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Mojsym W, Wawrzykowski J, Kankofer M. Proteomic profile in plasma as a biomarker of pregnancy in cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2024; 59:e14667. [PMID: 38988253 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Pregnancy has its own protein dynamics, reflecting the hormonal profile. Quantitative and qualitative changes in plasma protein profile may provide useful information about this condition. Any alterations may be a signal heralding clinical or subclinical pathology. The objective of our study was to compare the plasma protein profile between selected months of pregnancy in cows for a better understanding gestation course. For this purpose, we collected blood from healthy pregnant (n = 30; n = 6 for each pregnancy stage) and non-pregnant (C; n = 6) Holstein-Friesian cows during a routine veterinary examination. Collected samples were selected according to pregnancy month (first, second, third, sixth, and ninth), prepared, and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The Delta-2D program compared and statistically evaluated scanned gel images from the appropriate months. The mean volume of the spots was considered. The MALDI TOF/TOF spectrometer was used to identify statistically significant proteins. There were 11 distinct proteins found, including peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, oligoribonuclease, and PRELI domain-containing protein 3B (all of them have the lowest abundance in the C group), alpha-1B-glycoprotein, L-gulonolactone oxidase, hemopexin (first month with higher abundance than control), alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (significantly higher abundance in the first month than in remaining groups), ermin (absent in the first month and lower abundance in the third and sixth months than in the remaining groups and control), endophilin-A2 (significant differences between the control and the second, third, sixth, and ninth months), apolipoprotein A-I (significant difference between control and the first and sixth months), alpha-1-antiproteinase (significant difference between control and the ninth month). The study demonstrated the distinctions between plasma protein composition and alterations during the pregnancy course which may potentially serve as diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Mojsym
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Wawrzykowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Kankofer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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2
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Amer R, Koriat A. Aqueous humor perturbations in chronic smokers: a proteomic study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11279. [PMID: 38760463 PMCID: PMC11101467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The detrimental effects of smoking are multisystemic and its effects on the eye health are significant. Smoking is a strong risk factor for age-related nuclear cataract, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, delayed corneal epithelial healing and increased risk of cystoid macular edema in patients with intermediate uveitis among others. We aimed to characterize the aqueous humor (AH) proteome in chronic smokers to gain insight into its perturbations and to identify potential biomarkers for smoking-associated ocular pathologies. Compared to the control group, chronic smokers displayed 67 (37 upregulated, 30 downregulated) differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Analysis of DEPs from the biological point of view revealed that they were proteins involved in complement activation, lymphocyte mediated immunity, innate immune response, cellular oxidant detoxification, bicarbonate transport and platelet degranulation. From the molecular function point of view, DEPs were involved in oxygen binding, oxygen carrier activity, hemoglobin binding, peptidase/endopeptidase/cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitory activity. Several of the upregulated proteins were acute phase reactant proteins such as clusterin, alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, fibrinogen, alpha-1-antitrypsin, C4b-binding protein and serum amyloid A-2. Further research should confirm if these proteins might serve as biomarkers or therapeutic target for smoking-associated ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radgonde Amer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Adi Koriat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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3
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Jain A, Kotimoole CN, Ghoshal S, Bakshi J, Chatterjee A, Prasad TSK, Pal A. Identification of potential salivary biomarker panels for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3365. [PMID: 33564003 PMCID: PMC7873065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide with the maximum number of incidences and deaths reported from India. One of the major causes of poor survival rate associated with OSCC has been attributed to late presentation due to non-availability of a biomarker. Identification of early diagnostic biomarker will help in reducing the disease morbidity and mortality. We validated 12 salivary proteins using targeted proteomics, identified initially by relative quantification of salivary proteins on LC-MS, in OSCC patients and controls. Salivary AHSG (p = 0.0041**) and KRT6C (p = 0.002**) were upregulated in OSCC cases and AZGP1 (p ≤ 0.0001***), KLK1 (p = 0.006**) and BPIFB2 (p = 0.0061**) were downregulated. Regression modelling resulted in a significant risk prediction model (p < 0.0001***) consisting of AZGP1, AHSG and KRT6C for which ROC curve had AUC, sensitivity and specificity of 82.4%, 78% and 73.5% respectively for all OSCC cases and 87.9%, 87.5% and 73.5% respectively for late stage (T3/T4) OSCC. AZGP1, AHSG, KRT6C and BPIFB2 together resulted in ROC curve (p < 0.0001***) with AUC, sensitivity and specificity of 94%, 100% and 77.6% respectively for N0 cases while KRT6C and AZGP1 for N+ cases with ROC curve (p < 0.0001***) having AUC sensitivity and specificity of 76.8%, 73% and 69.4%. Our data aids in the identification of biomarker panels for the diagnosis of OSCC cases with a differential diagnosis between early and late-stage cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Chinmaya Narayana Kotimoole
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Sushmita Ghoshal
- Department of Radiotherapy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Jaimanti Bakshi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bengaluru, 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Arnab Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Lin YH, Zhu J, Meijer S, Franc V, Heck AJR. Glycoproteogenomics: A Frequent Gene Polymorphism Affects the Glycosylation Pattern of the Human Serum Fetuin/α-2-HS-Glycoprotein. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1479-1490. [PMID: 31097672 PMCID: PMC6683009 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetuin, also known as α-2-HS-glycoprotein (gene name: AHSG), is one of the more abundant glycoproteins secreted into the bloodstream. There are two frequently occurring alleles of human AHSG, resulting in three genotypes (AHSG*1, AHSG*2, and heterozygous AHSG1/2). The backbone amino acid sequences of fetuin coded by the AHSG*1 and AHSG*2 genes differ in two amino acids including one known O-glycosylation site (aa position 256). Although fetuin levels have been extensively studied, the originating genotype is often ignored in such analysis. As fetuin has been suggested repeatedly as a potential biomarker for several disorders, the question whether the gene polymorphism affects the fetuin profile is of great interest. In this work, we describe detailed proteoform profiles of fetuin, isolated from serum of 10 healthy and 10 septic patient individuals and investigate potential glycoproteogenomics correlations, e.g. how gene polymorphisms affect glycosylation. We established an efficient method for fetuin purification from individuals' serum using ion-exchange chromatography. Subsequently, we performed hybrid mass spectrometric approaches integrating data from native mass spectra and peptide-centric MS analysis. Our data reveal a crucial effect of the gene polymorphism on the glycosylation pattern of fetuin. Moreover, we clearly observed increased fucosylation in the samples derived from the septic patients. Our serum proteoform analysis, targeted at one protein obtained from 20 individuals, exposes the wide variability in proteoform profiles, which should be taken into consideration when using fetuin as biomarker. Importantly, focusing on a single or few proteins, the quantitative proteoform profiles can provide, as shown here, already ample data to classify individuals by genotype and disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsien Lin
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; §Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Zhu
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; §Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Meijer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; ¶Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Vojtech Franc
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; §Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; §Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Heinen MC, Babler A, Weis J, Elsas J, Nolte K, Kipp M, Jahnen-Dechent W, Häusler M. Fetuin-A protein distribution in mature inflamed and ischemic brain tissue. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206597. [PMID: 30412582 PMCID: PMC6226147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The liver-derived plasma protein fetuin-A is strongly expressed during fetal life, hence its name. Fetuin-A protein is normally present in most fetal organs and tissues, including brain tissue. Fetuin-A was neuroprotective in animal models of cerebral ischemia and lethal chronic inflammation, suggesting a role beyond the neonatal period. Little is known, however, on the presence of fetuin-A in mature human brain tissue under different physiological and pathological conditions. Methods We studied by immunohistochemistry (IHC) the distribution of fetuin-A protein in mature human brain autopsy tissues from patients without neurological disease, patients with inflammatory brain disorders, and patients with ischemic brain lesions. To identify fetuin-A-positive cells in these tissues we co-localized fetuin-A with GFAP (astrocytes) and CD68 (macrophages, activated microglia). Results and discussion Unlike previous reports, we detected fetuin-A protein also in mature human brain as would be expected from an abundant plasma protein also present in cerebrospinal fluid. Fetuin-A immunoreactivity was increased in ischemic white matter and decreased in inflamed cerebellar tissue. Fetuin-A immunostaining was predominantly associated with neurons and astrocytes. Unlike the developing brain, the adult brain lacked fetuin-A immunostaining in CD68-positive microglia. Our findings suggest a role for fetuin-A in tissue remodeling of neonatal brain, which becomes obsolete in the adult brain, but is re-activated in damaged brain tissue. To further assess the role of fetuin-A in the mature brain, animal models involving ischemia and inflammation need to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Christina Heinen
- Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Anne Babler
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, JARA-BRAIN, Jülich, Germany
| | - Johannes Elsas
- Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kay Nolte
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Willi Jahnen-Dechent
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Häusler
- Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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Demiryurek BE, Gundogdu AA. Serum Fetuin-A Levels in Patients with Bilateral Basal Ganglia Calcification. Neurosci Lett 2017; 666:148-152. [PMID: 29288724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (Fahr syndrome) may occur due to senility. Fetuin-A is a negative acute phase reactant which inhibits calcium-phosphorus precipitation and vascular calcification. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether serum fetuin-A levels correlate with bilateral basal ganglia calcification. METHOD Forty-five patients who had bilateral basal ganglia calcification on brain CT were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 45 age and gender-matched subjects without basal ganglia calcification were included for the control group. Serum fetuin-A levels were measured from venous blood samples. All participants were divided into two groups; with and without basal ganglia calcification. These groups were divided into subgroups regarding age (18-32 and 33-45 years of age) and gender (male, female). RESULTS We detected lower levels of serum fetuin-A in patients with basal ganglia calcification compared with the subjects without basal ganglia calcification. In all subgroups (female, male, 18-32 years and 33-45 years), mean fetuin-A levels were significantly lower in patients with basal ganglia calcification (p = 0.017, p = 0.014, p = 0.024, p = 0.026, p = 0.01 respectively). And statistically significantly lower levels of fetuin-A was found to be correlated with the increasing densities of calcification in the calcified basal ganglia group (p-value: <0.001). CONCLUSION Considering the role of fetuin-A in tissue calcification and inflammation, higher serum fetuin-A levels should be measured in patients with basal ganglia calcification. We believe that the measurement of serum fetuin-A may play a role in the prediction of basal ganglia calcification as a biomarker.
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7
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Robinson KN, Teran-Garcia M. From infancy to aging: Biological and behavioral modifiers of Fetuin-A. Biochimie 2016; 124:141-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ruiz JL, Weinbaum S, Aikawa E, Hutcheson JD. Zooming in on the genesis of atherosclerotic plaque microcalcifications. J Physiol 2016; 594:2915-27. [PMID: 27040360 DOI: 10.1113/jp271339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence conclusively demonstrates that calcium burden is a significant predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. These observations have challenged the previously held notion that calcification serves to stabilize the atherosclerotic plaque. Recent studies have shown that microcalcifications that form within the fibrous cap of the plaques lead to the accrual of plaque-destabilizing mechanical stress. Given the association between calcification morphology and cardiovascular outcomes, it is important to understand the mechanisms leading to calcific mineral deposition and growth from the earliest stages. We highlight the open questions in the field of cardiovascular calcification and include a review of the proposed mechanisms involved in extracellular vesicle-mediated mineral deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Ruiz
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheldon Weinbaum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Piazzon N, Bernet F, Guihard L, Leonhard WN, Urfer S, Firsov D, Chehade H, Vogt B, Piergiovanni S, Peters DJM, Bonny O, Constam DB. Urine Fetuin-A is a biomarker of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease progression. J Transl Med 2015; 13:103. [PMID: 25888842 PMCID: PMC4416261 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by numerous fluid-filled cysts that frequently result in end-stage renal disease. While promising treatment options are in advanced clinical development, early diagnosis and follow-up remain a major challenge. We therefore evaluated the diagnostic value of Fetuin-A as a new biomarker of ADPKD in human urine. Results We found that renal Fetuin-A levels are upregulated in both Pkd1 and Bicc1 mouse models of ADPKD. Measurement by ELISA revealed that urinary Fetuin-A levels were significantly higher in 66 ADPKD patients (17.5 ± 12.5 μg/mmol creatinine) compared to 17 healthy volunteers (8.5 ± 3.8 μg/mmol creatinine) or 50 control patients with renal diseases of other causes (6.2 ± 2.9 μg/mmol creatinine). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis of urinary Fetuin-A levels for ADPKD rendered an optimum cut-off value of 12.2 μg/mmol creatinine, corresponding to 94% of sensitivity and 60% of specificity (area under the curve 0.74 ; p = 0.0019). Furthermore, urinary Fetuin-A levels in ADPKD patients correlated with the degree of renal insufficiency and showed a significant increase in patients with preserved renal function followed for two years. Conclusions Our findings establish urinary Fetuin-A as a sensitive biomarker of the progression of ADPKD. Further studies are required to examine the pathogenic mechanisms of elevated renal and urinary Fetuin-A in ADPKD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0463-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Piazzon
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment SV ISREC, Station 19, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Quartier UNIL-CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Bernet
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment SV ISREC, Station 19, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Linda Guihard
- Service of Nephrology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Wouter N Leonhard
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden Univ. Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Séverine Urfer
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment SV ISREC, Station 19, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Dmitri Firsov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Quartier UNIL-CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Hassib Chehade
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Bruno Vogt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Sophia Piergiovanni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Quartier UNIL-CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Dorien J M Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden Univ. Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Olivier Bonny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Quartier UNIL-CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Service of Nephrology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel B Constam
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment SV ISREC, Station 19, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of unknown cause, in which chronic inflammation drives multifocal demyelination of axons in both white and gray matter in the CNS. The pathological course of the disease is heterogeneous and involves an early, predominantly inflammatory demyelinating disease phase of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), which, over a variable period of time, evolves into a progressively degenerative stage associated with axonal loss and scar formation, causing physical and cognitive disability. For patients with RRMS, there is a growing arsenal of disease-modifying agents (DMAs), with varying degrees of efficacy, as defined by reduced relapse rates, improved magnetic resonance imaging outcomes, and preservation of neurological function. Establishment of personalized treatment plans remains one of the biggest challenges in therapeutic decision-making in MS because the disease prognosis and individual therapeutic outcomes are extremely difficult to predict. Current research is aimed at discovery and validation of biomarkers that reliably measure disease progression and effective therapeutic intervention. Individual biomarker candidates with evident clinical utility are highlighted in this review and include neutralizing autoantibodies against DMAs, fetuin-A, osteopontin, isoprostanes, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13), neurofilament light and heavy, and chitinase 3-like protein. In addition, application of more advanced screening technologies has opened up new categories of biomarkers that move beyond detection of individual soluble proteins, including gene expression and autoantibody arrays, microRNAs, and circulating microvesicles/exosomes. Development of clinically useful biomarkers in MS will not only shape the practice of personalized medicine but will also serve as surrogate markers to enable investigation of innovative treatments within clinical trials that are less costly, are of shorter duration, and have more certainty of outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine K. Harris
- Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York, 521 West 57th Street, New York, NY 10019 USA
| | - Saud A. Sadiq
- Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York, 521 West 57th Street, New York, NY 10019 USA
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Harris VK, Donelan N, Yan QJ, Clark K, Touray A, Rammal M, Sadiq SA. Cerebrospinal fluid fetuin-A is a biomarker of active multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2013; 19:1462-72. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458513477923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is an urgent need for biomarkers in multiple sclerosis (MS) that can reliably measure ongoing disease activity relative to inflammation, neurodegeneration, and demyelination/remyelination. Fetuin-A was recently identified as a potential biomarker in MS cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Fetuin-A has diverse functions, including a role in immune pathways. Objective: The objective of this research is to investigate whether fetuin-A is a direct indicator of disease activity. Methods: We measured fetuin-A in CSF and plasma of patients with MS and correlated these findings to clinical disease activity and natalizumab response. Fetuin-A expression was characterized in MS brain tissue and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. We also examined the pathogenic role of fetuin-A in EAE using fetuin-A-deficient mice. Results: Elevated CSF fetuin-A correlated with disease activity in MS. In natalizumab-treated patients, CSF fetuin-A levels were reduced one year post-treatment, correlating with therapeutic response. Fetuin-A was markedly elevated in demyelinated lesions and in gray matter within MS brain tissue. Similarly, fetuin-A was elevated in degenerating neurons around demyelinated lesions in EAE. Fetuin-A-deficient mice demonstrated delayed onset and reduced severity of EAE symptoms. Conclusions: Our results show that CSF fetuin-A is a biomarker of disease activity and natalizumab response in MS. Neuronal expression of fetuin-A suggests that fetuin-A may play a pathological role in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qi Jiang Yan
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York, USA
| | - Kristi Clark
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York, USA
| | - Amir Touray
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York, USA
| | | | - Saud A Sadiq
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York, USA
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Elsas J, Sellhaus B, Herrmann M, Kinkeldey A, Weis J, Jahnen-Dechent W, Häusler M. Fetuin-A in the developing brain. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 73:354-69. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marietta Herrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; Biointerface Group; Aachen; Germany
| | - Anne Kinkeldey
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; Biointerface Group; Aachen; Germany
| | | | - Willi Jahnen-Dechent
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; Biointerface Group; Aachen; Germany
| | - Martin Häusler
- Department of Pediatrics; University Hospital; RWTH Aachen; Aachen; Germany
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13
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Dai XH, Zhang P, Xiao MF, Zhou RR, Zhang BX, Hu GS, Huang ZB, Fan XG. Protective role of α2HS-glycoprotein in HBV-associated liver failure. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:3846-56. [PMID: 21747711 PMCID: PMC3131595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12063846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, levels of plasma α2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein, serum tumor necrosis factor-α, serum liver function parameters and short-term mortality were measured in 100 hepatitis B patients. Release of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α from the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence/absence of spermine and α2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the significance and potential mechanism of α2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein in hepatitis B virus-associated liver damage. Results showed that serum α2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein levels in acute-on-chronic liver failure patients were significantly lower than that in chronic hepatitis B patients or healthy controls (p < 0.05). A negative dependence between serum human α2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein and tumor necrosis factor-α levels was observed. Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in the lipopolysaccharide-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cell supernates were significantly reduced by spermine and/or α2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein. The latter two proteins jointly inhibited cytokine release. These observations suggest that plasma α2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein is an independent marker of liver damage and a prognostic indicator of hepatitis B virus chronicity. It may reduce liver inflammation by partially inhibiting release of inflammatory factors from activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Hong Dai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; E-Mails: (X.-H.D.); (M.-F.X.); (R.-R.Z.); (B.-X.Z.); (G.-S.H.); (Z.-B.H.)
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xiangya, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; E-Mail:
| | - Mei-Fang Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; E-Mails: (X.-H.D.); (M.-F.X.); (R.-R.Z.); (B.-X.Z.); (G.-S.H.); (Z.-B.H.)
| | - Rong-Rong Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; E-Mails: (X.-H.D.); (M.-F.X.); (R.-R.Z.); (B.-X.Z.); (G.-S.H.); (Z.-B.H.)
| | - Bao-Xin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; E-Mails: (X.-H.D.); (M.-F.X.); (R.-R.Z.); (B.-X.Z.); (G.-S.H.); (Z.-B.H.)
| | - Guan-Sheng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; E-Mails: (X.-H.D.); (M.-F.X.); (R.-R.Z.); (B.-X.Z.); (G.-S.H.); (Z.-B.H.)
| | - Ze-Bing Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; E-Mails: (X.-H.D.); (M.-F.X.); (R.-R.Z.); (B.-X.Z.); (G.-S.H.); (Z.-B.H.)
| | - Xue-Gong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; E-Mails: (X.-H.D.); (M.-F.X.); (R.-R.Z.); (B.-X.Z.); (G.-S.H.); (Z.-B.H.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-731-84327392; Fax: +86-731-84327332
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Liddelow SA, Dziegielewska KM, Ek CJ, Johansson PA, Potter AM, Saunders NR. Cellular transfer of macromolecules across the developing choroid plexus of Monodelphis domestica. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29:253-66. [PMID: 19200232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Choroid plexus epithelial cells secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and transfer molecules from blood into CSF. Tight junctions between choroidal epithelial cells are functionally effective from early in development: the route of transfer is suggested to be transcellular. Routes of transfer for endogenous and exogenous plasma proteins and dextrans were studied in Monodelphis domestica (opossum). Pups at postnatal (P) days 1-65 and young adults were injected with biotinylated dextrans (3-70 kDa) and/or foetal protein fetuin. CSF, plasma and brain samples were collected from terminally anaesthetized animals. Choroid plexus cells containing plasma proteins were detected immunocytochemically. Numbers of plasma protein-positive epithelial cells increased to adult levels by P28, but their percentage of plexus cells declined. Numbers of cells positive for biotinylated probes increased with age, while their percentage remained constant. Colocalization studies showed specificity for individual proteins in some epithelial cells. Biotinylated probes and endogenous proteins colocalized in about 10% of cells in younger animals, increasing towards 100% by adulthood. Injections of markers into the ventricles demonstrated that protein is transferred only from blood into CSF, whereas dextrans pass in both directions. These results indicate that protein and lipid-insoluble markers are transferred by separate mechanisms present in choroid plexuses from the earliest stage of brain development, and transfer of proteins from plasma across choroid plexus epithelial cells contributes to the high protein concentration in CSF in the immature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Liddelow
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Molvarec A, Kalabay L, Derzsy Z, Szarka A, Halmos A, Stenczer B, Arnaud P, Karádi I, Prohászka Z, Rigó J. Preeclampsia is associated with decreased serum α2-HS glycoprotein (fetuin-A) concentration. Hypertens Res 2009; 32:665-9. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2009.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Kalabay L, Jakab L, Prohászka Z, Füst G, Benkö Z, Telegdy L, Lörincz Z, Závodszky P, Arnaud P, Fekete B. Human fetuin/alpha2HS-glycoprotein level as a novel indicator of liver cell function and short-term mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 14:389-94. [PMID: 11943951 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-200204000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human fetuin/alpha2HS-glycoprotein (AHSG) is synthesized by hepatocytes. We intended to determine whether liver dysfunction or acute phase reaction is dominant in the regulation of its serum concentrations and to see if decreased AHGS levels are associated with short-term mortality. DESIGN We determined the serum AHSG levels in patients with acute alcoholic, acute A, B, and Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer and correlated them to conventional laboratory parameters of inflammation and liver function. Patients were followed for 1 month. METHODS Serum AHSG was determined by radial immunodiffusion. RESULTS Compared to controls, significantly lower AHSG levels were found in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer but not the acute viral hepatitides. Strong positive correlation with serum transferrin, albumin and prothrombin was found. Febrile episodes were not associated with significantly decreased AHSG levels. Concentrations below 300 microg/ml were associated with high mortality rate (52.0%; relative risk, 5.497; 95% confidence interval, 2.472-12.23; P < 0.0001). Of all laboratory parameters studied serum AHSG levels showed the greatest difference between deceased and survived patients with cirrhosis and cancer. Moreover, other acute phase reactants did not differ significantly. The multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the decrease of serum AHSG is independent of all other variables that were found decreased in deceased patients. CONCLUSIONS Decreased serum AHSG concentration is due rather to hepatocellular dysfunction than the acute phase reaction and is an outstanding predictor of short-term mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Kalabay
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Kútvölgyi út 4, Budapest, Hungary.
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Dziegielewska KM, Horny HP, Valent P, Habgood MD, Schumacher U. Fetuin in human bone marrow: detection in foetal tissue and patients with mastocytosis. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2001; 33:443-51. [PMID: 11931384 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014412013445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fetuin, a foetal protein of unknown function, has been shown to be expressed in both the immune and nervous systems, especially during development. Here, we show for the first time, that fetuin is abundantly present in many cells of the foetal human bone marrow, but is restricted to cells of the monocytic lineage in the adult. Fetuin's immunoreactivity increased considerably in adult human bone marrow in some pathological conditions, particularly in mastocytosis and was also increased in bone marrows in some cases of acute leukaemias, especially in acute myeloid leukaemia. This increase in the presence of fetuin in neoplastic bone marrows is not reflected by an increased level of circulating fetuin. This last observation contradicts earlier suggestions that fetuin is specifically reduced in cancer patients. A consistent increase in fetuin immunoreactivity in bone marrow of most cases of mastocytosis, as demonstrated in this paper, could become a useful tool in the diagnosis of this disease.
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Chen H, Srinivas PR, Cong LN, Li Y, Grunberger G, Quon MJ. Alpha2-Heremans Schmid glycoprotein inhibits insulin-stimulated Elk-1 phosphorylation, but not glucose transport, in rat adipose cells. Endocrinology 1998; 139:4147-54. [PMID: 9751494 DOI: 10.1210/endo.139.10.6258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alpha2-Heremans Schmid glycoprotein (alpha2-HSG) is a member of the fetuin family of serum proteins whose biological functions are not completely understood. There is a consensus that alpha2-HSG plays a role in the regulation of tissue mineralization. However, one aspect of alpha2-HSG function that remains controversial is its ability to inhibit the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and the biological actions of insulin. Interestingly, some studies suggest that alpha2-HSG differentially inhibits mitogenic, but not metabolic, actions of insulin. However, these previous studies were not carried out in bona fide insulin target cells. Therefore, in the present study we investigate the effects of alpha2-HSG in the physiologically relevant rat adipose cell. We studied insulin-stimulated translocation of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 in transfected rat adipose cells overexpressing human alpha2-HSG. In addition, we measured insulin-stimulated glucose transport in adipose cells cultured with conditioned medium from the transfected cells as well as in freshly isolated adipose cells treated with purified human alpha2-HSG. Compared with control cells, we were unable to demonstrate any significant effect of alpha2-HSG on insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 or glucose transport. In contrast, we did demonstrate that overexpression of alpha2-HSG in adipose cells inhibits both basal and insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Elk-1 (a transcription factor phosphorylated and activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase and other related upstream kinases). Interestingly, we did not observe any major effects of alpha2-HSG to inhibit insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1, -2, or -3, in either transfected or freshly isolated adipose cells. We conclude that alpha2-HSG inhibits insulin-stimulated Elk-1 phosphorylation, but not glucose transport, in adipose cells by a mechanism that may involve effector molecules downstream of insulin receptor substrate proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Hypertension-Endocrine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1754, USA
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20
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Brown WM, Dziegielewska KM. Friends and relations of the cystatin superfamily--new members and their evolution. Protein Sci 1997; 6:5-12. [PMID: 9007972 PMCID: PMC2143511 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560060102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The cystatin "superfamily" encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or perhaps never acquired this inhibitory activity. In recent years, several new members of the superfamily have characterized, including proteins from insects and plants. Based on partial amino acid homology, new members, such as the invariant chain (Ii), and the transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II (TGF-beta receptor II) may, in fact, represent members of an emerging family within the superfamily that may have used some common building blocks to form functionally diverse proteins. Cystatin super-family members have been found throughout evolution and members of each family of the superfamily are present in mammals today. In this review, the new and older, established members of the family are arranged into a possible evolutionary order, based on sequence homology and functional similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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21
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Nawratil P, Lenzen S, Kellermann J, Haupt H, Schinke T, Müller-Esterl W, Jahnen-Dechent W. Limited proteolysis of human alpha2-HS glycoprotein/fetuin. Evidence that a chymotryptic activity can release the connecting peptide. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:31735-41. [PMID: 8940198 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.49.31735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
alpha2-HS glycoprotein is a major protein of human plasma whose function is still obscure. A proteolytically processed form of alpha2-HS glycoprotein lacking a segment of 40 amino acid residues bridging its heavy and light chain portions ("connecting peptide") has been described suggesting that this peptide is released by post-translational processing to fulfill biological role(s) of alpha2-HS glycoprotein. To test this hypothesis we investigated how the connecting peptide is released from the parental molecule by limited proteolysis. We developed monoclonal antibodies to various portions of the connecting peptide and its NH2-terminal flanking region which cross-react with the native alpha2-HS glycoprotein. Purified alpha2-HS glycoprotein from human plasma was subjected to limited proteolysis by proteinases including trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase plasmin, kallikrein, thrombin, and renin. Immunoprint analysis of the proteolytic digests indicated that alpha2-HS glycoprotein is readily cleaved in its connecting peptide region. NH2-terminal amino sequence analysis of the generated fragments demonstrated that a single proteinase, chymotrypsin, cleaves the critical Leu-Leu bond flanking the NH2-terminal portion of the connecting peptide region. Most but not all of the other proteinase cleavage sites map to a short stretch of 9 residues located in the center portion of the connecting peptide region. Immunoprint analysis of plasma samples from patients with sepsis demonstrate that the connecting peptide region is cleaved under pathological conditions. Our results indicate that the connecting peptide and/or fragments thereof are readily releasable from alpha2-HS glycoprotein in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nawratil
- Department for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, The University of Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 20, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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22
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Dziegielewska K, Brown WM, Deal A, Foster KA, Fry EJ, Saunders NR. The expression of fetuin in the development and maturation of the hemopoietic and immune systems. Histochem Cell Biol 1996; 106:319-30. [PMID: 8897073 DOI: 10.1007/bf02473242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and expression of fetuin, a fetal plasma protein that has been shown to have a wide-spread intracellular presence in many developing tissues including the central nervous system, has been studied in the developing immune and hemopoietic organs of fetal and adult sheep. The presence of fetuin was demonstrated using immuno-cytochemistry and expression of fetuin was studied using northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. In the developing sheep fetus, fetuin was shown to be expressed first in the hemopoietic cells of the fetal liver and subsequently in the forming spleen. The very first stromal, bone marrow-forming cells, also expressed fetuin mRNA. These cells became more numerous during gestation and by embryonic day (E)115 (term is 150 days), fetuin-expressing cells were identified morphologically to be monocytes/macrophages. Fetuin protein, on the other hand, was present in all hemopoietic and immune organs from the earliest age studied (E30) but was confined initially to matrix, mesenchymal tissue. Fetuin-positive cells could be identified in the spleen at E60 as early hemopoietic cells, in the lymph nodes at E60 as stromal cells and macrophages, and at E115 in the thymus as macrophages and squamous cells. In the adult, fetuin mRNA was only detectable by northern blot in the liver and the bone marrow. Using in situ hybridization in adult tissue, fetuin mRNA-positive cells were identified in the bone marrow to be monocytes/macrophages. Additionally, in the spleen germinal centres, fetuin mRNA was identified in cells with the morphology of dendritic cells. Using three separate cellular markers: lysozyme, S-100, and alpha 1-antitrypsin, the cellular identification of fetuin-positive cells was confirmed to be in the monocyte/macrophage lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dziegielewska
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Tasmania, Australia
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23
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Pinero GJ, Farach-Carson MC, Devoll RE, Aubin JE, Brunn JC, Butler WT. Bone matrix proteins in osteogenesis and remodelling in the neonatal rat mandible as studied by immunolocalization of osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, alpha 2HS-glycoprotein and alkaline phosphatase. Arch Oral Biol 1995; 40:145-55. [PMID: 7794128 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(94)00144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The neonatal rat mandible was used as a model to study bone formation, mineralization, quiescence, and resorption, using immunolocalization and a variety of tissue-processing techniques. Monospecific antibodies for osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and alpha 2HS-glycoprotein (alpha 2HS-GP) were used on fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, fixed frozen tissue and unfixed frozen tissue. Immunostaining was correlated with mineral content by two procedures, the von Kossa and the morin techniques. Morin fluorescence was used with secondary immunostaining to provide a way of closely correlating bone matrix proteins and matrix mineralization. Co-immunolocalization procedures were used to compare the sites of bone proteins in the matrix. AP was found earliest during osteogenic cell differentiation, appearing in the preosteoblasts, followed by OPN and BSP, which first appeared in osteoblasts. alpha 2HS-GP expression was not observed in cells. The results provide clear evidence for the presence of OPN in osteoid, while BSP and alpha 2HS-GP were confined to the mineralized matrix. Immunostaining of bone proteins is highly technique-dependent: immunolocalization investigations required several methods of approach to ensure adequate demonstration of these proteins in cells and matrix. The results support the contention that osteopontin is multifunctional in bone metabolism, and that alpha 2HS-GP, though produced in the liver, is abundant in bone matrix and may also have a function in bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Pinero
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Texas-Houston 77030, USA
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Suzuki M, Shimokawa H, Takagi Y, Sasaki S. Calcium-binding properties of fetuin in fetal bovine serum. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1994; 270:501-7. [PMID: 7528258 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402700603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fetuin, an abundant protein in fetal bovine plasma, is the bovine homolog of human alpha 2HS glycoprotein (alpha 2HS). In spite of numerous studies, the biological functions of both proteins remain elusive. We now report the remarkable 45Ca-binding activity of fetuin in fetal bovine serum that has been blotted on a membrane after electrophoresis. The Ca-binding ability of the purified protein was analyzed by equilibrium dialysis, which revealed that bovine fetuin had multiple Ca-binding sites, one of which had a Kd of 0.95 x 10(-4) M. It was also shown that the Ca-binding activity of fetuin was greater than that of albumin in serum of the bovine fetus at the late gestational stage. Since fetal bovine serum contains not only a high concentration of fetuin but also a high concentration of Ca, it is possible that fetuin functions to maintain high levels of Ca in fetal serum via normalization of the concentration of Ca2+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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26
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Saunders NR, Sheardown SA, Deal A, Møllgård K, Reader M, Dziegielewska KM. Expression and distribution of fetuin in the developing sheep fetus. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1994; 102:457-75. [PMID: 7535298 DOI: 10.1007/bf00269578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tissue distribution and developmental expression of fetuin were studied in the sheep fetus from embryonic day (E) 30 to adult (gestational period is 150 days). The presence of fetuin was demonstrated immunocytochemically using anti-fetuin antibodies; in situ hybridisation using short anti-sense oligonucleotide probes labelled with digoxigenin was used to study the ability of the developing tissue to synthesise fetuin, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to estimate the level of fetuin mRNA in selected tissues. Tissue distribution of fetuin was widespread in the younger fetuses (E30 to E40). The most prominent presence due to in situ synthesis was demonstrated in the liver, central nervous system (CNS) including anterior horn cells, dorsal root ganglia and in skeletal muscle cells. Other developing tissues and organs that showed evidence of fetuin synthesis and presence of the protein included mesenchyme, kidney, adrenal, developing bone, gut, lung and heart. In the immature liver (E30-40) there was a strong signal for fetuin mRNA in hepatocytes and also in numerous haemopoietic cells; the proportion of these latter cells that was positive for fetuin mRNA increased between E30 and E40. Only some hepatocytes and a proportion of the haemopoietic stem cells were immunoreactive for fetuin itself at E30-40; immunoreactive hepatocytes were more frequently observed in the more mature outer regions of the developing liver. Lung and gut contained scattered fetuin-positive epithelial cells, especially at E30; a weak fetuin mRNA signal could be detected above background in many of these cells up to E40, but not at E60-E115 or in the adult. Particularly at E30 to E40, mesenchymal tissue both within organs such as the gut and lung and around forming bone and skeletal muscle contained cells that were positive for fetuin mRNA. Mesenchyme at these ages was also very strongly stained for fetuin protein, much of which may reflect fetuin in tissue extracellular spaces and be derived from the high concentration in plasma. By E80 fetuin mRNA was mainly present in the liver and the CNS; staining of the muscle tissue was becoming less pronounced. However in developing bone tissue, staining of chondrocytes for fetuin mRNA was still prominent in older (E80) fetuses; there was also fetuin protein staining of chondrocytes at the growing surfaces of bones and in bone marrow at this age. In the adult, weak immunocytochemical staining for fetuin itself was present in hepatocytes, but the mRNA signal was barely above the threshold limit of detection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Saunders
- Department of Physiology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Adam E, Dziegielewska KM, Saunders NR, Schumacher U. Neuraminic acid specific lectins as markers of early cortical plate neurons. Int J Dev Neurosci 1993; 11:451-60. [PMID: 7694444 DOI: 10.1016/0736-5748(93)90019-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Early cortical plate and subplate cells in the developing neocortex of many animal species and humans contain one specific plasma protein, fetuin. Fetuin is heavily glycosylated and it is possible that due to the large amount of sugars, this molecule may play a part in cellular recognition during brain development. Cellular and extracellular carbohydrates in the developing brain of the sheep were studied histochemically using a battery of fluorescein-labelled lectins. Two neuraminic acid specific lectins, Sambucus nigra and Maackia amurensis, labelled consistently the fetuin-positive cells as demonstrated by double labelling with lectins and antifetuin antibodies. Brain sections from other species, known to contain fetuin-positive cells (fetal cow, postnatal tammar wallaby) showed a similar lectin staining pattern to that of the sheep fetus. Additionally, sections from species thought to contain fetuin in their developing brains that failed to cross-react with available antifetuin antibodies (postnatal Monodelphis, fetal cat) also demonstrated lectin-positive staining in the same neuronal cell population. Thus, neuraminic acid is a common and well conserved terminal carbohydrate in cortical plate and subplate neurons of the developing brain. Neuraminic-specific lectins are useful markers for these neurons in addition to the more traditional use of immunocytochemical methods in studies of formation of the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Adam
- University of Southampton, U.K
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Yamamoto K, Sinohara H. Isolation and characterization of mouse countertrypin, a new trypsin inhibitor belonging to the mammalian fetuin family. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)46768-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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McKee MD, Farach-Carson MC, Butler WT, Hauschka PV, Nanci A. Ultrastructural immunolocalization of noncollagenous (osteopontin and osteocalcin) and plasma (albumin and alpha 2HS-glycoprotein) proteins in rat bone. J Bone Miner Res 1993; 8:485-96. [PMID: 8475798 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650080413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The high-resolution, postembedding protein A-gold immunocytochemical technique was used to visualize the distribution of two noncollagenous bone proteins, osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OC), and two plasma proteins, alpha 2HS-glycoprotein (alpha 2HS-GP) and albumin (ALB), in sections of Lowicryl K4M-embedded rat tibial and alveolar bone. In the primary spongiosa of the metaphysis, a seam of organic material (lamina limitans) that labeled intensely with OPN and OC antibodies was observed at the bone/calcified cartilage interface just below the zone of vascular invasion of the growth plate. With deposition of bone matrix proper by osteoblasts in this region and its subsequent mineralization, extensive areas of bone were heavily labeled with anti-OPN, anti-OC, and anti-alpha 2HS-GP antibodies, where the majority of gold particles were associated with amorphous, electron-dense patches of organic material throughout the mineralized bone. In the unmineralized osteoid, substantially less labeling was observed, and where occasional mineralization loci were dispersed throughout the osteoid layer, these sometimes showed a concentration of gold particles. ALB labeling, on the other hand, was moderate and generally diffuse throughout the mineralized bone matrix and the osteoid. In alveolar bone, labeling patterns were generally similar to those found in tibial bone. Particularly striking in alveolar bone, however, was an intense anti-OPN labeling of (1) the lamina limitans at cell-lined bone surfaces, including that surrounding cell processes and osteocytes, (2) cement (reversal, resting) lines, and (3) the perilacumar matrix of some osteocytes. In summary, these data suggest that certain plasma proteins, such as alpha 2HS-GP, interact with bone matrix proteins, such as OPN and OC, at sites of tissue mineralization and that the presence of OPN in mineralized bone and at bone surfaces (lamina limitans) and cement lines has a multifunctional role, including regulation of mineralization and mediation of cell dynamics during endochondral and intramembranous bone modeling and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D McKee
- Department of Stomatology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Dziegielewska KM, Reader M, Matthews N, Brown WM, Møllgård K, Saunders NR. Synthesis of the foetal protein fetuin by early developing neurons in the immature neocortex. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1993; 22:266-72. [PMID: 7683041 DOI: 10.1007/bf01187125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the foetal protein fetuin has previously been demonstrated by immunocytochemistry to be specifically confined to the primordial plexiform layer, the early cortical plate and subplate zone cells in the developing neocortex of a number of species. In order to investigate its origin there, we have applied in situ hybridization in paraffin sections of Bouin's fixed foetal sheep brain, using a short anti-sense oligonucleotide probe. The distribution of fetuin mRNA has been compared with that of the protein by using anti-fetuin antibodies and immunocytochemistry. This allowed us to confirm that fetuin is synthesised initially in cells of the primordial plexiform layer and subsequently cortical plate and subplate cells. On the other hand, cells in the ventricular zone that are fetuin (protein) positive do not contain detectable fetuin mRNA. The time course of fetuin mRNA expression in the developing neocortex follows closely the previously described pattern of fetuin (protein) distribution in the sheep brain, apart from its absence from the ventricular zone where its origin is probably by uptake from cerebrospinal fluid.
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31
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von Bülow FA, Janas MS, Terkelsen OB, Møllgård K. Human fetuin/alpha 2 HS glycoprotein in colloid and parenchymal cells in human fetal pituitary gland. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1993; 99:13-22. [PMID: 7682208 DOI: 10.1007/bf00268015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An immunohistochemical study was undertaken, in an attempt to identify the acidic glycoprotein(s) present in colloid and in parenchymal cells in human fetal pituitary gland. As the colloid has been proposed to represent disintegrating cells, a series of antibodies against plasma glycoproteins and plasma proteins was applied; their presence intracellularly would generally be an indicator of plasma membrane leakage in dying parenchymal cells. In tissue sections from 9- to 20-week-old fetuses, the colloid showed prominent staining with an antibody to human fetuin/alpha 2 HS glycoprotein. Anti-alpha 2-HS glycoprotein labelled parenchymal cells in pars anterior and intermedia. Apart from a minor immunoreactivity for alpha 1 beta glycoprotein, no other plasma glycoprotein was seen in colloid or parenchymal cells. An antibody against bovine fetuin showed staining of the colloid and of some parenchymal cells in pars distalis and intermedia; the plasma and stroma of the pituitary gland were unstained. In contrast, the anti-human plasma protein antibodies all stained the stroma. The presence of alpha 2 HS glycoprotein in parenchymal cells and absence of other plasma glycoproteins imply integrity of the parenchymal cell plasma membrane. Thus, alpha 2 HS glycoprotein is either synthesized locally or taken up specifically in the parenchymal cells, which are proposed to participate in the formation of colloid. It is suggested that alpha 2 HS glycoprotein is part of a homeostatic system, which controls remodelling and physiological cell death during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A von Bülow
- Institute of Medical Anatomy A, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Denmark
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32
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Abstract
Bovine fetuin, the first fetal protein to be described, has recently been shown to be a species homologue of a well known human plasma protein--alpha 2HS glycoprotein (alpha 2HS). The fetuins are now known to be members of the cystatin superfamily. The structural properties of the six fetuins that have been fully sequenced are compared. Despite the structural homology of these proteins, their described properties in the literature make them appear to be quite different. The diverse in vitro properties claimed for fetuin/alpha 2HS are reviewed. In vivo, fetuins are involved in the acute phase response. In development, in all species studied so far, fetuins are present in a specific cell population that forms the developing neocortex. The possible functional significance of this distribution is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Brown
- Skin Biology Research Center, R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Raritan, NJ 08869-0602
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33
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Brown WM, Dziegielewska KM, Saunders NR, Christie DL, Nawratil P, Müller-Esterl W. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid structures of sheep and pig fetuin. Common structural features of the mammalian fetuin family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 205:321-31. [PMID: 1372866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was initiated to gain further insight into the structural features of the mammalian fetuin family. The cDNA structures of sheep and pig fetuin were determined. The cDNA insert encoding sheep (pig) fetuin comprised 1550 (1470) nucleotides, including 54 (46) nucleotides encoding a signal peptide of 18 (15) residues and 1038 (1041) nucleotides encoding the 346 (347) amino acids of the mature plasma protein. The predicted amino-terminal sequence of the mature pig fetuin was confirmed by the amino-terminal sequence of the purified protein. However, two alternative sheep amino-terminal sequences were found in fetuin purified from the plasma of a single sheep fetus; the minor product was the one predicted by comparison with other fetuin sequences while the major product was two amino acids longer. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of sheep and pig fetuin showed an extensive sequence identity between them (75%) and with other proteins of the mammalian fetuin family, i.e. human alpha 2-HS glycoprotein, and bovine and rat fetuins. Twelve cysteine residues were found at invariant positions in all fetuin sequences, suggesting strongly that the arrangement of disulphide bridges identified in human alpha 2-HS glycoprotein is common to the members of the family. Further sequence comparisons revealed that the structures of mammalian fetuins are organised in three domains: two cystatin-like domains (D1 and D2) and a complex carboxyl-terminal domain (D3). The proposed three-domain structure of the protein is reflected in the organisation of the rat fetuin structural gene which has recently been published.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Brown
- Clinical Neurological Sciences Group, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, England
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34
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Dziegielewska KM, Brown WM, Gould CC, Matthews N, Sedgwick JE, Saunders NR. Fetuin: an acute phase protein in cattle. J Comp Physiol B 1992; 162:168-71. [PMID: 1375608 DOI: 10.1007/bf00398343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fetuin is a plasma protein present in high concentrations during fetal development in animals of the order Artiodactyla. Its role is not known. The human homologue of fetuin--alpha 2HS glycoprotein--has been shown to be a negative acute phase protein in adult plasma. In the present study, the concentration of fetuin was measured in the serum of healthy cattle (Bovis bovis) and in animals with various injuries and inflammatory disorders. The levels were decreased by 30% in pregnancy but increased up to 10-fold in some trauma cases. A significant negative correlation between the concentrations of fetuin and albumin has also been found. Thus, fetuin appears to be a positive acute phase protein in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Dziegielewska
- Clinical Neurological Sciences (Developmental) Group, Southampton General Hospital, England
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35
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Yang F, Chen ZL, Bergeron JM, Cupples RL, Friedrichs WE. Human α2-HS-glycoprotein/bovine fetuin homologue in mice: identification and developmental regulation of the gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 1130:149-56. [PMID: 1373325 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(92)90522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human alpha 2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG) is a plasma protein synthesized in liver and selectively concentrated in bone matrix. It has been reported to be involved in bone formation and resorption as well as immune responses. Recently, AHSG was found to be the species equivalent protein of fetuin, the major fetal serum protein in cattle and sheep. The function and regulation of AHSG/fetuin in different species are not understood. We have isolated a liver cDNA clone that encodes the human AHSG/bovine fetuin homologue in the mouse. The AHSG/fetuin gene may have a role in differentiation since it is expressed in mouse limb buds and brain only at certain stages during development. Mouse liver AHSG/fetuin mRNA was present at low level at 12 days gestation but its level increased during the late part of gestation and peaked between 1 to 3 months after birth. The regulation of mouse AHSG/fetuin synthesis during development was found to be significantly different from that of sheep and bovine fetuin. Compared to fetuin, which is reduced in adult to 1 to 2% of the fetal level, mouse AHSG synthesis subsides only 50% 4 months after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yang
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284
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36
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Mizuno M, Farach-Carson MC, Pinero GJ, Fujisawa R, Brunn JC, Seyer JM, Bousfield GR, Mark MP, Butler WT. Identification of the rat bone 60K acidic glycoprotein as alpha 2HS-glycoprotein. BONE AND MINERAL 1991; 13:1-21. [PMID: 2065215 DOI: 10.1016/0169-6009(91)90046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have described an Mr 60,000-64,000 glycoprotein present in guanidium chloride (GdmCl)/EDTA extracts of bovine and rat bone. We have purified this protein from the long bones of rats and have raised polyclonal antibodies to the purified protein. The 60K glycoprotein has amino acid and carbohydrate compositions that are similar to those reported for the 60-64K protein(s). Several lines of evidence indicate that the 60K bone glycoprotein is the rat homologue of human alpha 2HS-glycoprotein. First, immunochemical data demonstrated that the 60K bone glycoprotein was present in serum as well as in EDTA/GdmCl extracts of bone. Second, immunolocalization and metabolic labelling experiments showed that the 60K protein is synthesized in liver and not in bone cells, although it is sequestered in vascularized regions of bone matrix. Finally, the NH2-terminal sequence for the rat 60K bone glycoprotein was highly similar to that of the human alpha 2HS-glycoprotein A chain. A surprising finding was that small amounts of contaminating 60K/alpha 2HS-glycoprotein were found in several protein fractions purified by ion-exchange chromatography of bone EDTA/GdmCl extracts. Because this protein was found to be highly immunogenic, the presence of anti-60K antibodies in anti-sera prepared against purified bone proteins should be considered as a potential problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mizuno
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Texas Dental Branch, Houston 77225
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37
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Haasemann M, Nawratil P, Müller-Esterl W. Rat tyrosine kinase inhibitor shows sequence similarity to human alpha 2-HS glycoprotein and bovine fetuin. Biochem J 1991; 274 ( Pt 3):899-902. [PMID: 1707273 PMCID: PMC1149996 DOI: 10.1042/bj2740899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human alpha 2-HS glycoprotein and bovine fetuin, abundant proteins of fetal plasma, are structural members of the fetuin family within the cystatin superfamily. They are characterized by the presence of two N-terminally located cystatin-like units and a unique C-terminal sequence segment not present in the other members of the cystatin superfamily. Search for related sequences revealed that the natural inhibitor of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase [Auberger, Falquerho, Contreres, Pages, Le Cam, Rossi & Le Cam (1989) Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 58, 631-640] shows sequence similarity to the mammalian fetuins. The sequence identity between rat tyrosine kinase inhibitor, human alpha 2-HS glycoprotein and bovine fetuin is 56 and 60% respectively (percentage of residues in identical positions). The sequence similarity extends over the entire protein structures, except the extreme C-terminal portions. In particular, the number and relative positions of the cysteine residues are invariant among the proteins, suggesting that the characteristic array of linearly arranged and tandemly repeated disulphide loops of the cystatin superfamily is also present in rat tyrosine kinase inhibitor. We conclude that rat tyrosine kinase inhibitor may be classified as a novel member of the mammalian fetuin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haasemann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
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38
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Daveau M, Davrinche C, Djelassi N, Lemetayer J, Julen N, Hiron M, Arnaud P, Lebreton JP. Partial hepatectomy and mediators of inflammation decrease the expression of liver alpha 2-HS glycoprotein gene in rats. FEBS Lett 1990; 273:79-81. [PMID: 2226868 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)81055-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liver mRNA levels of two acute phase reactant (APR) proteins, alpha 2-HS glycoprotein (a major negative APR) and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (a major positive APR) were measured in male rats at different times after the administration of turpentine, of tumor necrosis factor, or following partial hepatectomy. In every case, a marked decrease in mRNA levels of alpha 2-HS glycoprotein was observed which reached a maximum at 24 h. A concomitant increase of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein mRNA levels was observed under the same conditions. These results indicate that the decreased levels of alpha 2-HS glycoprotein induced by the acute-phase response following inflammatory mediators and partial hepatectomy are due to a down-regulation of the gene expression of this protein in rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Daveau
- INSERM Unité 78, BP 73, 76233 Bois-Guillaume, France
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39
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Strawich E, Glimcher MJ. Tooth 'enamelins' identified mainly as serum proteins. Major 'enamelin' is albumin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 191:47-56. [PMID: 2379503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The major enamelin protein component present in EDTA or EDTA/guanidine hydrochloride extracts of developing bovine enamel has a molecular mass of about 67 kDa; it has an amino acid composition similar to that of bovine serum albumin and reacts with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to albumin. Two-dimensional separation of the components in the enamelin extract by isoelectric focusing and SDS/PAGE reveal that the major approximately 67-kDa component and almost all of the minor Coomassie-staining protein components of approximately 67 kDa, as well as many of the other minor components with different molecular masses, also react with polyclonal and monoclonal antialbumin. The approximately 67-kDa band eluted after SDS/PAGE, as well as the major approximately 67-kDa spots eluted after two-dimensional separation, were found to have N-terminal amino acid sequences identical to that of bovine serum albumin. Albumin accounted for at least 70-80% of the total protein content of the enamelin extract and was essentially the only protein in the approximately 67-kDa component. The serum proteins alpha-2 HS glycoprotein, gamma-globulin and fetuin, and the proline-rich salivary protein termed P-B were also identified in the enamelin extract. The serum proteins and the salivary protein account for greater than 95% of the proteins in the enamelin extracts. Of the remaining very small amounts of non-serum or salivary protein isolated from the enamelin extracts, three minor components were isolated which had N-terminal amino acid sequences which were not similar to any known protein in the protein sequence data base and could therefore conceivably be true 'enamelins' synthesized by ameloblasts. One additional protein had the first five N-terminal amino acids and residue 8 of amelogenin, residues 6 and 7 being different from those of amelogenin. Two other very minor protein components had amino acid compositions distinct from the amelogenins and the serum proteins, but were N-terminally blocked on attempted sequencing. None of the components in the neutral soluble low-ionic-strength extract or in the 4 M guanidine hydrochloride extract, both of which consist principally of amelogenins, immunoreacted with anti-albumin or with any of the antibodies to other serum proteins and fetuin, despite the fact that the amelogenin extracts also contain non-amelogenin proteins. On the basis of the data presented, studies employing antibodies to the so-called enamelin proteins and hypotheses as to their molecular conformation, their roles as evolutionary markers, or their positive role in mineralization should be reconsidered and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Strawich
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital, Boston 02115
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40
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The complete cDNA and amino acid sequence of bovine fetuin. Its homology with alpha 2HS glycoprotein and relation to other members of the cystatin superfamily. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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41
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42
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Green ED, Adelt G, Baenziger JU, Wilson S, Van Halbeek H. The asparagine-linked oligosaccharides on bovine fetuin. Structural analysis of N-glycanase-released oligosaccharides by 500-megahertz 1H NMR spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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43
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Jones SE, Dziegielewska KM, Saunders NR, Christie DL, Sueiras-Diaz J, Szelke M. Early cortical plate specific glycoprotein in a marsupial species belongs to the same family as fetuin and alpha 2HS glycoprotein. FEBS Lett 1988; 236:411-4. [PMID: 2457515 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two related glycoproteins, fetuin in species of the order Artiodactyla (cattle, sheep, pig) and alpha 2HS glycoprotein in the human [(1987) Cell Tissue Res. 248, 33-41] have a very specific distribution in the developing brain. We have isolated and determined the first 15 N-terminal residues of a similarly distributed glycoprotein in the developing brain of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). The degree of homology is the same between wallaby glycoprotein and alpha 2HS glycoprotein as between fetuin and alpha 2HS glycoprotein (46%). Antibodies made to synthetic peptides of fetuin were used to identify the wallaby glycoprotein. A polyclonal antibody to the purified glycoprotein was used for immunocytochemical identification of brain cells positive for this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Southampton, England
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44
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Yuasa I, Umetsu K. Genetic polymorphism of human alpha 2HS-glycoprotein: characterization and application to forensic hemogenetics. Electrophoresis 1988; 9:404-10. [PMID: 3234382 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150090810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human alpha 2HS-glycoprotein (AHSG) phenotypes were studied by isoelectric focusing of native and desialyzed samples followed by passive immunoblotting. At present a total of 15 different alleles could be distinguished. The usefulness of AHSG polymorphism in the field of forensic hemogenetics was demonstrated by markedly high variability at AHSG locus, reliability of phenotyping results and stability in blood stains.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yuasa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Tottori University School of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
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45
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Møllgård K, Dziegielewska KM, Saunders NR, Zakut H, Soreq H. Synthesis and localization of plasma proteins in the developing human brain. Integrity of the fetal blood-brain barrier to endogenous proteins of hepatic origin. Dev Biol 1988; 128:207-21. [PMID: 3289986 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(88)90283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and possible origins of plasma proteins in the human embryonic and fetal brain at different stages of development have been investigated by a combination of isolation and translation of mRNAs and immunocytochemistry using specific antisera. As many as 23 plasma-like proteins have been identified using immunocytochemical methods at the light microscopical level. The presence of mRNAs for 13 of the immunocytochemically positive plasma proteins was demonstrated by in vitro and in ovo translation followed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and autoradiography; this indicates in situ synthesis of these proteins (e.g., alpha-fetoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, GC-globulin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, pseudocholinesterase, and transferrin) in some brain regions. The regional distribution of some proteins and the absence of some mRNAs suggest that the presence of certain plasma proteins in developing brain may be accounted for by uptake from csf or via nerve processes extending beyond the blood-brain barrier. In several cases, specific proteins appear to be associated with defined cell types, e.g., alpha-fetoprotein, GC-globulin, and ceruloplasmin with neurons, alpha 2-macroglobulin with endothelial cells, and ferritin with glial cells. Some proteins were associated with two or three cell types, e.g., alpha 1-antitrypsin with neurons and glia, and transferrin and alpha 2HS-glycoprotein with neurons, glia, and endothelial cells. Comparison of the expression of mRNAs from fetal brain and liver injected into Xenopus oocytes showed that a few proteins (transferrin and ceruloplasmin) were secreted when liver mRNA was injected, but not when brain mRNA was injected. This suggests that there may be an important difference in the structure and/or processing of these proteins in the brain which may reflect a function different from that associated with them when they originate from the liver. Staining was generally intracellular rather than extracellular; plasma proteins were not associated with the areas immediately around blood vessels although there was a strong immunoprecipitation for each protein within the lumen of cerebral blood vessels. These immunocytochemical findings together with the identification of mRNAs for a large number of plasma proteins in immature brain are discussed in relation to animal experimental work which suggests that the blood-brain barrier to protein is present even at very early stages of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Møllgård
- Institute of Medical Anatomy A, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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46
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Reynolds ML, Sarantis ME, Lorscheider FL, Saunders NR. Fetuin as a marker of cortical plate cells in the fetal cow neocortex: a comparison of the distribution of fetuin, alpha 2HS-glycoprotein, alpha-fetoprotein and albumin during early development. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1987; 175:355-63. [PMID: 2435194 DOI: 10.1007/bf00309848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fetuin, alpha 2HS-glycoprotein (alpha 2HS), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and albumin have been shown to be present in some regions of the neocortex in two early stages of development of the cow brain using PAP immunocytochemistry. In the pre-cortical plate stage fibres of the primordial plexiform layer stained positively for fetuin. No staining was seen for albumin but plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were positive for alpha 2HS and AFP. In the early cortical plate stage the strongest fetuin positive staining was seen in the earliest formed cells of the plate. alpha 2HS staining was much less intense but similar in distribution. The possible role of fetuin, or related glycoproteins, in cortical plate differentiation is discussed. Staining for AFP and for albumin was seen mainly in the ventricular zone and marginal zone fibres, and had a similar distribution and intensity for both proteins. Plasma and CSF stained for all four proteins. Tests showed some cross-reactivity between fetuin and anti-alpha 2HS and, to a much lesser extent, between antisera to AFP and albumin and antigens denatured by fixation.
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