1
|
Vilaça M, Lopes C, Seabra R, Rocha E. 17α-Ethynylestradiol and Levonorgestrel Exposure of Rainbow Trout RTL-W1 Cells at 18 °C and 21 °C Mainly Reveals Thermal Tolerance, Absence of Estrogenic Effects, and Progestin-Induced Upregulation of Detoxification Genes. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1189. [PMID: 39336780 PMCID: PMC11431550 DOI: 10.3390/genes15091189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Fish are exposed to increased water temperatures and aquatic pollutants, including endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). Although each stressor can disturb fish liver metabolism independently, combined effects may exist. To unveil the molecular mechanisms behind the effects of EDCs and temperature, fish liver cell lines are potential models needing better characterisation. Accordingly, we exposed the rainbow trout RTL-W1 cells (72 h), at 18 °C and 21 °C, to ethynylestradiol (EE2), levonorgestrel (LNG), and a mixture of both hormones (MIX) at 10 µM. The gene expression of a selection of targets related to detoxification (CYP1A, CYP3A27, GST, UGT, CAT, and MRP2), estrogen exposure (ERα, VtgA), lipid metabolism (FAS, FABP1, FATP1), and temperature stress (HSP70b) was analysed by RT-qPCR. GST expression was higher after LNG exposure at 21 °C than at 18 °C. LNG further enhanced the expression of CAT, while both LNG and MIX increased the expressions of CYP3A27 and MRP2. In contrast, FAS expression only increased in MIX, compared to the control. ERα, VtgA, UGT, CYP1A, HSP70b, FABP1, and FATP1 expressions were not influenced by the temperature or the tested EDCs. The RTL-W1 model was unresponsive to EE2 alone, sensitive to LNG (in detoxification pathway genes), and mainly insensitive to the temperature range but had the potential to unveil specific interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Vilaça
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Team of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Célia Lopes
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Team of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Rosária Seabra
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Team of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Team of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Molés G, Valdehita A, Connolly M, Navas JM. Involvement of ahr-dependent Cyp1a detoxification activity, oxidative stress and inflammatory regulation in response to graphene oxide exposure in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143005. [PMID: 39121965 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a very attractive material for use in a vast number of applications. However, before its widespread use, it is important to consider potential issues related to environmental safety to support its safe application. The aim of this study was to investigate effects on fish (rainbow trout) following GO exposure. Using both an in vitro approach with the RTL W1 rainbow trout liver cell line, and in vivo exposures, following OECD TG 203, disturbances at the cellular level as well as in the gills and liver tissue of juvenile trout were assessed. In RTL W1 cells, a time and concentration-dependent loss in cell viability, specifically plasma membrane integrity and lysosomal function, was observed after 96 h of exposure to GO at concentrations ≥18.75 mg/L. Additionally, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were evidenced at concentrations ≥18.75 mg/L, and an enhancement of metabolic activity was noted with concentrations ≥4.68 mg/L. In vivo exposures to GO did not provoke mortality in rainbow trout juveniles following 96 h exposure but led to histological alterations in gills and liver tissues, induction of enzymatic detoxification activities in the liver, as well as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr)-cytochrome P450 1a (cyp1a) gene expression downregulation, and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines il1b and il8 at GO concentrations ≥9.89 mg/L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Molés
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Valdehita
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mona Connolly
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José María Navas
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pannetier P, Clérandeau C, Le Floch S, Cachot J, Morin B. Toxicity evaluation of water-accommodated fraction of heavy and light oils on the rainbow trout fish cell line RTL-W1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:49715-49726. [PMID: 39080162 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Fish are currently used models for the toxicity assessment of chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Alternative methods including fish cell lines are currently used to provide fast and reliable results on the toxic properties of chemicals while respecting ethical concerns about animal testing. The Rainbow trout liver cell line RTLW1 was used to analyze the effects of two water-accommodated fractions from two crude oils: Arabian Light crude oil (LO) and refined oil from Erika (HO). Several toxicity endpoints were assessed in this study, including cytotoxicity, EROD activity, DNA damage (comet and micronucleus assays), and ROS production. RTL-W1 cells were exposed for 24 h at two or three dilutions of WAF at 1000 µg/L (0.1% (1 μg/L), 1% (10 μg/L), and 10% (100 μg/L)) for cytotoxicity and EROD activity and 1% and 10% for ROS production and genotoxicity). Exposure of RTL-W1 cells to LO WAF induced a significant increase of EROD activity and ROS production and altered DNA integrity as revealed by both the comet assay and the micronucleus test for 10 µg/L of LO. On the other hand, HO WAF exhibited limited toxic effects except for an EROD induction for 1% WAF dilution. These results confirmed the usefulness of RTL-W1 cells for in vitro toxicological assessment of chemical mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Pannetier
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 5805, 33600, Pessac, France.
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Unit Virology, Immunology and Ecotoxicology of Fish, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France.
| | | | - Stéphane Le Floch
- Centre de Documentation, de Recherche Et d'Expérimentations Sur Les Pollutions Accidentelles Des Eaux, CEDRE, 29200, Brest, France
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 5805, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Bénédicte Morin
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 5805, 33600, Pessac, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ho TH, Tran HTQ, Liu CH, Lee MC, Wangkahart E, Wu YC, Lin YL, Lee PT. Establishment of a cobia (Rachycentron canadum) gill cell line: A valuable tool for immune response studies. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109514. [PMID: 38493986 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum), a commercially important marine fish, has been used to develop a novel gill cell line, designated CG, for the first time. The CG cell line was cultured in Leibovitz's-15 medium with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and successfully sub-cultured more than 110 passages. It underwent verification through sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Optimal growth rate was achieved when the CG cell line was cultured in a medium supplemented with 5% FBS, 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S), and 5 parts per thousand (ppt) of coral sea salt water, maintained at a temperature of 27 °C. The addition of 5 ppt of salt in the growth medium suggests that this cell line could be a viable in vitro tool for marine ecosystem toxicological studies or for culturing marine parasitic microorganisms. The CG cell line was also successfully transfected using the pTurbo-GFP plasmids, showing an 18% efficiency, with observable GFP expression. Furthermore, the cell line has been effectively cryopreserved. Gene expression analysis indicated that the CG cell line exhibits responsive regulation of immune gene expression when exposured to various stimulants, highlighting its potential as an in vitro platform for immune response studies. This makes it suitable for exploring dynamic immune signaling pathways and host-pathogen interactions, thereby offering valuable insights for therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hang Ho
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | | | - Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chou Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Eakapol Wangkahart
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology and Nutrigenomics, Applied Animal and Aquatic Sciences Research Unit, Division of Fisheries, Faculty of Technology Mahasarakham University, Khamriang Sub-District, Kantarawichai, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Yu-Ching Wu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Lin
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Po-Tsang Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Molés G, Connolly M, Valdehita A, Pulido-Reyes G, Fernandez-Cruz ML, Flahaut E, Navas JM. Testing the Aquatic Toxicity of 2D Few-Layer Graphene Inks Using Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss): In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches to Support an SSbD Assessment. TOXICS 2024; 12:97. [PMID: 38393192 PMCID: PMC10892222 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Graphene-based conductive inks offer attractive possibilities in many printing technology applications. Often, these inks contain a mixture of compounds, such as solvents and stabilizers. For the safe(r) and sustainable use of such materials in products, potentially hazardous components must be identified and considered in the design stage. In this study, the hazards of few-layer graphene (FLG)-based ink formulations were tested in fish using in vitro (RTL-W1 cell line) and in vivo aquatic ecotoxicity tests (OECD TG 203). Five ink formulations were produced using different processing steps, containing varying amounts of solvents and stabilizers, with the end products formulated either in aqueous solutions or in powder form. The FLG ink formulations with the highest contents of the stabilizer sodium deoxycholate showed greater in vitro cytotoxic effects, but they did not provoke mortality in juvenile rainbow trout. However, exposure led to increased activities of the cytochrome P450 1a (Cyp1a) and Cyp3a enzymes in the liver, which play an essential role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, suggesting that any effects will be enhanced by the presence of the stabilizers. These results highlight the importance of an SSbD approach together with the use of appropriate testing tools and strategies. By incorporating additional processing steps to remove identified cytotoxic residual solvents and stabilizers, the hazard profile of the FLG inks improved, demonstrating that, by following the principles of the European Commission's safe(r) and sustainable by design (SSbD) framework, one can contribute to the safe(r) and sustainable use of functional and advanced 2D materials in products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Molés
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Mona Connolly
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
| | - Ana Valdehita
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
| | - Gerardo Pulido-Reyes
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
| | - Maria L. Fernandez-Cruz
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- Centre Inter-Universitaire de Recherche et D’Ingénierie en Matériaux (CIRIMAT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 16 Av Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France;
| | - José M. Navas
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Balk F, Hüsser B, Hollender J, Schirmer K. Bioconcentration Assessment of Three Cationic Surfactants in Permanent Fish Cell Lines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1452-1461. [PMID: 38214086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Cationic surfactants are used in many industrial processes and in consumer products with concurrent release into the aquatic environment, where they may accumulate in aquatic organisms to regulatoryly relevant thresholds. Here, we aimed to better understand the bioconcentration behavior of three selected cationic surfactants, namely N,N-dimethyldecylamine (T10), N-methyldodecylamine (S12), and N,N,N-trimethyltetradecylammonium cation (Q14), in the cells of fish liver (RTL-W1) and gill (RTgill-W1) cell lines. We conducted full mass balances for bioconcentration tests with the cell cultures, in which the medium, the cell surface, the cells themselves, and the plastic compartment were sampled and quantified for each surfactant by HPLC MS/MS. Accumulation in/to cells correlated with the surfactants' alkyl chain lengths and their membrane lipid-water partitioning coefficient, DMLW. Cell-derived bioconcentration factors (BCF) of T10 and S12 were within a factor of 3.5 to in vivo BCF obtained from the literature, while the cell-derived BCF values for Q14 were >100 times higher than the in vivo BCF. From our experiments, rainbow trout cell lines appear as a suitable conservative in vitro screening method for bioconcentration assessment of cationic surfactants and are promising for further testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Balk
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastian Hüsser
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pelyhe C, Sturve J. Isolation and characterization of the morphology, size and particle number of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) cell line derived large and small extracellular vesicles. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1199-1214. [PMID: 37870723 PMCID: PMC10757702 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 50-1,000 nm lipid bilayer-bound vesicles, released into the extracellular environment by various cell types for intercellular communication purposes. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of EVs can be affected by stress and pathological conditions. The majority of extracellular vesicle (EV) studies have been performed on mammalian cell lines or bodily fluids. EVs have been previously described from bodily fluids like plasma, serum or mucus in different fish species, however the available knowledge of fish cell line derived EVs is limited and in the vast majority of studies, the overall focus is on small EVs (< 200 nm). We isolated large and small extracellular vesicles from zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver (ZFL), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver (RTL-W1), gill (RTgill-W1) and intestinal epithelial (RTgutGC) cell lines using stepwise centrifugation and characterized the size and morphology of EVs. Here we demonstrated that large and small extracellular vesicles can be successfully isolated using stepwise centrifugation from the serum-free medium of the selected piscine cell lines after a 24-h incubation period. The size distribution of large and small EVs isolated from the piscine cell lines suggest that large and small EV groups show high diversity in size ranges, containing heterogenous subpopulations in sizes, and the results highly depend on the applied method and whether filtration steps were included following the isolation. The spherical morphology of EVs was verified by transmission electron microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Pelyhe
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ruan T, Li P, Wang H, Li T, Jiang G. Identification and Prioritization of Environmental Organic Pollutants: From an Analytical and Toxicological Perspective. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10584-10640. [PMID: 37531601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental organic pollutants has triggered significant ecological impacts and adverse health outcomes, which have been received substantial and increasing attention. The contribution of unidentified chemical components is considered as the most significant knowledge gap in understanding the combined effects of pollutant mixtures. To address this issue, remarkable analytical breakthroughs have recently been made. In this review, the basic principles on recognition of environmental organic pollutants are overviewed. Complementary analytical methodologies (i.e., quantitative structure-activity relationship prediction, mass spectrometric nontarget screening, and effect-directed analysis) and experimental platforms are briefly described. The stages of technique development and/or essential parts of the analytical workflow for each of the methodologies are then reviewed. Finally, plausible technique paths and applications of the future nontarget screening methods, interdisciplinary techniques for achieving toxicant identification, and burgeoning strategies on risk assessment of chemical cocktails are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Valdehita A, Fernández-Cruz ML, Navas JM. The Potentiating Effect of Graphene Oxide on the Arylhydrocarbon Receptor (AhR)-Cytochrome P4501A (Cyp1A) System Activated by Benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) in Rainbow Trout Cell Line. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2501. [PMID: 37764529 PMCID: PMC10534689 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of graphene oxide (GO) will result in its release into the environment; therefore, it is essential to determine its final fate and possible metabolism by organisms. The objective of this study was to assess the possible role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent cytochrome P4501A (Cyp1A) detoxification activities on the catabolism of GO. Our hypothesis is that GO cannot initially interact with the AhR, but that after an initial degradation caused by other mechanisms, small fractions of GO could activate the AhR, inducing Cyp1A. The environmental pollutant benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) was used for the initial activation of the AhR in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell line RTL-W1. Pre-, co-, and post-exposure experiments with GO were performed and Cyp1A induction was monitored. The strong stimulation of Cyp1A observed in cells after exposure to GO, when BkF levels were not detected in the system, suggests a direct action of GO. The role of the AhR was confirmed by a blockage of the observed effects in co-treatment experiments with αNF (an AhR antagonist). These results suggest a possible role for the AhR and Cyp1A system in the cellular metabolism of GO and that GO could modulate the toxicity of environmental pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José M. Navas
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), CSIC, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7,5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (M.L.F.-C.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu F, Dixon B, Del Mar Ortega-Villaizan M, Tafalla C, Xu H, Secombes CJ, Wang T. Novel insights into the cytokine network of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss using cell lines and primary leukocyte populations. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108755. [PMID: 37084856 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are small proteins that regulate innate and adaptive immune responses and are released by both immune and non-immune cell types. In the current study, the constitutive and induced gene expression profiles of a suite of proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines was examined comparatively in eight rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell lines, in order to establish the cytokine repertoires of these different cell types, especially the understudied non-immune cells. They included three epithelial cell lines (RTgut, RTgill, and RTL), one endothelial cell line (RTH), one fibroblast cell line (RTG-2), two stromal cell lines (TSS and TPS-2) and one monocyte/macrophage-like cell line (RTS-11). Three types of primary leukocytes (derived from blood, spleen and head kidney) of trout were also included in the analysis, to allow comparison to the repertoires expressed in T cells, as a major source of cytokines in immune responses. The major findings are: 1) IL-2A, IL-2B, IL-4/13B1, IL-4/13B2, IL-10b, P40B1, P28B, IL-17A/F1b, TNF-α3, TNF-α4, IFNγ1, CCL20L2b and CCL20L3a are expressed mainly in leukocytes but IL-17 N, IL-17D, IL-20 and CCL20L1b2 are not expressed in these cells. Hence future studies in these cell lines will help establish their function in fish; 2) Some of the cytokines were differentially expressed in the cell lines, revealing the potential role of these cell types in aspects of trout mucosal and inflammatory immune responses, 3) Similar cell types grouped together in the cell cluster analysis, including the leukocyte cluster, stromal cell cluster, and epithelial and endothelial cell cluster. Taken together, this investigation of these trout cell lines forms a good database for studying the function of cytokines not expressed in isolated leukocytes or that are preferentially expressed in the cell lines. Furthermore, the cytokine expression analysis undertaken confirmed the phenotypic relationship of these cell types at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuguo Liu
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | | | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Hongsen Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Balk F, Hollender J, Schirmer K. Investigating the bioaccumulation potential of anionic organic compounds using a permanent rainbow trout liver cell line. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 174:107798. [PMID: 36965398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Permanent rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell lines represent potential in vitro alternatives to experiments with fish. We here developed a method to assess the bioaccumulation potential of anionic organic compounds in fish, using the rainbow trout liver-derived RTL-W1 cell line. Based on the availability of high quality in vivo bioconcentration (BCF) and biomagnification (BMF) data and the substances' charge state at physiological pH, four anionic compounds were selected: pentachlorophenol (PCP), diclofenac (DCF), tecloftalam (TT) and benzotriazol-tert-butyl-hydroxyl-phenyl propanoic acid (BHPP). The fish cell line acute toxicity assay (OECD TG249) was used to derive effective concentrations 50 % and non-toxic exposure concentrations to determine exposure concentrations for bioaccumulation experiments. Bioaccumulation experiments were performed over 48 h with a total of six time points, at which cell, medium and plastic fractions were sampled and measured using high resolution tandem mass spectrometry after online solid phase extraction. Observed cell internal concentrations were over-predicted by KOW-derived predictions while pH-dependent octanol-water partitioning (DOW) and membrane lipid-water partitioning (DMLW) gave better predictions of cell internal concentrations. Measured medium and cell internal concentrations at steady state were used to calculate RTL-W1-based BCF, which were compared to DOW- or DMLW-based model approaches and in vivo data. With the exception of PCP, the cell-derived BCF best compared to DOW-based model predictions, which were higher than predictions based on DMLW. All methods predicted the in vivo BCF for diclofenac well. For PCP, the cell-derived BCF was lowest although all BCF predictions underestimated the in vivo BCF by ≥ 1 order of magnitude. The RTL-W1 cells, and all other prediction methods, largely overestimated in vivo BMF, which were available for PCP, TT and BHPP. We conclude that the RTL-W1 cell line can supplement BCF predictions for anionic compounds. For BMF estimations, however, in vitro-in vivo extrapolations need adaptation or a multiple cell line approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Balk
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rajendran N, Deng F, Wang Y, Kenzior O, Krishnan J, Biswas T, Parmely T, Rohner N, Zhao C. Establishment, Long-Term Maintenance, and Characterization of Primary Liver Cells from Astyanax mexicanus. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e736. [PMID: 37068186 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The tetra fish species Astyanax mexicanus comprises two morphotypes: cavefish that live in caves and surface fish that inhabit rivers and lakes. Because cavefish have adapted to the nutrient-poor conditions in their habitat whereas the surface fish populations can be used as a proxy for the ancestral condition, this species has become a powerful model system for understanding genetic variation underlying metabolic adaptation. The liver plays a critical role in glucose and fat metabolism in the body and hence is an important tissue for studying altered metabolism in health and disease. Cavefish morphs of A. mexicanus have been shown to develop fatty livers and exhibit massive differences in gene expression and chromatin architecture. Primary cell lines from various tissues have become invaluable tools for biochemical, toxicology, and cell biology experiments, as well as genetic and genomic analyses. To enhance the utility of the model system by enabling an expanded set of biochemical and in vitro experiments, we developed protocols for the isolation and maintenance of primary liver cells from A. mexicanus surface fish and cavefish. We also describe methods that can be used for primary cell characterization, including cloning, characterization of cell growth pattern, and lentivirus transduction. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Primary culture of liver cells Support Protocol 1: Maintenance of A. mexicanus primary liver cells Support Protocol 2: Banking of A. mexicanus primary liver cells Support Protocol 3: Recovery of A. mexicanus primary liver cells Support Protocol 4: Primary liver cell cloning Support Protocol 5: Characterization of A. mexicanus primary liver cell growth pattern Basic Protocol 2: Lentiviral transduction of A. mexicanus primary liver cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fengyan Deng
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Yan Wang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Olga Kenzior
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Jaya Krishnan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri
- Present address: Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Tari Parmely
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Nicolas Rohner
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Chongbei Zhao
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Soto-Bielicka P, Tejeda I, Peropadre A, Hazen MJ, Fernández Freire P. Detrimental effects of individual versus combined exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A and polystyrene nanoplastics in fish cell lines. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 98:104072. [PMID: 36690190 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The potential interactions between the diverse pollutants that can be released into the environment and the resulting outcomes are a challenging issue that needs to be further examined. This in vitro study was aimed to assess potential toxic effects caused by combined exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A, a flame retardant widely used and frequently detected in aquatic matrices, and commercially available polystyrene nanoparticles as reference material to evaluate nanoplastics risks. Our results, using freshwater fish cell lines and a set of relevant cytotoxicity endpoints including cell viability, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, provide additional mechanistic insights that could help to fully characterize the toxicity profiles of tetrabromobisphenol A and polystyrene nanoparticles. Furthermore, we describe subtle changes in cell viability as well as the generation of oxidative DNA damage after coexposure to subcytotoxic concentrations of the tested pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Soto-Bielicka
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Tejeda
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Peropadre
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Hazen
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández Freire
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bols NC, Lee LEJ, Dowd GC. Distinguishing between ante factum and post factum properties of animal cell lines and demonstrating their use in grouping ray-finned fish cell lines into invitromes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2023; 59:41-62. [PMID: 36719554 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this review, animal cell lines are considered to have two classes of attributes: "before-the-fact" (ante factum) and "after-the-fact" (post factum) properties. Fish cell lines from Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) are used to illustrate this distinction and to demonstrate how these properties can be used in various ways to categorize cell lines into groups or invitromes. Before-the-fact properties are set at initiation and are properties of the sample and species from which the cell line arose and of the scientist(s) who developed the cell line. On the basis of the Actinopterygii sample, invitromes exist for embryos, larvae, juveniles, adults, and spawning fish, and for most solid organs but rarely for biological fluids. For species, invitromes exist for only a small fraction of the Actinopterygii total. As to their development, scientists from around the world have contributed to invitromes. By contrast, after-the-fact properties are limitless and become apparent during development, characterization, use, and storage of the cell line. For ray-finned invitromes, cell lines appear to acquire immortality during development, are characterized poorly for differentiation potential, have numerous uses, and are stored formally only sporadically. As an example of applying these principles to a specific organ, the skeletal muscle invitrome is used. For ante factum properties, the cell lines are mainly from trunk muscle of economically important fish from 11 orders, 15 families, 19 genera, and 21 species of ray-finned fishes. For post factum properties, fibroblast-like and myogenic cell lines have been described but epithelial-like FHM is most widely used and curated. Considering cell lines by their before- and after-the-fact properties should facilitate integration of new cell lines into the literature and help incorporate the discipline of cell biology into other research areas, particularly the natural history of fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Lucy E J Lee
- Faculty of Science, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, V2S 7M8, Canada
| | - Georgina C Dowd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Nelson Research Centre, 293 Akersten Street, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hernández-Moreno D, Navas JM, Fernández-Cruz ML. Short and long-term effects of nanobiomaterials in fish cell lines. Applicability of RTgill-W1. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136636. [PMID: 36181847 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanobiomaterials (NBMs) are nanostructured materials for biomedical applications that can reach aquatic organisms. The short and long-term effects of these emerging contaminants are unknown in fish. The RTgill-W1 cell line has been proposed as a model to predict the acute toxicity of chemicals to fish (OECD Test Guideline nº 249). We assessed the applicability of this cell line to study the short and long-term toxicity of 15 NBMs based on hydroxyapatites (HA), lipid (LSNP/LNP), gold, iron oxide, carbon, poly l-Lactide acid (PLLA) fibers with Ag and poly (lactide-co-glycolide) acid. Two more rainbow trout cell lines (RTL-W1, from liver, and RTS-11, from spleen) were exposed, to identify possible sensitivity differences among cells. Exposures to a range of concentrations (0.78-100 μg/mL) lasted for 24 h. Additionally, the RTgill-W1 was used to perform long-term (28 d exposure) and recovery (14 d exposure/14 d recovery) assays. Cells were exposed to the 24 h-IC20 and/or to 100 μg/mL. A triple cytotoxicity assay was conducted. After 24 h, only PLLA Fibers-Ag showed cytotoxicity (IC50 < 100 μg/mL). However, the NBMs in general provoked concentration-dependent effects after long-term exposures, except the LSNPs. A recovery of viability was only observed for AuNPs, AuNRods, Fe3O4PEG-PLGA, MgHA-Collag_Scaffolds, Ti-HA and TiHA-Alg NPs.These results evidenced the need to test the long-term toxicity of NBMs and showed differences in cytotoxicity probably associated to different mechanisms of toxic action. The RTgill-W1 was useful to screen short and long-term toxicities of NBMs and appears as a promiseful model to assess possible toxicity of NBMs in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Hernández-Moreno
- National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Department of Environment and Agronomy, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J M Navas
- National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Department of Environment and Agronomy, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, Madrid, Spain
| | - M L Fernández-Cruz
- National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Department of Environment and Agronomy, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Martin N, Wassmur B, Baun A, Lammel T. Availability and effects of n-TiO 2 and PCB77 in fish in vitro models of the intestinal barrier and liver under single- and/or co-exposure scenarios. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 253:106343. [PMID: 36327689 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (n-TiO2) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be present in the food of fish, leading to intestinal exposure uptake, and accumulation in inner organs. This study examined combination effects of n-TiO2 and PCB77 in vitro models of the fish intestinal epithelium and liver, i.e., RTgut-GC cell cultures grown in ThinCerts™ and RTL-W1 cell cultures grown in standard tissue culture plates. Mass spectrometry and microscopy techniques were used to obtain information on nanoparticle translocation across the intestinal barrier model. In addition, the substances' effect on intestinal barrier permeability, cell viability, expression of dioxin - and antioxidant response element -controlled genes, and induction of cytochrome P450 1a (Cyp1a)-dependent ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity were assessed. TiO2 nanoparticles were taken up by RTgut-GC cells and detected in the bottom compartment of the intestinal epithelial barrier model. It was not possible to conclude definitively if n-TiO2 translocation occurred via transcytosis or paracellular migration but observations of nanoparticles in the lateral space between adjacent epithelial cells were rare. PCB77 (1 and 10 µM, 24 h) did not affect barrier permeability, i.e., n-TiO2 translocation is probably not facilitated in case of co-exposure. Furthermore, previous and simultaneous exposure to n-TiO2 (1 and 10 mg/L, 24 h) did not have any influence on PCB77-induced Cyp1a mRNA and enzyme activity levels in RTL-W1 cells. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in expression of antioxidant response element-controlled genes comparing control, single substance, and mixture treatments, not even following long-term exposure (0.01-1 mg/L n-TiO2 + 1 nM PCB77, 4 weeks). While an underestimation of the effects of n-TiO2 and PCB77 cannot be fully excluded as concentration losses due to sorption to cell culture plastics were not measured, the results suggest that the test substances probably have a low potential to exhibit combination effects on the assessed endpoints when co-existing in fish tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Martin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18 A, Box 463, Göteborg 413 90, Sweden
| | - Britt Wassmur
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18 A, Box 463, Göteborg 413 90, Sweden
| | - Anders Baun
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tobias Lammel
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18 A, Box 463, Göteborg 413 90, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ball AL, Solan ME, Franco ME, Lavado R. Comparative cytotoxicity induced by parabens and their halogenated byproducts in human and fish cell lines. Drug Chem Toxicol 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35854652 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Parabens are a group of para-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) esters widely used in pharmaceutical industries. Their safety is well documented in mammalian models, but little is known about their toxicity in non-mammal species. In addition, chlorinated and brominated parabens resulting from wastewater treatment have been identified in effluents. In the present study, we explored the cytotoxic effects (EC50) of five parabens: methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), butylparaben (BuP), and benzylparaben (BeP); the primary metabolite, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), and three of the wastewater chlorinated/brominated byproducts on fish and human cell lines. In general, higher cytotoxicity was observed with increased paraben chain length. The tested compounds induced toxicity in the order of 4-HBA < MP < EP < PP < BuP < BeP. The halogenated byproducts led to higher toxicity with the addition of second chlorine. The longer chain-parabens (BuP and BeP) caused a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability in fish cell lines. Intriguingly, the main paraben metabolite, 4-HBA, proved to be more toxic to fish hepatocytes than human hepatocytes by 100-fold. Our study demonstrated that the cytotoxicity of some of these compounds appears to be tissue-dependent. These observations provide valuable information for early cellular responses in human and non-mammalian models upon exposure to paraben congeners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Ball
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Megan E Solan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Marco E Franco
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pinel K, Heraud C, Morin G, Dias K, Marcé A, Beauclair L, Fontagné-Dicharry S, Masagounder K, Klünemann M, Seiliez I, Beaumatin F. Are the Main Methionine Sources Equivalent? A Focus on DL-Methionine and DL-Methionine Hydroxy Analog Reveals Differences on Rainbow Trout Hepatic Cell Lines Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2935. [PMID: 35328356 PMCID: PMC8954868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The replacement of fishmeal by plant proteins in aquafeeds imposes the use of synthetic methionine (MET) sources to balance the amino acid composition of alternative diets and so to meet the metabolic needs of fish of agronomic interest such as rainbow trout (RT-Oncorhynchus mykiss). Nonetheless, debates still exist to determine if one MET source is more efficiently used than another by fish. To address this question, the use of fish cell lines appeared a convenient strategy, since it allowed to perfectly control cell growing conditions notably by fully depleting MET from the media and studying which MET source is capable to restore cell growth/proliferation and metabolism when supplemented back. Thus, results of cell proliferation assays, Western blots, RT-qPCR and liquid chromatography analyses from two RT liver-derived cell lines revealed a better absorption and metabolization of DL-MET than DL-Methionine Hydroxy Analog (MHA) with the activation of the mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway for DL-MET and the activation of integrated stress response (ISR) pathway for MHA. Altogether, the results clearly allow to conclude that both synthetic MET sources are not biologically equivalent, suggesting similar in vivo effects in RT liver and, therefore, questioning the MHA efficiencies in other RT tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Pinel
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (C.H.); (G.M.); (K.D.); (A.M.); (L.B.); (S.F.-D.); (I.S.)
| | - Cécile Heraud
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (C.H.); (G.M.); (K.D.); (A.M.); (L.B.); (S.F.-D.); (I.S.)
| | - Guillaume Morin
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (C.H.); (G.M.); (K.D.); (A.M.); (L.B.); (S.F.-D.); (I.S.)
| | - Karine Dias
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (C.H.); (G.M.); (K.D.); (A.M.); (L.B.); (S.F.-D.); (I.S.)
| | - Annaëlle Marcé
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (C.H.); (G.M.); (K.D.); (A.M.); (L.B.); (S.F.-D.); (I.S.)
| | - Linda Beauclair
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (C.H.); (G.M.); (K.D.); (A.M.); (L.B.); (S.F.-D.); (I.S.)
| | - Stéphanie Fontagné-Dicharry
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (C.H.); (G.M.); (K.D.); (A.M.); (L.B.); (S.F.-D.); (I.S.)
| | - Karthik Masagounder
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 4D-63457 Hanau, Germany; (K.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Martina Klünemann
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 4D-63457 Hanau, Germany; (K.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Iban Seiliez
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (C.H.); (G.M.); (K.D.); (A.M.); (L.B.); (S.F.-D.); (I.S.)
| | - Florian Beaumatin
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (C.H.); (G.M.); (K.D.); (A.M.); (L.B.); (S.F.-D.); (I.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hund-Rinke K, Diaz C, Jurack A, Klein J, Knopf B, Schlich K, Fernández-Cruz ML, Hernández-Moreno D, Manier N, Pandard P, Gomes SIL, Guimarães B, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. Nanopharmaceuticals (Au-NPs) after use: Experiences with a complex higher tier test design simulating environmental fate and effect. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112949. [PMID: 34755633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The current environmental hazard assessment is based on the testing of the pristine substance. However, it cannot be excluded that (nano)pharmaceuticals are excreted into sewage during the use phase followed by entry into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Sorption to sewage sludge or release via effluent can result in modified ecotoxicological effects which possibly can only be detected with a modified test approach. The objective of our study was to investigate a realistic exposure scenario for metallic nanoparticles (NPs) in pharmaceutical products, excreted into effluent, and released into the environment after treatment in WWTPs. The test approach was illustrated by using gold (Au) NPs. Effluent from model WWTPs were investigated in aquatic tests (Daphnia magna, fish cell lines). Sewage sludge was used as a sole food source (Eisenia fetida) or mixed with soil and used as test medium (soil microorganisms, Folsomia candida, Enchytraeus crypticus). To cover the aspect of regulation, the test systems described in OECD-test guidelines (OECD TG 201, 211, 220, 232, 249, 317) were applied. Modifications and additional test approaches were included to meet the needs arising out of the testing of nanomaterials and of the exposure scenarios. The results were assessed regarding the suitability of the test design and the toxicity of Au-NPs. Except for activated sludge as a sole food source for E.fetida, the selected test approach is suitable for the testing of nanomaterials. Additional information can be gained when compared to the common testing of the pristine nanomaterials in the standardized test systems. Effects of Au-NPs were observed in concentrations exceeding the modeled environmental.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hund-Rinke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany.
| | - Cecilia Diaz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Anne Jurack
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Judith Klein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Knopf
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Schlich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - María Luisa Fernández-Cruz
- Dpto. Medio Ambiente y Agronomía, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Carretera de la Coruña Km 7,5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Hernández-Moreno
- Dpto. Medio Ambiente y Agronomía, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Carretera de la Coruña Km 7,5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolas Manier
- French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), F-60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Pascal Pandard
- French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), F-60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Susana I L Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM (CESAM, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Guimarães
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM (CESAM, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM (CESAM, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Niemikoski H, Lehtonen KK, Ahvo A, Heiskanen I, Vanninen P. Metabolism and cytotoxicity of diphenylarsinic acid, a degradation product of sea-dumped chemical warfare agents, in a rainbow trout liver cell line RTL-W1. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 241:105993. [PMID: 34688139 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have found primary degradation products of phenylarsenic chemical warfare agents (CWAs) accumulating in fish tissues, while the potential effects of these dumped phenylarsenic CWAs, such as Clark I and II, in the Baltic Sea biota are poorly understood. In this study, the metabolism and cytotoxicity of diphenylarsinic acid (DPA), a primary degradation product of phenylarsenic CWA, was studied by incubating rainbow trout cell line RTL-W1 cells in media with 100 mg/L DPA. Previously undescribed metabolites were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPHLCHRMS). Moreover, the cytotoxicity of diphenylarsine glutathione conjugate (DPA-SG), the major metabolite of DPA, was studied. Cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated using the Neutral Red retention test (NRR), showing an IC50 value of 278 mg/L for DPA and 1.30 mg/L for DPA-SG, indicating that the glutathione (GSH) conjugate of DPA is more than two orders of magnitude toxic than DPA itself, suggesting that toxic properties of DPA are increased after conjugation with intracellular GSH leading enhanced toxicity after uptake. Results gained in this study give more detailed information for elucidating biological effects of dumped chemical munitions in marine environment. Moreover, the results help in assessing the environmental and health risks posed by marine munition continued presence and deterioration in the sea bottom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Niemikoski
- Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Laboratory Centre, Mustialankatu 7, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kari K Lehtonen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Marine Research Centre, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aino Ahvo
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Marine Research Centre, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilse Heiskanen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Laboratory Centre, Mustialankatu 7, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Vanninen
- Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Stanic B, Petrovic J, Basica B, Kaisarevic S, Schirmer K, Andric N. Characterization of the ERK1/2 phosphorylation profile in human and fish liver cells upon exposure to chemicals of environmental concern. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 88:103749. [PMID: 34547448 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We developed phospho-ERK1/2 ELISA for human and rainbow trout liver cells, employing HepG2 and RTL-W1 cell lines as models. The assay was applied to detect changes in ERK1/2 activity for nine chemicals, added over a wide concentration range and time points. Cell viability was measured to separate ERK1/2 regulation from cytotoxicity. Perfluorooctane sulfonate and carbendazim did not change ERK1/2 activity; influence on ERK1/2 due to cytotoxicity was indicated for tributyltin and cypermethrin. Mancozeb, benzo[a]pyrene, and bisphenol A stimulated ERK1/2 up to ∼2- (HepG2) and 1.5 (RTL-W1)-fold, though the kinetics differed between chemicals and cell lines. Bisphenol A and benzo[a]pyrene were the most potent concentration-wise, altering ERK1/2 activity in pM (HepG2) to nM (RTL-W1) range. While atrazine and ibuprofen increased ERK1/2 activity by ∼2-fold in HepG2, they did not initiate an appreciable response in RTL-W1. This assay proved to be a sensitive, medium- to high-throughput tool for detecting unrecognized ERK1/2-disrupting chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Stanic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Serbia
| | - Jelena Petrovic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Serbia
| | - Branka Basica
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Serbia
| | - Sonja Kaisarevic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Serbia
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nebojsa Andric
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Šrédlová K, Šilhavecká S, Linhartová L, Semerád J, Michalíková K, Pivokonský M, Cajthaml T. The sensitivity of multiple ecotoxicological assays for evaluating Microcystis aeruginosa cellular algal organic matter and contribution of cyanotoxins to the toxicity. Toxicon 2021; 195:69-77. [PMID: 33711366 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites of cyanobacteria and algae released during algal blooms often exhibit toxic effects, but only a small number of the metabolites are the subject of routine analytical screenings. Alternatively, ecotoxicological assays offer a better representation of the overall negative effects. The aim of this work was to compare multiple assays in their sensitivity towards cellular algal organic matter (COM) of the toxin-producing cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Multiple endpoints were investigated: mortality, growth inhibition, bioluminescence inhibition, genotoxicity, endocrine-disrupting effects, oxidative stress, and the induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD). Three rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell lines as well as representatives of bacteria, yeasts, algae, vascular plants, and crustaceans were employed, and the results were expressed per mg of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the COM. M. aeruginosa COM was toxic to the RTgill-W1, RTG-2, and RTL-W1 cell lines (EC50 values ranging from 0.48 ± 0.02 to 1.9 ± 0.1 mgDOC/L), to the crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus (LC50 = 20 ± 1 mgDOC/L), and to Lepidium sativum (IC50 = 241 ± 13 mgDOC/L). In contrast, no effect was observed for bacteria and yeasts, and the growth of the alga Desmodesmus subspicatus was even stimulated. No genotoxicity, endocrine-disrupting effects or increase in oxidative stress or EROD activity was detected. The content of six microcystins (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LY, MC-LW, and MC-LF), anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, and nodularin in the M. aeruginosa COM was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. An artificially prepared mixture of the detected cyanotoxins in the corresponding concentrations did not induce response in the O. mykiss cell lines and T. platyurus, suggesting that other cyanobacterial metabolites are responsible for the toxicity of M. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Šrédlová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Šilhavecká
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Linhartová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Semerád
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Michalíková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pivokonský
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Paťankou 30/5, CZ-166 12, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ahkola H, Lindholm-Lehto P, Perkola N, Välitalo P, Meriläinen P, Mäenpää K, Stelzer JAA, Heiskanen I, Järvistö J, Nuutinen J, Leppänen MT. A preliminary study on the ecotoxic potency of wastewater treatment plant sludge combining passive sampling and bioassays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143700. [PMID: 33257078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge is an inevitable byproduct produced in wastewater treatment. Reusing nutrient-rich sludge will diminish the amount of waste ending in soil dumping areas and will promote circular economy. However, during sewage treatment process, several potentially harmful organic chemicals are retained in sludge, but proving the safety of processed sludge will promote its more extensive use in agriculture and landscaping. Environmental risk assessment of sludge requires new methods of characterizing its suitability for various circular economy applications. Bioavailable and bioaccessible fractions are key variables indicating leaching, transport, and bioaccumulation capacity. Also, sludge treatments have a significant effect on chemical status and resulting environmental risks. In this study, the concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC), methyl triclosan (mTCS), and selected active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) were determined in different sludge treatments and fractions. Passive samplers were used to characterize the bioavailable and bioaccessible fractions, and the sampler extracts along the sludge and filtrate samples were utilized in the bioassays. The TCS and PAH concentrations did not decrease as the sludge was digested, but the contents diminished after composting. Also, mTCS concentration decreased after composting. The API concentrations were lower in digested sludge than in secondary sludge. Digested sludge was toxic for Aliivibrio fischeri, but after composting, toxicity was not observed. However, for Daphnia magna, passive sampler extracts of all sludge treatments were either acutely (immobility) or chronically (reproduction) toxic. Secondary and digested sludge sampler extracts were cytotoxic, and secondary sludge extract was also genotoxic. The measured chemical concentration levels did not explain the toxicity of the samples based on the reported toxicity thresholds. Bioassays and sampler extracts detecting bioavailable and bioaccessible contaminants in sludge are complementing tools for chemical analyses. Harmonization of these methodswill help establish scientifically sound regulative thresholds for the use of sludge in circular economy applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Ahkola
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Petra Lindholm-Lehto
- Aquatic Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Survontie 9A, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland; University of Jyväskylä, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Noora Perkola
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Välitalo
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland; Aalto University, Tietotie 1E, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Päivi Meriläinen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O.Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kimmo Mäenpää
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, P.O.Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Julio Alberto Alegre Stelzer
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland; University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ilse Heiskanen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Järvistö
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Nuutinen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti T Leppänen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yamaguchi T, Chang CJ, Karger A, Keller M, Pfaff F, Wangkahart E, Wang T, Secombes CJ, Kimoto A, Furihata M, Hashimoto K, Fischer U, Dijkstra JM. Ancient Cytokine Interleukin 15-Like (IL-15L) Induces a Type 2 Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:549319. [PMID: 33193315 PMCID: PMC7658486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.549319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Related interleukin-2, -15, and -15-like (IL-2, -15, and -15L) are ancient cytokines, with all three genes surviving in extant fish and some mammals. The present study is the first to identify IL-15L functions, namely in rainbow trout. In isolated trout splenocytes, and in vivo, purified recombinant IL-15L+IL-15Rα molecules induced expression of IL-4 and IL-13 homologs, which are markers of type 2 immunity. In contrast, trout IL-15 stimulated type 1 immunity markers, thus IL-15 and IL-15L can have opposing functions. Trout IL-15L was more dependent on "in trans" presentation by the receptor chain IL-15Rα than IL-15, and stimulated CD4-CD8-(IgM-) lymphocytes from thymus and spleen. We propose an important role for IL-15L early in the type 2 immunity cytokine cascade. Trout IL-2 and IL-15 exhibited features reminiscent of their mechanistic and functional dichotomy observed in mammals; for example, IL-15 but not IL-2 required a receptor alpha chain (only IL-15Rα in the case of fish) for its stability, and only IL-15 was efficient in stimulating lymphocytes from mucosal tissues. Data suggest that IL-15L and IL-15 may be particularly effective in stimulating innate lymphocyte type 2 cells (ILC2) and natural killer (NK) cells, respectively, but further identification of the cell types is needed. An interesting finding different from in mammals was the efficient stimulation of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes by IL-2. In short, this study presents fundamental information on the evolution of the IL-2/15/15L cytokine family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Chia Jung Chang
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Markus Keller
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Eakapol Wangkahart
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Azusa Kimoto
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Furihata
- Nagano Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station, Nagano, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Hashimoto
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Johannes M Dijkstra
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Phelan-Dickinson SJ, Palmer BC, Chen Y, DeLouise LA. The UVR Filter Octinoxate Modulates Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling in Keratinocytes via Inhibition of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. Toxicol Sci 2020; 177:188-201. [PMID: 32603427 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a consistent part of the environment that has both beneficial and harmful effects on human health. UVR filters in the form of commercial sunscreens have been widely used to reduce the negative health effects of UVR exposure. Despite their benefit, literature suggests that some filters can penetrate skin and have off-target biological effects. We noted that many organic filters are hydrophobic and contain aromatic rings, making them potential modulators of Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) signaling. We hypothesized that some filters may be able to act as agonists or antagonists on the AhR. Using a luciferase reporter cell line, we observed that the UVR filter octinoxate potentiated the ability of the known AhR ligand, 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), to activate the AhR. Cotreatments of keratinocytes with octinoxate and FICZ lead to increased levels of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and P4501B1 (CYP1B1) mRNA transcripts, in an AhR-dependent fashion. Mechanistic studies revealed that octinoxate is an inhibitor of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, with IC50 values at approximately 1 µM and 586 nM, respectively. In vivo topical application of octinoxate and FICZ also elevated CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA levels in mouse skin. Our results show that octinoxate is able to indirectly modulate AhR signaling by inhibiting CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 enzyme function, which may have important downstream consequences for the metabolism of various compounds and skin integrity. It is important to continue studying the off-target effects of octinoxate and other UVR filters, because they are used on skin on a daily basis world-wide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian C Palmer
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627
| | - Lisa A DeLouise
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627.,Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Iuchi K, Arai Y, Sasaki K, Sato N, Yokoyama C, Saruwatari T, Hisatomi H. A simple method for isolation and culture of primary hepatocytes from Salvelinus leucomaenis (White-spotted Charr). Cytotechnology 2020; 72:731-739. [PMID: 32779071 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
White-spotted charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis, S. I.) is an anadromous cold water-adapted fish, distributed in the Far East. We have previously reported the complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of white-spotted chars (S. l. imbrius and S. l. pluvius) in Japan. In general, fish hepatocytes are useful for cellular and biochemical studies of fish. In this study, we isolated hepatocytes from the liver of white-spotted charr and used basic methods, such as enzyme digestion and low centrifugation, to analyze the molecular mechanisms involved in specific cellular responses. The isolated hepatocytes could be cultured at 5-20 °C but not 37 °C. The morphology of hepatocytes was altered in a temperature-dependent manner. The properties of hepatocyte were similar to those of living fish. Moreover, the proliferation rate and damage of isolated hepatocytes depended on the concentration of fetal bovine serum in the culture medium. Taken together, this study demonstrates that this simple method for isolation and culture of hepatocytes from white-spotted charr may be useful for other biochemical and cellular studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Iuchi
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijojikitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Arai
- Seikei Junior and Senior High School, 3-10-13 Kichijojikitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sasaki
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijojikitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Naoe Sato
- Seikei Junior and Senior High School, 3-10-13 Kichijojikitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Chikako Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Toshiro Saruwatari
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The Univeristy of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hisatomi
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijojikitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Heinrich P, Braunbeck T. Microplastic particles reduce EROD-induction specifically by highly lipophilic compounds in RTL-W1 cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:110041. [PMID: 31816496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic particles (MPs) from lipophilic polymers have been shown to efficiently accumulate hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in aquatic environments. MPs have, therefore, frequently been discussed as vectors for contaminants, enhancing HOC uptake by various organisms after ingestion followed by pollutant release; however, integrative models of sorption argue against this mechanism and even predict cleansing of pollutants from biological systems under particular circumstances. In order to experimentally investigate such a depuration mechanism, RTL-W1 cells were dosed with three 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) inducers of distinct lipophilicity via the medium before adding both native and hexane-purified polyethylene MPs (20-25 μm) to the medium surface. EROD activity was significantly reduced in the presence of MP, the extent of which correlated with the inducers' lipophilicity (KOW) and thus affinity to MP. For hexane-purged MPs and TCDD (KOW = 6.8), MPs reduce the bioavailability by up to 79%; the effect was marginally weaker with benzo[k]fluoranthene (KOW = 6.11) and almost absent with β-Naphthoflavone (KOW = 4.68). Compared to hexane-purged MPs, native particles possessed slightly less detoxification potential. These experimental results corroborate theoretically predicted mechanisms of detoxification via MPs. Yet, it is unclear if, under corresponding conditions in the environment, MPs can compete with organismal tissues for highly lipophilic compounds and, if so, to which degree they may act as a sink reducing the amount of bioavailable pollutants in situ. However, the present results suggest that in scenarios where pollutant-free MPs interact with organisms that accumulated HOCs via other routes of uptake, qualitatively the presence of such a mechanism is likely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Heinrich
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Evaluation of Antifouling Potential and Ecotoxicity of Secondary Metabolites Derived from Red Algae of the Genus Laurencia. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17110646. [PMID: 31744063 PMCID: PMC6891695 DOI: 10.3390/md17110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Red algae of the genus Laurencia are known to biosynthesize and secrete an immense variety of secondary metabolites possessing a spectrum of biological activities against bacteria, invertebrates and mammalian cell lines. Following a rigorous cross-species screening process, herein we report the antifouling potential of 25 secondary metabolites derived from species of the genus Laurencia, as well as the thorough evaluation of the ecotoxicity of selected metabolites against non-target marine arthropods and vertebrate cell lines. A number of these secondary metabolites exhibited potent antifouling activity and performed well in all screening tests. Our results show that perforenol (9) possesses similar antifouling activity with that already described for bromosphaerol, which is used herein as a benchmark.
Collapse
|
29
|
Weeks Santos S, Gonzalez P, Cormier B, Mazzella N, Bonnaud B, Morin S, Clérandeau C, Morin B, Cachot J. A glyphosate-based herbicide induces sub-lethal effects in early life stages and liver cell line of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 216:105291. [PMID: 31525644 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most pesticides used in agriculture end up in the aquatic environment through runoff and leaching of treated crops. One of the most commonly used herbicides is glyphosate. This compound or its metabolites are frequently detected in surface water in Europe. In the present study, in vivo and in vitro studies were carried out using the early life stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the cell line RTL-W1 (a liver cell line from rainbow trout) to characterize the toxic effects of glyphosate at environmentally-realistic concentrations. Both studies were performed using the commercial formulation Roundup® GT Max, and technical-grade glyphosate for the in vitro study. Eyed-stage embryos were exposed for 3 weeks to sub-lethal concentrations (0.1 and 1 mg/L) of glyphosate using Roundup. Numerous toxicity endpoints were recorded such as survival, hatching success, larval biometry, developmental abnormalities, swimming activity, genotoxicity (formamidopyrimidine DNA-glycosylase Fpg-modified comet assay), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), protein carbonyls and target gene transcription. Concentrations neither affected embryonic or larval survival nor increased developmental abnormalities. However, a significant decrease was observed in the head size of larvae exposed to 1 mg/L of glyphosate. In addition, a significant increase in mobility was observed for larvae exposed to glyphosate at 0.1 mg/L. TBARS levels were significantly decreased on larvae exposed to 1 mg/L (a.i.), and cat and cox1 genes were differently transcribed from controls. DNA damage was detected by the Fpg-modified comet assay in RTL-W1 cell line exposed to the technical-grade glyphosate and Roundup formulation. The results suggest that chronic exposure to glyphosate, at environmental concentrations, could represent a potential risk for early life stages of fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Weeks Santos
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Allée Geoffoy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Patrice Gonzalez
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Allée Geoffoy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Bettie Cormier
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Allée Geoffoy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Mazzella
- IRSTEA, UR EABX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612, Cestas cedex, France
| | - Bertille Bonnaud
- IRSTEA, UR EABX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612, Cestas cedex, France
| | - Soizic Morin
- IRSTEA, UR EABX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612, Cestas cedex, France
| | - Christelle Clérandeau
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Allée Geoffoy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Bénédicte Morin
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Allée Geoffoy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Allée Geoffoy Saint-Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615, Pessac Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hong S, Wang TY, Secombes CJ, Wang T. Different origins of paralogues of salmonid TNR1 and TNFR2: Characterisation and expression analysis of four TNF receptor genes in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 99:103403. [PMID: 31150658 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian TNFR1 and TNFR2 bind TNFα and TNFβ, and provide key communication signals to a variety of cell types during development and immune responses that are crucial for cell survival, proliferation and apoptosis. In teleost fish TNFβ is absent but TNFα has been expanded by the third whole genome duplication (3R WGD) and again by a 4R WGD in some lineages, leading to the four TNFα paralogues known in salmonids. Two paralogues for each of TNFR1 and TNFR2 have been cloned in rainbow trout in this study and are present in other salmonid genomes. Whilst the TNFR2 paralogues were generated via the 4R salmonid WGD, the TNFR1 paralogues arose from a local en bloc duplication. Functional diversification of TNFR paralogues was evidenced by differential gene expression and modulation, upstream ATGs affecting translation, ATTTA motifs in the 3'-UTR regulating mRNA stability, and post-translational modification by N-glycosylation. Trout TNFR are highly expressed in immune tissues/organs, and other tissues, in a gene- and tissue-specific manner. Furthermore, their expression is differentially modulated by PAMPs and cytokines in a cell type- and stimulant-specific manner. Such findings suggest an important role of the TNF/TNFR axis in the immune response and other physiological processes in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhee Hong
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
du Plessis B, Regnier T, Combrinck S, Heinrich P, Braunbeck T. Effect of pH on the toxicity of fumonisins towards the RTL-W1 cell line and zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Toxicol Lett 2019; 313:101-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
32
|
Heinrich P, Braunbeck T. Bioavailability of microplastic-bound pollutants in vitro: The role of adsorbate lipophilicity and surfactants. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 221:59-67. [PMID: 30940555 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential role of microplastic particles (MPs) as vectors for lipophilic organic pollutants enhancing their uptake by organisms has repeatedly been discussed in the scientific community. Likewise, several studies indicate an important role of surfactants in pollutant-transfer from MP to organisms. Employing polyethylene particles, the bioavailability of three MP-bound inducers of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) with variable lipophilicity was quantitatively compared via EROD activity in RTL-W1 cells. In addition, non-cytotoxic surfactant concentrations of Pluronic F-127, rhamnolipids, sodium deoxycholate and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) supplemented to the medium were tested for their effects on pollutant desorption from MPs as well as on cellular EROD induction. Bioavailability of MP-bound pollutants was negatively correlated with lipophilicity, and all surfactants were found to modulate the cellular response towards inducers by unidentified mechanisms. After experimental correction for effects on the cellular response, all surfactants except SDS moderately increased desorption of inducer from MPs. Results on the impact of lipophilicity agree with previously published thermodynamic models, indicating that appreciable pollutant desorption from MPs may only occur for substances with comparatively low lipophilicity, the accumulation of which on MPs is negligible in the environment. However, the role of surfactants should be considered further with respect to potential effects on sorption of pollutants to and from MPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Heinrich
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Žegura B, Filipič M. The application of the Comet assay in fish cell lines. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 842:72-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
34
|
Pannetier P, Cachot J, Clérandeau C, Faure F, Van Arkel K, de Alencastro LF, Levasseur C, Sciacca F, Bourgeois JP, Morin B. Toxicity assessment of pollutants sorbed on environmental sample microplastics collected on beaches: Part I-adverse effects on fish cell line. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:1088-1097. [PMID: 30871891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), are tiny plastic fragments from 1 μm to 5 mm generally found in the aquatic environment which can be easily ingested by organisms and may cause chronic physical but also toxicological effects. Toxicological assays on fish cell lines are commonly used as an alternative tool to provide fast and reliable assessment of the toxic and ecotoxic properties of chemicals or mixtures. Rainbow trout liver cell line (RTLW-1) was used to evaluate the toxicity of pollutants sorbed to MPs sampled in sandy beaches from different islands around the world during the first Race for Water Odyssey in 2015. The collected MPs were analyzed for polymer composition and associated persistent organic pollutants: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). In addition, DMSO-extracts from virgin MPs, MPs artificially coated with B[a]P and environmental MPs were analyzed with different bioassays: MTT reduction assay (MTT), ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay and comet assay. Microplastics from sand beaches were dominated by polyethylene, followed by polypropylene fragments with variable proportions. Organic pollutants found on plastic from beach sampling was PAHs (2-71 ng g-1). Samples from Bermuda (Somerset Long Bay) and Hawaii (Makapu'u) showed the highest concentration of PAHs and DDT respectively. No toxicity was observed for virgin microplastics. No cytotoxicity was observed on cells exposed to MP extract. However, EROD activity was induced and differently modulated depending on the MPs locations suggesting presence of different pollutants or additives in extract. DNA damage was observed after exposure to four microplastics samples on the six tested. Modification of EROD activity level and DNA damage rate highlight MPs extract toxicity on fish cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400, Talence, France
| | | | - Florian Faure
- Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Van Arkel
- Race for Water Foundation, Lausanne, 1007, Switzerland
| | - Luiz F de Alencastro
- Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clément Levasseur
- Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean-Pascal Bourgeois
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lammel T, Mackevica A, Johansson BR, Sturve J. Endocytosis, intracellular fate, accumulation, and agglomeration of titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles in the rainbow trout liver cell line RTL-W1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:15354-15372. [PMID: 30929178 PMCID: PMC6529399 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) present in water or diet can be taken up by fish and accumulate in internal organs including the liver. However, their further fate in the organ is unknown. This study provides new insights into the interaction, uptake mechanism, intracellular trafficking, and fate of TiO2 NPs (Aeroxide® P25) in fish liver parenchymal cells (RTL-W1) in vitro using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) as complementary analytical techniques. The results demonstrate that following their uptake via caveolae-mediated endocytosis, TiO2 NPs were trafficked through different intracellular compartments including early endosomes, multivesicular bodies, and late endosomes/endo-lysosomes, and eventually concentrated inside multilamellar vesicles. TEM and spICP-MS results provide evidence that uptake was nano-specific. Only NPs/NP agglomerates of a specific size range (~ 30-100 nm) were endocytosed; larger agglomerates were excluded from uptake and remained located in the extracellular space/exposure medium. NP number and mass inside cells increased linearly with time and was associated with an increase in particle diameter suggesting intracellular agglomeration/aggregation. No alterations in the expression of genes regulated by the redox balance-sensitive transcription factor Nrf-2 including superoxide dismutase, glutamyl cysteine ligase, glutathione synthetase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase were observed. This shows that, despite the high intracellular NP burden (~ 3.9 × 102 ng Ti/mg protein after 24 h) and NP-interaction with mitochondria, cellular redox homeostasis was not significantly affected. This study contributes to a better mechanistic understanding of in vitro particokinetics as well as the potential fate and effects of TiO2 NPs in fish liver cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lammel
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 413 90, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Aiga Mackevica
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bengt R Johansson
- The Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 413 90, Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Castaño A, Bols N, Braunbeck T, Dierickx P, Halder M, Isomaa B, Kawahara K, Lee LEJ, Mothersill C, Pärt P, Repetto G, Sintes JR, Rufli H, Smith R, Wood C, Segner H. The use of Fish Cells in Ecotoxicology: The Report and Recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 47,. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 31:317-51. [PMID: 15612875 DOI: 10.1177/026119290303100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Argelia Castaño
- Animal Health Research Centre, Spanish National Institute for Food and Agrarian Research and Technology (CISA-INIA), 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Grindon C, Combes R, Cronin MTD, Roberts DW, Garrod J. Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategies for Environmental Toxicity with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 34:651-64. [PMID: 17266395 DOI: 10.1177/026119290603400607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME recently conducted a research project sponsored by Defra on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with the REACH system. This paper focuses on the prospects for using alternative methods (both in vitro and in silico) for environmental (aquatic) toxicity testing. The manuscript reviews tests based on fish cells and cell lines, fish embryos, lower organisms, and the many expert systems and QSARs for aquatic toxicity testing. Ways in which reduction and refinement measures can be used are also discussed, including the Upper Threshold Concentration -- Step Down (UTC) approach, which has recently been retrospectively validated by ECVAM and subsequently endorsed by the ECVAM Scientific Advisory Committee (ESAC). It is hoped that the application of this approach could reduce the number of fish used in acute toxicity studies by around 65-70%. Decision-tree style integrated testing strategies are also proposed for acute aquatic toxicity and chronic toxicity (including bioaccumulation), followed by a number of recommendations for the future facilitation of aquatic toxicity testing with respect to environmental risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Grindon
- FRAME, Russell & Burch House, 96-98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham, NG1 4EE, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Heinrich P, Braunbeck T. Microplastic testing in vitro: Realistic loading of pollutants, surfactant-free solid surface-dosing and bioanalytical detection using a sensitivity-optimized EROD assay. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 54:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
39
|
Lammel T, Tsoukatou G, Jellinek J, Sturve J. Development of three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures of the continuous rainbow trout liver cell line RTL-W1. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:250-258. [PMID: 30342358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro experimental systems based on continuous piscine cell lines can be used as an alternative to animal tests for obtaining qualitative and quantitative information on the possible fate and effect of chemicals in fish. However, their capability to reproduce complex metabolic processes and toxic responses as they occur in vivo is limited due to the lack of organ-specific tissue architecture and functions. Here we introduce a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro experimental system based on spheroidal aggregate cultures (spheroids) of the continuous rainbow trout liver cell line RTL-W1 and provide a first description of their structural and functional properties including growth, viability/longevity, metabolic activity, ultrastructure and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) expression determined by bright-field, multi-photon fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy as well as RT-qPCR analysis. Our results show that RTL-W1 cells in 3D spheroids (ø ~ 150 µm) (including those in the interior) were viable, metabolically active and had higher basal and β-naphthoflavone-induced CYP1A expression levels than conventional 2D cell cultures. Furthermore, they displayed ultrastructural characteristics similar to differentiated hepatocytes. The available evidence suggests that 3D RTL-W1 spheroids may have enhanced hepatotypic functions and be a superior in vitro model to assess hepatic biotransformation, bioaccumulation and chronic toxicity compared to conventional cell monolayer cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lammel
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18 A, Box 463, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Georgia Tsoukatou
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18 A, Box 463, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Jellinek
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18 A, Box 463, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18 A, Box 463, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vo NTK, Moore LC, Spiteri KW, Hanner R, Wilkie MP, DeWitte-Orr SJ. Assessing off-target cytotoxicity of the field lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol using novel lake sturgeon cell lines. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:536-545. [PMID: 30016760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lampricides are currently being applied to streams and rivers to control the population of sea lamprey, an invasive species, in the Great Lakes. The most commonly used lampricide agent used in the field is 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), which targets larval sea lamprey in lamprey-infested rivers and streams. The specificity of TFM is due to the relative inability of sea lamprey to detoxify the agent relative to non-target fishes. There is increasing concern, however, about non-target effects on fishes, particularly threatened populations of juvenile lake sturgeon (LS; Acipenser fulvescens). There is therefore a need to develop models to better define lake sturgeon's response to TFM. Here we report the establishment of five LS cell lines derived from the liver, gill, skin and intestinal tract of juvenile LS and some of their cellular characteristics. All LS cell lines grew well at 25 °C in Leibovitz's (L)- 15 medium supplemented with 10% FBS. All cell lines demonstrated high senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and varying levels of Periodic acid Schiff-positive polysaccharides, indicating substantial production of glycoproteins and mucosubstances by the cells. Comparative toxicity of TFM in the five LS cell lines was assessed by two fluorescent cell viability dyes, Alamar Blue and CFDA-AM, in conditions with and without serum and at 24 or 72 h exposure. Deduced EC50 values were compared between the cell lines and to the reported in vivo LC50s. Tissues sensitive to the effects of TFM in vivo correlated with cell lines from the same tissues being most sensitive to TFM in vitro. EC50 values for the LSliver-e cells was significantly lower than the EC50 for the rainbow trout (RBT) liver cells RTL-W1, reaffirming the in vivo observation that LS was generally more TFM-sensitive than rainbow trout. Our data suggests that whole-fish sensitivity of LS to TFM is likely attributable to sensitivity at the cellular level. Thus, LS cell lines, as well as those of RBT, can be used to screen and evaluate the toxicity of the next generation of lampricides on non-target fish such as lake sturgeon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Levi C Moore
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Katelin W Spiteri
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Hanner
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michael P Wilkie
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie J DeWitte-Orr
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Development of a new tool for the long term in vitro ecotoxicity testing of nanomaterials using a rainbow-trout cell line (RTL-W1). Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 50:305-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
42
|
Rehberger K, Kropf C, Segner H. In vitro or not in vitro: a short journey through a long history. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:23. [PMID: 30009109 PMCID: PMC6018605 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of ecotoxicology is to study toxic effects on constituents of ecosystems, with the protection goal being populations and communities rather than individual organisms. In this ecosystem perspective, the use of in vitro methodologies measuring cellular and subcellular endpoints at a first glance appears to be odd. Nevertheless, more recently in vitro approaches gained momentum in ecotoxicology. In this article, we will discuss important application domains of in vitro methods in ecotoxicology. One area is the use of in vitro assays to replace, reduce, and refine (3R) in vivo tests. Research in this field has focused mainly on the use of in vitro cytotoxicity assays with fish cells as non-animal alternative to the in vivo lethality test with fish and on in vitro biotransformation assays as part of an alternative testing strategy for bioaccumulation testing with fish. Lessons learned from this research include the importance of a critical evaluation of the sensitivity, specificity and exposure conditions of in vitro assays, as well as the availability of appropriate in vitro-in vivo extrapolation models. In addition to this classical 3R application, other application domains of in vitro assays in ecotoxicology include the screening and prioritization of chemical hazards, the categorization of chemicals according to their modes of action and the provision of mechanistic information for the pathway-based prediction of adverse outcomes. The applications discussed in this essay may highlight the potential of in vitro technologies to enhance the environmental hazard assessment of single chemicals and complex mixtures at a reduced need of animal testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Rehberger
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, P O Box, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Kropf
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, P O Box, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, P O Box, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kresmann S, Arokia AHR, Koch C, Sures B. Ecotoxicological potential of the biocides terbutryn, octhilinone and methylisothiazolinone: Underestimated risk from biocidal pathways? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:900-908. [PMID: 29306832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of biocides by industry, agriculture and households increased throughout the last two decades. Many new applications with known substances enriched the variety of biocidal pollution sources for the aquatic environment. While agriculture was the major source for a long time, leaching from building facades and preservation of personal care and cleaning products was identified as new sources in the last few years. With the different usage forms of biocidal products the complexity of legislative regulation increased as well. The requirements for risk assessment differ from one law to another and the potential risk of substances under different regulations might be underestimated. Still EC50 and predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values gained from testing with different species are the core of environmental risk assessment, but ecotoxicological data is limited or lacking for many biocides. In this study the biocides widely used in facade coatings and household products terbutryn, octhilinone and methylisothiazolinone were tested with the Daphnia magna acute immobilisation assay, the neutral red uptake assay and the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay, performed with rainbow trout liver (RTL-W1) cells. Further, the MTT assay with the ovarian cell line CHO-9 from Chinese hamster was used as mammalian model. Octhilinone induced the strongest effects with EC50 values of 156μg/l in the D. magna assay, while terbutryn showed the weakest effects with 8390μg/l and methylisothiazolinone 513μg/l respectively. All other assays showed higher EC50 values and thus only weak effects. EROD assays did not show any effects. With additional literature and database records PNEC values were calculated: terbutryn reached 0.003μg/l, octhilinone 0.05μg/l and methylisothiazolinone 0.5μg/l. Potential ecotoxicological risks of these biocides are discussed, considering environmental concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kresmann
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Arokia Hansel Rajan Arokia
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany; Environmental Resources Management GmbH, Siemensstraße 9, 63263 Neu-Isenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Koch
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany; Deutsche Rockwool GmbH & Co. KG, 45966 Gladbeck, Germany.
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (CWE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ferain A, Bonnineau C, Neefs I, Das K, Larondelle Y, Rees JF, Debier C, Lemaire B. Transcriptional effects of phospholipid fatty acid profile on rainbow trout liver cells exposed to methylmercury. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 199:174-187. [PMID: 29649756 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipids, and their constitutive fatty acids, are key nutrients for fish health as they provide energy, maintain cell structure, are precursors of signalling molecules and act as nuclear receptor ligands. These specific roles may be of crucial importance in a context of exposure to pollutants. We recently showed that the fatty acid profile of rainbow trout liver cell phospholipids modulates sensitivity to an acute methylmercury challenge. In order to investigate mechanisms of effects, we herein tested whether specific polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may protect cells from methylmercury through decreasing intracellular mercury accumulation and/or enhancing cellular defences (e.g. via modulation of gene expression patterns). We also investigated the inverse relationship and assessed the impact of methylmercury on cellular fatty acid metabolism. To do so, the fatty acid composition of rainbow trout liver cell phospholipids was first modified by incubating them in a medium enriched in a specific PUFA from either the n-3 family (alpha-linolenic acid, ALA; eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) or the n-6 family (linoleic acid, LA; arachidonic acid, AA). Cells were then exposed to methylmercury (0.15 or 0.50 μM) for 24 h and sampled thereafter for assessing phospholipid fatty acid profile, intracellular total mercury burden, and expression pattern of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, synthesis of PUFA-derived signalling molecules and stress response. We observed that cells incorporated the given PUFA and some biotransformation products in their phospholipids. Methylmercury had few impacts on this cellular phospholipid composition. None of the PUFA enrichments affected the cellular mercury burden, suggesting that the previously observed cytoprotection conferred by ALA and EPA was not linked to a global decrease in cellular accumulation of mercury. Fatty acid enrichments and methylmercury exposure both modulated gene expression patterns. Genes involved in the synthesis of PUFA-derived signalling molecules, in stress response and the orphan cytochrome P450 20A1 were identified as possible sites of interaction between fatty acids and methylmercury in rainbow trout liver cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Ferain
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Chloé Bonnineau
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Irstea, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5, 69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ineke Neefs
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Krishna Das
- Freshwater and Oceanic sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Laboratory of Oceanology, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 août B6C, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Yvan Larondelle
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Rees
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Cathy Debier
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Benjamin Lemaire
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Pannetier P, Fuster L, Clérandeau C, Lacroix C, Gourves PY, Cachot J, Morin B. Usefulness of RTL-W1 and OLCAB-e3 fish cell lines and multiple endpoint measurements for toxicity evaluation of unknown or complex mixture of chemicals. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 150:40-48. [PMID: 29268113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fish are currently used for the assessment of chemical toxicity. The REACh regulation and the European directive on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes both recommend the use of methods other than animal testing. In view of this, fish cell lines are increasingly used to provide fast and reliable toxic and ecotoxic data on new chemicals. The sensitivity of the Rainbow trout liver cell line RTL-W1 and Japanese medaka embryos cell line OLCAB-e3 were used with different toxicity endpoints, namely cytotoxicity, EROD activity, ROS production and DNA damage for various classes of pollutants displaying different modes of action but also with complex environmental mixtures. Toxicity tests were coupled with chemical analysis to quantify the chemical concentrations in cell cultures. Differences in sensitivity were found between fish cell lines. MTT reduction assay revealed that OLCAB-e3 cells were more sensitive than RTL-W1 cells. On the contrary, RTL-W1 gave higher response levels for the Fpg-modified comet assay and ROS assay. The OLCAB-e3 cell line did not express EROD activity unlike RTL-W1. This study highlights the capacity of the two different fish cell lines to measure the toxicity of individual toxicants but also environmental mixtures. Then, results obtained here illustrate the interest of using different cell lines and toxicity endpoints to assess the toxicity of complex or unknown mixture of chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Fuster
- Univ, Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | | | - Camille Lacroix
- Cedre, Centre de Documentation, de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux, Brest Cedex 2, France
| | | | - Jérôme Cachot
- Univ, Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Langan LM, Owen SF, Jha AN. Establishment and long-term maintenance of primary intestinal epithelial cells cultured from the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Biol Open 2018. [PMID: 29514825 PMCID: PMC5898270 DOI: 10.1242/bio.032870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel method for the establishment and long-term maintenance of ex vivo cultures from intestinal regions of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), is reported. Adherence of cells was observed within hours, epithelial island formation recorded at 48 h and rapid proliferation with confluence achieved between 9-14 days. In addition to metabolic characterisation, basic morphology of growing cells was characterised using histology, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Regional differences in intestinal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylation (ECOD) activities in these primary grown enterocytes were compared following exposure to model inducers [i.e. α-NF, β-NF, B(a)P] which demonstrated significant differences. Regional differences in dietary uptake and metabolism of contaminants can therefore be studied in this in vitro system to increase our understanding of fundamental processes, while concurrently providing a means to reduce the number of fish required for biological studies in line with the principles of the 3Rs (Reduce, Refine and Replace). This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Understanding chemical uptake from the diet is difficult in live fish: we developed long-term intestinal cell cultures that enables the science and provides an alternative method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Langan
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Stewart F Owen
- Global Sustainability, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TF, UK
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Stadnicka-Michalak J, Weiss FT, Fischer M, Tanneberger K, Schirmer K. Biotransformation of Benzo[ a]pyrene by Three Rainbow Trout ( Onchorhynchus mykiss) Cell Lines and Extrapolation To Derive a Fish Bioconcentration Factor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3091-3100. [PMID: 29400055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Permanent fish cell lines constitute a promising complement or substitute for fish in the environmental risk assessment of chemicals. We demonstrate the potential of a set of cell lines originating from rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) to aid in the prediction of chemical bioaccumulation in fish, using benzo[ a]pyrene (BaP) as a model chemical. We selected three cell lines from different tissues to more fully account for whole-body biotransformation in vivo: the RTL-W1 cell line, representing the liver as major site of biotransformation, and the RTgill-W1 (gill) and RTgutGC (intestine) cell lines, as important environment-organism interfaces, which likely influence chemical uptake. All three cell lines were found to effectively biotransform BaP. However, rates of in vitro clearance differed, with the RTL-W1 cell line being most efficient, followed by RTgutGC. Co-exposures with α-naphthoflavone as potent inhibitor of biotransformation, assessment of CYP1A catalytic activity, and the progression of cellular toxicity upon prolonged BaP exposure revealed that BaP is handled differently in the RTgill-W1 compared to the other two cell lines. Application of the cell-line-derived in vitro clearance rates into a physiology-based toxicokinetic model predicted a BaP bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 909-1057 compared to 920 reported for rainbow trout in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julita Stadnicka-Michalak
- Eawag , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering , EPF Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Frederik T Weiss
- Eawag , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | | | - Katrin Tanneberger
- Eawag , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Ecosens AG, 8304 Wallisellen , Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering , EPF Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Amorim MJB, Lin S, Schlich K, Navas JM, Brunelli A, Neubauer N, Vilsmeier K, Costa AL, Gondikas A, Xia T, Galbis L, Badetti E, Marcomini A, Hristozov D, Kammer FVD, Hund-Rinke K, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Nel A, Wohlleben W. Environmental Impacts by Fragments Released from Nanoenabled Products: A Multiassay, Multimaterial Exploration by the SUN Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1514-1524. [PMID: 29376638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoenabled products (NEPs) have numerous outdoor uses in construction, transportation or consumer scenarios, and there is evidence that their fragments are released in the environment at low rates. We hypothesized that the lower surface availability of NEPs fragment reduced their environmental effects with respect to pristine nanomaterials. This hypothesis was explored by testing fragments generated by intentional micronisation ("the SUN approach"; Nowack et al. Meeting the Needs for Released Nanomaterials Required for Further Testing: The SUN Approach. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016 (50), 2747). The NEPs were composed of four matrices (epoxy, polyolefin, polyoxymethylene, and cement) with up to 5% content of three nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, iron oxide, and organic pigment). Regardless of the type of nanomaterial or matrix used, it was observed that nanomaterials were only partially exposed at the NEP fragment surface, indicating that mostly the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of the matrix drove the NEP fragment toxicity. Ecotoxicity in multiple assays was done covering relevant media from terrestrial to aquatic, including sewage treatment plant (biological activity), soil worms (Enchytraeus crypticus), and fish (zebrafish embryo and larvae and trout cell lines). We designed the studies to explore the possible modulation of ecotoxicity by nanomaterial additives in plastics/polymer/cement, finding none. The results support NEPs grouping by the matrix material regarding ecotoxicological effect during the use phase. Furthermore, control results on nanomaterial-free polymer fragments representing microplastic had no significant adverse effects up to the highest concentration tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro , 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sijie Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, China
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Karsten Schlich
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology , Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - José M Navas
- Department of Environment, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) , Centra De la Coruña Km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Brunelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University Ca' Foscari of Venice , Via Torino 155, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Nicole Neubauer
- Department of Material Physics, BASF SE , Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Klaus Vilsmeier
- Department of Material Physics, BASF SE , Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Anna L Costa
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC) , Via Granarolo, 64, I-48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Andreas Gondikas
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna , 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Liliana Galbis
- Department of Environment, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) , Centra De la Coruña Km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Badetti
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University Ca' Foscari of Venice , Via Torino 155, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University Ca' Foscari of Venice , Via Torino 155, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Danail Hristozov
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University Ca' Foscari of Venice , Via Torino 155, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Frank von der Kammer
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna , 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin Hund-Rinke
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology , Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | | | - André Nel
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Department of Material Physics, BASF SE , Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE , D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Eichbaum K, Brinkmann M, Nuesser L, Gembé C, Ohlig M, Buchinger S, Reifferscheid G, Hecker M, Giesy JP, Hollert H. In vitro tools for the toxicological evaluation of sediments and dredged materials: intra- and inter-laboratory comparisons of chemical and bioanalytical methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:4037-4050. [PMID: 28913580 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of in vitro bioassays for the screening of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) into management guidelines of dredged material is of increasing interest to regulators and risk assessors. This study reports on an intra- and inter-laboratory comparison study between four independent laboratories. A bioassay battery consisting of RTL-W1 (7-ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase; EROD), H4IIE (micro-EROD), and H4IIE-luc cells was used to assess aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated effects of sediments from two major European rivers, differently contaminated with DLCs. Each assay was validated by characterization of its limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), z-factor, reproducibility, and repeatability. DLC concentrations were measured using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) and compared to bioassay-specific responses via toxicity equivalents (TEQs) on intra- and inter-laboratory levels. The micro-EROD assay exhibited the best overall performance among the bioassays. It was ranked excellent (z-factor = 0.54), reached a repeatability > 75%, was highly comparable (r 2 = 0.87) and reproducible (83%) between two laboratories, and was well correlated (r 2 = 0.803) with TEQs. Its LOD and LOQ of 0.5 and 0.7 pM 2,3,7,8-TCDD, respectively, approached LOQs of HRGC/HRMS measurements. In contrast, cell lines RTL-W1 and H4IIE-luc produced LODs > 0.7 pM 2,3,7,8-TCDD, LOQs > 1.7 pM 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and repeatability < 70%. Based on the data obtained, the micro-EROD assay is the most favorable bioanalytical tool, and via a micro-EROD-based limit value, it would allow for the assessment of sediment DLC concentrations; thus, it could be considered for the implementation into testing and management guidelines for dredged materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Eichbaum
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Leonie Nuesser
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carolin Gembé
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marina Ohlig
- Department G3: Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, Federal Institute of Hydrology (BFG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Buchinger
- Department G3: Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, Federal Institute of Hydrology (BFG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Georg Reifferscheid
- Department G3: Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, Federal Institute of Hydrology (BFG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- School of the Environment and Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Environment of Education Ministry of China, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
- School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Välitalo P, Massei R, Heiskanen I, Behnisch P, Brack W, Tindall AJ, Du Pasquier D, Küster E, Mikola A, Schulze T, Sillanpää M. Effect-based assessment of toxicity removal during wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 126:153-163. [PMID: 28941401 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wastewaters contain complex mixtures of chemicals, which can cause adverse toxic effects in the receiving environment. In the present study, the toxicity removal during wastewater treatment at seven municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was investigated using an effect-based approach. A battery of eight bioassays was applied comprising of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, endocrine disruption and fish embryo toxicity assays. Human cell-based CALUX assays, transgenic larval models and the fish embryo toxicity test were particularly sensitive to WWTP effluents. The results indicate that most effects were significantly reduced or completely removed during wastewater treatment (76-100%), while embryo toxicity, estrogenic activity and thyroid disruption were still detectable in the effluents suggesting that some harmful substances remain after treatment. The responsiveness of the bioassays was compared and the human cell-based CALUX assays showed highest responsiveness in the samples. Additionally, the fish embryo toxicity test and the transgenic larval models for endocrine disrupting effects showed high responsiveness at low sample concentrations in nearly all of the effluent samples. The results showed a similar effect pattern among all WWTPs investigated, indicating that the wastewater composition could be rather similar at different locations. There were no considerable differences in the toxicity removal efficiencies of the treatment plants and no correlation was observed with WWTP characteristics, such as process configuration or sludge age. This study demonstrated that a biotest battery comprising of multiple endpoints can serve as a powerful tool when assessing water quality or water treatment efficiency in a holistic manner. Rather than analyzing the concentrations of a few selected chemicals, bioassays can be used to complement traditional methods of monitoring in the future by assessing sum-parameter based effects, such as mixture effects, and tackling chemicals that are present at concentrations below chemical analytical detection limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Välitalo
- Finnish Environment Institute, Laboratory Centre, Hakuninmaantie 6, 00430, Helsinki, Finland; Aalto University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tietotie 1E, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Riccardo Massei
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ilse Heiskanen
- Finnish Environment Institute, Laboratory Centre, Hakuninmaantie 6, 00430, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Werner Brack
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Eberhard Küster
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Mikola
- Aalto University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tietotie 1E, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Sillanpää
- Finnish Environment Institute, Laboratory Centre, Hakuninmaantie 6, 00430, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|