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Panahabadi R, Ahmadikhah A, Farrokhi N. Genetic dissection of monosaccharides contents in rice whole grain using genome-wide association study. THE PLANT GENOME 2023; 16:e20292. [PMID: 36691363 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The simplest form of carbohydrates are monosaccharides which are the building blocks for the synthesis of polymers or complex carbohydrates. Monosaccharide contents of 197 rice accessions were quantified by HPAEC-PAD in rice (Oryza sativa L.) whole grain (RWG). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out using 33,812 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify corresponding genomic regions influencing neutral monosaccharides contents. In total, 49 GWAS signals contained in 17 genomic regions (quantitative trait loci [QTLs]) on seven chromosomes of rice were determined to be associated with monosaccharides contents of whole grain. The QTLs were found for fucose (1), mannose (1), xylose (2), arabinose (2), galactose (4), and rhamnose (7) contents, all of which are novel. Based on co-location of annotated rice genes in the vicinity of GWAS signals, the constituents of the whole grain were associated with the following candidate genes: arabinose content with α-N-arabinofuranosidase, pectinesterase inhibitor, and glucosamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1; xylose content with ZOS1-10 (a C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor [TF]); mannose content with aldose 1-epimerase-like protein and a MYB family TF; galactose content with a GT8 family member (galacturonosyltransferase-like 3), a GRAS family TF, and a GH16 family member (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase xyloglucan 23); fucose content with gibberellin 20 oxidase and a lysine-rich arabinogalactan protein 19, and finally rhamnose content with myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase, UDP-arabinopyranose mutase, and COBRA-like protein precursor. The results of this study should improve our understanding of the genetic basis of the factors that might be involved in the biosynthesis, regulation, and turnover of monosaccharides in RWG, aiming to enhance the nutritional value of rice grain and impact the related industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahele Panahabadi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti Univ., Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Naser Farrokhi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti Univ., Tehran, Iran
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Zhang N, Hecht C, Sun X, Fei Z, Martin GB. Loss of function of the bHLH transcription factor Nrd1 in tomato enhances resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1334-1348. [PMID: 35751605 PMCID: PMC9516780 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors constitute a superfamily in eukaryotes, but their roles in plant immunity remain largely uncharacterized. We found that the transcript abundance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves of one bHLH transcription factor-encoding gene, negative regulator of resistance to DC3000 1 (Nrd1), increased significantly after treatment with the immunity-inducing flgII-28 peptide. Plants carrying a loss-of-function mutation in Nrd1 (Δnrd1) showed enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 although early pattern-triggered immunity responses, such as generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases after treatment with flagellin-derived flg22 and flgII-28 peptides, were unaltered compared to wild-type plants. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis identified a gene, Arabinogalactan protein 1 (Agp1), whose expression is strongly suppressed in an Nrd1-dependent manner. Agp1 encodes an arabinogalactan protein, and overexpression of the Agp1 gene in Nicotiana benthamiana led to ∼10-fold less Pst growth compared to the control. These results suggest that the Nrd1 protein promotes tomato susceptibility to Pst by suppressing the defense gene Agp1. RNA-seq also revealed that the loss of Nrd1 function has no effect on the transcript abundance of immunity-associated genes, including AvrPtoB tomato-interacting 9 (Bti9), Cold-shock protein receptor (Core), Flagellin sensing 2 (Fls2), Flagellin sensing (Fls3), and Wall-associated kinase 1 (Wak1) upon Pst inoculation, suggesting that the enhanced immunity observed in the Δnrd1 mutants is due to the activation of key PRR signaling components as well as the loss of Nrd1-regulated suppression of Agp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Chloe Hecht
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Xuepeng Sun
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Fradera-Soler M, Grace OM, Jørgensen B, Mravec J. Elastic and collapsible: current understanding of cell walls in succulent plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2290-2307. [PMID: 35167681 PMCID: PMC9015807 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Succulent plants represent a large functional group of drought-resistant plants that store water in specialized tissues. Several co-adaptive traits accompany this water-storage capacity to constitute the succulent syndrome. A widely reported anatomical adaptation of cell walls in succulent tissues allows them to fold in a regular fashion during extended drought, thus preventing irreversible damage and permitting reversible volume changes. Although ongoing research on crop and model species continuously reports the importance of cell walls and their dynamics in drought resistance, the cell walls of succulent plants have received relatively little attention to date, despite the potential of succulents as natural capital to mitigate the effects of climate change. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of cell walls in drought-avoiding succulents and their effects on tissue biomechanics, water relations, and photosynthesis. We also highlight the existing knowledge gaps and propose a hypothetical model for regulated cell wall folding in succulent tissues upon dehydration. Future perspectives of methodological development in succulent cell wall characterization, including the latest technological advances in molecular and imaging techniques, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fradera-Soler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Correspondence: or
| | | | | | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Correspondence: or
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Fradera-Soler M, Leverett A, Mravec J, Jørgensen B, Borland AM, Grace OM. Are cell wall traits a component of the succulent syndrome? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1043429. [PMID: 36507451 PMCID: PMC9732111 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1043429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Succulence is an adaptation to low water availability characterised by the presence of water-storage tissues that alleviate water stress under low water availability. The succulent syndrome has evolved convergently in over 80 plant families and is associated with anatomical, physiological and biochemical traits. Despite the alleged importance of cell wall traits in drought responses, their significance in the succulent syndrome has long been overlooked. Here, by analyzing published pressure-volume curves, we show that elastic adjustment, whereby plants change cell wall elasticity, is uniquely beneficial to succulents for avoiding turgor loss. In addition, we used comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP) to assess the biochemical composition of cell walls in leaves. Across phylogenetically diverse species, we uncover several differences in cell wall biochemistry between succulent and non-succulent leaves, pointing to the existence of a 'succulent glycome'. We also highlight the glycomic diversity among succulent plants, with some glycomic features being restricted to certain succulent lineages. In conclusion, we suggest that cell wall biomechanics and biochemistry should be considered among the characteristic traits that make up the succulent syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fradera-Soler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Accelerated Taxonomy, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Marc Fradera-Soler, ; Olwen M. Grace,
| | - Alistair Leverett
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anne M. Borland
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Olwen M. Grace
- Department of Accelerated Taxonomy, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Marc Fradera-Soler, ; Olwen M. Grace,
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Baluška F, Mancuso S, Van Volkenburgh E. Barbara G. Pickard - Queen of Plant Electrophysiology. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1911400. [PMID: 33853497 PMCID: PMC8143215 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1911400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Barbara Gillespie Pickard (1936-2019) studied plant electrophysiology and mechanosensory biology for more than 50 y. Her first papers on the roles of auxin in plant tropisms were coauthored with Kenneth V. Thimann. Later, she studied plant electrophysiology. She made it clear that plant action potentials are not a peculiar feature of so-called sensitive plants, but that all plants exhibit these fast electric signals. Barbara Gillespie Pickard proposed a neuronal model for the spreading of electric signals induced by mechanical stimuli across plant tissues. In later years, she studied the stretch-activated plasma membrane channels of plants and formulated the plasma-membrane control center model. Barbara Pickard summarized all her findings in a new model of phyllotaxis involving waves of auxin fluxes and mechano-sensory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Baluška
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- CONTACT František Baluška IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn53115, Germany.This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Wu X, Lai Y, Lv L, Ji M, Han K, Yan D, Lu Y, Peng J, Rao S, Yan F, Zheng H, Chen J. Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan gene family in Nicotiana benthamiana: genome-wide identification, classification and expression in response to pathogens. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:305. [PMID: 32611364 PMCID: PMC7329489 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotiana benthamiana is widely used as a model plant to study plant-pathogen interactions. Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLAs), a subclass of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), participate in mediating plant growth, development and response to abiotic stress. However, the members of FLAs in N. benthamiana and their response to plant pathogens are unknown. RESULTS 38 NbFLAs were identified from a genome-wide study. NbFLAs could be divided into four subclasses, and their gene structure and motif composition were conserved in each subclass. NbFLAs may be regulated by cis-acting elements such as STRE and MBS, and may be the targets of transcription factors like C2H2. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results showed that selected NbFLAs were differentially expressed in different tissues. All of the selected NbFLAs were significantly downregulated following infection by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and most of them also by Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000), suggesting possible roles in response to pathogenic infection. CONCLUSIONS This study systematically identified FLAs in N. benthamiana, and indicates their potential roles in response to biotic stress. The identification of NbFLAs will facilitate further studies of their role in plant immunity in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Wu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yuchao Lai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lanqing Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Mengfei Ji
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Kelei Han
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Dankan Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shaofei Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Lamport DTA, Tan L, Held MA, Kieliszewski MJ. Pollen tube growth and guidance: Occam's razor sharpened on a molecular arabinogalactan glycoprotein Rosetta Stone. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:491-500. [PMID: 28990197 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Occam's Razor suggests a new model of pollen tube tip growth based on a novel Hechtian oscillator that integrates a periplasmic arabinogalactan glycoprotein-calcium (AGP-Ca2+ ) capacitor with tip-localized AGPs as the source of tip-focussed cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations: Hechtian adhesion between the plasma membrane and the cell wall of the growing tip acts as a piconewton force transducer that couples the internal stress of a rapidly growing wall to the plasma membrane. Such Hechtian transduction opens stretch-activated Ca2+ channels and activates H+ -ATPase proton pump efflux that dissociates periplasmic AGP-Ca2+ resulting in a Ca2+ influx that activates exocytosis of wall precursors. Thus, a highly simplified pectic primary cell wall regulates its own synthesis by a Hechtian growth oscillator that regulates overall tip growth. By analogy with the three cryptic inscriptions of the classical Rosetta Stone, the Hechtian Hypothesis translates classical AGP function as a Ca2+ capacitor, pollen tube guide and wall plasticizer into a simple but widely applicable model of tip growth. Even wider ramifications of the Hechtian oscillator may implicate AGPs in osmosensing or gravisensing and other tropisms, leading us yet further towards the Holy Grail of plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek T A Lamport
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-4712, USA
| | - Michael A Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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Huang X, Maisch J, Nick P. Sensory role of actin in auxin-dependent responses of tobacco BY-2. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 218:6-15. [PMID: 28763708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport depends on the polar localization of auxin-efflux carriers. The cycling of these carriers between cell interior and plasma membrane depends on actin. The dynamic of actin not only affects auxin transport, but also changes the auxin-responsiveness. To study the potential link between auxin responsiveness and actin dynamics, we investigated developmental responses of the non-transformed BY-2 (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Bright Yellow 2) cell line and the transgenic BY-2 strain GF11 (stably transformed BY-2 cells with a GFP-fimbrin actin-binding domain 2 construct). The developmental process was divided into three distinct stages: cell cycling, cell elongation and file disintegration. Several phenotypes were measured to monitor the cellular responses to different concentrations of exogenous natural auxin (Indole-3-acetic acid, IAA). We found that auxin stimulated and prolonged the mitotic activity, and delayed the exit from the proliferation phase. However, both responses were suppressed in the GF11 line. At the stationary phase of the cultivation cycle, auxin strongly accelerated the cell file disintegration. Interestingly, it was not suppressed but progressed to a more complete disintegration in the GF11 line. During the cultivation cycle, we also followed the organization of actin in the GF11 line and did not detect any significant difference in actin organization from untreated control or exogenous IAA treatment. Therefore, our findings indicate that the specific differences observed in the GF11 line must be linked with a function of actin that is not structural. It means that there is a sensory role of actin for auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Huang
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg. 4, Gbd. 30.43, (5. OG), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Jan Maisch
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg. 4, Gbd. 30.43, (5. OG), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg. 4, Gbd. 30.43, (5. OG), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Guedes FTP, Laurans F, Quemener B, Assor C, Lainé-Prade V, Boizot N, Vigouroux J, Lesage-Descauses MC, Leplé JC, Déjardin A, Pilate G. Non-cellulosic polysaccharide distribution during G-layer formation in poplar tension wood fibers: abundance of rhamnogalacturonan I and arabinogalactan proteins but no evidence of xyloglucan. PLANTA 2017; 246:857-878. [PMID: 28699115 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
RG-I and AGP, but not XG, are associated to the building of the peculiar mechanical properties of tension wood. Hardwood trees produce tension wood (TW) with specific mechanical properties to cope with environmental cues. Poplar TW fibers have an additional cell wall layer, the G-layer responsible for TW mechanical properties. We investigated, in two poplar hybrid species, the molecules potentially involved in the building of TW mechanical properties. First, we evaluated the distribution of the different classes of non-cellulosic polysaccharides during xylem fiber differentiation, using immunolocalization. In parallel, G-layers were isolated and their polysaccharide composition determined. These complementary approaches provided information on the occurrence of non-cellulosic polysaccharides during G-fiber differentiation. We found no evidence of the presence of xyloglucan (XG) in poplar G-layers, whereas arabinogalactan proteins (AGP) and rhamnogalacturonan type I pectins (RG-I) were abundant, with an apparent progressive loss of RG-I side chains during G-layer maturation. Similarly, the intensity of immunolabeling signals specific for glucomannans and glucuronoxylans varies during G-layer maturation. RG-I and AGP are best candidate matrix components to be responsible for TW mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carole Assor
- BIA, INRA, 44316, Nantes, France
- IATE, INRA, 34060, Montpellier, France
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Ma Y, Yan C, Li H, Wu W, Liu Y, Wang Y, Chen Q, Ma H. Bioinformatics Prediction and Evolution Analysis of Arabinogalactan Proteins in the Plant Kingdom. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:66. [PMID: 28184232 PMCID: PMC5266747 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a family of extracellular glycoproteins implicated in plant growth and development. With a rapid growth in the number of genomes sequenced in many plant species, the family members of AGPs can now be predicted to facilitate functional investigation. Building upon previous advances in identifying Arabidopsis AGPs, an integrated strategy of systematical AGP screening for "classical" and "chimeric" family members is proposed in this study. A Python script named Finding-AGP is compiled to find AGP-like sequences and filter AGP candidates under the given thresholds. The primary screening of classical AGPs, Lys-rich classical AGPs, AGP-extensin hybrids, and non-classical AGPs was performed using the existence of signal peptides as a necessary requirement, and BLAST searches were conducted mainly for fasciclin-like, phytocyanin-like and xylogen-like AGPs. Then glycomodule index and partial PAST (Pro, Ala, Ser, and Thr) percentage are adopted to identify AGP candidates. The integrated strategy successfully discovered AGP gene families in 47 plant species and the main results are summarized as follows: (i) AGPs are abundant in angiosperms and many "ancient" AGPs with Ser-Pro repeats are found in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; (ii) Classical AGPs, AG-peptides, and Lys-rich classical AGPs first emerged in Physcomitrella patens, Selaginella moellendorffii, and Picea abies, respectively; (iii) Nine subfamilies of chimeric AGPs are introduced as newly identified chimeric subfamilies similar to fasciclin-like, phytocyanin-like, and xylogen-like AGPs; (iv) The length and amino acid composition of Lys-rich domains are largely variable, indicating an insertion/deletion model during evolution. Our findings provide not only a powerful means to identify AGP gene families but also probable explanations of AGPs in maintaining the plant cell wall and transducing extracellular signals into the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- National Base for the Talents on Life-Science and Technology, Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Chenchao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Huimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- National Base for the Talents on Life-Science and Technology, Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Wentao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- National Base for the Talents on Life-Science and Technology, Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yaxue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- National Base for the Talents on Life-Science and Technology, Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- National Base for the Talents on Life-Science and Technology, Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Haoli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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Kettles GJ, Bayon C, Canning G, Rudd JJ, Kanyuka K. Apoplastic recognition of multiple candidate effectors from the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici in the nonhost plant Nicotiana benthamiana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:338-350. [PMID: 27696417 PMCID: PMC5132004 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Zymoseptoria tritici is a strictly apoplastic, host-specific pathogen of wheat leaves and causal agent of septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease. All other plants are considered nonhosts, but the mechanism of nonhost resistance (NHR) to Z. tritici has not been addressed previously. We sought to develop Nicotiana benthamiana as a system to study NHR against Z. tritici. Fluorescence microscopy and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions were used to establish the interaction between Z. tritici and N. benthamiana. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression was used to screen putative Z. tritici effector genes for recognition in N. benthamiana, and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was employed to determine the role of two receptor-like kinases (RLKs), NbBAK1 and NbSOBIR1, in Z. tritici effector recognition. Numerous Z. tritici putative effectors (14 of 63 tested) induced cell death or chlorosis in N. benthamiana. For most, phenotypes were light-dependent and required effector secretion to the leaf apoplastic space. Moreover, effector-induced host cell death was dependent on NbBAK1 and NbSOBIR1. Our results indicate widespread recognition of apoplastic effectors from a wheat-infecting fungal pathogen in a taxonomically distant nonhost plant species presumably by cell surface immune receptors. This suggests that apoplastic recognition of multiple nonadapted pathogen effectors may contribute to NHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J. Kettles
- Department of Plant Biology & Crop ScienceRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireAL5 2JQUK
| | - Carlos Bayon
- Department of Plant Biology & Crop ScienceRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireAL5 2JQUK
| | - Gail Canning
- Department of Plant Biology & Crop ScienceRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireAL5 2JQUK
| | - Jason J. Rudd
- Department of Plant Biology & Crop ScienceRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireAL5 2JQUK
| | - Kostya Kanyuka
- Department of Plant Biology & Crop ScienceRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireAL5 2JQUK
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Showalter AM, Basu D. Glycosylation of arabinogalactan-proteins essential for development in Arabidopsis. Commun Integr Biol 2016; 9:e1177687. [PMID: 27489583 PMCID: PMC4951162 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2016.1177687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are ubiquitous cell wall components present throughout the plant kingdom. They are extensively post translationally modified by conversion of proline to hydroxyproline (Hyp) and by addition of arabinogalactan (AG) polysaccharides to Hyp residues. Two small gene subfamilies within the CAZy GT31 family, referred to as Hyp-galactosyltransferases (Hyp-GALTs and HPGTs), encode enzymes that specifically add galactose to AGP protein backbones as revealed by heterologous expression of the genes coupled with an in vitro enzyme assay and by biochemical characterization of the genetic knock-out mutants. Biochemical analysis of galt2galt5 double and hpgt1hpgt2hpgt3 triple knockout mutants revealed significant reductions in both AGP-specific Hyp-GALT activity and β-Gal-Yariv precipitable AGPs. Further analysis of these mutants demonstrated both overlapping and distinct pleiotropic growth and development phenotypes, indicating the important contributions of the carbohydrate moieties toward AGP function. Current research indicates that all 8 Hyp-GALT/HPGT genes encode enzymes that catalyze the initial step for AGP glycosylation and that AGP glycans play essential roles in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan M Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University , Athens, OH, USA
| | - Debarati Basu
- Department of Biology, Washington University , St. Louis, MO, USA
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Proteome quantification of cotton xylem sap suggests the mechanisms of potassium-deficiency-induced changes in plant resistance to environmental stresses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21060. [PMID: 26879005 PMCID: PMC4754703 DOI: 10.1038/srep21060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics was employed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of apoplastic response to potassium(K)-deficiency in cotton. Low K (LK) treatment significantly decreased the K and protein contents of xylem sap. Totally, 258 peptides were qualitatively identified in the xylem sap of cotton seedlings, of which, 90.31% were secreted proteins. Compared to the normal K (NK), LK significantly decreased the expression of most environmental-stress-related proteins and resulted in a lack of protein isoforms in the characterized proteins. For example, the contents of 21 Class Ш peroxidase isoforms under the LK were 6 to 44% of those under the NK and 11 its isoforms were lacking under the LK treatment; the contents of 3 chitinase isoforms under LK were 11–27% of those under the NK and 2 its isoforms were absent under LK. In addition, stress signaling and recognizing proteins were significantly down-regulated or disappeared under the LK. In contrast, the LK resulted in at least 2-fold increases of only one peroxidase, one protease inhibitor, one non-specific lipid-transfer protein and histone H4 and in the appearance of H2A. Therefore, K deficiency decreased plant tolerance to environmental stresses, probably due to the significant and pronounced decrease or disappearance of a myriad of stress-related proteins.
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Lopez D, Tocquard K, Venisse JS, Legué V, Roeckel-Drevet P. Gravity sensing, a largely misunderstood trigger of plant orientated growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:610. [PMID: 25414717 PMCID: PMC4220637 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gravity is a crucial environmental factor regulating plant growth and development. Plants have the ability to sense a change in the direction of gravity, which leads to the re-orientation of their growth direction, so-called gravitropism. In general, plant stems grow upward (negative gravitropism), whereas roots grow downward (positive gravitropism). Models describing the gravitropic response following the tilting of plants are presented and highlight that gravitropic curvature involves both gravisensing and mechanosensing, thus allowing to revisit experimental data. We also discuss the challenge to set up experimental designs for discriminating between gravisensing and mechanosensing. We then present the cellular events and the molecular actors known to be specifically involved in gravity sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lopez
- Clermont Université – Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAFAubière, France
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAFClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Kévin Tocquard
- Clermont Université – Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAFAubière, France
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAFClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Stéphane Venisse
- Clermont Université – Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAFAubière, France
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAFClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valerie Legué
- Clermont Université – Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAFAubière, France
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAFClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Patricia Roeckel-Drevet
- Clermont Université – Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAFAubière, France
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAFClermont-Ferrand, France
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15
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Lamport DTA, Varnai P, Seal CE. Back to the future with the AGP-Ca2+ flux capacitor. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1069-85. [PMID: 25139429 PMCID: PMC4195563 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are ubiquitous in green plants. AGPs comprise a widely varied group of hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich cell surface glycoproteins (HRGPs). However, the more narrowly defined classical AGPs massively predominate and cover the plasma membrane. Extensive glycosylation by pendant polysaccharides O-linked to numerous Hyp residues like beads of a necklace creates a unique ionic compartment essential to a wide range of physiological processes including germination, cell extension and fertilization. The vital clue to a precise molecular function remained elusive until the recent isolation of small Hyp-arabinogalactan polysaccharide subunits; their structural elucidation by nuclear magentic resonance imaging, molecular simulations and direct experiment identified a 15-residue consensus subunit as a β-1,3-linked galactose trisaccharide with two short branched sidechains each with a single glucuronic acid residue that binds Ca(2+) when paired with its adjacent sidechain. SCOPE AGPs bind Ca(2+) (Kd ∼ 6 μm) at the plasma membrane (PM) at pH ∼5·5 but release it when auxin-dependent PM H(+)-ATPase generates a low periplasmic pH that dissociates AGP-Ca(2+) carboxylates (pka ∼3); the consequential large increase in free Ca(2+) drives entry into the cytosol via Ca(2+) channels that may be voltage gated. AGPs are thus arguably the primary source of cytosolic oscillatory Ca(2+) waves. This differs markedly from animals, in which cytosolic Ca(2+) originates mostly from internal stores such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, we propose that external dynamic Ca(2+) storage by a periplasmic AGP capacitor co-ordinates plant growth, typically involving exocytosis of AGPs and recycled Ca(2+), hence an AGP-Ca(2+) oscillator. CONCLUSIONS The novel concept of dynamic Ca(2+) recycling by an AGP-Ca(2+) oscillator solves the long-standing problem of a molecular-level function for classical AGPs and thus integrates three fields: AGPs, Ca(2+) signalling and auxin. This accounts for the involvement of AGPs in plant morphogenesis, including tropic and nastic movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek T A Lamport
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Peter Varnai
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Charlotte E Seal
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
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Zhang Z, Xin W, Wang S, Zhang X, Dai H, Sun R, Frazier T, Zhang B, Wang Q. Xylem sap in cotton contains proteins that contribute to environmental stress response and cell wall development. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 15:17-26. [PMID: 25163431 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The xylem sap of a plant is primarily responsible for transporting molecules from the underground root system to the aboveground parts of the plant body. In order to understand the role that roots play in cotton growth and development, the components present in xylem sap must be elucidated. In this study, we used a shotgun HPLC-ESI-MS/MS proteomics approach to identify 455 peptides from the xylem sap of field-grown cotton plants at peak blooming stage. Of these peptides, 384 (84.4%) were found to be secreted proteins and 320 (70.3%) had special molecular functions. Based on Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, 348 peptides were annotated in terms of molecular function, biological process, and cellular localization, with 46.9 and 45.1% being related to catalytic activity and binding activity, respectively. Many xylem sap-containing proteins were predicted to be involved in different phases of xylem differentiation including cell wall metabolism, secondary cell wall development and patterning, and programmed cell death. The identification of starch and sucrose hydrolyzing enzymes implicated the interaction between roots and aboveground parts on the aspect of carbohydrate metabolism. Many of the proteins identified in this study are involved in defense mechanisms including pathogen-related proteins, such as peroxidases, chitinases, and germin-like proteins, proteases involved in disease resistance, and phytoalexin phenylpropanoid synthesis-related proteins. The majority of identified signaling proteins were fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins and kinases. The results of this study provide useful insight into the communication mechanisms between cotton roots and the rest of the cotton plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Hualan Road, 453003, Xinxiang, China
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Nguema-Ona E, Vicré-Gibouin M, Cannesan MA, Driouich A. Arabinogalactan proteins in root-microbe interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:440-9. [PMID: 23623239 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are among the most intriguing sets of macromolecules, specific to plants, structurally complex, and found abundantly in all plant organs including roots, as well as in root exudates. AGPs have been implicated in several fundamental plant processes such as development and reproduction. Recently, they have emerged as interesting actors of root-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere. Indeed, recent findings indicate that AGPs play key roles at various levels of interaction between roots and soil-borne microbes, either beneficial or pathogenic. Therefore, the focus of this review is the role of AGPs in the interactions between root cells and microbes. Understanding this facet of AGP function will undoubtedly improve plant health and crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Nguema-Ona
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV)-EA 4358, Plate-forme d'Imagerie Cellulaire (PRIMACEN) et Grand Réseau de Recherche VASI de Haute Normandie, PRES Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, Cedex, France
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18
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Nick P. Microtubules, signalling and abiotic stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:309-23. [PMID: 23311499 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant microtubules, in addition to their role in cell division and axial cell expansion, convey a sensory function that is relevant for the perception of mechanical membrane stress and its derivatives, such as osmotic or cold stress. During development, sensory microtubules participate in the mechanical integration of plant architecture, including the patterning of incipient organogenesis and the alignment with gravity-dependent load. The sensory function of microtubules depends on dynamic instability, and often involves a transient elimination of cortical microtubules followed by adaptive events accompanied by subsequent formation of stable microtubule bundles. It is proposed that microtubules, because of their relative rigidity in combination with their innate nonlinear dynamics, are pre-adapted for a function as mechanosensors and, in concert with the flexible actin filaments and the anisotropic cell wall, comprise a tensegral system that allows plant cells to sense geometry and to respond to fields of mechanical strains such that the load is minimized. Microtubules are proposed as elements of a sensory hub that decodes stress-related signal signatures, with phospholipase D as an important player.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Nguema-Ona E, Coimbra S, Vicré-Gibouin M, Mollet JC, Driouich A. Arabinogalactan proteins in root and pollen-tube cells: distribution and functional aspects. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:383-404. [PMID: 22786747 PMCID: PMC3394660 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are complex proteoglycans of the cell wall found in the entire plant kingdom and in almost all plant organs. AGPs encompass a large group of heavily glycosylated cell-wall proteins which share common features, including the presence of glycan chains especially enriched in arabinose and galactose and a protein backbone particularly rich in hydroxyproline residues. However, AGPs also exhibit strong heterogeneities among their members in various plant species. AGP ubiquity in plants suggests these proteoglycans are fundamental players for plant survival and development. SCOPE In this review, we first present an overview of current knowledge and specific features of AGPs. A section devoted to major tools used to study AGPs is also presented. We then discuss the distribution of AGPs as well as various aspects of their functional properties in root tissues and pollen tubes. This review also suggests novel directions of research on the role of AGPs in the biology of roots and pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Nguema-Ona
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), Grand Réseau de Recherche VASI de Haute Normandie, PRES Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Sexual Plant Reproduction and Development Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia, F.C. Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Center for Biodiversity, Functional & Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), http://biofig.fc.ul.pt
| | - Maïté Vicré-Gibouin
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), Grand Réseau de Recherche VASI de Haute Normandie, PRES Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), Grand Réseau de Recherche VASI de Haute Normandie, PRES Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), Grand Réseau de Recherche VASI de Haute Normandie, PRES Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
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Johnson KL, Kibble NAJ, Bacic A, Schultz CJ. A fasciclin-like arabinogalactan-protein (FLA) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, fla1, shows defects in shoot regeneration. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25154. [PMID: 21966441 PMCID: PMC3178619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fasciclin-like arabinogalactan-proteins (FLAs) are an enigmatic class of 21 members within the larger family of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Located at the cell surface, in the cell wall/plasma membrane, they are implicated in many developmental roles yet their function remains largely undefined. Fasciclin (FAS) domains are putative cell-adhesion domains found in extracellular matrix proteins of organisms from all kingdoms, but the juxtaposition of FAS domains with highly glycosylated AGP domains is unique to plants. Recent studies have started to elucidate the role of FLAs in Arabidopsis development. FLAs containing a single FAS domain are important for the integrity and elasticity of the plant cell wall matrix (FLA11 and FLA12) and FLA3 is involved in microspore development. FLA4/SOS5 with two FAS domains and two AGP domains has a role in maintaining proper cell expansion under salt stressed conditions. The role of other FLAs remains to be uncovered. METHOD/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we describe the characterisation of a T-DNA insertion mutant in the FLA1 gene (At5g55730). Under standard growth conditions fla1-1 mutants have no obvious phenotype. Based on gene expression studies, a putative role for FLA1 in callus induction was investigated and revealed that fla1-1 has a reduced ability to regenerate shoots in an in vitro shoot-induction assay. Analysis of FLA1p:GUS reporter lines show that FLA1 is expressed in several tissues including stomata, trichomes, the vasculature of leaves, the primary root tip and in lateral roots near the junction of the primary root. CONCLUSION The results of the developmental expression of FLA1 and characterisation of the fla1 mutant support a role for FLA1 in the early events of lateral root development and shoot development in tissue culture, prior to cell-type specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L. Johnson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Natalie A. J. Kibble
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carolyn J. Schultz
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, Australia
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Lamport DT, Kieliszewski MJ, Chen Y, Cannon MC. Role of the extensin superfamily in primary cell wall architecture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:11-9. [PMID: 21415277 PMCID: PMC3091064 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.169011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maura C. Cannon
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom (D.T.A.L.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701 (M.J.K., Y.C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 (M.C.C.)
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22
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Zhang Y, Yang J, Showalter AM. AtAGP18 is localized at the plasma membrane and functions in plant growth and development. PLANTA 2011; 233:675-83. [PMID: 21165646 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are a family of highly glycosylated hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs). AtAGP17, 18 and 19 comprise the lysine-rich classical AGP subfamily in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of GFP-AtAGP17/18/19 fusion proteins in Arabidopsis revealed localization of the fusion proteins on the plant cell surface of different organs. Subcellular localization of the fusion proteins at the plasma membrane was further determined by plasmolysis of leaf trichome cells. To elucidate AtAGP17/18/19 function(s), these AGPs were expressed without the green fluorescent protein (GFP) tag under the control of 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter. In contrast to AtAGP17/AtAGP19 overexpressors which showed phenotypes identical to wild-type plants, AtAGP18 overexpressors displayed several phenotypes distinct from wild-type plants. Specifically, these overexpressors had smaller rosettes and shorter stems and roots, produced more branches and had less viable seeds. Moreover, these AtAGP18 overexpressors exhibited similar phenotypes to tomato LeAGP-1 overexpressors, suggesting these two AGP genes may have similar function(s) in Arabidopsis and tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhu Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, 504 Porter Hall, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA
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Kasprowicz A, Smolarkiewicz M, Wierzchowiecka M, Michalak M, Wojtaszek P. Introduction: Tensegral World of Plants. MECHANICAL INTEGRATION OF PLANT CELLS AND PLANTS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-19091-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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25
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Tan L, Varnai P, Lamport DTA, Yuan C, Xu J, Qiu F, Kieliszewski MJ. Plant O-hydroxyproline arabinogalactans are composed of repeating trigalactosyl subunits with short bifurcated side chains. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24575-83. [PMID: 20489210 PMCID: PMC2915693 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical arabinogalactan proteins partially defined by type II O-Hyp-linked arabinogalactans (Hyp-AGs) are structural components of the plant extracellular matrix. Recently we described the structure of a small Hyp-AG putatively based on repetitive trigalactosyl subunits and suggested that AGs are less complex and varied than generally supposed. Here we describe three additional AGs with similar subunits. The Hyp-AGs were isolated from two different arabinogalactan protein fusion glycoproteins expressed in tobacco cells; that is, a 22-residue Hyp-AG and a 20-residue Hyp-AG, both isolated from interferon alpha2b-(Ser-Hyp)(20), and a 14-residue Hyp-AG isolated from (Ala-Hyp)(51)-green fluorescent protein. We used NMR spectroscopy to establish the molecular structure of these Hyp-AGs, which share common features: (i) a galactan main chain composed of two 1-->3 beta-linked trigalactosyl blocks linked by a beta-1-->6 bond; (ii) bifurcated side chains with Ara, Rha, GlcUA, and a Gal 6-linked to Gal-1 and Gal-2 of the main-chain trigalactosyl repeats; (iii) a common side chain structure composed of up to six residues, the largest consisting of an alpha-L-Araf-(1-->5)-alpha-L-Araf-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Araf-(1-->3- unit and an alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcUAp-(1-->6)-unit, both linked to Gal. The conformational ensemble obtained by using nuclear Overhauser effect data in structure calculations revealed a galactan main chain with a reverse turn involving the beta-1-->6 link between the trigalactosyl blocks, yielding a moderately compact structure stabilized by H-bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry Research Facility, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Peter Varnai
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
| | - Derek T. A. Lamport
- the School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Chunhua Yuan
- the Campus Chemical Instrument Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry Research Facility, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Feng Qiu
- the Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvaina 19122
| | - Marcia J. Kieliszewski
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry Research Facility, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
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Li H, Zhou SY, Zhao WS, Su SC, Peng YL. A novel wall-associated receptor-like protein kinase gene, OsWAK1, plays important roles in rice blast disease resistance. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 69:337-46. [PMID: 19039666 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-008-9430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wall-associated protein kinases (WAKs) are a new group of receptor-like kinases (RLK) recently identified in Arabidopsis. A cDNA encoding a novel WAK was isolated from rice and was named OsWAK1 (Oryza sativa WAK). The deduced amino acid sequence of OsWAK1 showed 27.6% identity to WAK2 from Arabidopsis. OsWAK1 not only has the ability of autophosphorylation but also can phosphorylate OsRFP1, a putative transcription regulator recently identified in rice. OsRFP1 strongly interacts with the kinase domain of OsWAK1. This demonstrated that OsWAK1 is a functional protein kinase. A fusion protein of OsWAK1 with GFP was found to be localized on the cell surface. Plasmolysis experiments further revealed OsWAK1 is associated with the cell wall. Northern blotting analysis showed that infection of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae significantly induced the OsWAK1 transcripts, and the accumulation of OsWAK1 mRNA occurred earlier and was more abundant in rice leaves infected with an incompatible race than with a compatible race of the blast fungus. OsWAK1 was also induced after treatment by mechanical wounding, SA and MeJA, but not by ABA. These results imply that OsWAK1 is a novel gene involved in plant defense. Furthermore, six transgenic rice lines with constitutive expression of OsWAK1 became resistant to the compatible race. However, OsWAK1 expression was undetectable in leaves, stems and flowers but very weak in roots under normal growth conditions. This provides functional evidence that induction of OsWAK1 as a novel RLK plays important roles in plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Rodakowska E, Derba-Maceluch M, Kasprowicz A, Zawadzki P, Szuba A, Kierzkowski D, Wojtaszek P. Signaling and Cell Walls. SIGNALING IN PLANTS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89228-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Pickard BG. "Second extrinsic organizational mechanism" for orienting cellulose: modeling a role for the plasmalemmal reticulum. PROTOPLASMA 2008; 233:7-29. [PMID: 18648731 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-008-0301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Oriented deposition of cellulose fibers by cellulose-synthesizing complexes typically occurs across the plasma membrane from microtubule bundles and is guided by them. However, aligned movement of the complexes can be shown even after applied oryzalin has depolymerized microtubules. Further, there is a claim that when (1) microtubules are depolymerized with oryzalin, (2) a microtubule-orienting stimulus is applied temporarily, and (3) oryzalin is washed out, the newly forming cellulose fibers are oriented with respect to the stimulus. With this in mind, the present paper gathers evidence from a diverse literature to suggest that the plasmalemmal reticulum, a major and structurally important form of cytoskeleton which connects cortical cytoplasm with wall, is a candidate to both independently and cooperatively participate in orienting microtubules and routing movements of cellulose-synthesizing complexes. Critical to this proposed function, the adhesion sites of the plasmalemmal reticulum have some morphological and molecular similarities to animal cell adhesion sites, known to play numerous integrative roles. The reticulum itself may be the morphological manifestation of the so-called lipid raft, previously known only on the basis of biochemical properties. According to the working model, the trusses interconnecting the adhesion sites shape the reticulum into apparently situation-dependent geometries. For example, in nongrowing or nonpolarized cells in which cellulose is deposited in brushy meshes, they form a nonpolar or weakly polar net; however, in elongating cells with oblique or otherwise polarized microtubules and newly forming cellulose fibers, there is suggestive evidence that net formation is dominated by trusses organized with correspondingly biased orientation. Consideration of such geometries and roles of the reticulum suggests several tests that could affirm, deny, or replace key aspects of this proposal to expand the theory of the peripheral cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Pickard
- Gladys Levis Allen Laboratory of Plant Sensory Physiology, Biology Department, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Kanneganti V, Gupta AK. Wall associated kinases from plants - an overview. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 14:109-18. [PMID: 23572878 PMCID: PMC3550657 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-008-0010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Wall Associated kinases (WAKs) represent a unique class of receptor-like kinase genes that span the plasma membrane and allow cells to recognize and respond to their extracellular environment 26 WAK/WAK-like genes were identified from the Arabidopsis genome. Functional studies of the different WAK members in Arabidopsis demonstrated that they are involved in various functions in plants, including pathogen resistance, heavy-metal tolerance and plant development. 125 genes from rice (subsp. Japonica) belonging to wall associated kinase gene family were identified by reiterative database searches. We isolated a new member of WAKs in rice, designated as OsiWAK1, the silencing of which led to impaired root development and sterility due to anther indehiscence. In the current review, we discuss about the isolation and identification of WAK members from various plant species, different domains found in the WAK proteins that make them unique and the various roles played by WAKs in the plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vydehi Kanneganti
- Department of plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021 India
| | - Aditya K. Gupta
- Department of plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021 India
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Huang LF, Bocock PN, Davis JM, Koch KE. Regulation of invertase: a 'suite' of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:499-507. [PMID: 32689379 DOI: 10.1071/fp06227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that several mechanisms can alter invertase activity and, thus, affect sucrose metabolism and resource allocation in plants. One of these mechanisms is the compartmentalisation of at least some vacuolar invertases in precursor protease vesicles (PPV), where their retention could control timing of delivery to vacuoles and hence activity. PPV are small, ER-derived bodies that sequester a subset of vacuolar-bound proteins (such as invertases and protease precursors) releasing them to acid vacuoles in response to developmental or environmental signals. Another newly-identified effector of invertases is wall-associated kinase 2 (WAK2), which can regulate a specific vacuolar invertase in Arabidopsis (AtvacINV1) and alter root growth when osmolyte supplies are limiting. WAKs are ideally positioned to sense changes in the interface between the cell wall and plasma membrane (such as turgor), because the N-terminus of each WAK extends into the cell wall matrix (where a pectin association is hypothesised) and the C-terminus has a cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase domain (signalling). Still other avenues of invertase control are provided by a diverse group of kinases and phosphatases, consistent with input from multiple sensing systems for sugars, pathogens, ABA and other hormones. Mechanisms of regulation may also vary for the contrasting sugar responses of different acid invertase transcripts. Some degree of hexokinase involvement and distinctive kinetics have been observed for the sugar-repressed invertases, but not for the more common, sugar-induced forms examined thus far. An additional means of regulation for invertase gene expression lies in the multiple DST (Down STream) elements of the 3' untranslated region for the most rapidly repressed invertases. Similar sequences were initially identified in small auxin-up RNAs (SAUR) where they mediate rapid mRNA turnover. Finally, the invertase inhibitors, cell wall- and vacuolar inhibitors of fructosidase (CIF and VIF, respectively) are indistinguishable by sequence alone from pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEI); however, recent evidence suggests binding specificity may be determined by flexibility of a short, N-terminal region. These recently characterised processes increase the suite of regulatory mechanisms by which invertase - and, thus, sucrose metabolism and resource partitioning - can be altered in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fen Huang
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, PO BOX 110690, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Philip N Bocock
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, PO BOX 110690, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - John M Davis
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, PO BOX 110690, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Karen E Koch
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, PO BOX 110690, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins is an umbrella term applied to a highly diverse class of cell surface glycoproteins, many of which contain glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipid anchors. The structures of protein and glycan moieties of arabinogalactan proteins are overwhelmingly diverse while the "hydroxproline contiguity hypothesis" predicts arabinogalactan modification of members of many families of extracellular proteins. Descriptive studies using monoclonal antibodies reacting with carbohydrate epitopes on arabinogalactan proteins and experimental work using beta-Yariv reagent implicate arabinogalactan proteins in many biological processes of cell proliferation and survival, pattern formation and growth, and in plant microbe interaction. Advanced structural understanding of arabinogalactan proteins and an emerging molecular genetic definition of biological roles of individual arabinogalactan protein species, in conjunction with potentially analogous extracellular matrix components of animals, stimulate hypotheses about their mode of action. Arabinogalactan proteins might be soluble signals, or might act as modulators and coreceptors of apoplastic morphogens; their amphiphilic molecular nature makes them prime candidates of mediators between the cell wall, the plasma membrane, and the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg J Seifert
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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32
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Pickard BG. Delivering Force and Amplifying Signals in Plant Mechanosensing. MECHANOSENSITIVE ION CHANNELS, PART A 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(06)58014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Wojtaszek P, Baluska F, Kasprowicz A, Luczak M, Volkmann D. Domain-specific mechanosensory transmission of osmotic and enzymatic cell wall disturbances to the actin cytoskeleton. PROTOPLASMA 2007; 230:217-30. [PMID: 17458636 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-006-0235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant protoplasts are embedded within surrounding cell walls and the cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton (WMC) structural continuum seems to be crucial for the proper functioning of plant cells. We have utilised the protoplast preparation methodology to study the organisation and the putative components of the WMC continuum. Application of an osmotic agent evoked plasmolysis of the Zea mays root apex cells which appeared to be cell type- and growth stage-specific. Simultaneous use of wall polysaccharide-digesting enzymes selectively severed linkages between the components of the WMC continuum which changed the plasmolytic patterns in various cell types. This was followed by a reorganisation of filamentous actin aimed to reinforce protoplast boundaries and maintain the functioning of intercellular contact sites, especially at the cross walls. Particularly strong effects were evoked by pectin-degrading enzymes. Such treatments demonstrated directly the differentiated composition of various wall domains surrounding individual cells with the pectin-enriched cross walls (synapses), and the cellulose-hemicellulose network dominating the side walls. The same wall-degrading enzymes were used for in vitro digestion of isolated Lupinus albus cell walls followed by the extraction of wall proteins. Selective release of proteins suggested the importance of wall polysaccharide-protein interactions in the maintenance of the functioning and mechanical stability of root cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Wojtaszek
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Liu Y, Liu D, Zhang H, Gao H, Guo X, Fu X, Zhang A. Isolation and characterisation of six putative wheat cell wall-associated kinases. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:811-821. [PMID: 32689292 DOI: 10.1071/fp06041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall-associated kinase (WAK) and WAK-like kinase (WAKL) make up a unique group in the receptor-like protein kinase (RLK) superfamily. Previous studies on Arabidopsis have revealed that the WAK gene family members play an important role in both cell elongation and stress response signalling. Here we show that four putative WAKs (TaWAK1, TaWAKL2, TaWAKL3, and TaWAK4) and two WAKLs (TaWAKL1 and TaWAKL2) were isolated from wheat based on the DNA sequence similarity and the protein structure conservation of Arabidopsis WAKs genes. TaWAK1, TaWAK2, TaWAK3 and TaWAKL1 each encode a putative intact protein with the characteristic of the WAK / WAKL gene family members, except for the abbreviated TaWAK4 and TaWAKL2 which were caused by nucleotide mutation and alternative splicing, respectively. Southern analysis revealed that TaWAKL1, TaWAK1, TaWAK2 and TaWAK3 are all multiple-copy members. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that the TaWAK1 and TaWAK3 displayed similar expression patterns, while expressions of TaWAKL1, TaWAKL2, and TaWAK2 were organ specific. Further, we analysed the conservation of introns and intron-exon structure and the putative protein structures between wheat and Arabidopsis, which showed the putative wheat WAKs are different from those of Arabidopsis and make up a new subgroup in the polygenetic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dongcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xiangdong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Aimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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36
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Rumyantseva NI. Arabinogalactan proteins: involvement in plant growth and morphogenesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 70:1073-85. [PMID: 16271022 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are highly glycosylated hydroxyproline-containing variously located proteoglycans dynamically regulated in the course of plant ontogenesis. Special functions of AGPs are still unclear, but their involvement in vegetative growth and reproduction of plants is well established. This review considers data on the structure, biosynthesis, and metabolism of AGPs. Special attention is given to involvement of AGPs in growth and morphogenesis, and possible mechanisms of their regulatory action are considered. AGPs are also compared with animal proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Rumyantseva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia.
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37
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Lamport DTA, Kieliszewski MJ, Showalter AM. Salt stress upregulates periplasmic arabinogalactan proteins: using salt stress to analyse AGP function. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 169:479-92. [PMID: 16411951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are implicated in cell expansion by unknown mechanisms, thus AGP content and cell-expansion rate might be correlated. We used Yariv reagent to quantify release rates and distribution of AGP at the cell surface of tobacco BY-2 cells: plasma membrane (M); soluble periplasmic AGPs released by cell rupture (S); cell wall (W); and growth medium (Gsink). In contrast to earlier reports, we observed massive upregulation of AGPs in salt-stressed cells, and hence the absence of a simple, direct cause-and-effect relationship between growth rate and AGP release. There was a more subtle connection. A dynamic flux model, M-->S-->W-->Gsink, indicated that turnover was nondegradative, with little free diffusion of AGPs trapped in the pectic matrix of nonadapted cells where transmural migration of high molecular-weight AGPs occurred mainly by plug flow (apposition and extrusion). In contrast, however, an up to sixfold increased AGP release rate in the slower-growing salt-adapted cells indicated a greatly increased rate of AGP diffusion through a much more highly porous pectic network. We hypothesize that classical AGPs act as pectin plasticizers. This explains how beta-D-glycosyl Yariv reagents might inhibit expansion growth by crosslinking monomeric AGPs, and thus mimic an AGP loss-of-function mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek T A Lamport
- School of Life Sciences, John Maynard Smith Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
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Pickard BG, Fujiki M. Ca 2+ pulsation in BY-2 cells and evidence for control of mechanosensory Ca 2+-selective channels by the plasmalemmal reticulum. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2005; 32:863-879. [PMID: 32689183 DOI: 10.1071/fp05045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A previously unknown cytoskeletal structure, now named the plasmalemmal reticulum (Gens et al. 2000, Protoplasma 212, 115-134), was found in cultured BY-2 tobacco cells during a search for a force-focusing mechanism that might enhance signal transduction by the cells' mechanosensory Ca2+-selective cation channels (MCaCs). This polyhedral structure, which links cell wall, plasma membrane, and internal cytoplasm, prominently contains arabinogalactan protein (AGP). To check for reticulum-promoted Ca2+ elevation, the AGP-binding reagent (β-d-glucosyl)3 Yariv phenylglycoside has been applied to BY-2 cells expressing a free cameleon Ca2+ reporter. Ca2+ elevation was substantial and prolonged. Moreover it occurred in the nucleus as well as the cytoplasm. Cells treated with non-binding mannosyl Yariv reagent could not be discriminated from untreated controls or those treated with carrier solution alone. Supply of the MCaC inhibiter Gd3+ just before treatment with Yariv reagent prevented Ca2+ rise. These data strongly support the hypothesis that the plasmalemmal reticulum controls MCaC activity. The massive inward spread of Ca2+ suggested that entry of the ion through the channels initiated a wave of release from the ER, and YCX in the ER showed Ca2+ levels consistent with this premise. Cytosolic and nuclear Ca2+ often pulsed in control cells in near synchrony and at rates ranging from zero to five cycles per ∼20-min recording. (Pulsation was over-ridden by the applied amounts of glucosyl Yariv compound.) Suggestively but very crudely, oscillation rate was assessed as possibly correlating with stage of cell cycle. Because cell Ca2+ was lowered and pulsation was eliminated by Gd3+, MCaCs appear to participate in these endogenous fluctuations. The extent to which pulsing plays regulatory roles in relatively undifferentiated types of cells should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Pickard
- Gladys Levis Allen Laboratory of Plant Sensory Physiology, Biology Department, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA
| | - Masaaki Fujiki
- Gladys Levis Allen Laboratory of Plant Sensory Physiology, Biology Department, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA
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Decreux A, Messiaen J. Wall-associated kinase WAK1 interacts with cell wall pectins in a calcium-induced conformation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 46:268-78. [PMID: 15769808 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wall-associated kinase 1 (WAK1) is a transmembrane protein containing a cytoplasmic Ser/Thr kinase domain and an extracellular domain in contact with the pectin fraction of the plant cell walls. In order to characterize further the interaction of WAK1 with pectin, a 564 bp DNA sequence corresponding to amino acids 67-254 of the extracellular domain of WAK1 from Arabidopsis thaliana was cloned and expressed as a soluble recombinant peptide in yeast. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), we show that peptide WAK(67-254) binds to polygalacturonic acid (PGA), oligogalacturonides, pectins extracted from A. thaliana cell walls and to structurally related alginates. Our results suggest that both ionic and steric interactions are required to match the relatively linear pectin backbone. Binding of WAK(67-254) to PGA, oligogalacturonides and alginates occurred only in the presence of calcium and in ionic conditions promoting the formation of calcium bridges between oligo-and polymers (also known as 'egg-boxes'). The conditions inhibiting the formation of calcium bridges (EDTA treatment, calcium substitution, high NaCl concentrations, depolymerization and methylesterification of pectins) also inhibited the binding of WAK(67-254) to calcium-induced egg-boxes. The relevance of this non-covalent link between WAK(67-254) and cell wall pectins is discussed in terms of cell elongation, cell differentiation and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Decreux
- FUNDP, Unité de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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40
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Schultz CJ, Ferguson KL, Lahnstein J, Bacic A. Post-translational modifications of arabinogalactan-peptides of Arabidopsis thaliana. Endoplasmic reticulum and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor signal cleavage sites and hydroxylation of proline. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:45503-11. [PMID: 15322080 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407594200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a method for separating the deglycosylated protein/peptide backbones of the small arabinogalactan (AG)-peptides from the larger classical arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs). AGPs are an important class of plant proteoglycans implicated in plant growth and development. Separation of AG-peptides enabled us to identify eight of 12 AG-peptides from Arabidopsis thaliana predicted from genomic sequences. Of the remaining four, two have low abundance based on expressed sequence tag databases and the other two are only present in pollen (At3g20865) or flowers (At3g57690) and therefore would not be detected in our analysis. Characterization of AG-peptides was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry protein sequencing. These data provide (i) experimental evidence that AG-peptides are processed in vivo for the addition of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, (ii) cleavage site information for both the endoplasmic reticulum secretion signal and the GPI-anchor signal for eight of the 12 AG-peptides, and (iii) experimental evidence that the Gly-Pro motif is hydroxylated in vivo. Furthermore, we show that AtAGP16 is GPI-anchored despite its unusually long hydrophobic C-terminal GPI-signal sequence. Prior to this work, the GPI-anchor cleavage site for only two plant proteins, NaAGP1 from Nicotiana alata and PcAGP1 from Pyrus communis, had been determined experimentally. Characterization of the post-translational modifications of AG-peptides contributes toward obtaining the complete primary structure of this class of biologically important plant proteoglycans and provides a greater understanding of post-translational modifications of plant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Schultz
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia.
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41
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Gaspar YM, Nam J, Schultz CJ, Lee LY, Gilson PR, Gelvin SB, Bacic A. Characterization of the Arabidopsis lysine-rich arabinogalactan-protein AtAGP17 mutant (rat1) that results in a decreased efficiency of agrobacterium transformation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 135:2162-71. [PMID: 15286287 PMCID: PMC520787 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.045542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are a family of complex proteoglycans widely distributed in plants. The Arabidopsis rat1 mutant, previously characterized as resistant to Agrobacterium tumefaciens root transformation, is due to a mutation in the gene for the Lys-rich AGP, AtAGP17. We show that the phenotype of rat1 correlates with down-regulation of AGP17 in the root as a result of a T-DNA insertion into the promoter of AGP17. Complementation of rat1 plants by a floral dip method with either the wild-type AGP17 gene or cDNA can restore the plant to a wild-type phenotype in several independent transformants. Based on changes in PR1 gene expression and a decrease in free salicylic acid levels upon Agrobacterium infection, we suggest mechanisms by which AGP17 allows Agrobacterium rapidly to reduce the systemic acquired resistance response during the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Maria Gaspar
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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42
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Tan L, Qiu F, Lamport DTA, Kieliszewski MJ. Structure of a hydroxyproline (Hyp)-arabinogalactan polysaccharide from repetitive Ala-Hyp expressed in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:13156-65. [PMID: 14724279 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311864200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic gene encoding the fusion protein (Ala-Hyp)(51)-enhanced green fluorescent protein expressed in Nicotiana tabacum cells produced a fusion glycoprotein with all proline residues hydroxylated and substituted with an arabinogalactan polysaccharide. Alkaline hydrolysis of the fusion glycoprotein yielded a population of hydroxyproline (Hyp)-arabinogalactan polysaccharides ranging in size from 13 to 26 saccharide residues/Hyp, with a median size of 15-17 residues. We isolated a 15-residue Hyp-arabinogalactan for structure determination by sugar analyses and one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques that provided the assignment of proton and carbon signals of a small polysaccharide O-linked to the hydroxyl group of Hyp. The polysaccharide consisted of a 1,3-linked beta-D-Galp backbone with a single 1,6-linked beta-D-Galp "kink." The backbone had two side chains of Galp substituted at position 3 with an arabinose di- or trisaccharide and at position 6 with glucuronic acid or rhamnosyl glucuronic acid. Energy-minimized space-filling molecular models showed hydrogen bonding within polysaccharides attached to repetitive Ala-Hyp and also between polysaccharides and the peptide backbone. Polysaccharides distorted the peptide Ramachandran angles consistent with the circular dichroic spectra of isolated (Ala-Hyp)(51) and its reversion to a polyproline II-like helix after deglycosylation. This first complete structure of a Hyp-arabinogalactan polysaccharide shows that computer-based molecular modeling of Hyp-rich glycoproteins is now feasible and supports the suggestion that small repetitive subunits comprise larger arabinogalactan polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Sun W, Zhao ZD, Hare MC, Kieliszewski MJ, Showalter AM. Tomato LeAGP-1 is a plasma membrane-bound, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored arabinogalactan-protein. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2004; 120:319-327. [PMID: 15032867 DOI: 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are a class of highly glycosylated, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins that function in plant growth and development. Tomato LeAGP-1 represents a major AGP expressed in cultured cells and plants. Based on cDNA and amino acid sequence analyses along with carbohydrate and other biochemical analyses, tomato LeAGP-1 is hypothesized to be a classical AGP localized to the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Here, this hypothesis was tested and supported with the following experiments. First, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, cv. UC82B) cotyledon protoplasts were isolated following cell wall digestion with cellulase and pectinase, and LeAGP-1 was immunolocalized to the plasma membrane with a LeAGP-1 antibody. Second, LeAGP-1 was shown to be a major AGP component in plasma membrane vesicles from tomato cv. Bonnie Best suspension-cultured cells by Western blot analysis with the LeAGP-1 antibody. Third, fluorescence microscopy of plasmolysed, transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum BY-2) suspension-cultured cells expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LeAGP-1 fusion product demonstrated localization to the plasma membrane and Hechtian threads. Fourth, the GFP-LeAGP-1 fusion protein was present in plasma membrane preparations from these transgenic tobacco cells by Western blot analysis with a GFP antibody. Fifth, GFP-LeAGP-1 secreted into the culture media contained ethanolamine, presumably attached to the C-terminal amino acid residue, consistent with its processing and release from the plasma membrane. Thus, these data support the hypothesis that LeAGP-1 is localized to the plasma membrane via a GPI anchor and suggest possible roles for LeAGP-1 in cellular signalling and matrix remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Sun
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA
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Johnson KL, Jones BJ, Bacic A, Schultz CJ. The fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins of Arabidopsis. A multigene family of putative cell adhesion molecules. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 133:1911-25. [PMID: 14645732 PMCID: PMC300743 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.031237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2003] [Revised: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 08/28/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLAs) are a subclass of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) that have, in addition to predicted AGP-like glycosylated regions, putative cell adhesion domains known as fasciclin domains. In other eukaryotes (e.g. fruitfly [Drosophila melanogaster] and humans [Homo sapiens]), fasciclin domain-containing proteins are involved in cell adhesion. There are at least 21 FLAs in the annotated Arabidopsis genome. Despite the deduced proteins having low overall similarity, sequence analysis of the fasciclin domains in Arabidopsis FLAs identified two highly conserved regions that define this motif, suggesting that the cell adhesion function is conserved. We show that FLAs precipitate with beta-glucosyl Yariv reagent, indicating that they share structural characteristics with AGPs. Fourteen of the FLA family members are predicted to be C-terminally substituted with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, a cleavable form of membrane anchor for proteins, indicating different FLAs may have different developmental roles. Publicly available microarray and expressed sequence tag data were used to select FLAs for further expression analysis. RNA gel blots for a number of FLAs indicate that they are likely to be important during plant development and in response to abiotic stress. FLAs 1,2, and 8 show a rapid decrease in mRNA abundance in response to the phytohormone abscisic acid. Also, the accumulation of FLA1 and FLA2 transcripts differs during callus and shoot development, indicating that the proteins may be significant in the process of competence acquisition and induction of shoot development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Johnson
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia
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van Hengel AJ, Roberts K. AtAGP30, an arabinogalactan-protein in the cell walls of the primary root, plays a role in root regeneration and seed germination. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 36:256-70. [PMID: 14535889 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are extracellular proteoglycans that are implicated in many plant growth and developmental processes, but in no case has a biological function been assigned to a particular AGP. AtAGP30 is a non-classical AGP core protein from Arabidopsis that is expressed only in roots. Analysis of the corresponding mutant, agp30, has revealed that the wild-type gene product is required in vitro for root regeneration and in planta for the timing of seed germination. The mutant shows a suppression of the abscisic acid (ABA)-induced delay in germination and altered expression of some ABA-regulated genes. This suggests that AtAGP30 functions in the ABA response. By analogy to proteoglycan-mediated regulation of growth-factor-signalling pathways in animals, our data indicate that phytohormone activity in plants can be modulated by AGPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjon J van Hengel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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Baluska F, Samaj J, Wojtaszek P, Volkmann D, Menzel D. Cytoskeleton-plasma membrane-cell wall continuum in plants. Emerging links revisited. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 133:482-91. [PMID: 14555777 PMCID: PMC523875 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.027250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2003] [Revised: 06/23/2003] [Accepted: 06/30/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Baluska
- Institute of Botany, Department of Plant Cell Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Rast DM, Baumgartner D, Mayer C, Hollenstein GO. Cell wall-associated enzymes in fungi. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 64:339-366. [PMID: 12943752 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(03)00350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This review compiles and discusses previous reports on the identity of wall-associated enzymes (WAEs) in fungi and addresses critically the widely different terminologies used in the literature to specify the type of bonding of WAEs to other entities of the cell wall compartment, the extracellular matrix (ECM). A facile and rapid fractionation protocol for catalytically active WAEs is presented, which uses crude cell walls as the experimental material, a variety of test enzymes (including representatives of polysaccharide synthases and hydrolases, phosphatases, gamma-glutamyltransferases, pyridine-nucleotide dehydrogenases and phenol-oxidising enzymes) and a combination of simple hydrophilic and hydrophobic extractants. The protocol provides four fully operationally defined classes of WAEs, with constituent members of each class displaying the same basic type of physicochemical interaction with binding partners in situ. The routine application of the protocol to different species and cell types could yield easily accessible data useful for building-up a general objective information retrieval system of WAEs, suitable as an heuristic basis both for the unravelling of the role and for the biotechnological potentialities of WAEs. A detailed account is given of the function played in the ECM by WAEs in the metabolism of chitin (chitin synthase, chitinase and beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase) and of phenols (tyrosinase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora M Rast
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Tan L, Leykam JF, Kieliszewski MJ. Glycosylation motifs that direct arabinogalactan addition to arabinogalactan-proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 132:1362-9. [PMID: 12857818 PMCID: PMC167076 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.021766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2003] [Revised: 04/02/2003] [Accepted: 04/02/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) participate in all aspects of plant growth and development. HRGPs are generally highly O-glycosylated through the Hyp residues, which means carbohydrates help define the interactive molecular surface and, hence, HRGP function. The Hyp contiguity hypothesis predicts that contiguous Hyp residues are sites of HRGP arabinosylation, whereas clustered noncontiguous Hyp residues are sites of galactosylation, giving rise to the arabinogalactan heteropolysaccharides that characterize the arabinogalactan-proteins. Early tests of the hypothesis using synthetic genes encoding only clustered noncontiguous Hyp in the sequence (serine [Ser]-Hyp-Ser-Hyp)(n) or contiguous Hyp in the series (Ser-Hyp-Hyp)(n) and (Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp)(n) confirmed that arabinogalactan polysaccharide was added only to noncontiguous Hyp, whereas arabinosylation occurred on contiguous Hyp. Here, we extended our tests of the codes that direct arabinogalactan polysaccharide addition to Hyp by building genes encoding the repetitive sequences (alanine [Ala]-proline [Pro]-Ala-Pro)(n), (threonine [Thr]-Pro-Thr-Pro)(n), and (valine [Val]-Pro-Val-Pro)(n), and expressing them in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Bright-Yellow 2 cells as fusion proteins with green fluorescent protein. All of the Pro residues in the (Ala-Pro-Ala-Pro)(n) fusion protein were hydroxylated and consistent with the hypothesis that every Hyp residue was glycosylated with arabinogalactan polysaccharide. In contrast, 20% to 30% of Pro residues remained non-hydroxylated in the (Thr-Pro-Thr-Pro)(n), and (Val-Pro-Val-Pro)(n) fusion proteins. Furthermore, although 50% to 60% of the Hyp residues were glycosylated with arabinogalactan polysaccharide, some remained non-glycosylated or were arabinosylated. These results suggest that the amino acid side chains of flanking residues influence the extent of Pro hydroxylation and Hyp glycosylation and may explain why isolated noncontiguous Hyp in extensins do not acquire an arabinogalactan polysaccharide but are arabinosylated or remain non-glycosylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701. USA
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Zhao ZD, Tan L, Showalter AM, Lamport DTA, Kieliszewski MJ. Tomato LeAGP-1 arabinogalactan-protein purified from transgenic tobacco corroborates the Hyp contiguity hypothesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 31:431-44. [PMID: 12182702 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Functional analysis of the hyperglycosylated arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) attempts to relate biological roles to the molecular properties that result largely from O-Hyp glycosylation putatively coded by the primary sequence. The Hyp contiguity hypothesis predicts contiguous Hyp residues as attachment sites for arabino-oligosaccharides (arabinosides) and clustered, non-contiguous Hyp residues as arabinogalactan polysaccharide sites. Although earlier tests of naturally occurring hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) and HRGPs designed by synthetic genes were consistent with a sequence-driven code, the predictive value of the hypothesis starting from the DNA sequences of known AGPs remained untested due to difficulties in purifying a single AGP for analysis. However, expression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) of the major tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) AGP, LeAGP-1, as an enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion glycoprotein (EGFP)-LeAGP-1, increased its hydrophobicity sufficiently for chromatographic purification from other closely related endogenous AGPs. We also designed and purified two variants of LeAGP-1 for future functional analysis: one lacking the putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor signal sequence; the other lacking a 12-residue internal lysine-rich region. Fluorescence microscopy of plasmolysed cells confirmed the location of LeAGP-1 at the plasma membrane outer surface and in Hechtian threads. Hyp glycoside profiles of the fusion glycoproteins gave ratios of Hyp-polysaccharides to Hyp-arabinosides plus non-glycosylated Hyp consistent with those predicted from DNA sequences by the Hyp contiguity hypothesis. These results demonstrate a route to the purification of AGPs and the use of the Hyp contiguity hypothesis for predicting the Hyp O-glycosylation profile of an HRGP from its DNA sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Dong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45710, USA
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Verica JA, He ZH. The cell wall-associated kinase (WAK) and WAK-like kinase gene family. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 129:455-9. [PMID: 12068092 PMCID: PMC1540232 DOI: 10.1104/pp.011028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Verica
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
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