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Wael D, El-Amier Y, Saber WIA, Elsayed A. Plant-associated halotolerant bacteria improving growth of Vicia faba L. Mariout-2 under salinity conditions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16737. [PMID: 39033227 PMCID: PMC11271455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In this comprehensive investigation, we successfully isolated and characterized 40 distinct plant-associated halotolerant bacteria strains obtained from three halophytic plant species: Tamarix nilotica, Suaeda pruinosa, and Arthrocnemum macrostachyum. From this diverse pool of isolates, we meticulously selected five exceptional plant-associated halotolerant bacteria strains through a judiciously designed seed biopriming experiment and then identified molecularly. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DW6 was isolated from A. macrostachyum. Three bacteria (Providencia rettgeri DW3, Bacillus licheniformis DW4, and Salinicoccus sesuvii DW5) were isolated for the first time from T. nilotica, S. pruinosa and S. pruinosa, respectively. Paenalcaligenes suwonensis DW7 was isolated for the first time from A. macrostachyum. These plant-associated halotolerant bacteria exhibited growth-promoting activities, including phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and production of bioactive compounds, i.e., ammonia, phytohormones, hydrogen cyanide, siderophores, and exopolysaccharides. A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted to reduce the detrimental impact of soil salinity. Vicia faba seedlings were inoculated individually or in mixtures by the five most effective plant-associated halotolerant bacteria to reduce the impact of salt stress and improve growth parameters. The growth parameters were significantly reduced due to the salinity stress in the control samples, compared to the experimental ones. The unprecedented novelty of our findings is underscored by the demonstrable efficacy of co-inoculation with these five distinct bacterial types as a pioneering bio-approach for countering the deleterious effects of soil salinity on plant growth. This study thus presents a remarkable contribution to the field of plant science and offers a promising avenue for sustainable agriculture in saline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Wael
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Yasser El-Amier
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Wesameldin I A Saber
- Microbial Activity Unit, Microbiology Department, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Elsayed
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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Kim JH, Kroh G, Chou HA, Yang SH, Frese A, Lynn M, Chu KH, Shan L. Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid Alters the Plant's Phosphate Transport Gene Network and Exhibits Antagonistic Effects on the Phosphate Uptake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5405-5418. [PMID: 38483317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), with significant health risks to humans and wildlife, bioaccumulate in plants. However, the mechanisms underlying plant uptake remain poorly understood. This study deployed transcriptomic analysis coupled with genetic and physiological studies using Arabidopsis to investigate how plants respond to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), a long-chain PFAS. We observed increased expressions of genes involved in plant uptake and transport of phosphorus, an essential plant nutrient, suggesting intertwined uptake and transport processes of phosphorus and PFOS. Furthermore, PFOS-altered response differed from the phosphorus deficiency response, disrupting phosphorus metabolism to increase phosphate transporter (PHT) transcript. Interestingly, pht1;2 and pht1;8 mutants showed reduced sensitivity to PFOS compared to that of the wild type, implying an important role of phosphate transporters in PFOS sensing. Furthermore, PFOS accumulated less in the shoots of the pht1;8 mutant, indicating the involvement of PHT1;8 protein in translocating PFOS from roots to shoots. Supplementing phosphate improved plant's tolerance to PFOS and reduced PFOS uptake, suggesting that manipulating the phosphate source in PFOS-contaminated soils may be a promising strategy for minimizing PFOS uptake by edible crops or promoting PFOS uptake during phytoremediation. This study highlighted the critical role of phosphate sensing and transport system in the uptake and translocation of PFOS in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyeok Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gretchen Kroh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hsiu-An Chou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Shih-Hung Yang
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Addison Frese
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Michael Lynn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kung-Hui Chu
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Elsayed A, Abdelsattar AM, Heikal YM, El-Esawi MA. Synergistic effects of Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus cereus on plant growth, biochemical attributes and molecular genetic regulation of steviol glycosides biosynthetic genes in Stevia rebaudiana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 189:24-34. [PMID: 36041365 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to scale up the favorable bio-stimulants for enhancing the growth and breeding strategies of Stevia rebaudiana to increase sugar productivity. Inoculation of 45-day-old S. rebaudiana plantlets with Bacillus cereus and Azospirillum brasilense alone or in combination for 30 days allowed comparisons among their effects on enhancement and improvement of plant growth, production of bioactive compounds and expression of steviol glycoside genes. B. cereus SrAM1 isolated from surface-sterilized Stevia rebaudiana leaves was molecularly identified using 16s rRNA and tested for its ability to promote plant growth. Beneficial endophytic B. cereus SrAM1 induced all plant growth-promoting traits, except solubilization of phosphate, therefore it showed high effectiveness in the promotion of growth and production of bioactive compounds. Treatment of plants with B. cereus SrAM1 alone revealed carbohydrates content of 278.99 mg/g, total soluble sugar of 114.17 mg/g, total phenolics content of 34.05 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight) and total antioxidants activity of 32.33 mg (A.A)/g dry weight). Thus, plantlets inoculated with B. cereus SrAM1 alone exhibited the greatest responses in physiological and morphological parameters, but plantlets inoculated with B. cereus SrAM1 + A. brasilense showed a maximal upregulation of genes responsible for the biosynthesis of steviol glycosides (Kaurene oxidase, ent-KO; UDP-dependent glycosyl transferases of UGT85C2, UGT74G1, UGT76G1). Taken together, the used bacterial strains, particularly B. cereus SrAM1 could significantly improve the growth of S. rebaudiana via dynamic interactions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Elsayed
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amal M Abdelsattar
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Yasmin M Heikal
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Esawi
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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Light-Independent Nitrogen Assimilation in Plant Leaves: Nitrate Incorporation into Glutamine, Glutamate, Aspartate, and Asparagine Traced by 15N. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101303. [PMID: 33023108 PMCID: PMC7600499 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although the nitrate assimilation into amino acids in photosynthetic leaf tissues is active under the light, the studies during 1950s and 1970s in the dark nitrate assimilation provided fragmental and variable activities, and the mechanism of reductant supply to nitrate assimilation in darkness remained unclear. 15N tracing experiments unraveled the assimilatory mechanism of nitrogen from nitrate into amino acids in the light and in darkness by the reactions of nitrate and nitrite reductases, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, aspartate aminotransferase, and asparagine synthetase. Nitrogen assimilation in illuminated leaves and non-photosynthetic roots occurs either in the redundant way or in the specific manner regarding the isoforms of nitrogen assimilatory enzymes in their cellular compartments. The electron supplying systems necessary to the enzymatic reactions share in part a similar electron donor system at the expense of carbohydrates in both leaves and roots, but also distinct reducing systems regarding the reactions of Fd-nitrite reductase and Fd-glutamate synthase in the photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organs.
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Rashid FAA, Scafaro AP, Asao S, Fenske R, Dewar RC, Masle J, Taylor NL, Atkin OK. Diel- and temperature-driven variation of leaf dark respiration rates and metabolite levels in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:56-69. [PMID: 32415853 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaf respiration in the dark (Rdark ) is often measured at a single time during the day, with hot-acclimation lowering Rdark at a common measuring temperature. However, it is unclear whether the diel cycle influences the extent of thermal acclimation of Rdark , or how temperature and time of day interact to influence respiratory metabolites. To examine these issues, we grew rice under 25°C : 20°C, 30°C : 25°C and 40°C : 35°C day : night cycles, measuring Rdark and changes in metabolites at five time points spanning a single 24-h period. Rdark differed among the treatments and with time of day. However, there was no significant interaction between time and growth temperature, indicating that the diel cycle does not alter thermal acclimation of Rdark . Amino acids were highly responsive to the diel cycle and growth temperature, and many were negatively correlated with carbohydrates and with organic acids of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Organic TCA intermediates were significantly altered by the diel cycle irrespective of growth temperature, which we attributed to light-dependent regulatory control of TCA enzyme activities. Collectively, our study shows that environmental disruption of the balance between respiratory substrate supply and demand is corrected for by shifts in TCA-dependent metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Azzahra Ahmad Rashid
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Sultan Idris Education University, 35900 Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Andrew P Scafaro
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Shinichi Asao
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ricarda Fenske
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Roderick C Dewar
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Josette Masle
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Nicolas L Taylor
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Allwood JW, Xu Y, Martinez-Martin P, Palau R, Cowan A, Goodacre R, Marshall A, Stewart D, Howarth C. Rapid UHPLC-MS metabolite profiling and phenotypic assays reveal genotypic impacts of nitrogen supplementation in oats. Metabolomics 2019; 15:42. [PMID: 30868357 PMCID: PMC6476850 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oats (Avena sativa L.) are a whole grain cereal recognised for their health benefits and which are cultivated largely in temperate regions providing both a source of food for humans and animals, as well as being used in cosmetics and as a potential treatment for a number of diseases. Oats are known as being a cereal source high in dietary fibre (e.g. β-glucans), as well as being high in antioxidants, minerals and vitamins. Recently, oats have been gaining increased global attention due to their large number of beneficial health effects. Consumption of oats has been proven to lower blood LDL cholesterol levels and blood pressure, thus reducing the risk of heart disease, as well as reducing blood-sugar and insulin levels. OBJECTIVES Oats are seen as a low input cereal. Current agricultural guidelines on nitrogen application are believed to be suboptimal and only consider the effect of nitrogen on grain yield. It is important to understand the role of both variety and of crop management in determining nutritional quality of oats. In this study the response of yield, grain quality and grain metabolites to increasing nitrogen application to levels greater than current guidelines were investigated. METHODS Four winter oat varieties (Mascani, Tardis, Balado and Gerald) were grown in a replicated nitrogen response trial consisting of a no added nitrogen control and four added nitrogen treatments between 50 and 200 kg N ha-1 in a randomised split-plot design. Grain yield, milling quality traits, β-glucan, total protein and oil content were assessed. The de-hulled oats (groats) were also subjected to a rapid Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) metabolomic screening approach. RESULTS Application of nitrogen had a significant effect on grain yield but there was no significant difference between the response of the four varieties. Grain quality traits however displayed significant differences both between varieties and nitrogen application level. β-glucan content significantly increased with nitrogen application. The UHPLC-MS approach has provided a rapid, sub 15 min per sample, metabolite profiling method that is repeatable and appropriate for the screening of large numbers of cereal samples. The method captured a wide range of compounds, inclusive of primary metabolites such as the amino acids, organic acids, vitamins and lipids, as well as a number of key secondary metabolites, including the avenanthramides, caffeic acid, and sinapic acid and its derivatives and was able to identify distinct metabolic phenotypes for the varieties studied. Amino acid metabolism was massively upregulated by nitrogen supplementation as were total protein levels, whilst the levels of organic acids were decreased, likely due to them acting as a carbon skeleton source. Several TCA cycle intermediates were also impacted, potentially indicating increased TCA cycle turn over, thus providing the plant with a source of energy and reductant power to aid elevated nitrogen assimilation. Elevated nitrogen availability was also directed towards the increased production of nitrogen containing phospholipids. A number of both positive and negative impacts on the metabolism of phenolic compounds that have influence upon the health beneficial value of oats and their products were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Although the developed method has broad applicability as a rapid screening method or a rapid metabolite profiling method and in this study has provided valuable metabolic insights, it still must be considered that much greater confidence in metabolite identification, as well as quantitative precision, will be gained by the application of higher resolution chromatography methods, although at a large expense to sample throughput. Follow up studies will apply higher resolution GC (gas chromatography) and LC (reversed phase and HILIC) approaches, oats will be also analysed from across multiple growth locations and growth seasons, effectively providing a cross validation for the results obtained within this preliminary study. It will also be fascinating to perform more controlled experiments with sampling of green tissues, as well as oat grains, throughout the plants and grains development, to reveal greater insight of carbon and nitrogen metabolism balance, as well as resource partitioning into lipid and secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J William Allwood
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Yun Xu
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martin
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EE, UK
| | - Raphaёlle Palau
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexander Cowan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EE, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Athole Marshall
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EE, UK
| | - Derek Stewart
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Catherine Howarth
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EE, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- R. H. Hageman
- Dep. of Agronomy; Univ. of Illinois; Urbana-Champaign IL 61801
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Allwood JW, Chandra S, Xu Y, Dunn WB, Correa E, Hopkins L, Goodacre R, Tobin AK, Bowsher CG. Profiling of spatial metabolite distributions in wheat leaves under normal and nitrate limiting conditions. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 115:99-111. [PMID: 25680480 PMCID: PMC4518043 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The control and interaction between nitrogen and carbon assimilatory pathways is essential in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissue in order to support metabolic processes without compromising growth. Physiological differences between the basal and mature region of wheat (Triticum aestivum) primary leaves confirmed that there was a change from heterotrophic to autotrophic metabolism. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed the suitability and phenotypic reproducibility of the leaf growth conditions. Principal Component-Discriminant Function Analysis (PC-DFA) revealed distinct clustering between base, and tip sections of the developing wheat leaf, and from plants grown in the presence or absence of nitrate. Gas Chromatography-Time of Flight/Mass Spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) combined with multivariate and univariate analyses, and Bayesian network (BN) analysis, distinguished different tissues and confirmed the physiological switch from high rates of respiration to photosynthesis along the leaf. The operation of nitrogen metabolism impacted on the levels and distribution of amino acids, organic acids and carbohydrates within the wheat leaf. In plants grown in the presence of nitrate there was reduced levels of a number of sugar metabolites in the leaf base and an increase in maltose levels, possibly reflecting an increase in starch turnover. The value of using this combined metabolomics analysis for further functional investigations in the future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J William Allwood
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Surya Chandra
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yun Xu
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Warwick B Dunn
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, York Place, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Elon Correa
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Laura Hopkins
- School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST Scotland, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Alyson K Tobin
- Vice Chancellor's Office, York St John University, Lord Mayor's Walk, York YO31 7EX, UK
| | - Caroline G Bowsher
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Fukayama H, Fujiwara N, Hatanaka T, Misoo S, Miyao M. Nocturnal phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the leaves of hygrophytic C3 monocots. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:609-13. [PMID: 25036957 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.891930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) undergoes activity regulation through reversible phosphorylation. The day/night phosphorylation of leaf PEPC in 27 C3 plant species was analyzed by immunoblotting. PEPC was phosphorylated in the daytime in 12 species, whereas it was phosphorylated at night in three species, rice, Monochoria vaginalis, and Sagittaria trifolia, all of which are hygrophytic monocots. Immunoblot analysis of isolated chloroplasts of M. vaginalis identified a PEPC protein inside the chloroplast in addition to cytosolic isozyme(s) as previously shown in genus Oryza. Using transgenic rice overexpressing the maize PEPC in the cytosol, we confirmed that the cytosolic PEPC underwent the nocturnal phosphorylation. These results suggest the interrelationship between the presence of chloroplastic PEPC and the nocturnal phosphorylation of cytosolic isozyme(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukayama
- a Laboratory of Crop Science , Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University , Kobe , Japan
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Rubio-Asensio JS, López-Berenguer C, García-de la Garma J, Burger M, Bloom AJ. Root Strategies for Nitrate Assimilation. SOIL BIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-54276-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Morfopoulos C, Prentice IC, Keenan TF, Friedlingstein P, Medlyn BE, Peñuelas J, Possell M. A unifying conceptual model for the environmental responses of isoprene emissions from plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1223-38. [PMID: 24052559 PMCID: PMC3806535 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Isoprene is the most important volatile organic compound emitted by land plants in terms of abundance and environmental effects. Controls on isoprene emission rates include light, temperature, water supply and CO2 concentration. A need to quantify these controls has long been recognized. There are already models that give realistic results, but they are complex, highly empirical and require separate responses to different drivers. This study sets out to find a simpler, unifying principle. METHODS A simple model is presented based on the idea of balancing demands for reducing power (derived from photosynthetic electron transport) in primary metabolism versus the secondary pathway that leads to the synthesis of isoprene. This model's ability to account for key features in a variety of experimental data sets is assessed. KEY RESULTS The model simultaneously predicts the fundamental responses observed in short-term experiments, namely: (1) the decoupling between carbon assimilation and isoprene emission; (2) a continued increase in isoprene emission with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at high PAR, after carbon assimilation has saturated; (3) a maximum of isoprene emission at low internal CO2 concentration (ci) and an asymptotic decline thereafter with increasing ci; (4) maintenance of high isoprene emissions when carbon assimilation is restricted by drought; and (5) a temperature optimum higher than that of photosynthesis, but lower than that of isoprene synthase activity. CONCLUSIONS A simple model was used to test the hypothesis that reducing power available to the synthesis pathway for isoprene varies according to the extent to which the needs of carbon assimilation are satisfied. Despite its simplicity the model explains much in terms of the observed response of isoprene to external drivers as well as the observed decoupling between carbon assimilation and isoprene emission. The concept has the potential to improve global-scale modelling of vegetation isoprene emission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iain C. Prentice
- AXA Chair of Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences and Grantham Institute for Climate Change, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Trevor F. Keenan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Streatham Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Belinda E. Medlyn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallés E-,08193, Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Malcolm Possell
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Chen CZ, Lv XF, Li JY, Yi HY, Gong JM. Arabidopsis NRT1.5 is another essential component in the regulation of nitrate reallocation and stress tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1582-90. [PMID: 22685171 PMCID: PMC3425198 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.199257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate reallocation to plant roots occurs frequently under adverse conditions and was recently characterized to be actively regulated by Nitrate Transporter1.8 (NRT1.8) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and implicated as a common response to stresses. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely to be determined. In this study, characterization of NRT1.5, a xylem nitrate-loading transporter, showed that the mRNA level of NRT1.5 is down-regulated by salt, drought, and cadmium treatments. Functional disruption of NRT1.5 enhanced tolerance to salt, drought, and cadmium stresses. Further analyses showed that nitrate, as well as Na(+) and Cd(2+) levels, were significantly increased in nrt1.5 roots. Important genes including Na(+)/H(+) exchanger1, Salt overly sensitive1, Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase1, Responsive to desiccation29A, Phytochelatin synthase1, and NRT1.8 in stress response pathways are steadily up-regulated in nrt1.5 mutant plants. Interestingly, altered accumulation of metabolites, including proline and malondialdehyde, was also observed in nrt1.5 plants. These data suggest that NRT1.5 is involved in nitrate allocation to roots and the consequent tolerance to several stresses, in a mechanism probably shared with NRT1.8.
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Wang YY, Tsay YF. Arabidopsis nitrate transporter NRT1.9 is important in phloem nitrate transport. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:1945-57. [PMID: 21571952 PMCID: PMC3123939 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.083618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This study of the Arabidopsis thaliana nitrate transporter NRT1.9 reveals an important function for a NRT1 family member in phloem nitrate transport. Functional analysis in Xenopus laevis oocytes showed that NRT1.9 is a low-affinity nitrate transporter. Green fluorescent protein and β-glucuronidase reporter analyses indicated that NRT1.9 is a plasma membrane transporter expressed in the companion cells of root phloem. In nrt1.9 mutants, nitrate content in root phloem exudates was decreased, and downward nitrate transport was reduced, suggesting that NRT1.9 may facilitate loading of nitrate into the root phloem and enhance downward nitrate transport in roots. Under high nitrate conditions, the nrt1.9 mutant showed enhanced root-to-shoot nitrate transport and plant growth. We conclude that phloem nitrate transport is facilitated by expression of NRT1.9 in root companion cells. In addition, enhanced root-to-shoot xylem transport of nitrate in nrt1.9 mutants points to a negative correlation between xylem and phloem nitrate transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yun Wang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tsay
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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16
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Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR, Stitt M. Metabolic and signaling aspects underpinning the regulation of plant carbon nitrogen interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2010; 3:973-96. [PMID: 20926550 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In addition to light and water, CO(2) and mineral elements are required for plant growth and development. Among these factors, nitrogen is critical, since it is needed to synthesize amino acids, which are the building elements of protein, nucleotides, chlorophyll, and numerous other metabolites and cellular components. Therefore, nitrogen is required by plants in higher quantities and this investment in nitrogen supports the use of CO(2), water, and inorganic nitrogen to produce sugars, organic acids, and amino acids, the basic building blocks of biomass accumulation. This system is maintained by complex metabolic machinery, which is regulated at different levels according to environmental factors such as light, CO(2), and nutrient availability. Plants integrate these signals via a signaling network, which involves metabolites as well as nutrient-sensing proteins. Due to its importance, much research effort has been expended to understand how carbon and nitrogen metabolism are integrated and regulated according to the rates of photosynthesis, photorespiration, and respiration. Thus, in this article, we both discuss recent advances in carbon/nitrogen metabolisms as well as sensing and signaling systems in illuminated leaves of C3-plants and provide a perspective of the type of experiments that are now required in order to take our understanding to a higher level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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17
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Gauthier PPG, Bligny R, Gout E, Mahé A, Nogués S, Hodges M, Tcherkez GGB. In folio isotopic tracing demonstrates that nitrogen assimilation into glutamate is mostly independent from current CO2 assimilation in illuminated leaves of Brassica napus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 185:988-99. [PMID: 20070539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
*Nitrogen assimilation in leaves requires primary NH(2) acceptors that, in turn, originate from primary carbon metabolism. Respiratory metabolism is believed to provide such acceptors (such as 2-oxoglutarate), so that day respiration is commonly seen as a cornerstone for nitrogen assimilation into glutamate in illuminated leaves. However, both glycolysis and day respiratory CO(2) evolution are known to be inhibited by light, thereby compromising the input of recent photosynthetic carbon for glutamate production. *In this study, we carried out isotopic labelling experiments with (13)CO(2) and (15)N-ammonium nitrate on detached leaves of rapeseed (Brassica napus), and performed (13)C- and (15)N-nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. *Our results indicated that the production of (13)C-glutamate and (13)C-glutamine under a (13)CO(2) atmosphere was very weak, whereas (13)C-glutamate and (13)C-glutamine appeared in both the subsequent dark period and the next light period under a (12)CO(2) atmosphere. Consistently, the analysis of heteronuclear ((13)C-(15)N) interactions within molecules indicated that most (15)N-glutamate and (15)N-glutamine molecules were not (13)C labelled after (13)C/(15)N double labelling. That is, recent carbon atoms (i.e. (13)C) were hardly incorporated into glutamate, but new glutamate molecules were synthesized, as evidenced by (15)N incorporation. *We conclude that the remobilization of night-stored molecules plays a significant role in providing 2-oxoglutarate for glutamate synthesis in illuminated rapeseed leaves, and therefore the natural day : night cycle seems critical for nitrogen assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P G Gauthier
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, Université Paris-Sud XI, Orsay, France.
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18
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Tcherkez G. Natural 15N/ 14N isotope composition in C 3 leaves: are enzymatic isotope effects informative for predicting the 15N-abundance in key metabolites? FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2010; 38:1-12. [PMID: 32480857 DOI: 10.1071/fp10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although nitrogen isotopes are viewed as important tools for understanding plant N acquisition and allocation, the current interpretation of natural 15N-abundances (δ15N values) is often impaired by substantial variability among individuals or between species. Such variability is likely to stem from the fact that 15N-abundance of assimilated N is not preserved during N metabolism and redistribution within the plant; that is, 14N/15N isotope effects associated with N metabolic reactions are certainly responsible for isotopic shifts between organic-N (amino acids) and absorbed inorganic N (nitrate). Therefore, to gain insights into the metabolic origin of 15N-abundance in plants, the present paper reviews enzymatic isotope effects and integrates them into a metabolic model at the leaf level. Using simple steady-state equations which satisfactorily predict the δ15N value of amino acids, it is shown that the sensitivity of δ15N values to both photorespiratory and N-input (reduction by nitrate reductase) rates is quite high. In other words, the variability in δ15N values observed in nature might originate from subtle changes in metabolic fluxes or environment-driven effects, such as stomatal closure that in turn changes v0, the Rubisco-catalysed oxygenation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, CNRS UMR 8618, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France. Email
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19
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Lin SH, Kuo HF, Canivenc G, Lin CS, Lepetit M, Hsu PK, Tillard P, Lin HL, Wang YY, Tsai CB, Gojon A, Tsay YF. Mutation of the Arabidopsis NRT1.5 nitrate transporter causes defective root-to-shoot nitrate transport. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:2514-28. [PMID: 18780802 PMCID: PMC2570733 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.060244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular and regulatory mechanisms of long-distance nitrate transport in higher plants. NRT1.5 is one of the 53 Arabidopsis thaliana nitrate transporter NRT1 (Peptide Transporter PTR) genes, of which two members, NRT1.1 (CHL1 for Chlorate resistant 1) and NRT1.2, have been shown to be involved in nitrate uptake. Functional analysis of cRNA-injected Xenopus laevis oocytes showed that NRT1.5 is a low-affinity, pH-dependent bidirectional nitrate transporter. Subcellular localization in plant protoplasts and in planta promoter-beta-glucuronidase analysis, as well as in situ hybridization, showed that NRT1.5 is located in the plasma membrane and is expressed in root pericycle cells close to the xylem. Knockdown or knockout mutations of NRT1.5 reduced the amount of nitrate transported from the root to the shoot, suggesting that NRT1.5 participates in root xylem loading of nitrate. However, root-to-shoot nitrate transport was not completely eliminated in the NRT1.5 knockout mutant, and reduction of NRT1.5 in the nrt1.1 background did not affect root-to-shoot nitrate transport. These data suggest that, in addition to that involving NRT1.5, another mechanism is responsible for xylem loading of nitrate. Further analyses of the nrt1.5 mutants revealed a regulatory loop between nitrate and potassium at the xylem transport step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Hua Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Krämer E, Tischner R, Schmidt A. Regulation of assimilatory nitrate reduction at the level of nitrite in Chlorella fusca. PLANTA 1988; 176:28-35. [PMID: 24220731 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/1987] [Accepted: 03/25/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Batch cultures of Chlorella fusca excreted nitrite into the medium if gassed with air (0.03% CO2), but they did not if supplied with air containing 5% CO2. After a change from high to low CO2 concentration in the gas stream, nitrite excretion started immediately. After an increase in CO2 concentration to 5%, nitrite uptake started within only 30 min. Changes of in-vitro activities of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase did not correspond to changes of nitrite concentration in the medium and therefore could not explain these observations. A nitrite-binding site, whose activity corresponded with both nitrite excretion and uptake, was detected at the chloroplast envelope. From these data an additional regulatory step in the assimilatory nitrate-reduction sequence is suggested. This includes an envelopeprotein fraction probably regulating the availability of nitrite within the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Krämer
- Botanisches Institut, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-8000, München 19, Federal Republic of Germany
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22
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23
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Klaus RE, Berger MG, Fock HP. Effect of light intensity on ammonia assimilation in maize leaves. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1985; 6:221-228. [PMID: 24442920 DOI: 10.1007/bf00049278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/1984] [Revised: 11/16/1984] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of light on the metabolism of ammonia was studied by subjecting detached maize leaves to 150 or 1350 μmol m(-2) s(-1) PAR during incubation with the leaf base in 2 mM (15)NH4Cl. After up to 60 min, leaves were extracted. Ammonia, glutamine, glycine, serine, alanine, and aspartate were separated by isothermal distillation and ion exchange chromatography. (15)N enrichments were analyzed by emission spectroscopy. The uptake of ammonium chloride did not influence CO2 assimilation (8.3 and 17.4 μmol m(-1) s(-1) at 150 and 1350 μmol m(-2) s(-1) PAR, respectively). Leaves kept at high light intensity contained more serine and less alanine than leaves from low light treatments. Within 1 h of incubation the enrichment of ammonia extracted from leaves rose to approximately 20% (15)N. In the high light regime the amino acids contained up to 15% (15)N, whereas in low light (15)N enrichments were small (up to 6%). The kinetics of (15)N incorporation indicated that NH3 was firstly assimilated into glutamine and then into glutamate. After 15 min (15)N was also found in glycine, serine and alanine. At high light intensity nearly half of the (15)N was incorporated in glycine. On the other hand, at low light intensity alanine was the predominant (15)N sink. It is concluded that light influences ammonia assimilation at the glutamine synthetase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Klaus
- Fachbereich Biologie der Universität Kaiserslautern, Postfach 3049, D-6750, Kaiserslautern, FRG
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24
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26
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Antonielli M, Soldatini G, Lupattelli M, Venanzi G. A Comparison of the Metabolism of the Ear and Accompanying Organs in Zea mays L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(82)80090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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27
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Pearson CJ, Volk RJ, Jackson WA. Daily changes in nitrate influx, efflux and metabolism in maize and pearl millet. PLANTA 1981; 152:319-324. [PMID: 24301026 DOI: 10.1007/bf00388256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/1980] [Accepted: 03/12/1981] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) and pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) seedlings were exposed to [(15)N]nitrate for 1-h periods at eight times during a 24-h period (16-8 h light-dark for maize; 14-10 h for millet). Influx of [(15)N]nitrate as well as its reduction and translocation were determined during each period. The efflux of previously absorbed [(14)N]nitrate to the uptake solution was also estimated. No marked diurnal changes in [(14)N]nitrate efflux or [(15)N]nitrate influx were evident in maize. In contrast, [(14)N]nitrate efflux from millet increased and eventually exceeded [(15)N]nitrate influx during the late dark and early light periods, resulting in net nitrate efflux from the roots. The dissimilarity of their diurnal patterns indicates that influx and efflux are independently regulated. In both species, [(15)N]nitrate reduction and (15)N translocation to shoots were curtailed more by darkness than was [(15)N]nitrate influx. In the light, maize reduced 15% and millet 24% of the incoming [(15)N]nitrate. In darkness, reduction dropped to 11 and 17%, respectively. Since the accumulation of reduced-(15)N in shoots declined abruptly in darkness, whereas that in roots was little affected, it is suggested that in darkness [(15)N]nitrate reduction occurred primarily in roots. The decrease in nitrate uptake and reduction in darkness was not related to efflux, which remained constant in maize and did not respond immediately to darkness in pearl millet.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Pearson
- Department of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, University of Sydney, 2006, N.S.W., Australia
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29
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Losada M, Guerrero MG, Vega JM. The Assimilatory Reduction of Nitrate. PROCEEDINGS IN LIFE SCIENCES 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67919-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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30
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Ramarao C, Srinivasan, Naik M. Inhibition of in vivo dark anaerobic nitrate reduction by succinate, malonate and D-malate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(81)90265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Atkins CA, Rainbird R, Pate JS. Evidence for a Purine Pathway of Ureide Synthesis in N2-fixing Nodules of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) WALP.]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(80)80077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Halliwell B. The chloroplast at work. A review of modern developments in our understanding of chloroplast metabolism. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1979; 33:1-54. [PMID: 415334 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(79)90024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Klepper L. Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions from herbicide-treated soybean plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(79)90148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Activation of the Nitrate Reducing System in Synchronous Chlorella 211-8k (high temperature strain). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)30562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Mann AF, Hucklesby DP, Hewitt EJ. Effect of aerobic and anaerobic conditions on the in vivo nitrate reductase assay in spinach leaves. PLANTA 1979; 146:83-89. [PMID: 24317950 DOI: 10.1007/bf00381259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/1978] [Accepted: 02/12/1979] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
(15)N-labelled nitrate was used to show that nitrate reduction by leaf discs in darkness was suppressed by oxygen, whereas nitrite present within the cell could be reduced under aerobic dark conditions. In other experiments, unlabelled nitrite, allowed to accumulate in the tissue during the dark anaerobic reduction of nitrate was shown by chemical analysis to be metabolised during a subsequent dark aerobic period. Leaves of intact plants resembled incubated leaf discs in accumulating nitrite under anaerobic conditions. Nitrate, n-propanol and several respiratory inhibitors or uncouplers partly reversed the inhibitory effect of oxygen on nitrate reduction in leaf discs in the dark. Of these nitrate and propanol acted synergistically. Reversal was usually associated with inhibition of respiration but some concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and ioxynil reversed inhibition without affecting respiratory rates. Respiratory inhibitors and uncouplers stimulated nitrate reduction in the anaerobic in vivo assay i.e. in conditions where the respiratory process is non-functional. Freezing and thawing leaf discs diminished but did not eliminate the sensitivity of nitrate reduction to oxygen inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Mann
- Long Ashton Research Station, Long Ashton, BS18 9AF, Bristol, U.K
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37
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Sawhney SK, Naik MS, Nicholas DJ. Regulation of NADH supply for nitrate reduction in green plants via photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 81:1209-16. [PMID: 208545 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)91265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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39
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SAWHNEY SK, NAIK MS, NICHOLAS DJD. Regulation of nitrate reduction by light, ATP and mitochondrial respiration in wheat leaves. Nature 1978. [DOI: 10.1038/272647a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Platt SG, Bassham JA. Photosynthesis and increased production of protein. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1978; 105:195-247. [PMID: 727014 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3366-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis, the use of light energy in the conversion of CO2 and inorganic nutrients into plant material, is the ultimate source of the food protein necessary to man's existence. Given certain assumptions, the overall maximal theoretical photosynthetic efficiency of agricultural plants can be calculated. Actual measured maximal growth rates of plants are equivalent to efficiency levels well below that theoretical maximum. In air, C4 plants can some closer to the theoretical value than C3 plants, perhaps because C4 plants avoid the occurrence of measurable photorespiration and oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis. Alfalfa, a C3 legume, is an extremely productive protein source. Its protein yield per acre can surpass that of commonly grown C4 crops (corn, sorghum) and C3 seed crops (soybean, wheat, rice). Alfalfa leaf protein is of high nutritional quality and can apparently be used directly in the human diet, eliminating the protein loss involved in animal production. Plant protein productivity can be raised as part of an increase in overall crop yield. The growth of plants in atmospheres with elevated CO2 levels can result in increased yields. In C3 plants this is due, at least in part, to the suppression of photorespiration and oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis. We have investigated the effect of CO2 concentration on alfalfa photosynthetic metabolism. Our results support the contention that alfalfa productivity can be increased by an environment of elevated CO2. A second approach toward increased plant protein productivity is through regulation of carbon flow during photosynthesis so as to increase portein production relative to that of other plant constituents. In particular, we have investigated whether ammonia (the form in which plants first incorporate nitrogen) can act to regulate leaf carbon metabolism. Our results indicate that NH4+, in part through stimulation of pyruvate kinase, brings about increased production of amino acids at the expense of sucrose production in alfalfa. The effect may be of considerable importance in the regulation of green leaf protein synthesis.
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41
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Spiller H, Böger P. PHOTOSYNTHETIC NITRITE REDUCTION BY DITHIOERYTHRITOL AND THE EFFECT OF NITRITE ON ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN ISOLATED CHLOROPLASTS. Photochem Photobiol 1977. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1977.tb07504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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42
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Harel E, Lea PJ, Miflin BJ. The localisation of enzymes of nitrogen assimilation in maize leaves and their activities during greening. PLANTA 1977; 134:195-200. [PMID: 24419700 DOI: 10.1007/bf00384971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/1976] [Accepted: 12/10/1976] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The activities of nitrate reductase (EC1.6.6.1), nitrite reductase (EC 1.6.6.4), glutamine synthetase (EC6.3.1.2), glutamate synthase (EC1.4.7.1) and NAD(P)H-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) were investigated in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells of maize leaves (Zea mays L.). Whereas nitrate and nitrite reductase appear to be restricted to the mesophyll and GDH to the bundle sheath, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase are active in both tissues.During the greening process, the activities of nitrate and nitrite reductase increased markedly, but glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase changed little.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Harel
- Biochemistry Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, AL5 2JQ, Harpenden, Herts, U.K
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43
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Pearson CJ, Steer BT. Daily changes in nitrate uptake and metabolism in Capsicum annuum. PLANTA 1977; 137:107-112. [PMID: 24420626 DOI: 10.1007/bf00387546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/1977] [Accepted: 07/22/1977] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The diurnal pattern of nitrate uptake by Capsicum annuum L. cv. California Wonder in a constant environment is described by a Fourier harmonic, with the maximum uptake in the middle of the photoperiod and the minimum in the middle of the dark period. Comparison of the uptake pattern with that of nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1.) activity suggests against a direct control of one process by the other. This was confirmed by the observation that the pattern of nitrate reductase activity was not altered by restricting nitrate uptake to one hour per day. Translocation of (15)N from the roots is much greater in the lightperiod than in the dark period. Reduction of (15)N in the leaves occurs in the lightperiod but very little is reduced in the dark period. Amino acid levels showed marked daily fluctuations but in the roots neither amino acids, sucrose, fructose, glucose nor malate showed fluctuations. The amino acid composition of roots and leaves differed: glutamine+glutamate were relatively more important in leaves than in roots whereas alanine was a more important constituent of roots than of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Pearson
- Department of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, University of Sydney, 2006, N.S.W., Australia
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GIVAN BCURTISV, HARWOOD JOHNL. BIOSYNTHESIS OF SMALL MOLECULES IN CHLOROPLASTS OF HIGHER PLANTS. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1976. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1976.tb01061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Tischner R. [On the induction of nitrate- and nitrite-reductase in synchronized Chlorella cultures]. PLANTA 1976; 132:285-290. [PMID: 24425092 DOI: 10.1007/bf00399728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/1976] [Accepted: 06/15/1976] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate- and nitrite-reductase (E.C. 1.6.6.1. and E.C. 1.6.6.4.) activities were determined during the light-dark changes in two completely synchronized Chlorella strains. A sharp increase of both enzyme activities during the first light hour was found in Chl. vulgaris forma tertia, a smaller one in Chl. pyrenoidosa. The rise in enzyme activity could only be inhibited by actidione but not by antibiotics which inhibit plastidic protein synthesis. It can therefore be concludet that light causes a de novo synthesis of both enzymes on cytoplasmic ribosomes. It is assumed that light effects a release of substances to the cytoplasm, probably formed during CO2-fixation, which can effect a cytoplasmic protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tischner
- Pflanzenphysiologisches Institut der Universität, Untere Karspüle 2, D-3400, Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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46
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Über die Bedeutung von Glutamatsynthase und Glutamatdehydrogenase für die N-Assimilation im Weizenprimärblatt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)30179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Jones RW, Abbott AJ, Hewitt EJ, James DM, Best GR. Nitrate reductase activity and growth in Paul's Scarlet rose suspension cultures in relation to nitrogen source and molybdenum. PLANTA 1976; 133:27-34. [PMID: 24425175 DOI: 10.1007/bf00386002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/1976] [Accepted: 08/30/1976] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Growth and nitrate reductase activity were measured in Paul's Scarlet rose cell suspensions, cultured in media purified from molybdenum and containing nitrate or urea as sole nitrogen source with or without added Mo. Urea could replace nitrate to yield 80% of the fresh weight in nitrate medium. Nitrate reductase activities were compared by in vivo and in vitro assays. The latter varied due to inactivation during extraction. Compared with activities in cells in complete NO3 (-) medium, activity in NO3 (-)-Mo cells was reduced to 30% and, in urea-grown cells, to trace amounts. Increases in nitrate reductase activity were found when NO3 (-) alone was added to NO3 (-) or urea+Mo cultures. In NO3 (-)-Mo cultures, Mo alone or with NO3 (-) caused a similar increase in activity, whereas urea-Mo cultures required both NO3 (-) and Mo for enzyme induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Jones
- Long Ashton Research Station, University of Bristol, BS18 9AF, Bristol, U.K
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Enzymatische Charakteristik der Entwicklungsphasen des Getreide-Primärblattes im Hinblick auf funktionelle Beziehungen zwischen Nitratreduktion und anderen Stoffwechselwegen1)1)Herrn Prof. Dr. Drs. h. c. K. Mothes aus Anlaß der 75. Wiederkehr seines Geburtstages in Verehrung gewidmet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)31307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Atkins CA, Canvin DT. Nitrate, nitrite and ammonia assimilation by leaves: Effects of inhibitors. PLANTA 1975; 123:41-51. [PMID: 24436023 DOI: 10.1007/bf00388059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/1974] [Accepted: 12/17/1974] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The assimilation of H(14)CO3 (-), (15)NO3 (-), (15)NO2 (-) and (15)NH4 (+) by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaf segments in the presence of a number of metabolic inhibitors was studied in experiments where the substrates and inhibitors were vacuum infiltrated into the tissue. 3-(3',4'-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), carbonyl-cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), and iodoacetate (IOA) inhibited (14)CO2 fixation and (15)NO3 (-) and (15)NO2 (-) assimilation in the light. (15)NH4 (+) assimilation in the light was only inhibited 70% by 10(-4)M DCMU. (15)NH4 (+) assimilation was stimulated by 10(-5)M CCCP but was inhibited by concentrations of CCCP above 5×10(-5)M. In double-label experiments (15)NO3 (-) assimilation was less sensitive than (14)CO2 fixation to both DCMU and CCCP. CCCP but not DCMU stimulated NO2 (-) accumulation in dark and IOA was inhibitory. The rate of NO2 (-) accumulation in the light in the presence of DCMU or atrazine was similar to that in the dark and in all cases NO2 (-) accumulation was inhibited about 90% by oxygenation of the medium. The results indicate that the assimilation of all nitrogen species is closely linked to photosynthetic electron transport, that rate of assimilation of nitrogen species is independent of rate of assimilation of CO2, and that the dark in-vivo nitrate reduction is a useful analogue of the mechanism operating in the light only if electron flow to oxygen is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Atkins
- Seibersdorf Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency, A-1011, Vienna, Austria
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