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van Hasselt SJ, Coscia M, Allocca G, Vyssotski AL, Meerlo P. Seasonal variation in sleep time: jackdaws sleep when it is dark, but do they really need it? J Comp Physiol B 2024; 194:335-345. [PMID: 37789130 PMCID: PMC11233326 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is an important behavioural and physiological state that is ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom. Birds are an interesting group to study sleep since they share similar sleep features with mammals. Interestingly, sleep time in birds has been shown to vary greatly amongst seasons. To understand the mechanisms behind these variations in sleep time, we did an electro-encephalogram (EEG) study in eight European jackdaws (Coloeus monedula) in winter and summer under outdoor seminatural conditions. To assess whether the amount and pattern of sleep is determined by the outdoor seasonal state of the animals or directly determined by the indoor light-dark cycle, we individually housed them indoors where we manipulated the light-dark (LD) cycles to mimic long winter nights (8:16 LD) and short summer nights (16:8 LD) within both seasons. Jackdaws showed under seminatural outdoor conditions 5 h less sleep in summer compared to winter. During the indoor conditions, the birds rapidly adjusted their sleep time to the new LD cycle. Although they swiftly increased or decreased their sleep time, sleep intensity did not vary. The results indicate that the strong seasonal differences in sleep time are largely and directly driven by the available dark time, rather than an endogenous annual clock. Importantly, these findings confirm that sleep in birds is not a rigid phenomenon but highly sensitive to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J van Hasselt
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Massimiliano Coscia
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Allocca
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Somnivore Pty. Ltd., Bacchus Marsh, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Sang D, Lin K, Yang Y, Ran G, Li B, Chen C, Li Q, Ma Y, Lu L, Cui XY, Liu Z, Lv SQ, Luo M, Liu Q, Li Y, Zhang EE. Prolonged sleep deprivation induces a cytokine-storm-like syndrome in mammals. Cell 2023; 186:5500-5516.e21. [PMID: 38016470 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Most animals require sleep, and sleep loss induces serious pathophysiological consequences, including death. Previous experimental approaches for investigating sleep impacts in mice have been unable to persistently deprive animals of both rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS). Here, we report a "curling prevention by water" paradigm wherein mice remain awake 96% of the time. After 4 days of exposure, mice exhibit severe inflammation, and approximately 80% die. Sleep deprivation increases levels of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) in the brain, and we found that elevated PGD2 efflux across the blood-brain-barrier-mediated by ATP-binding cassette subfamily C4 transporter-induces both accumulation of circulating neutrophils and a cytokine-storm-like syndrome. Experimental disruption of the PGD2/DP1 axis dramatically reduced sleep-deprivation-induced inflammation. Thus, our study reveals that sleep-related changes in PGD2 in the central nervous system drive profound pathological consequences in the peripheral immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Sang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keteng Lin
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yini Yang
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangdi Ran
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bohan Li
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ma
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihui Lu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi-Yang Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Qing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Li
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Eric Erquan Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Chowdhury B, Abhilash L, Ortega A, Liu S, Shafer O. Homeostatic control of deep sleep and molecular correlates of sleep pressure in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:e91355. [PMID: 37906092 PMCID: PMC10642965 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic control of sleep is typically addressed through mechanical stimulation-induced forced wakefulness and the measurement of subsequent increases in sleep. A major confound attends this approach: biological responses to deprivation may reflect a direct response to the mechanical insult rather than to the loss of sleep. Similar confounds accompany all forms of sleep deprivation and represent a major challenge to the field. Here, we describe a new paradigm for sleep deprivation in Drosophila that fully accounts for sleep-independent effects. Our results reveal that deep sleep states are the primary target of homeostatic control and establish the presence of multi-cycle sleep rebound following deprivation. Furthermore, we establish that specific deprivation of deep sleep states results in state-specific homeostatic rebound. Finally, by accounting for the molecular effects of mechanical stimulation during deprivation experiments, we show that serotonin levels track sleep pressure in the fly's central brain. Our results illustrate the critical need to control for sleep-independent effects of deprivation when examining the molecular correlates of sleep pressure and call for a critical reassessment of work that has not accounted for such non-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhaditya Chowdhury
- The Advanced Science Research Center, The City University of New York; The Graduate Center at the City University of New YorkNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lakshman Abhilash
- The Advanced Science Research Center, The City University of New York; The Graduate Center at the City University of New YorkNew YorkUnited States
| | - Antonio Ortega
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
| | - Sha Liu
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
| | - Orie Shafer
- The Advanced Science Research Center, The City University of New York; The Graduate Center at the City University of New YorkNew YorkUnited States
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Chen D, Huang H, Bao X, Pan J, Li Y. An EEG-based attention recognition method: fusion of time domain, frequency domain, and non-linear dynamics features. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1194554. [PMID: 37502681 PMCID: PMC10368951 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1194554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attention is a complex cognitive function of human brain that plays a vital role in our daily lives. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is used to measure and analyze attention due to its high temporal resolution. Although several attention recognition brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have been proposed, there is a scarcity of studies with a sufficient number of subjects, valid paradigms, and reliable recognition analysis across subjects. Methods In this study, we proposed a novel attention paradigm and feature fusion method to extract features, which fused time domain features, frequency domain features and nonlinear dynamics features. We then constructed an attention recognition framework for 85 subjects. Results and discussion We achieved an intra-subject average classification accuracy of 85.05% ± 6.87% and an inter-subject average classification accuracy of 81.60% ± 9.93%, respectively. We further explored the neural patterns in attention recognition, where attention states showed less activation than non-attention states in the prefrontal and occipital areas in α, β and θ bands. The research explores, for the first time, the fusion of time domain features, frequency domain features and nonlinear dynamics features for attention recognition, providing a new understanding of attention recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Brain-Computer Interface, Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyun Huang
- Research Center for Brain-Computer Interface, Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- School of Software, South China Normal University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Bao
- School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Brain-Computer Interface, Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Pan
- Research Center for Brain-Computer Interface, Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- School of Software, South China Normal University, Foshan, China
| | - Yuanqing Li
- School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Brain-Computer Interface, Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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Wright CJ, Milosavljevic S, Pocivavsek A. The stress of losing sleep: Sex-specific neurobiological outcomes. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 24:100543. [PMID: 37252645 PMCID: PMC10209346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a vital and evolutionarily conserved process, critical to daily functioning and homeostatic balance. Losing sleep is inherently stressful and leads to numerous detrimental physiological outcomes. Despite sleep disturbances affecting everyone, women and female rodents are often excluded or underrepresented in clinical and pre-clinical studies. Advancing our understanding of the role of biological sex in the responses to sleep loss stands to greatly improve our ability to understand and treat health consequences of insufficient sleep. As such, this review discusses sex differences in response to sleep deprivation, with a focus on the sympathetic nervous system stress response and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We review sex differences in several stress-related consequences of sleep loss, including inflammation, learning and memory deficits, and mood related changes. Focusing on women's health, we discuss the effects of sleep deprivation during the peripartum period. In closing, we present neurobiological mechanisms, including the contribution of sex hormones, orexins, circadian timing systems, and astrocytic neuromodulation, that may underlie potential sex differences in sleep deprivation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Pocivavsek
- Corresponding author. Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, USC School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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6
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van Hasselt SJ, Epifani L, Zantinge D, Vitkute K, Kas MJH, Allocca G, Meerlo P. A Study on REM Sleep Homeostasis in the Day-Active Tree Shrew ( Tupaia belangeri): Cold-Induced Suppression of REM Sleep Is Not Followed by a Rebound. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040614. [PMID: 37106815 PMCID: PMC10136224 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The function and regulation of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep is a topic of ongoing debate. It is often assumed that REM sleep is a homeostatically regulated process and that a need for REM sleep builds up, either during prior wakefulness or during preceding slow wave sleep. In the current study, we tested this hypothesis in six diurnal tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri), small mammals closely related to primates. All animals were individually housed and kept under a 12:12 light-dark cycle with an ambient temperature of 24 °C. We recorded sleep and temperature in the tree shrews for 3 consecutive 24 h days. During the second night, we exposed the animals to a low ambient temperature of 4 °C, a procedure that is known to suppress REM sleep. Cold exposure caused a significant drop in brain temperature and body temperature and also resulted in a strong and selective suppression of REM sleep by 64.9%. However, contrary to our expectation, the loss of REM sleep was not recovered during the subsequent day and night. These findings in a diurnal mammal confirm that the expression of REM sleep is highly sensitive to environmental temperature but do not support the view that REM sleep is homeostatically regulated in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J van Hasselt
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luisa Epifani
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danique Zantinge
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kornelija Vitkute
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Allocca
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Somnivore Pty. Ltd., Bacchus Marsh, VIC 3340, Australia
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Zaid E, Vyssotski AL, Lesku JA. Sleep architecture and regulation of male dusky antechinus, an Australian marsupial. Sleep 2022; 45:6585950. [PMID: 35567787 PMCID: PMC9366648 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
In this study, we (1) describe sleep behavior and architecture, and (2) explore how sleep is regulated in dusky antechinus (Antechinus swainsonii), a small insectivorous marsupial. Our aim is to provide the first investigation into sleep homeostasis in a marsupial.
Methods
Wild-caught male dusky antechinus (n = 4) were individually housed in large indoor cages under a natural photoperiod of 10.5 h light/13.5 h dark. Continuous recordings of EEG, EMG, and tri-axial accelerometry were performed under baseline conditions and following 4-h of extended wakefulness.
Results
Antechinus engage in SWS and REM sleep. Some aspects of these states are mammal-like, including a high amount (23%) of REM sleep, but other features are reminiscent of birds, notably, hundreds of short sleep episodes (SWS mean: 34 s; REM sleep: 10 s). Antechinus are cathemeral and sleep equally during the night and day. Immediately after the sleep deprivation ended, the animals engaged in more SWS, longer SWS episodes, and greater SWS SWA. The animals did not recover lost REM sleep.
Conclusions
Sleep architecture in dusky antechinus was broadly similar to that observed in eutherian and marsupial mammals, but with interesting peculiarities. We also provided the first evidence of SWS homeostasis in a marsupial mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zaid
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
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8
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Bjorness TE, Greene RW. Arousal-Mediated Sleep Disturbance Persists During Cocaine Abstinence in Male Mice. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:868049. [PMID: 35812231 PMCID: PMC9260276 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.868049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute cocaine disturbs sleep on a dose-dependent basis; however, the consequences of chronic cocaine remain unclear. While the arousal promotion following cocaine has been well-established, effects of cocaine on sleep after termination of chronic cocaine exposure appear variable in human subjects with few studies in non-human subjects. Here, a within-subjects design (outcomes normalized to baseline, undisturbed behavior) and between-subjects design (repeated experimenter-administered cocaine vs. experimenter-administered saline) was used to investigate sleep homeostasis and sleep/waking under repeated cocaine/saline exposure and prolonged forced abstinence conditions in mice. Overall, during the forced abstinence period increases in arousal, as determined by sleep latency and gamma energy, persisted for 2 weeks. However, the sleep response to externally enforced sleep deprivation was unchanged suggesting that sleep disruptions during the forced abstinence period were driven by enhancement of arousal in the absence of changes in sleep homeostatic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E. Bjorness
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs (VA) North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Theresa E. Bjorness,
| | - Robert W. Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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9
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Borbély A. The two-process model of sleep regulation: Beginnings and outlook. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13598. [PMID: 35502706 PMCID: PMC9540767 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The two-process model serves as a major conceptual framework in sleep science. Although dating back more than four decades, it has not lost its relevance for research today. Retracing its origins, I describe how animal experiments aimed at exploring the oscillators driving the circadian sleep-wake rhythm led to the recognition of gradients of sleep states within the daily sleep period. Advances in signal analysis revealed that the level of slow-wave activity in non-rapid eye movement sleep electroencephalogram is high at the beginning of the 12-light period and then declines. After sleep deprivation, the level of slow-wave activity is enhanced. By scheduling recovery sleep to the animal's activity period, the conflict between the sleep-wake-dependent and the circadian influence resulted in a two-stage recovery pattern. These experiments provided the basis for the first version of the two-process model. Sleep deprivation experiments in humans showed that the decline of slow-wave activity during sleep is exponential. The two-process model posits that a sleep-wake-dependent homeostatic process (Process S) interacts with a process controlled by the circadian pacemaker (Process C). At present, homeostatic and circadian facets of sleep regulation are being investigated at the synaptic level as well as in the transcriptome and proteome domains. The notion of sleep has been extended from a global phenomenon to local representations, while the master circadian pacemaker has been supplemented by multiple peripheral oscillators. The original interpretation that the emergence of sleep may be viewed as an escape from the rigid control imposed by the circadian pacemaker is still upheld.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Borbély
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Murthy SV, Fathima SN, Mote R. Hydroalcoholic Extract of Ashwagandha Improves Sleep by Modulating GABA/Histamine Receptors and EEG Slow-Wave Pattern in In Vitro - In Vivo Experimental Models. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2022; 27:108-120. [PMID: 35465115 PMCID: PMC9007714 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2022.27.1.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) has been used traditionally as a remedy for insomnia and to enhance cognitive function. The effects of ashwagandha extract (AE, 35% withanolide glycosides, ShodenⓇ) on the expression levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)Aρ1 and histamine H3 receptors in Rattus norvegicus glioblastoma (C6) cell lines were studied using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions. The effects of AE on sleep onset and duration were studied in Swiss albino mice using the pentobarbital-induced sleep model. Furthermore, the effects on nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement sleep patterns were studied in Wistar rats with electroencephalogram (EEG) to support the improvement in sleep quality. There was an increase in gene expression levels of GABAAρ1 receptor (1.38 and 1.94 folds) and histamine H3 (1.14 and 1.29 folds) receptors induced by AE at doses of 15 and 30 μg/mL compared to control. AE at doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight showed a significant decrease in time to sleep onset and increased total sleep duration in the pentobarbital-induced sleep model. At 50 mg/kg body weight dosage level, a 34% decrease (P<0.0001) in sleep onset time and 47% increase (P<0.0001) in sleep duration was observed. The EEG study showed significant improvement in alpha, beta, theta, delta, and gamma bands at doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight with delta waves showing increases of 30%, 46% (P<0.05), and 34%, respectively. The induction of sleep, GABA-mimetic action, NREM sleep, and the effects on slow-wave cycles support the calming property of AE in improving the quality of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindgi Vasudeva Murthy
- Department of Pharmacology, Jayamukhi College of Pharmacy, Kakatiya University, Narsampet 506332, India
| | - Syeda Nishat Fathima
- Department of Pharmacology, Jayamukhi College of Pharmacy, Kakatiya University, Narsampet 506332, India
| | - Rakesh Mote
- Department of Pharmacology, Jayamukhi College of Pharmacy, Kakatiya University, Narsampet 506332, India
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11
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Sharma R, Parikh M, Mishra V, Zuniga A, Sahota P, Thakkar M. Sleep, sleep homeostasis and arousal disturbances in alcoholism. Brain Res Bull 2022; 182:30-43. [PMID: 35122900 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of alcohol on human sleep were first described almost 70 years ago. Since then, accumulating evidences suggest that alcohol intake at bed time immediately induces sleep [reduces the time to fall asleep (sleep onset latency), and consolidates and enhances the quality (delta power) and the quantity of sleep]. Such potent sleep promoting activity makes alcohol as one of the most commonly used "over the counter" sleep aid. However, the somnogenic effects, after alcohol intake, slowly wane off and often followed by sleep disruptions during the rest of the night. Repeated use of alcohol leads to the development of rapid tolerance resulting into an alcohol abuse. Moreover, chronic and excessive alcohol intake leads to the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Alcoholics, both during drinking periods and during abstinences, suffer from a multitude of sleep disruptions manifested by profound insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and altered sleep architecture. Furthermore, subjective and objective indicators of sleep disturbances are predictors of relapse. Finally, within the USA, it is estimated that societal costs of alcohol-related sleep disorders exceed $18 billion. Thus, although alcohol associated sleep problems have significant economic and clinical consequences, very little is known about how and where alcohol acts to affect sleep. In this review, a conceptual framework and clinical research focused on understanding the relationship between alcohol and sleep is first described. In the next section, our new and exciting preclinical studies, to understand the cellular and molecular mechanism of how acute and chronic alcohol affects sleep, are described. In the end, based on observations from our recent findings and related literature, opportunities for the development of innovative strategies to prevent and treat AUD are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65201
| | - Meet Parikh
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65201
| | - Vaibhav Mishra
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65201
| | - Abigail Zuniga
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65201
| | - Pradeep Sahota
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65201
| | - Mahesh Thakkar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65201.
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12
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Merten JE, Villarrubia SA, Holly KS, Kemp AS, Kumler AC, Larson-Prior LJ, Murray TA. The use of rodent models to better characterize the relationship among epilepsy, sleep, and memory. Epilepsia 2022; 63:525-536. [PMID: 34985784 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, is known to be associated with impaired sleep and memory. Although the specific mechanisms underlying these impairments are uncertain, the known role of sleep in memory consolidation suggests a potential relationship may exist between seizure activity, disrupted sleep, and memory impairment. A possible mediator in this relationship is the sleep spindle, the characteristic electroencephalographic (EEG) feature of non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep in humans and other mammals. Growing evidence supports the idea that sleep spindles, having thalamic origin, may mediate the process of long-term memory storage and plasticity by generating neuronal conditions that favor these processes. To study this potential relationship, a single model in which memory, sleep, and epilepsy can be simultaneously observed is of necessity. Rodent models of epilepsy appear to fulfill this requirement. Not only do rodents express both sleep spindles and seizure-induced sleep disruptions, but they also allow researchers to invasively study neurobiological processes both pre- and post- epileptic onset via the artificial induction of epilepsy (a practice that cannot be carried out in human subjects). However, the degree to which sleep architecture differs between rodents and humans makes direct comparisons between the two challenging. This review addresses these challenges and concludes that rodent sleep studies are useful in observing the functional roles of sleep and how they are affected by epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Merten
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | | | - Kevin S Holly
- Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisina, USA
| | - Aaron S Kemp
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biomedical Informatics, UAMS, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Allison C Kumler
- Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisina, USA
| | - Linda J Larson-Prior
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biomedical Informatics, UAMS, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, Pediatrics, UAMS, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Teresa A Murray
- Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisina, USA
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13
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Johnsson RD, Connelly F, Vyssotski AL, Roth TC, Lesku JA. Homeostatic regulation of NREM sleep, but not REM sleep, in Australian magpies. Sleep 2021; 45:6357668. [PMID: 34432054 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES We explore NREM and REM sleep homeostasis in Australian magpies (Cracticus tibicen tyrannica). We predicted that magpies would recover lost sleep by spending more time in NREM and REM sleep, and by engaging in more intense NREM sleep as indicated by increased slow-wave activity (SWA). METHODS Continuous 72-h recordings of EEG, EMG and tri-axial accelerometry, along with EEG spectral analyses, were performed on wild-caught Australian magpies housed in indoor aviaries. Australian magpies were subjected to two protocols of night-time sleep deprivation: full 12-h night (n = 8) and first 6-h half of the night (n = 5), which were preceded by a 36-h baseline recording and followed by a 24-h recovery period. RESULTS Australian magpies recovered lost NREM sleep by sleeping more, with increased NREM sleep consolidation, and increased SWA during recovery sleep. Following 12-h of night-time sleep loss, magpies also showed reduced SWA the following night after napping more during the recovery day. Surprisingly, the magpies did not recover any lost REM sleep. CONCLUSIONS Only NREM sleep is homeostatically regulated in Australian magpies with the level of SWA reflecting prior sleep/wake history. The significance of emerging patterns on the apparent absence of REM sleep homeostasis, now observed in multiple species, remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Johnsson
- La Trobe University, School of Life Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Farley Connelly
- La Trobe University, School of Life Sciences, Melbourne, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, School of BioSciences, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Timothy C Roth
- Franklin and Marshall College, Department of Psychology, Lancaster, USA
| | - John A Lesku
- La Trobe University, School of Life Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
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14
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Sanchez REA, Kalume F, de la Iglesia HO. Sleep timing and the circadian clock in mammals: Past, present and the road ahead. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 126:3-14. [PMID: 34092510 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all mammals display robust daily rhythms of physiology and behavior. These approximately 24-h cycles, known as circadian rhythms, are driven by a master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and affect biological processes ranging from metabolism to immune function. Perhaps the most overt output of the circadian clock is the sleep-wake cycle, the integrity of which is critical for health and homeostasis of the organism. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the circadian regulation of sleep. We discuss the neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms underlying daily sleep timing, and the trajectory of circadian regulation of sleep across development. We conclude by proposing future research priorities for the field that will significantly advance our mechanistic understanding of the circadian regulation of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E A Sanchez
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Franck Kalume
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Horacio O de la Iglesia
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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15
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van Hasselt SJ, Rusche M, Vyssotski AL, Verhulst S, Rattenborg NC, Meerlo P. The European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) shows signs of NREM sleep homeostasis but has very little REM sleep and no REM sleep homeostasis. Sleep 2021; 43:5682807. [PMID: 31863116 PMCID: PMC7294413 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of our knowledge about the regulation and function of sleep is based on studies in a restricted number of mammalian species, particularly nocturnal rodents. Hence, there is still much to learn from comparative studies in other species. Birds are interesting because they appear to share key aspects of sleep with mammals, including the presence of two different forms of sleep, i.e. non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. We examined sleep architecture and sleep homeostasis in the European starling, using miniature dataloggers for electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Under controlled laboratory conditions with a 12:12 h light-dark cycle, the birds displayed a pronounced daily rhythm in sleep and wakefulness with most sleep occurring during the dark phase. Sleep mainly consisted of NREM sleep. In fact, the amount of REM sleep added up to only 1~2% of total sleep time. Animals were subjected to 4 or 8 h sleep deprivation to assess sleep homeostatic responses. Sleep deprivation induced changes in subsequent NREM sleep EEG spectral qualities for several hours, with increased spectral power from 1.17 Hz up to at least 25 Hz. In contrast, power below 1.17 Hz was decreased after sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation also resulted in a small compensatory increase in NREM sleep time the next day. Changes in EEG spectral power and sleep time were largely similar after 4 and 8 h sleep deprivation. REM sleep was not noticeably compensated after sleep deprivation. In conclusion, starlings display signs of NREM sleep homeostasis but the results do not support the notion of important REM sleep functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J van Hasselt
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Rusche
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Verhulst
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Youngren WA, Hamilton NA, Preacher KJ. Assessing Triggers of Posttrauma Nightmares. J Trauma Stress 2020; 33:511-520. [PMID: 32521086 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Posttrauma nightmares are recurring nightmares that begin after a traumatic experience and can occur as often as multiple times per week, often in a seemingly random pattern. Although these nightmares are prevalent in trauma survivors, little is known about the mechanisms underlying their sporadic occurrence. The present study aimed to investigate predictors of posttrauma nightmares. The sample included 146 observations nested within 27 female college students who reported frequent nightmares related to sexual trauma. Participants were recruited from an undergraduate student subject pool (n = 71) or were clinical referrals (n = 75). Participants completed an initial assessment battery and six consecutive days of pre- and postsleep diaries, which included measures of potential posttrauma nightmare triggers and measures intended to assess sleep quality and posttrauma nightmare occurrence. Descriptive statistics, mean comparisons, and multilevel modeling were used to examine the data. The results showed that both presleep cognitive arousal, γ10 SLij = 0.58, p = .006, z(1, N = 146) = -2.61; and sleep latency (SL), γ20 PCAij = 0.76, p < .001, z(1, N = 146) = -2.69, predicted posttrauma nightmare occurrence. Further investigation suggested that presleep cognitive arousal moderated the relation between SL and posttrauma nightmare occurrence, γ30 PCA x SLij = 0.67, p = .048 z(1, N = 146) = 1.98. The present results are the first to show that the co-occurrence of presleep arousal and delayed sleep onset latency may influence posttrauma nightmare occurrence, suggesting that the time immediately before sleep is crucial to the production of the posttrauma nightmares.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy A Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Kris J Preacher
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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17
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Lazarus M, Oishi Y, Bjorness TE, Greene RW. Gating and the Need for Sleep: Dissociable Effects of Adenosine A 1 and A 2A Receptors. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:740. [PMID: 31379490 PMCID: PMC6650574 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Roughly one-third of the human lifetime is spent in sleep, yet the reason for sleep remains unclear. Understanding the physiologic function of sleep is crucial toward establishing optimal health. Several proposed concepts address different aspects of sleep physiology, including humoral and circuit-based theories of sleep-wake regulation, the homeostatic two-process model of sleep regulation, the theory of sleep as a state of adaptive inactivity, and observations that arousal state and sleep homeostasis can be dissociated in pathologic disorders. Currently, there is no model that places the regulation of arousal and sleep homeostasis in a unified conceptual framework. Adenosine is well known as a somnogenic substance that affects normal sleep-wake patterns through several mechanisms in various brain locations via A1 or A2A receptors (A1Rs or A2ARs). Many cells and processes appear to play a role in modulating the extracellular concentration of adenosine at neuronal A1R or A2AR sites. Emerging evidence suggests that A1Rs and A2ARs have different roles in the regulation of sleep. In this review, we propose a model in which A2ARs allow the brain to sleep, i.e., these receptors provide sleep gating, whereas A1Rs modulate the function of sleep, i.e., these receptors are essential for the expression and resolution of sleep need. In this model, sleep is considered a brain state established in the absence of arousing inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yo Oishi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Theresa E Bjorness
- Research and Development, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Robert W Greene
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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18
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The Serotonergic Raphe Promote Sleep in Zebrafish and Mice. Neuron 2019; 103:686-701.e8. [PMID: 31248729 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of serotonin (5-HT) in sleep is controversial: early studies suggested a sleep-promoting role, but eventually the paradigm shifted toward a wake-promoting function for the serotonergic raphe. Here, we provide evidence from zebrafish and mice that the raphe are critical for the initiation and maintenance of sleep. In zebrafish, genetic ablation of 5-HT production by the raphe reduces sleep, sleep depth, and the homeostatic response to sleep deprivation. Pharmacological inhibition or ablation of the raphe reduces sleep, while optogenetic stimulation increases sleep. Similarly, in mice, ablation of the raphe increases wakefulness and impairs the homeostatic response to sleep deprivation, whereas tonic optogenetic stimulation at a rate similar to baseline activity induces sleep. Interestingly, burst optogenetic stimulation induces wakefulness in accordance with previously described burst activity of the raphe during arousing stimuli. These results indicate that the serotonergic system promotes sleep in both diurnal zebrafish and nocturnal rodents. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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19
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Guillaumin MCC, McKillop LE, Cui N, Fisher SP, Foster RG, de Vos M, Peirson SN, Achermann P, Vyazovskiy VV. Cortical region-specific sleep homeostasis in mice: effects of time of day and waking experience. Sleep 2019; 41:4985519. [PMID: 29697841 PMCID: PMC6047413 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep–wake history, wake behaviors, lighting conditions, and circadian time influence sleep, but neither their relative contribution nor the underlying mechanisms are fully understood. The dynamics of electroencephalogram (EEG) slow-wave activity (SWA) during sleep can be described using the two-process model, whereby the parameters of homeostatic Process S are estimated using empirical EEG SWA (0.5–4 Hz) in nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), and the 24 hr distribution of vigilance states. We hypothesized that the influence of extrinsic factors on sleep homeostasis, such as the time of day or wake behavior, would manifest in systematic deviations between empirical SWA and model predictions. To test this hypothesis, we performed parameter estimation and tested model predictions using NREMS SWA derived from continuous EEG recordings from the frontal and occipital cortex in mice. The animals showed prolonged wake periods, followed by consolidated sleep, both during the dark and light phases, and wakefulness primarily consisted of voluntary wheel running, learning a new motor skill or novel object exploration. Simulated SWA matched empirical levels well across conditions, and neither waking experience nor time of day had a significant influence on the fit between data and simulation. However, we consistently observed that Process S declined during sleep significantly faster in the frontal than in the occipital area of the neocortex. The striking resilience of the model to specific wake behaviors, lighting conditions, and time of day suggests that intrinsic factors underpinning the dynamics of Process S are robust to extrinsic influences, despite their major role in shaping the overall amount and distribution of vigilance states across 24 hr.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura E McKillop
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nanyi Cui
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Fisher
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten de Vos
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Headington, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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20
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ONEIROS, a new miniature standalone device for recording sleep electrophysiology, physiology, temperatures and behavior in the lab and field. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 316:103-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Radhakrishnan A, Jayakumari N, Kumar VM, Gulia KK. α-Asarone: a hypnotic with a potential for long-term use. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-018-0190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Sharma R, Sahota P, Thakkar MM. A single episode of binge alcohol drinking causes sleep disturbance, disrupts sleep homeostasis, and down-regulates equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1. J Neurochem 2018; 146:304-321. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology; School of Medicine; University of Missouri- Columbia; Columbias Missouri USA
| | - Pradeep Sahota
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology; School of Medicine; University of Missouri- Columbia; Columbias Missouri USA
| | - Mahesh M. Thakkar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology; School of Medicine; University of Missouri- Columbia; Columbias Missouri USA
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23
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Samson DR, Bray J, Nunn CL. The cost of deep sleep: Environmental influences on sleep regulation are greater for diurnal lemurs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:578-589. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David R. Samson
- Department of Anthropology; University of Toronto; Mississauga
- Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Tempe AZ
| | - Joel Bray
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Arizona State University
| | - Charles L. Nunn
- Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Tempe AZ
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University
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24
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Enhanced wakefulness following lesions of a mesopontine locus essential for the induction of general anesthesia. Behav Brain Res 2018; 341:198-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Zhu HY, Zhang D, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, He ZM, Gao YG, Zhang LX. 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol derivatives and their sedative–hypnotic activities. RSC Adv 2018; 8:19539-19550. [PMID: 35540981 PMCID: PMC9080670 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01972j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), one of the characteristic active components of Gastrodia elata, exhibits obvious effects on the human central nervous system. In order to acquire compounds with superior bioactivity, 10 derivatives of HBA were synthesized from HBA and carboxylic acids. The sedative effects of the 10 HBA derivatives were evaluated using a spontaneous locomotor activity test (SLT) in mice, and their hypnotic effects were determined to be synergistic with pentobarbital-induced sleep. The results showed that 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 3-furancarboxylic acid diester (2FHBA, 10 mg kg−1) exhibited the strongest sedative–hypnotic activity among HBA and its derivatives, and 2FHBA could reverse the insomnia caused by p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), flumazenil (FLU) and thiosemicarbazide (TSC). Meanwhile, 2FHBA and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) showed a synergistic effect. The results suggested that 2FHBA might be a potential agent against insomnia, which might be mediated by the serotonergic and GABAergic systems. 2FHBA, a derivative of HBA, exerts sedative and hypnotic effects through the serotonergic and GABAergic systems.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-yan Zhu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Qi Zhang
- The Fiftieth Middle School of Daqing
- Daqing 163000
- China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Zhong-mei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Yu-gang Gao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Lian-xue Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
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26
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Characterisation of the Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Electroencephalogram Using Permutation Lempel–Ziv Complexity, a Non-Linear Analysis Tool. ENTROPY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/e19120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Gravett N, Bhagwandin A, Lyamin OI, Siegel JM, Manger PR. Sociality Affects REM Sleep Episode Duration Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions in the Rock Hyrax, Procavia capensis. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:105. [PMID: 29201001 PMCID: PMC5696350 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rock hyrax, Procavia capensis, is a highly social, diurnal mammal. In the current study several physiologically measurable parameters of sleep, as well as the accompanying behavior, were recorded continuously from five rock hyraxes, for 72 h under solitary (experimental animal alone in the recording chamber), and social conditions (experimental animal with 1 or 2 additional, non-implanted animals in the recording chamber). The results revealed no significant differences between solitary and social conditions for total sleep times, number of episodes, episode duration or slow wave activity (SWA) for all states examined. The only significant difference observed between social and solitary conditions was the average duration of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep episodes. REM sleep episode duration was on average 20 s and 40 s longer under social conditions daily and during the dark period, respectively. It is hypothesized that the increase in REM sleep episode duration under social conditions could possibly be attributed to improved thermoregulation strategies, however considering the limited sample size and design of the current study further investigations are needed to confirm this finding. Whether the conclusions and the observations made in this study can be generalized to all naturally socially sleeping mammals remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gravett
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Oleg I Lyamin
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Brain Research Institute, Neurobiology Research, Sepulveda VA Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jerome M Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Brain Research Institute, Neurobiology Research, Sepulveda VA Medical Centre, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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28
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Kaur M, Singh G. Classification of Seizure Prone EEG Signal Using Amplitude and Frequency Based Parameters of Intrinsic Mode Functions. J Med Biol Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-017-0275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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29
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Reduced Theta Coherence and P Wave Ratio Linked to Memory Deficits After Sleep Deprivation in Rat Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41782-017-0005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Quantitative Proteomics of Sleep-Deprived Mouse Brains Reveals Global Changes in Mitochondrial Proteins. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163500. [PMID: 27684481 PMCID: PMC5042483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a ubiquitous, tightly regulated, and evolutionarily conserved behavior observed in almost all animals. Prolonged sleep deprivation can be fatal, indicating that sleep is a physiological necessity. However, little is known about its core function. To gain insight into this mystery, we used advanced quantitative proteomics technology to survey the global changes in brain protein abundance. Aiming to gain a comprehensive profile, our proteomics workflow included filter-aided sample preparation (FASP), which increased the coverage of membrane proteins; tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling, for relative quantitation; and high resolution, high mass accuracy, high throughput mass spectrometry (MS). In total, we obtained the relative abundance ratios of 9888 proteins encoded by 6070 genes. Interestingly, we observed significant enrichment for mitochondrial proteins among the differentially expressed proteins. This finding suggests that sleep deprivation strongly affects signaling pathways that govern either energy metabolism or responses to mitochondrial stress. Additionally, the differentially-expressed proteins are enriched in pathways implicated in age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Alzheimer’s, hinting at possible connections between sleep loss, mitochondrial stress, and neurodegeneration.
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31
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Yerga J, Calzada J, Manteca X, Vargas A, Pérez MJ, Palomares F, Rivas A. Ontogeny of daily activity and circadian rhythm in the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Deep sleep after social stress: NREM sleep slow-wave activity is enhanced in both winners and losers of a conflict. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 47:149-54. [PMID: 25585138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is considered to be a recovery process of prior wakefulness. Not only duration of the waking period affects sleep architecture and sleep EEG, the quality of wakefulness is also highly important. Studies in rats have shown that social defeat stress, in which experimental animals are attacked and defeated by a dominant conspecific, is followed by an acute increase in NREM sleep EEG slow wave activity (SWA). However, it is not known whether this effect is specific for the stress of social defeat or a result of the conflict per se. In the present experiment, we examined how sleep is affected in both the winners and losers of a social conflict. Sleep-wake patterns and sleep EEG were recorded in male wild-type Groningen rats that were subjected to 1h of social conflict in the middle of the light phase. All animals were confronted with a conspecific of similar aggression level and the conflict took place in a neutral arena where both individuals had an equal chance to either win or lose the conflict. NREM sleep SWA was significantly increased after the social conflict compared to baseline values and a gentle stimulation control condition. REM sleep was significantly suppressed in the first hours after the conflict. Winners and losers did not differ significantly in NREM sleep time, NREM sleep SWA and REM sleep time immediately after the conflict. Losers tended to have slightly more NREM sleep later in the recovery period. This study shows that in rats a social conflict with an unpredictable outcome has quantitatively and qualitatively largely similar acute effects on subsequent sleep in winners and losers.
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Gross BA, Vanderheyden WM, Urpa LM, Davis DE, Fitzpatrick CJ, Prabhu K, Poe GR. Stress-free automatic sleep deprivation using air puffs. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 251:83-91. [PMID: 26014662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep deprivation via gentle handling is time-consuming and personnel-intensive. NEW METHOD We present here an automated sleep deprivation system via air puffs. Implanted EMG and EEG electrodes were used to assess sleep/waking states in six male Sprague-Dawley rats. Blood samples were collected from an implanted intravenous catheter every 4h during the 12-h light cycle on baseline, 8h of sleep deprivation via air puffs, and 8h of sleep deprivation by gentle handling days. RESULTS The automated system was capable of scoring sleep and waking states as accurately as our offline version (∼90% for sleep) and with sufficient speed to trigger a feedback response within an acceptable amount of time (1.76s). Manual state scoring confirmed normal sleep on the baseline day and sleep deprivation on the two manipulation days (68% decrease in non-REM, 63% decrease in REM, and 74% increase in waking). No significant differences in levels of ACTH and corticosterone (stress hormones indicative of HPA axis activity) were found at any time point between baseline sleep and sleep deprivation via air puffs. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD There were no significant differences in ACTH or corticosterone concentrations between sleep deprivation by air puffs and gentle handling over the 8-h period. CONCLUSIONS Our system accurately detects sleep and delivers air puffs to acutely deprive rats of sleep with sufficient temporal resolution during the critical 4-5h post learning sleep-dependent memory consolidation period. The system is stress-free and a viable alternative to existing sleep deprivation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks A Gross
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | | | - Lea M Urpa
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Devon E Davis
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Kaustubh Prabhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Gina R Poe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Vyazovskiy VV, Foster RG. Sleep: a biological stimulus from our nearest celestial neighbor? Curr Biol 2015; 24:R557-R560. [PMID: 24937279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Three studies have retrospectively analysed different data-sets to assess whether there is an effect of lunar phase upon human sleep. The results and conclusions differ. Until specifically designed experiments, controlling for key variables, are undertaken this issue will remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.
| | - Russell G Foster
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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Stephenson R, Caron AM, Famina S. Behavioral sleep-wake homeostasis and EEG delta power are decoupled by chronic sleep restriction in the rat. Sleep 2015; 38:685-97. [PMID: 25669184 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Chronic sleep restriction (CSR) is prevalent in society and is linked to adverse consequences that might be ameliorated by acclimation of homeostatic drive. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the sleep-wake homeostat will acclimatize to CSR. DESIGN A four-parameter model of proportional control was used to quantify sleep homeostasis with and without recourse to a sleep intensity function. SETTING Animal laboratory, rodent walking-wheel apparatus. SUBJECTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Acute total sleep deprivation (TSD, 1 day × 18 or 24 h, N = 12), CSR (10 days × 18 h TSD, N = 5, or 5 days × 20 h TSD, N = 6). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Behavioral rebounds were consistent with model predictions for proportional control of cumulative times in wake, nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM). Delta (D) energy homeostasis was secondary to behavioral homeostasis; a biphasic NREM D power rebound contributed to the dynamics (rapid response) but not to the magnitude of the rebound in D energy. REM behavioral homeostasis was little affected by CSR. NREM behavioral homeostasis was attenuated in proportion to cumulative NREM deficit, whereas the biphasic NREM D power rebound was only slightly suppressed, indicating decoupled regulatory mechanisms following CSR. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that sleep homeostasis is achieved through behavioral regulation, that the NREM behavioral homeostat is susceptible to attenuation during CSR and that the concept of sleep intensity is not essential in a model of sleep-wake regulation. STUDY OBJECTIVES Chronic sleep restriction (CSR) is prevalent in society and is linked to adverse consequences that might be ameliorated by acclimation of homeostatic drive. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the sleep-wake homeostat will acclimatize to CSR. DESIGN A four-parameter model of proportional control was used to quantify sleep homeostasis with and without recourse to a sleep intensity function. SETTING Animal laboratory, rodent walking-wheel apparatus. SUBJECTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Acute total sleep deprivation (TSD, 1 day × 18 or 24 h, N = 12), CSR (10 days × 18 h TSD, N = 5, or 5 days × 20 h TSD, N = 6). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Behavioral rebounds were consistent with model predictions for proportional control of cumulative times in wake, nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM). Delta (D) energy homeostasis was secondary to behavioral homeostasis; a biphasic NREM D power rebound contributed to the dynamics (rapid response) but not to the magnitude of the rebound in D energy. REM behavioral homeostasis was little affected by CSR. NREM behavioral homeostasis was attenuated in proportion to cumulative NREM deficit, whereas the biphasic NREM D power rebound was only slightly suppressed, indicating decoupled regulatory mechanisms following CSR. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that sleep homeostasis is achieved through behavioral regulation, that the NREM behavioral homeostat is susceptible to attenuation during CSR and that the concept of sleep intensity is not essential in a model of sleep-wake regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Stephenson
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aimee M Caron
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Svetlana Famina
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Loomis S, McCarthy A, Baxter C, Kellett DO, Edgar DM, Tricklebank M, Gilmour G. Distinct pro-vigilant profile induced in rats by the mGluR5 potentiator LSN2814617. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3977-89. [PMID: 25902875 PMCID: PMC4600478 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While treatment options are available, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) remains a significant unmet medical need for many patients. Relatively little rodent behavioural pharmacology has been conducted in this context to assess potential pro-vigilant compounds for their ability to restore functional capacity following experimentally induced sleep loss. Male Wistar rats were prepared for electroencephalographic (EEG) recording and subject to 11 h of sleep restriction using a biofeedback-induced cage rotation protocol. A simple response latency task (SRLT) was used to behaviourally index sleep restriction and the effects of pro-vigilant compounds: modafinil, D-amphetamine, caffeine, and the mGlu5-positive allosteric modulator LSN2814617. Sleep restriction resulted in a consistent, quantified loss of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep that impaired SRLT performance in a manner suggestive of progressive task disengagement. In terms of EEG parameters, all compounds induced wakefulness. Amphetamine treatment further decreased SRLT performance capacity, whereas the other three compounds decreased omissions and allowed animals to re-engage in the task. Caffeine and modafinil also significantly increased premature responses during this period, an effect not observed for LSN2814617. While all compounds caused compensatory sleep responses, the magnitude of compensation observed for LSN2814617 was much smaller than would be predicted to result from the prolongation of wakefulness exhibited. Using simple response latencies to index performance, an mGlu5 PAM dramatically increased wakefulness and improved functional capacity of sleep-restricted animals, without eliciting a proportionate compensatory sleep response. This effect was qualitatively distinct from that of amphetamine, caffeine and modafinil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Loomis
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH England UK
| | - Andrew McCarthy
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH England UK
| | - Christopher Baxter
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH England UK
| | - Daniel O. Kellett
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH England UK
| | - Dale M. Edgar
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH England UK
| | - Mark Tricklebank
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH England UK
| | - Gary Gilmour
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, England, UK.
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Nelson AB, Faraguna U, Zoltan JT, Tononi G, Cirelli C. Sleep patterns and homeostatic mechanisms in adolescent mice. Brain Sci 2014; 3:318-43. [PMID: 23772316 PMCID: PMC3682503 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3010318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep changes were studied in mice (n = 59) from early adolescence to adulthood (postnatal days P19–111). REM sleep declined steeply in early adolescence, while total sleep remained constant and NREM sleep increased slightly. Four hours of sleep deprivation starting at light onset were performed from ages P26 through adulthood (>P60). Following this acute sleep deprivation all mice slept longer and with more consolidated sleep bouts, while NREM slow wave activity (SWA) showed high interindividual variability in the younger groups, and increased consistently only after P42. Three parameters together explained up to 67% of the variance in SWA rebound in frontal cortex, including weight-adjusted age and increase in alpha power during sleep deprivation, both of which positively correlated with the SWA response. The third, and strongest predictor was the SWA decline during the light phase in baseline: mice with high peak SWA at light onset, resulting in a large SWA decline, were more likely to show no SWA rebound after sleep deprivation, a result that was also confirmed in parietal cortex. During baseline, however, SWA showed the same homeostatic changes in adolescents and adults, declining in the course of sleep and increasing across periods of spontaneous wake. Thus, we hypothesize that, in young adolescent mice, a ceiling effect and not the immaturity of the cellular mechanisms underlying sleep homeostasis may prevent the SWA rebound when wake is extended beyond its physiological duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B. Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA; E-Mails: (A.B.N.); (U.F.); (J.T.Z.); (G.T.)
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ugo Faraguna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA; E-Mails: (A.B.N.); (U.F.); (J.T.Z.); (G.T.)
| | - Jeffrey T. Zoltan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA; E-Mails: (A.B.N.); (U.F.); (J.T.Z.); (G.T.)
| | - Giulio Tononi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA; E-Mails: (A.B.N.); (U.F.); (J.T.Z.); (G.T.)
| | - Chiara Cirelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA; E-Mails: (A.B.N.); (U.F.); (J.T.Z.); (G.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-608-263-9236; Fax: +1-608-263-9340
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Prolonged sleep fragmentation of mice exacerbates febrile responses to lipopolysaccharide. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 219:104-12. [PMID: 23872243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disruption is a frequent occurrence in modern society. Whereas many studies have focused on the consequences of total sleep deprivation, few have investigated the condition of sleep disruption. NEW METHOD We disrupted sleep of mice during the light period for 9 consecutive days using an intermittently rotating disc. RESULTS Electroencephalogram (EEG) data demonstrated that non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep was severely fragmented and REM sleep was essentially abolished during the 12h light period. During the dark period, when sleep was not disrupted, neither NREM sleep nor REM sleep times differed from control values. Analysis of the EEG revealed a trend for increased power in the peak frequency of the NREM EEG spectra during the dark period. The fragmentation protocol was not overly stressful as body weights and water consumption remained unchanged, and plasma corticosterone did not differ between mice subjected to 3 or 9 days of sleep disruption and home cage controls. However, mice subjected to 9 days of sleep disruption by this method responded to lipopolysaccharide with an exacerbated febrile response. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Existing methods to disrupt sleep of laboratory rodents often subject the animal to excessive locomotion, vibration, or sudden movements. This method does not suffer from any of these confounds. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that prolonged sleep disruption of mice exacerbates febrile responses to lipopolysaccharide. This device provides a method to determine mechanisms by which chronic insufficient sleep contributes to the etiology of many pathologies, particularly those with an inflammatory component.
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Behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of sleep and sleep homeostasis. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2013; 25:1-24. [PMID: 24142866 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2013_248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The definition of what sleep is depends on the method that is applied to record sleep. Behavioral and (electro)-physiological measures of sleep clearly overlap in mammals and birds , but it is often unclear how these two relate in other vertebrates and invertebrates. Homeostatic regulation of sleep, where the amount of sleep depends on the amount of previous waking, can be observed in physiology and behavior in all animals this was tested in. In mammals and birds, sleep is generally subdivided into two states, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and REM sleep. In mammals the combination of behavioral sleep and the changes in the slow-wave range of the NREM sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) can explain and predict the occurrence and depth of sleep in great detail. For REM sleep this is far less clear. Finally, the discovery that slow-waves in the NREM sleep EEG are influenced locally on the cortex depending on prior waking behavior is an interesting new development that asks for an adaptation of the concept of homeostatic regulation of sleep. Incorporating local sleep into models of sleep regulation is needed to obtain a comprehensive picture.
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Hoffmann K, Coolen A, Schlumbohm C, Meerlo P, Fuchs E. Remote long-term registrations of sleep-wake rhythms, core body temperature and activity in marmoset monkeys. Behav Brain Res 2012; 235:113-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Davis CJ, Clinton JM, Krueger JM. MicroRNA 138, let-7b, and 125a inhibitors differentially alter sleep and EEG delta-wave activity in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:1756-62. [PMID: 23104698 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00940.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation was previously reported to alter microRNA (miRNA) levels in the brain; however, the direct effects of any miRNA on sleep have only been described recently. We determined miRNA 138 (miR-138), miRNA let-7b (let-7b), and miRNA 125a-5p (miR-125a) levels in different brain areas at the transitions between light and dark. In addition, we examined the extent to which inhibiting these miRNAs affects sleep and EEG measures. We report that the levels of multiple miRNAs differ at the end of the sleep-dominant light period vs. the end of the wake-dominant dark period in cortical areas, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. For instance, in multiple regions of the cortex, miR-138, let-7b, and miR-125a expression was higher at the end of the dark period compared with the end of the light period. Intracerebroventricular injection of a specific inhibitor (antiMIR) to miR-138 suppressed sleep and nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) EEG delta power. The antiMIR to let-7b did not affect time in state but decreased NREMS EEG delta power, whereas the antiMIR to miR-125a failed to affect sleep until after 3 days and did not affect EEG delta power on any day. We conclude that miRNAs are uniquely expressed at different times and in different structures in the brain and have discrete effects and varied timings on several sleep phenotypes and therefore, likely play a role in the regulation of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Davis
- WWAMI Medical Education Program, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99210, USA.
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Coolen A, Hoffmann K, Barf RP, Fuchs E, Meerlo P. Telemetric study of sleep architecture and sleep homeostasis in the day-active tree shrew Tupaia belangeri. Sleep 2012; 35:879-88. [PMID: 22654207 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES In this study the authors characterized sleep architecture and sleep homeostasis in the tree shrew, Tupaia belangeri, a small, omnivorous, day-active mammal that is closely related to primates. DESIGN Adult tree shrews were individually housed under a 12-hr light/12-hr dark cycle in large cages containing tree branches and a nest box. The animals were equipped with radio transmitters to allow continuous recording of electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG), and body temperature without restricting their movements. Recordings were performed under baseline conditions and after sleep deprivation (SD) for 6 hr or 12 hr during the dark phase. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Under baseline conditions, the tree shrews spent a total of 62.4 ± 1.4% of the 24-hr cycle asleep, with 91.2 ± 0.7% of sleep during the dark phase and 33.7 ± 2.8% sleep during the light phase. During the dark phase, all sleep occurred in the nest box; 79.6% of it was non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and 20.4% was rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In contrast, during the light phase, sleep occurred almost exclusively on the top branches of the cage and only consisted of NREM sleep. SD was followed by an immediate increase in NREM sleep time and an increase in NREM sleep EEG slow-wave activity (SWA), indicating increased sleep intensity. The cumulative increase in NREM sleep time and intensity almost made up for the NREM sleep that had been lost during 6-hr SD, but did not fully make up for the NREM sleep lost during 12-hr SD. Also, only a small fraction of the REM sleep that was lost was recovered, which mainly occurred on the second recovery night. CONCLUSIONS The day-active tree shrew shares most of the characteristics of sleep structure and sleep homeostasis that have been reported for other mammalian species, with some peculiarities. Because the tree shrew is an established laboratory animal in neurobiological research, it may be a valuable model species for studies of sleep regulation and sleep function, with the added advantage that it is a day-active species closely related to primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Coolen
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Center for Behavior and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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Deurveilher S, Rusak B, Semba K. Time-of-day modulation of homeostatic and allostatic sleep responses to chronic sleep restriction in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302:R1411-25. [PMID: 22492816 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00678.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To study sleep responses to chronic sleep restriction (CSR) and time-of-day influences on these responses, we developed a rat model of CSR that takes into account the polyphasic sleep patterns in rats. Adult male rats underwent cycles of 3 h of sleep deprivation (SD) and 1 h of sleep opportunity (SO) continuously for 4 days, beginning at the onset of the 12-h light phase ("3/1" protocol). Electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) recordings were made before, during, and after CSR. During CSR, total sleep time was reduced by ∼60% from baseline levels. Both rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) during SO periods increased initially relative to baseline and remained elevated for the rest of the CSR period. In contrast, NREMS EEG delta power (a measure of sleep intensity) increased initially, but then declined gradually, in parallel with increases in high-frequency power in the NREMS EEG. The amplitude of daily rhythms in NREMS and REMS amounts was maintained during SO periods, whereas that of NREMS delta power was reduced. Compensatory responses during the 2-day post-CSR recovery period were either modest or negative and gated by time of day. NREMS, REMS, and EEG delta power lost during CSR were not recovered by the end of the second recovery day. Thus the "3/1" CSR protocol triggered both homeostatic responses (increased sleep amounts and intensity during SOs) and allostatic responses (gradual decline in sleep intensity during SOs and muted or negative post-CSR sleep recovery), and both responses were modulated by time of day.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Deurveilher
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Davis CJ, Clinton JM, Taishi P, Bohnet SG, Honn KA, Krueger JM. MicroRNA 132 alters sleep and varies with time in brain. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:665-72. [PMID: 21719725 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00517.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) levels in brain are altered by sleep deprivation; however, the direct effects of any miRNA on sleep have not heretofore been described. We report herein that intracerebroventricular application of a miRNA-132 mimetic (preMIR-132) decreased duration of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) while simultaneously increasing duration of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) during the light phase. Further, preMIR-132 decreased electroencephalographic (EEG) slow-wave activity (SWA) during NREMS, an index of sleep intensity. In separate experiments unilateral supracortical application of preMIR-132 ipsilaterally decreased EEG SWA during NREMS but did not alter global sleep duration. In addition, after ventricular or supracortical injections of preMIR-132, the mimetic-induced effects were state specific, occurring only during NREMS. After local supracortical injections of the mimetic, cortical miRNA-132 levels were higher at the time sleep-related EEG effects were manifest. We also report that spontaneous cortical levels of miRNA-132 were lower at the end of the sleep-dominant light period compared with at the end of the dark period in rats. Results suggest that miRNAs play a regulatory role in sleep and provide a new tool for investigating sleep regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Davis
- Washington State University-Spokane, Health Sciences Bldg. 280E, 412 E Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, USA.
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Estradiol suppresses recovery of REM sleep following sleep deprivation in ovariectomized female rats. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:962-71. [PMID: 21722658 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sleep complaints such as insufficient sleep and insomnia are twice as prevalent in women. Symptoms of sleep disruption are often coincident with changes in the gonadal hormone profile across a women's lifespan. Data from a number of different species, including humans, non-human primates and rodents strongly implicate a role for gonadal hormones in the modulation of sleep. In female rats, increased levels of circulating estradiol increase wakefulness and reduce sleep in the dark phase. In this study, we asked whether this reduction in sleep is driven by estradiol-dependent reduction in sleep need during the dark phase by assessing sleep before and after sleep deprivation (SD). Ovariectomized rats implanted with EEG telemetry transmitters were given Silastic capsules containing either 17-β estradiol in sesame oil (E2) or sesame oil alone. After a 24-hour baseline, animals were sleep-deprived via gentle handling for the entire 12-hour light phase, and then allowed to recover. E2 treatment suppressed baseline REM sleep duration in the dark phase, but not NREM or Wake duration, within three days. While SD induced a compensatory increase in REM duration in both groups, this increase was smaller in E2-treated rats compared to oils, as measured in absolute duration as well as by relative increase over baseline. Thus, E2 suppressed REM sleep in the dark phase both before and after SD. E2 also suppressed NREM and increased waking in the early- to mid-dark phase on the day after SD. NREM delta power tracked NREM sleep before and after SD, with small hormone-dependent reductions in delta power in recovery, but not spontaneous sleep. These results demonstrate that E2 powerfully and specifically suppresses spontaneous and recovery REM sleep in the dark phase, and suggest that ovarian steroids may consolidate circadian sleep-wake rhythms.
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Leenaars CH, Dematteis M, Joosten RN, Eggels L, Sandberg H, Schirris M, Feenstra MG, Van Someren EJ. A new automated method for rat sleep deprivation with minimal confounding effects on corticosterone and locomotor activity. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 196:107-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Borbély AA, Tobler I. Manifestations and functional implications of sleep homeostasis. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2011; 98:205-213. [PMID: 21056188 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52006-7.00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Borbély
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hagewoud R, Whitcomb SN, Heeringa AN, Havekes R, Koolhaas JM, Meerlo P. A time for learning and a time for sleep: the effect of sleep deprivation on contextual fear conditioning at different times of the day. Sleep 2010; 33:1315-22. [PMID: 21061853 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/33.10.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep deprivation negatively affects memory consolidation, especially in the case of hippocampus-dependent memories. Studies in rodents have shown that 5 hours of sleep deprivation immediately following footshock exposure selectively impairs the formation of a contextual fear memory. In these studies, both acquisition and subsequent sleep deprivation were performed in the animals' main resting phase. However, in everyday life, subjects most often learn during their active phase. DESIGN Here we examined the effects of sleep deprivation on memory consolidation for contextual fear in rats when the task was performed at different times of the day, particularly, at the beginning of the resting phase or right before the onset of the active phase. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Results show that sleep deprivation immediately following training affects consolidation of contextual fear, independent of time of training. However, in the resting phase memory consolidation was impaired by 6 hours of posttraining sleep deprivation, whereas, in the active phase, the impairment was only seen after 12 hours of sleep deprivation. Since rats sleep at least twice as much during the resting phase compared with the active phase, these data suggest that the effect of sleep deprivation depends on the amount of sleep that was lost. Also, control experiments show that effects of sleep deprivation were not related to the amount of stimulation the animals received and were therefore not likely an indirect effect of the sleep-deprivation method. CONCLUSION These results support the notion that sleep immediately following acquisition, independent of time of day, promotes memory consolidation and that sleep deprivation may disrupt this process depending on the amount of sleep that is lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelina Hagewoud
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Center for Behavior and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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