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Uprety T, Soni S, Sreenivasan C, Hause BM, Naveed A, Ni S, Graves AJ, Morrow JK, Meade N, Mellits KH, Adam E, Kennedy MA, Wang D, Li F. Genetic and antigenic characterization of two diarrhoeicdominant rotavirus A genotypes G3P[12] and G14P[12] circulating in the global equine population. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:002016. [PMID: 39163114 PMCID: PMC11335307 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine rotavirus species A (ERVA) G3P[12] and G14P[12] are two dominant genotypes that cause foal diarrhoea with a significant economic impact on the global equine industry. ERVA can also serve as a source of novel (equine-like) rotavirus species A (RVA) reassortants with zoonotic potential as those identified previously in 2013-2019 when equine G3-like RVA was responsible for worldwide outbreaks of severe gastroenteritis and hospitalizations in children. One hurdle to ERVA research is that the standard cell culture system optimized for human rotavirus replication is not efficient for isolating ERVA. Here, using an engineered cell line defective in antiviral innate immunity, we showed that both equine G3P[12] and G14P[12] strains can be rapidly isolated from diarrhoeic foals. The genome sequence analysis revealed that both G3P[12] and G14P[12] strains share the identical genotypic constellation except for VP7 and VP6 segments in which G3P[12] possessed VP7 of genotype G3 and VP6 of genotype I6 and G14P[12] had the combination of VP7 of genotype G14 and VP6 of genotype I2. Further characterization demonstrated that two ERVA genotypes have a limited cross-neutralization. The lack of an in vitro broad cross-protection between both genotypes supported the increased recent diarrhoea outbreaks due to equine G14P[12] in foals born to dams immunized with the inactivated monovalent equine G3P[12] vaccine. Finally, using the structural modelling approach, we provided the genetic basis of the antigenic divergence between ERVA G3P[12] and G14P[12] strains. The results of this study will provide a framework for further investigation of infection biology, pathogenesis and cross-protection of equine rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Shalini Soni
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Chithra Sreenivasan
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Ben M. Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007, USA
| | - Ahsan Naveed
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Shuisong Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Amy J. Graves
- Equine Diagnostic Solutions, LLC, 1501 Bull Lea Rd, Suite 104, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Morrow
- Equine Diagnostic Solutions, LLC, 1501 Bull Lea Rd, Suite 104, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, USA
| | - Nathan Meade
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing, and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Kenneth H. Mellits
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing, and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Emma Adam
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Michael A. Kennedy
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
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Carossino M, Vissani MA, Barrandeguy ME, Balasuriya UBR, Parreño V. Equine Rotavirus A under the One Health Lens: Potential Impacts on Public Health. Viruses 2024; 16:130. [PMID: 38257830 PMCID: PMC10819593 DOI: 10.3390/v16010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses are a well-known cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and children, as well as in many mammalian species and birds, affecting them at a young age. This group of viruses has a double-stranded, segmented RNA genome with high genetic diversity linked to point mutations, recombination, and, importantly, reassortment. While initial molecular investigations undertaken in the 1900s suggested host range restriction among group A rotaviruses based on the fact that different gene segments were distributed among different animal species, recent molecular surveillance and genome constellation genotyping studies conducted by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG) have shown that animal rotaviruses serve as a source of diversification of human rotavirus A, highlighting their zoonotic potential. Rotaviruses occurring in various animal species have been linked with contributing genetic material to human rotaviruses, including horses, with the most recent identification of equine-like G3 rotavirus A infecting children. The goal of this article is to review relevant information related to rotavirus structure/genomic organization, epidemiology (with a focus on human and equine rotavirus A), evolution, inter-species transmission, and the potential zoonotic role of equine and other animal rotaviruses. Diagnostics, surveillance and the current status of human and livestock vaccines against RVA are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Maria Aldana Vissani
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires B1630AHU, Argentina; (M.A.V.); (M.E.B.)
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Maria E. Barrandeguy
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires B1630AHU, Argentina; (M.A.V.); (M.E.B.)
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
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Uprety T, Sreenivasan CC, Hause BM, Li G, Odemuyiwa SO, Locke S, Morgan J, Zeng L, Gilsenan WF, Slovis N, Metcalfe L, Carter CN, Timoney P, Horohov D, Wang D, Erol E, Adam E, Li F. Identification of a Ruminant Origin Group B Rotavirus Associated with Diarrhea Outbreaks in Foals. Viruses 2021; 13:1330. [PMID: 34372536 PMCID: PMC8310321 DOI: 10.3390/v13071330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine rotavirus group A (ERVA) is one of the most common causes of foal diarrhea. Starting in February 2021, there was an increase in the frequency of severe watery to hemorrhagic diarrhea cases in neonatal foals in Central Kentucky. Diagnostic investigation of fecal samples failed to detect evidence of diarrhea-causing pathogens including ERVA. Based on Illumina-based metagenomic sequencing, we identified a novel equine rotavirus group B (ERVB) in fecal specimens from the affected foals in the absence of any other known enteric pathogens. Interestingly, the protein sequence of all 11 segments had greater than 96% identity with group B rotaviruses previously found in ruminants. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis demonstrated clustering of the ERVB with group B rotaviruses of caprine and bovine strains from the USA. Subsequent analysis of 33 foal diarrheic samples by RT-qPCR identified 23 rotavirus B-positive cases (69.69%). These observations suggest that the ERVB originated from ruminants and was associated with outbreaks of neonatal foal diarrhea in the 2021 foaling season in Kentucky. Emergence of the ruminant-like group B rotavirus in foals clearly warrants further investigation due to the significant impact of the disease in neonatal foals and its economic impact on the equine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Chithra C. Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Ben M. Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Solomon O. Odemuyiwa
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
| | - Stephan Locke
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40512, USA; (S.L.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.N.C.)
| | - Jocelynn Morgan
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40512, USA; (S.L.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.N.C.)
| | - Li Zeng
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40512, USA; (S.L.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.N.C.)
| | | | - Nathan Slovis
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, Lexington, KY 40511, USA;
| | - Laurie Metcalfe
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY 40511, USA; (W.F.G.); (L.M.)
| | - Craig N. Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40512, USA; (S.L.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.N.C.)
| | - Peter Timoney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - David Horohov
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Erdal Erol
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40512, USA; (S.L.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.N.C.)
| | - Emma Adam
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
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Abstract
This review briefly describes the virus classification, clinical signs, epidemiology,
diagnosis, disinfection, and vaccines related equine group A rotavirus (RVA) infection.
Equine RVA is one of the most important pathogens causing diarrhoea in foals. The main
transmission route is faecal–oral, and the clinical signs are diarrhoea, fever, lethargy,
and anorexia (decreased suckling). Some human RVA rapid antigen detection kits based on
the principles of the immunochromatographic assay are useful for the diagnosis of equine
RVA infection. The kits are used in daily clinical practice because of their rapidity and
ease of handling. Equine RVA is a non-enveloped virus and is more resistant to
disinfectants than enveloped viruses such as equine influenza virus and equine
herpesvirus. Although amphoteric soaps and quaternary ammonium compounds are commonly used
in veterinary hygiene, they are generally ineffective against equine RVA. Alcohol
products, aldehydes, and chlorine- and iodine-based compounds are effective against equine
RVA. Inactivated vaccines have been used for equine RVA infection in some countries.
Pregnant mares are intramuscularly inoculated with a vaccine, and thus their colostrum has
abundant antibodies against RVA at the time of birth. According to G and P classification
defined in accordance with the VP7 and VP4 genes, respectively, the predominant equine
RVAs circulating in horse populations globally are G3P[12] and G14P[12] equine RVAs, but
the vaccines contain only the G3P[12] equine RVA strain. Ideally, a G14P[12] equine RVA
should be added as a vaccine strain to obtain a better vaccine effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Tomio Matsumura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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Nemoto M, Niwa H, Murakami S, Miki R, Higuchi T, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kokado H. Molecular analyses of G3A/G3B and G14 equine group A rotaviruses detected between 2012 and 2018 in Japan. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:913-931. [PMID: 31090536 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine group A rotaviruses (RVAs) cause diarrhoea in foals. We investigated the G genotypes of 360 RVA-positive samples obtained from diarrhoeic foals between 2012 and 2018 in the Hidaka district of Hokkaido, Japan, through sequence analysis of VP7. All samples were classified into genotypes G3A, G3B and G14. G3B RVAs were detected until 2016, and G3A RVAs were detected from 2016 to 2018. G14 RVAs were detected from 2012 to 2018. Although G3B RVAs had been circulating in Japan for a long time, G3A RVAs suddenly emerged in 2016, and have replaced G3B RVAs since 2017. Molecular analyses of VP7 and VP4 showed that these Japanese G3A RVAs are closely related to North American G3A RVAs detected in 2017. Additionally, whole-genome analyses suggested that genetic reassortments occurred between G3A and G14 RVAs in NSP1, NSP2, NSP4 and NSP5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- 1 Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- 1 Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Ryoka Miki
- 2 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Higuchi
- 3 Mitsuishi Animal Medical Center, Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Shinhidaka-cho, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- 1 Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- 1 Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kokado
- 1 Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Nemoto M, Inagaki M, Tamura N, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kokado H. Evaluation of inactivated vaccines against equine group A rotaviruses by use of a suckling mouse model. Vaccine 2018; 36:5551-5555. [PMID: 30076106 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine group A rotaviruses (RVAs) cause diarrhea in suckling foals. The dominant RVAs circulating among horses worldwide, including Japan, are G3P[12] and/or G14P[12] genotypes. Inactivated vaccines containing a G3P[12] RVA are commercially available in some countries for prevention of diarrhea caused by equine RVAs. However, there is no reported evidence whether vaccines containing a G3P[12] RVA are effective against G14P[12] RVAs or whether using a G14P[12] RVA results in a more effective vaccine. This study used a suckling mouse model to evaluate the effectiveness of inactivated vaccines containing G3P[12] (G3 vaccine) or G14P[12] (G14 vaccine) RVAs against G3P[12] and G14P[12] RVAs. METHODS Female mice were inoculated twice with G3 or G14 vaccines, and were then mated. After parturition, suckling mice were challenged with one of either two G3P[12] RVAs, two G14P[12] RVAs, or one G13P[18] RVA. After virus inoculation, suckling mice were observed for diarrhea, and the incidence rates of diarrhea in the vaccinated groups were compared with those in the non-vaccinated groups. RESULTS Following G3P[12] RVA challenge, suckling mice in the G3 and G14 vaccinated groups had significantly lower rates of diarrhea incidence than did those in the non-vaccinated group, and the rates in the G3 vaccinated group tended to be lower than in the G14 vaccinated group. Following G14P[12] RVA challenge, suckling mice in the G14 vaccinated group had significantly lower rates of diarrhea incidence than did those in the non-vaccinated and G3 vaccinated groups. The G3 and G14 vaccines did not reduce the rate when challenged with the G13P[18] RVA. CONCLUSION The mouse model showed that the G3 and G14 vaccines were both effective against G3P[12] RVAs, and that the G14 vaccine was effective against G14P[12] RVAs. These results suggest that at least a G14 RVA strain should be included in as a vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Mizuho Inagaki
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tamura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kokado
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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Nemoto M, Nagai M, Tsunemitsu H, Omatsu T, Furuya T, Shirai J, Kondo T, Fujii Y, Todaka R, Katayama K, Mizutani T. Whole-genome sequence analysis of G3 and G14 equine group A rotaviruses isolated in the late 1990s and 2009-2010. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1171-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Virucidal effect of commercially available disinfectants on equine group A rotavirus. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1061-3. [PMID: 24681569 PMCID: PMC4143650 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many disinfectants are commercially available in the veterinary field,
information on the virucidal effects of disinfectants against equine group A rotavirus
(RVA) is limited. We evaluated the performance of commercially available disinfectants
against equine RVA. Chlorine- and iodine-based disinfectants showed virucidal effects, but
these were reduced by the presence of organic matter. Glutaraldehyde had a virucidal
effect regardless of the presence of organic matter, but the effect was reduced by low
temperature or short reaction time, or both. Benzalkonium chloride had the greatest
virucidal effect among the three quaternary ammonium compounds examined, but its effect
was reduced by the presence of organic matter or by low temperature or a short reaction
time. These findings will be useful for preventing the spread of equine RVA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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Ghosh S, Kobayashi N. Exotic rotaviruses in animals and rotaviruses in exotic animals. Virusdisease 2014; 25:158-72. [PMID: 25674582 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are a major cause of viral diarrhea in the young of mammals and birds. RVA strains with certain genotype constellations or VP7-VP4 (G-P) genotype combinations are commonly found in a particular host species, whilst unusual or exotic RVAs have also been reported. In most cases, these exotic rotaviruses are derived from RVA strains common to other host species, possibly through interspecies transmission coupled with reassortment events, whilst a few other strains exhibit novel genotypes/genetic constellations rarely found in other RVAs. The epidemiology and evolutionary patterns of exotic rotaviruses in humans have been thoroughly reviewed previously. On the other hand, there is no comprehensive review article devoted to exotic rotaviruses in domestic animals and birds so far. The present review focuses on the exotic/unusual rotaviruses detected in livestock (cattle and pigs), horses and companion animals (cats and dogs). Avian rotaviruses (group D, group F and group G strains), including RVAs, which are genetically divergent from mammalian RVAs, are also discussed. Although scattered and limited studies have reported rotaviruses in several exotic animals and birds, including wildlife, these data remain to be reviewed. Therefore, a section entitled "rotaviruses in exotic animals" was included in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S 1, W 17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556 Japan
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S 1, W 17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556 Japan
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Papp H, Matthijnssens J, Martella V, Ciarlet M, Bányai K. Global distribution of group A rotavirus strains in horses: a systematic review. Vaccine 2013; 31:5627-33. [PMID: 23994380 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RVA) is a major cause of diarrhea and diarrhea-related mortality in foals in parts of the world. In addition to careful horse farm management, vaccination is the only known alternative to reduce the RVA associated disease burden on horse farms. The precise evaluation of vaccine effectiveness against circulating strains needs enhanced surveillance of equine RVAs in areas where vaccine is already available or vaccine introduction is anticipated. Therefore, we undertook the overview of relevant information on epidemiology of equine RVA strains through systematic search of public literature databases. Our findings indicated that over 99% of equine RVA strains characterized during the past three decades belonged to two common genotypes, G3P[12] and G14P[12], whereas most of the minority equine RVA strains were probably introduced from a heterologous host by interspecies transmission. These baseline data on RVA strains in horses shall contribute to a better understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of strain prevalence in vaccinated and non-vaccinated herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajnalka Papp
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
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Ghosh S, Taniguchi K, Aida S, Ganesh B, Kobayashi N. Whole genomic analyses of equine group A rotaviruses from Japan: evidence for bovine-to-equine interspecies transmission and reassortment events. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:474-85. [PMID: 23938116 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Equine group A rotaviruses (RVA) are a major cause of severe diarrhea in foals. The whole genomes of only six common and three unusual equine RVA strains have been analyzed so far. To date, there are no reports on whole genomic analyses of equine RVAs from Asian countries. We report here the whole genomic analyses of three common (strains RVA/Horse-tc/JPN/BI/1981/G3P[12], RVA/Horse-tc/JPN/HH-22/1989/G3P[12] and RVA/Horse-tc/JPN/CH-3/1987/G14P[12]) and an unusual (RVA/Horse-tc/JPN/OH-4/1982/G6P[5]) equine RVA strains isolated from diarrheic foals in Japan. Strains BI, HH-22 and CH-3 shared a largely conserved genotype constellation (G3/G14-P[12]-I2/I6-R2-C2-M3-A10-N2-T3-E2-H7) with each other and with those of common equine RVAs from other continents. Phylogenetically, most of the genes of BI, HH-22 and CH-3 were closely related to those of other common equine RVAs. On the other hand, the NSP2 genes of BI and CH-3 formed a distinct lineage, and were distantly related to the other, major equine RVA cluster within the NSP2-N2 genotype. The NSP4 gene of HH-22 appeared to originate from possible reassortment events involving common equine RVAs and co-circulating bovine or bovine-like equine RVAs, revealing the presence of a bovine RVA-like NSP4 gene on a typical equine RVA genetic backbone. All the 11 gene segments of the unusual equine RVA strain OH-4 were found to be more closely related to those of bovine and bovine-like human RVAs than to those of other RVAs, providing the first conclusive evidence for artiodactyl(likely bovine)-to-equine interspecies transmission events. Taken together, these observations provided important insights into the genetic diversity of equine RVAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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Bailey KE, Gilkerson JR, Browning GF. Equine rotaviruses--current understanding and continuing challenges. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:135-44. [PMID: 23932076 PMCID: PMC7117381 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine rotaviruses were first detected in foals over 30 years ago and remain a major cause of infectious diarrhoea in foals. During this time, there has been substantial progress in the development of sensitive methods to detect rotaviruses in foals, enabling surveillance of the genotypes present in various horse populations. However, there has been limited epidemiological investigation into the significance of these circulating genotypes, their correlation with disease and the use of vaccination in these animal populations. Our knowledge of the pathogenesis of rotavirus infection in foals is based on a limited number of studies on a small number of foals and, therefore, most of our understanding in this area has been extrapolated from studies in other species. Questions such as the concentrations of rotavirus particles shed in the faeces of infected foals, both with and without diarrhoea, and factors determining the presence or absence of clinical disease remain to be investigated, as does the relative and absolute efficacy of currently available vaccines. The answer to these questions may help direct research into the development of more effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Bailey
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Antibody response in vaccinated pregnant mares to recent G3BP[12] and G14P[12] equine rotaviruses. Acta Vet Scand 2012; 54:63. [PMID: 23130609 PMCID: PMC3523035 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both the G3P[12] and the G14P[12] type of equine group A rotavirus (RVA) have recently become predominant in many countries, including Japan. G3 types are classified further into G3A and G3B. The G3A viruses have been circulating in Europe, Australia, and Argentina, and the G3B viruses have been circulating in Japan. However, only an inactivated vaccine containing a single G3BP[12] strain is commercially available in Japan. To assess the efficacy of the current vaccine against recently circulating equine RVA strains, we examined antibody responses in pregnant mares to recent G3BP[12] and G14P[12] strains by virus neutralization test. Findings After vaccination in five pregnant mares, the geometric mean serum titers of virus-neutralizing antibody to recent G3BP[12] strains increased 5.3- to 7.0-fold and were similar to that against homologous vaccine strain. Moreover, antibody titers to recent G14P[12] strains were also increased 3.0- to 3.5-fold. Conclusions These results suggest that inoculation of mares with the current vaccine should provide foals with virus-neutralizing antibodies against not only the G3BP[12] but also the G14P[12] RVA strain via the colostrum.
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Ghosh S, Shintani T, Kobayashi N. Evidence for the porcine origin of equine rotavirus strain H-1. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:410-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Matthijnssens J, Miño S, Papp H, Potgieter C, Novo L, Heylen E, Zeller M, Garaicoechea L, Badaracco A, Lengyel G, Kisfali P, Cullinane A, Collins PJ, Ciarlet M, O’Shea H, Parreño V, Bányai K, Barrandeguy M, Van Ranst M. Complete molecular genome analyses of equine rotavirus A strains from different continents reveal several novel genotypes and a largely conserved genotype constellation. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:866-875. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.039255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the complete genome sequences of seven equine group A rotavirus (RVA) strains (RVA/Horse-tc/GBR/L338/1991/G13P[18], RVA/Horse-wt/IRL/03V04954/2003/G3P[12] and RVA/Horse-wt/IRL/04V2024/2004/G14P[12] from Europe; RVA/Horse-wt/ARG/E30/1993/G3P[12], RVA/Horse-wt/ARG/E403/2006/G14P[12] and RVA/Horse-wt/ARG/E4040/2008/G14P[12] from Argentina; and RVA/Horse-wt/ZAF/EqRV-SA1/2006/G14P[12] from South Africa) were determined. Multiple novel genotypes were identified and genotype numbers were assigned by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group: R9 (VP1), C9 (VP2), N9 (NSP2), T12 (NSP3), E14 (NSP4), and H7 and H11 (NSP5). The genotype constellation of L338 was unique: G13-P[18]-I6-R9-C9-M6-A6-N9-T12-E14-H11. The six remaining equine RVA strains showed a largely conserved genotype constellation: G3/G14-P[12]-I2/I6-R2-C2-M3-A10-N2-T3-E2/E12-H7, which is highly divergent from other known non-equine RVA genotype constellations. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the sequences of these equine RVA strains are related distantly to non-equine RVA strains, and that at least three lineages exist within equine RVA strains. A small number of reassortment events were observed. Interestingly, the three RVA strains from Argentina possessed the E12 genotype, whereas the three RVA strains from Ireland and South Africa possessed the E2 genotype. The unusual E12 genotype has until now only been described in Argentina among RVA strains collected from guanaco, cattle and horses, suggesting geographical isolation of this NSP4 genotype. This conserved genetic configuration of equine RVA strains could be useful for future vaccine development or improvement of currently used equine RVA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Matthijnssens
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samuel Miño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hajnalka Papp
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Luis Novo
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Heylen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Zeller
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - György Lengyel
- Dr György Radó Military Medical Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Kisfali
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - P. J. Collins
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Max Ciarlet
- Clinical Research and Development, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Helen O’Shea
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - María Barrandeguy
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Molecular characterization and analysis of equine rotavirus circulating in Japan from 2003 to 2008. Vet Microbiol 2011; 152:67-73. [PMID: 21565456 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using a total of 2018 fecal samples collected between 2003 and 2008 from foals with diarrhea, the molecular epidemiology of group A equine rotaviruses circulating in Japan was investigated by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) typing and sequence analysis of the VP4 (P type) and VP7 (G type) genes. A total of 1149 samples showed positive reactions with RT-PCR, of which 462 samples (40.2%) were positive for G3 type, 502 samples (43.7%) were positive for G14 type, and 185 samples (16.1%) were positive for both G3 and G14 types. To examine P types, 59 G3 and 56 G14 positive samples were used. The majority of the samples (96.5%) were characterized as P[12] type. In a phylogenetic analysis, the VP4 gene of the P[12] type in Japan was found to be conserved for a long time. The VP7 sequences of the G3 type were found to be clustered in the same group as the HO-5 strain, which is a G3 strain that was isolated in 1982 in Japan. In contrast, the VP7 sequences of the G14 type, which were in circulation between 2003 and 2008, were clustered differently from those of the G14 type strains isolated in Japan in the late 1990 s. These results suggest that the VP7 gene of the G3 type has been conserved over 25 years, while the VP7 gene of the G14 type circulating between 2003 and 2008 appears to have re-emerged in or invaded Japan around 2000.
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17
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Monini M, Biasin A, Valentini S, Cattoli G, Ruggeri FM. Recurrent rotavirus diarrhoea outbreaks in a stud farm, in Italy. Vet Microbiol 2010; 149:248-53. [PMID: 21129862 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A total of 47 stool samples were collected at the same stud farm from young foals with rotavirus diarrhoea and from their stud mares. Illness involved foals during three consecutive winter seasons. Infection in the farm appeared firstly in January-February 2008. After vanishing in the warm seasons, cases reappeared in March 2009 and 2010. Determination of the rotavirus G- and P-types was carried out using nested RT-PCR in samples collected in 2009 and 2010. A total of 19 of 47 samples resulted positive for rotavirus. The G type was determined in 19/47 samples, whereas the P genotype was determined in 17/47 samples. All equine strains presented a G14 VP7 in combination with a P[12] VP4, suggesting persistence of the same viral strain in the stud farm, during at least two consecutive winter periods. Sequence analysis of the genes encoding the outer capsid rotavirus proteins VP7 and VP4 revealed that the virus had a close relationship between strains recently isolated in the rest of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monini
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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18
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Nemoto M, Imagawa H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T, Matsumura T. Detection of equine rotavirus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:823-6. [PMID: 20160420 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was applied to detection of equine rotavirus. Because equine rotavirus of the single P genotype, P[12], is predominant in the equine population worldwide, an RT-LAMP primer set was designed to target the genotype P[12] sequence and thus detect equine rotavirus. The detection limit of the RT-LAMP assay was 10(3) copies of viral RNA, whereas that of semi-nested RT-PCR for genotype P[12] was 10(5) copies. The RT-LAMP assay specifically amplified genotype P[12] but did not amplify the other P genotype strains. The RT-LAMP assay did not amplify any pathogens related to equine intestinal disorder other than rotavirus. Using 96 diarrheal stools, the RT-LAMP assay detected equine rotavirus in 58 samples, whereas semi-nested RT-PCR only detected equine rotavirus in 25 samples. The RT-LAMP assay did not detect equine rotavirus with fecal samples collected from nine healthy foals. These results indicate that the RT-LAMP assay is specific for equine rotavirus and more sensitive than semi-nested RT-PCR. Because it is easy to manipulate without the need for a thermal cycler or gel electrophoresis, the RT-LAMP assay should be applicable to diagnosis of equine rotavirus infections in diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
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19
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Abstract
Group A rotaviruses are important causative agents of severe, acute dehydrating diarrhea in foals. A total of 86 rotavirus-positive fecal samples, collected from diarrheic foals from 11 counties in three of the four provinces of Ireland, were obtained from the Irish Equine Centre in Kildare during a 7-year (1999 to 2005) passive surveillance study and were characterized molecularly to establish the VP7 (G type) and VP4 (P type) antigenic specificities. Fifty-eight samples (67.5%) were found to contain G3 viruses, while in 26 samples (30.2%) the rotaviruses were typed as G14 and in 2 samples (2.3%) there was a mixed infection, G3 plus G14. All samples except for two, which were untypeable, were characterized as P[12]. Fifty-eight percent of the samples were obtained from County Kildare, the center of the Irish horse industry, where an apparent shift from G3P[12] to G14P[12] was observed in 2003. By sequence analysis of the VP7 protein, the G3 Irish strains were shown to resemble viruses of the G3A subtype (H2-like) (97.1 to 100% amino acid [aa] identity), while the G14 Irish strains displayed 93.9 to 97.1% aa identity to other G14 viruses. In the VP8* fragment of the VP4 protein, the P[12] Irish viruses displayed high conservation (92.3 to 100% aa) with other equine P[12] viruses. Worldwide, G3P[12] and G14P[12] are the most prevalent equine rotavirus strains, and G3P[12] vaccines have been developed for prevention of rotavirus-associated diarrhea in foals. Investigations of the VP7/VP4 diversity of the circulating equine viruses and the dynamics of strain replacement are important for better assessing the efficacies of the vaccines.
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20
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Gulati BR, Deepa R, Singh BK, Rao CD. Diversity in Indian equine rotaviruses: identification of genotype G10,P6[1] and G1 strains and a new VP7 genotype (G16) strain in specimens from diarrheic foals in India. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 45:972-8. [PMID: 17135436 PMCID: PMC1829150 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01696-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses causing severe diarrhea in foals in two organized farms in northern India, during the period from 2003 to 2005, were characterized by electropherotyping, serotyping, and sequence analysis of the genes encoding the outer capsid proteins. Of 137 specimens, 47 (34.31%) were positive for rotavirus and exhibited at least five different electropherotypes (E), E1 to E5. Strains belonging to different electropherotypes exhibited either a different serotype/genotype specificity or a lack of reactivity to typing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) used in this study. Strains belonging to E1, E2, and E5 exhibited genotype G10,P6[1], G3, and G1 specificities and accounted for 19.0, 42.9, and 9.5% of the isolates, respectively. Though they possessed G10-type VP7, the E1 strains exhibited high reactivity with the G6-specific MAb, suggesting that the uncommon combination of the outer capsid proteins altered the specificity of the conformation-dependent antigenic epitopes on VP7. E3 and E4 strains accounted for 28.6% of the isolates and were untypeable. Sequence analysis of VP7 from E4 strains (Erv92 and Erv99) revealed that they represent a new VP7 genotype, G16. The detection of unexpected bovine rotavirus-derived G10,P6[1] reassortants, G1 serotype strains, and a new genotype (G16) strain in two distant farms reveals an interesting epidemiological situation and diversity of equine rotaviruses in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Gulati
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, India
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21
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Fukai K, Saito T, Fukuda O, Hagiwara A, Inoue K, Sato M. Molecular characterisation of equine group A rotavirus, Nasuno, isolated in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Vet J 2005; 172:369-73. [PMID: 16019242 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, equine group A rotavirus (RV-A), Nasuno, isolated from foal diarrhoea in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan was characterised genetically by sequence analysis of the genome segments encoding VP4 and VP7. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences revealed high homology with P[12] RV-As (94.0-99.3% and 94.9-99.4%) and G3 RV-As (86.9-99.5% and 91.1-99.4%). Nasuno was also classified into P[12] and G3 in the phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the genome segments encoding VP4 and VP7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Fukai
- Tochigi Prefectural Central District Animal Hygiene Service Center, 6-8 Hiraidekougyoudanchi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-0605, Japan.
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22
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IMAGAWA H, KATO T, TSUNEMITSU H, TANAKA H, SATO S, HIGUCHI T. Field Study of Inactivated Equine Rotavirus Vaccine. J Equine Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1294/jes.16.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi IMAGAWA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | | | | | | | - Shinsuke SATO
- Central Branch of Domestic Animal Clinic, Hidaka Agriculture Mutual Aid Association
| | - Tohru HIGUCHI
- Mitsuishi Animal Clinic Center, Hidaka Agriculture Mutual Aid Association
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23
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Elschner M, Schrader C, Hotzel H, Prudlo J, Sachse K, Eichhorn W, Herbst W, Otto P. Isolation and molecular characterisation of equine rotaviruses from Germany. Vet Microbiol 2005; 105:123-9. [PMID: 15627523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2003] [Revised: 10/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A total of 26 rotavirus positive faecal samples of diarrhoeal foals, and 8 equine rotavirus isolates were examined. Viral RNA patterns were generated, G typing was performed by PCR, and a P[12]-specific DNA probe was developed for P typing. Furthermore, five equine rotavirus isolates were sequenced in the genomic regions coding for VP7 and part of VP4. Rotaviruses of genotype G3 P[12] were found in 22 faecal samples and G14 P[12] type could be found in 4 faecal samples. These findings confirm that in Germany G3 P[12] is the predominating type of equine rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Elschner
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Strasse 96a, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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24
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Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA, Barreiros MAB, Leite JPG, Richtzenhain LJ. G and P genotypes of group A rotavirus strains circulating in calves in Brazil, 1996–1999. Vet Microbiol 2004; 99:167-73. [PMID: 15066719 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2001] [Revised: 08/07/2003] [Accepted: 10/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fifty fecal samples from calves with diarrhea, positive for group A rotavirus by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) were analyzed by a nested multiplex reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (Nested multiplex/RT-PCR) for identification of P and G genotypes. Samples were collected between 1996 and 1999 from eight dairy and/or beef cattle herds located in the Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, Goiás and Paraná States, Brazil. Complete genotyping was possible in 44 (88%) of the calf fecal samples. The VP7 gene could not be identified in six (12%) of the samples. Whilst the VP4 (P) gene was identified in 100% of samples. The genotypes of 35 (70%) samples corresponded to the NCDV-like (12%), UK-like (40%), B223-like (16%) and KN-4 (2%) reference rotavirus strains, which are commonly found in cattle. Mixed infections were detected in seven (14%) samples, and genotypes observed in two (4%) samples presented unusual combinations, carrying VP4 and VP7 gene of the bovine group A rotavirus (P[11],G8), in other one carrying a VP4 gene of bovine origin (P[1]) and a VP7 gene of swine origin (G5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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25
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Nakagomi O, Nakagomi T. Genomic relationships among rotaviruses recovered from various animal species as revealed by RNA-RNA hybridization assays. Res Vet Sci 2002; 73:207-14. [PMID: 12443676 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(02)00097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Nakagomi
- Department of Microbiology, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan.
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26
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Ciarlet M, I a P, Conner ME, Liprandi F. Antigenic and molecular analyses reveal that the equine rotavirus strain H-1 is closely related to porcine, but not equine, rotaviruses: interspecies transmission from pigs to horses? Virus Genes 2001; 22:5-20. [PMID: 11210939 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008175716816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have sequenced the genes encoding the inner capsid protein VP6 and the outer capsid glycoprotein VP7 of the subgroup (SG) I equine rotavirus strain H-1 (P9[7], G5). The VP6 and VP7 proteins of the equine rotavirus strain H-1 shared a high degree of sequence and deduced amino acid identity with SG I porcine strains and serotype G5 porcine strains, respectively. Previous sequence analyses of the genes encoding the outer capsid spike protein VP4 and the nonstructural proteins NSP1 and NSP4 of equine H-1 strain also revealed a high degree of sequence and deduced amino acid homology with the prototype porcine rotavirus strain OSU (P9[7], G5). We have also confirmed and extended the VP4 and VP7 antigenic relatedness of equine rotavirus strain H-1 to porcine strains of P9[7] and G5 serotype specificities isolated in the United States, Venezuela, Argentina, and Australia based on cross-neutralization studies. In addition, the pathogenicity of tissue culture-adapted equine H-1, H-2, FI-14, FI-23, and L338, and porcine OSU rotavirus strains was compared in the neonatal mouse model. The 50% diarrhea dose (DD50) of equine H-1 was similar to that of porcine OSU and equine H-2 and L338 strains, while the DD50 of equine H-2 was > or = 50 or 315-fold lower than those of equine FI-14 or FI-23, respectively. Our sequence comparison of NSP4 of the rotavirus strains tested potentially identified amino acid residue 136, within the variable region spanning amino acids 130 to 141, as playing a role in virulence. Taken together, there is strong support to suggest that the equine rotavirus strain H-1 may represent an example of interspecies transmission from pigs to horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ciarlet
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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27
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Isa P, Wood AR, Netherwood T, Ciarlet M, Imagawa H, Snodgrass DR. Survey of equine rotaviruses shows conservation of one P genotype in background of two G genotypes. Arch Virol 1996; 141:1601-12. [PMID: 8893784 DOI: 10.1007/bf01718285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
DIG-labelled ssRNA probes were prepared from variable regions of VP4 and VP7 cognate genes, and used in hybridization assays for P and G genotyping of group A cell culture-adapted equine rotaviruses and fecal samples collected from foals with and without diarrhea. The probes confirmed known P and G serotypes of sixteen cell culture-adapted strains. From one-hundred and twenty-one rotavirus-positive samples, 83 reacted when tested for their P and G genotype specific probes. From these, 71 were found to contain G3 P12 genotypes, and 11 G14 P12 genotypes. No sample reacted with H1 or L338 P and G genotype probes. This suggests that the equine rotavirus population is conservative, containing predominantly one P genotype and two G genotypes. One isolate (26/94) whose dsRNA was visualized in an agarose gel did not react with any of the equine probes, and was found to belong to G8 and P1 genotypes. This is the fourth example of a single unique equine isolate (after H1, L338, and R-22). The remaining thirty-eight untypable field isolates had no detectable dsRNA after storage for 1 to 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Isa
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, U.K
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28
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Browning GF, Begg AP. Prevalence of G and P serotypes among equine rotaviruses in the faeces of diarrhoeic foals. Arch Virol 1996; 141:1077-89. [PMID: 8712925 DOI: 10.1007/bf01718611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Variant types of VP4 and VP7 gene segments of faecal rotaviruses from diarrhoeic foals were identified by restriction endonuclease digestion of reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) products. The variants observed were correlated with serotypes by determination of the sequence of representative RT/PCR products (entire coding sequence for VP7 and the VP8 region of VP4) and comparison to published sequences of equine G and P serotype genes. Both G and P serotypes could be predicted for 95/116 (82%) strains, P serotype only for a further 8 (7%) strains and G serotype only for 1 (1%) strain. All characterised strains belonged to the same P serotype, P12, although minor sequence variations were observed. Of those strains able to be assigned to G serotypes, 84/96 (87.5%) belonged to serotype G3A, and 12/96 (12.5%) belonged to serotype G14. Comparison of G serotyping by ELISA to the RT/PCR method showed that serotyping equine rotaviruses by currently available ELISA methods was prone to error. This study establishes the restricted serotypic diversity of equine rotaviruses, and the significance of serotype G14.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Browning
- Veterinary Preclinical Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Aijaz S, Gowda K, Jagannath HV, Reddy RR, Maiya PP, Ward RL, Greenberg HB, Raju M, Babu A, Rao CD. Epidemiology of symptomatic human rotaviruses in Bangalore and Mysore, India, from 1988 to 1994 as determined by electropherotype, subgroup and serotype analysis. Arch Virol 1996; 141:715-26. [PMID: 8645107 DOI: 10.1007/bf01718329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology of symptomatic rotaviruses from Bangalore and Mysore in Southern India was investigated. While serotype G3 predominated throughout the 7-year study period from 1988 to 1994 in Bangalore, serotype G1 was more predominant than serotype G3 in Mysore during 1993 and 1994. Serotype G2 strains were either not detected or infrequently observed in both the cities. However, several strains with subgroup I and 'short' RNA pattern that exhibited high reactivity with typing MAbs specific for serotype 2 as well as other serotypes were detected throughout the period. Among the nonserotypeable strains from both cities, several exhibited dual subgroup (SGI + II) or subgroup I specificity and 'long' RNA pattern indicating their probable animal origin. Notably, a gradual, yet highly significant reduction in rotavirus gastroenteritis, from 45.3% in 1988 to 1.8% during 1994, was observed in Bangalore in stark contrast to the consistently high (about 34%) incidence of asymptomatic infections among neonates by I321-like G10P11 type strains during the same period. Moreover, I321-like asymptomatic strains were not detected in children with diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aijaz
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science. Bangalore, India
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30
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Imagawa H, Ishida S, Uesugi S, Masanobu K, Fukunaga Y, Nakagomi O. Genetic analysis of equine rotavirus by RNA-RNA hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:2009-12. [PMID: 7989559 PMCID: PMC263921 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.32.8.2009-2012.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotype G3 equine rotaviruses isolated in Japan made up a common genogroup and were classified into two different genotypes. The genomes of serotype G3 equine rotaviruses with an identical electropherotype (isolated from 1982 to 1989) were very closely related to each other regardless of the year in which they were isolated. Serotype G3 equine rotavirus BI originating from England belonged to the same genogroup of serotype G3 equine rotaviruses isolated in Japan, although BI was classified as having a different genotype. The genomes of both serotype G10 equine rotavirus R-22 and serotype G10 calf rotavirus were closely related to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Imagawa
- Epizootic Research Station, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi
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31
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Gouvea V, Santos N, Timenetsky MDC. Identification of bovine and porcine rotavirus G types by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:1338-40. [PMID: 8051263 PMCID: PMC263690 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.32.5.1338-1340.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A new seminested PCR typing assay has been extended to identify the important veterinary rotavirus serotypes G5, G6, G10, and G11, as well as the rare human serotype G8. The specificity of the method was evaluated with 30 standard laboratory strains of the G1 to G6 and G8 to G11 types. Rotavirus strain types G6 and G8, not previously recognized in pigs, were identified in field specimens of porcine origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gouvea
- Division of Molecular Biological Research and Evaluation, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hoshino
- Epidemiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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