xenobiotic biomarker excretion rates, log-linear relationships were observed with urine flow; creatinine, however, was unaffected by urine flow. The conventional creatinine ratio-normalization technique demonstrated greater variability (within-day, between-day and between-subject) than other normalization techniques. Comparisons of simulated 24-h urines to spot urines suggest that spot-urine collection be performed only between 2 p.m. and 2 a.m. and that the modified specific-gravity-adjusted-creatinine ratio-normalization technique and the creatinine-regression normalization technique yield the best agreement between spot- and simulated 24-h urine results.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Heavner
- Research and Development, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., P.O. Box 1487, Winston-Salem, NC 27102-1487, USA.
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19
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Campbell BG. Broadsheet number 48: Mercury, cadmium and arsenic: toxicology and laboratory investigation. Pathology 1999; 31:17-22. [PMID: 10212916 DOI: 10.1080/003130299105467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B G Campbell
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Hwang YH, Bornschein RL, Grote J, Menrath W, Roda S. Urinary arsenic excretion as a biomarker of arsenic exposure in children. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1997; 52:139-47. [PMID: 9124875 DOI: 10.1080/00039899709602878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Urinary arsenic concentration has been used generally for the determination of exposure, but much concern has been raised over the most appropriate expression for urinary arsenic levels. In this study, we examined the influence of various adjustments of expressing urinary arsenic data. All children who were less than 72 mo of age and who were potty trained were invited to participate in the present study. Urine, soil, and dust samples were collected, and arsenic measurements were made. The geometric mean of speciated urinary arsenic among children who provided first-voided urine samples on 2 consecutive mornings was 8.6 microg/l (geometric standard deviation = 1.7, n = 289). Speciated urinary arsenic was related significantly to soil arsenic in bare areas (p < .0005). Use of a single urine sample versus the average of two first-voided urine samples collected on 2 consecutive mornings did not significantly alter the relationship between environmental arsenic and urinary arsenic levels. Furthermore, none of the adjustments to urinary concentration improved the strength of correlation between urinary arsenic and soil arsenic levels. Concentration adjustments may not be necessary for urinary arsenic levels obtained from young children who provide first-void samples in the morning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Hwang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
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21
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Sata F, Araki S, Yokoyama K, Murata K. Adjustment of creatinine-adjusted values in urine to urinary flow rate: a study of eleven heavy metals and organic substances. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1996; 68:64-8. [PMID: 8847115 DOI: 10.1007/bf01831635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of urinary monitoring in medical surveillance programs in industry requires development of an accurate and unbiased index of urinary concentrations of occupational toxins. To examine the effects of urinary flow (UF) rate on the standard creatinine (Cn)-adjusted value and the UF- and Cn-adjusted values according to Greenberg and Levine and to Araki et al. for 11 heavy metals and organic substances, 19 metal-foundry workers aged 34-59 years (mean 48), who had been exposed to lead, zinc, and copper for 2-17 (mean 10) years, were studied during four periods of the day under water-free, water-restrictive and water-loading conditions for 6 days. The blood lead concentrations of the 19 workers ranged from 22 to 59 (mean 38) micrograms/dl. The results indicated that there was no significant UF effect on the UF- and Cn-adjusted values of Araki et al. for all urinary substances except mercury and coproporphyrin. On the other hand, the UF- and Cn-adjusted value of Greenberg and Levine was positively correlated with UF rate for all urinary substances, and the standard Cn-adjusted value was either positively or inversely correlated with UF rate for many urinary substances. Therefore, the UF- and Cn-adjusted value of Araki et al. is considered to be applicable to the measurement of most urinary substances under conditions of wide variation in UF rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sata
- Department of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Sata F, Araki S. Adjustment of creatinine-adjusted value to urine flow rate in lead workers. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1996; 51:329-33; discussion 333-4. [PMID: 8757415 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1996.9936034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Two male lead workers, aged 57 and 51 y, were studied to compare the urinary flow/creatinine-adjusted values published earlier by Araki et al. and by Greenberg and Levine. We collected 24-h urine samples once a month for 31 mo and 16 mo for workers 1 and 2, respectively. The workers' urinary excretions of lead, delta-aminolevulinic acid, and coproporphyrin were measured. No significant correlations between urine flow rate and urinary flow/creatinine-adjusted values published by Araki et al. for the three substances were found for these two workers. However, urinary flow/creatinine-adjusted values presented by Greenberg and Levine for lead and delta-aminolevulinic acid were correlated positively with urine flow rate in the two workers, and their adjusted value for coproporphyrin was correlated positively with urine flow rate in one of the workers. We concluded that use of the urinary flow/creatinine-adjusted value by Greenberg and Levine for biological monitoring poses a problem because of the theoretical fallacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sata
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Sakai T, Morita Y. delta-Aminolevulinic acid in plasma or whole blood as a sensitive indicator of lead effects, and its relation to the other heme-related parameters. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1996; 68:126-32. [PMID: 8720283 DOI: 10.1007/bf00381245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the subclinical effect of lead exposure, we determined delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) levels in plasma (ALA-P), blood (ALA-B), and urine (ALA-U) and the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in lead workers. Almost all of the ALA molecules in blood were present in plasma and not in blood cells, irrespective of the blood lead concentration (Pb-B). ALA-P or ALA-B levels increased slowly at Pb-B levels below 40 micrograms/dl (slow phase) and rapidly at levels above 40 micrograms/dl (rapid phase). In both phases, ALA-P and ALA-B were well correlated with Pb-B and ALAD activity. The threshold value (no-effect level) of Pb-B for elevation of the ALA-P or ALA-B level was coincident with that for ALAD inhibition; the value was around 5 micrograms/dl. In the rapid phase, ALA-P increased continuously up to 100 micrograms/dl of Pb-B, while ALAD activity reached a plateau. Receiver operative characteristic (ROC) plot analyses indicated that ALA-P and ALAD activity [ALAD(u)] had a similar diagnostic value at Pb-B levels between 10 and 40 micrograms/dl, although ALAD(%), the remaining ALAD activity as a percentage of the whole activity restored by zinc and dithiothreitol, had the most powerful diagnostic efficiency at these Pb-B levels. By contrast, ALA-U and zinc protoporphyrin were less effective for the diagnosis of lead exposure than ALAD and ALA-P. These findings indicate that ALA-P is the best discriminators of lead exposure form baseline to high levels of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sakai
- Center of Occupational Medicine, Tokyo Labor Accident Hospital, Japan
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Trevisan A, Nicoletto G, Maso S, Grandesso G, Odynets A, Secondin L. Biological monitoring of cadmium exposure: reliability of spot urine samples. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1994; 65:373-5. [PMID: 8034361 DOI: 10.1007/bf00383246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Concentration-dilution of spot urine samples is a shortcoming of the biological monitoring of industrial xenobiotics. To ascertain whether the adjustment of urinary cadmium measured in spot samples is appropriate, urine samples were taken three times, once a week for 3 successive weeks, from 25 welders employed in the manufacture of jewelry (total 75 samples). Cadmium, creatinine, specific gravity, total urinary solutes, urinary volume and urinary flow rate were measured in 12-h collections and in spot samples taken immediately afterwards. Creatinine and total urinary solutes showed high inverse correlation with urinary flow rate (r = -0.858 and r = -0.768 respectively). Urinary cadmium displayed a similar trend but the correlation was not significant (r = -0.145). Creatinine adjustment of urinary cadmium values in spot samples increased the correlation with the same index in timed samples adjusted for urinary volume (r = -0.808) or urinary flow rate (r = 0.821) compared with non-adjustment (r = 0.732 and r = 0.738, respectively). Creatinine adjustment of spot sample values is also suitable for a wide range of urinary concentrations; discarding excessively diluted or concentrated urines, correlation of urine samples improved for non-adjusted or specific gravity-adjusted values, whereas no changes were observed for creatinine-adjusted values.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trevisan
- Laboratorio di Tossicologia Industriale, Università di Padova, Italy
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Järvisalo J, Olkinuora M, Kiilunen M, Kivistö H, Ristola P, Tossavainen A, Aitio A. Urinary and blood manganese in occupationally nonexposed populations and in manual metal arc welders of mild steel. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1992; 63:495-501. [PMID: 1577529 DOI: 10.1007/bf00572116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To obtain reference values for blood and serum manganese levels, blood specimens were collected from 29 men and 36 women. Mn in blood showed a normal distribution; its upper 97.5% limit in blood was 0.38 mumol/l. Mn in serum showed a skewed distribution, which did not differ from the normal one after logarithmic transformation. The respective reference limit was 19 nmol/l. In both specimens, the levels of Mn were significantly lower in men than in women. To obtain reference values for Mn in urine, midday urine specimens were collected from 58 men and 96 women. Mn in urine also showed a skewed distribution, and the upper 97.5% limit was 38 nmol/l. The levels of Mn in blood and urine were statistically significantly higher in manual metal arc (MMA) welders of mild steel (MS) than in the reference populations. Five MMA/MS welders were subjected to a further study in which the ambient intramask Mn levels and urinary Mn excretion were monitored throughout a full working week. For two welders the correlation of Mn in urine specimens voided in the afternoon was good with the before noon Mn concentrations in the hygienic measurements; for the rest the correlation was minimal. Mn in diurnal urine specimens collected in six portions showed fluctuation if specific gravity or creatinine in urine was used to standardize for the urinary flow, but it was less evident for urinary Mn excretion rate. Our results seem to indicate that the measurement of Mn in urine or blood may be used for monitoring Mn exposure in MMA/MS welders only at the group level.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Järvisalo
- Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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