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Ciryam P, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Interleukin-6 in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Janus-Faced Player in Damage and Repair. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:2249-2269. [PMID: 37166354 PMCID: PMC10649197 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common and often devastating illness, with wide-ranging public health implications. In addition to the primary injury, victims of TBI are at risk for secondary neurological injury by numerous mechanisms. Current treatments are limited and do not target the profound immune response associated with injury. This immune response reflects a convergence of peripheral and central nervous system-resident immune cells whose interaction is mediated in part by a disruption in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The diverse family of cytokines helps to govern this communication and among these, Interleukin (IL)-6 is a notable player in the immune response to acute neurological injury. It is also a well-established pharmacological target in a variety of other disease contexts. In TBI, elevated IL-6 levels are associated with worse outcomes, but the role of IL-6 in response to injury is double-edged. IL-6 promotes neurogenesis and wound healing in animal models of TBI, but it may also contribute to disruptions in the BBB and the progression of cerebral edema. Here, we review IL-6 biology in the context of TBI, with an eye to clarifying its controversial role and understanding its potential as a target for modulating the immune response in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Ciryam
- Shock Trauma Neurocritical Care, Program in Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Li Y, Xiang S, Pan W, Wang J, Zhan H, Liu S. Targeting tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment for pancreatic cancer immunotherapy: Current research and future perspective. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1166860. [PMID: 37064113 PMCID: PMC10090519 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1166860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant tumors with increased incidence rate. The effect of surgery combined with chemoradiotherapy on survival of patients is unsatisfactory. New treatment strategy such as immunotherapy need to be investigated. The accumulation of desmoplastic stroma, infiltration of immunosuppressive cells including myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs), as well as tumor associated cytokine such as TGF-β, IL-10, IL-35, CCL5 and CXCL12 construct an immunosuppressive microenvironment of pancreatic cancer, which presents challenges for immunotherapy. In this review article, we explore the roles and mechanism of immunosuppressive cells and lymphocytes in establishing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer. In addition, immunotherapy strategies for pancreatic cancer based on tumor microenvironment including immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeting extracellular matrix (ECM), interfering with stromal cells or cytokines in TME, cancer vaccines and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are also discussed. It is necessary to identify an approach of immunotherapy in combination with other modalities to produce a synergistic effect with increased response rates in pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuai Xiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjun Pan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Operating Room, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hanxiang Zhan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Shanglong Liu, ; Hanxiang Zhan,
| | - Shanglong Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Shanglong Liu, ; Hanxiang Zhan,
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3
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Market M, Tennakoon G, Auer RC. Postoperative Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction: The Prime Suspect in the Case of Metastasis Following Curative Cancer Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111378. [PMID: 34768810 PMCID: PMC8583911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical resection is the foundation for the curative treatment of solid tumors. However, metastatic recurrence due to the difficulty in eradicating micrometastases remain a feared outcome. Paradoxically, despite the beneficial effects of surgical removal of the primary tumor, the physiological stress resulting from surgical trauma serves to promote cancer recurrence and metastasis. The postoperative environment suppresses critical anti-tumor immune effector cells, including Natural Killer (NK) cells. The literature suggests that NK cells are critical mediators in the formation of metastases immediately following surgery. The following review will highlight the mechanisms that promote the formation of micrometastases by directly or indirectly inducing NK cell suppression following surgery. These include tissue hypoxia, neuroendocrine activation, hypercoagulation, the pro-inflammatory phase, and the anti-inflammatory phase. Perioperative therapeutic strategies designed to prevent or reverse NK cell dysfunction will also be examined for their potential to improve cancer outcomes by preventing surgery-induced metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Market
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 8M5, Canada; (M.M.); (G.T.)
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1G 4E3, Canada
| | - Gayashan Tennakoon
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 8M5, Canada; (M.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Rebecca C. Auer
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1G 4E3, Canada
- Department of General Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-722-7000
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4
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Ichikawa T, Shimojima Y, Kishida D, Ueno KI, Sekijima Y. The implication of interferon-γ-producing immunocompetent cells for evaluating disease activity and severity in adult-onset Still's disease. Int J Rheum Dis 2021; 24:1176-1185. [PMID: 34241971 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IFN-γ-producing immunocompetent cells, their related cytokines, and the clinical features in adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD). METHODS Twenty-five patients with AOSD before initiating treatment (acute AOSD), 9 patients after remission (remission AOSD), and 12 healthy controls (HC) were included. Circulating IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and IFN-γ production in NK cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. Serum levels of IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 were also measured. The obtained results were statistically analyzed with clinical findings. RESULTS Serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, intracellular expression of IFN-γ in CD4+, CD8+, and NK cells were significantly higher in acute AOSD than in HC. The proportion of NK cells was significantly lower in acute AOSD than in HC. Serum levels of IFN-γ and IFN-γ expression in CD4+ cells were significantly correlated with serum ferritin levels. The proportion of NK cells had a significant inverse correlation with serum IFN-γ levels. A lower proportion of NK cells was significantly noted in patients refractory to initial immunosuppressive treatment. In remission AOSD, serum levels of IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18 were significantly higher than in HC. CONCLUSION Increased serum levels of IFN-γ, increased expression of IFN-γ in CD4+ cells, and decreased NK cell proportion correlate with disease activity in AOSD. Moreover, a lower proportion of NK cells may be useful for predicting a refractory clinical course. Meanwhile, increased serum levels of IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18 may persist after clinical remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ichikawa
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimojima
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Dai Kishida
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ueno
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sekijima
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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5
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Mazzoni A, Salvati L, Maggi L, Capone M, Vanni A, Spinicci M, Mencarini J, Caporale R, Peruzzi B, Antonelli A, Trotta M, Zammarchi L, Ciani L, Gori L, Lazzeri C, Matucci A, Vultaggio A, Rossi O, Almerigogna F, Parronchi P, Fontanari P, Lavorini F, Peris A, Rossolini GM, Bartoloni A, Romagnani S, Liotta F, Annunziato F, Cosmi L. Impaired immune cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19 is IL-6 dependent. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:4694-4703. [PMID: 32463803 DOI: 10.1172/jci138554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDCoronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral immune response is crucial to achieve pathogen clearance; however, in some patients an excessive and aberrant host immune response can lead to an acute respiratory distress syndrome. The comprehension of the mechanisms that regulate pathogen elimination, immunity, and pathology is essential to better characterize disease progression and widen the spectrum of therapeutic options.METHODSWe performed a flow cytometric characterization of immune cell subsets from 30 patients with COVID-19 and correlated these data with clinical outcomes.RESULTSPatients with COVID-19 showed decreased numbers of circulating T, B, and NK cells and exhibited a skewing of CD8+ T cells toward a terminally differentiated/senescent phenotype. In agreement, CD4+ T and CD8+ T, but also NK cells, displayed reduced antiviral cytokine production capability. Moreover, a reduced cytotoxic potential was identified in patients with COVID-19, particularly in those who required intensive care. The latter group of patients also showed increased serum IL-6 levels that inversely correlated to the frequency of granzyme A-expressing NK cells. Off-label treatment with tocilizumab restored the cytotoxic potential of NK cells.CONCLUSIONThe association between IL-6 serum levels and the impairment of cytotoxic activity suggests the possibility that targeting this cytokine may restore antiviral mechanisms.FUNDINGThis study was supported by funds from the Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine of University of Florence (the ex-60% fund and the "Excellence Departments 2018-2022 Project") derived from Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Italy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Salvati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Manuela Capone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Vanni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Spinicci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit
| | - Jessica Mencarini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit
| | | | | | - Alberto Antonelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit
| | - Luca Ciani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Gori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Lazzeri
- Intensive Care Unit and Regional Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Referral Centre
| | | | | | | | - Fabio Almerigogna
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Immunoallergology Unit
| | - Paola Parronchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit
| | | | - Federico Lavorini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Pneumology and Intensive Care Unit, and
| | - Adriano Peris
- Intensive Care Unit and Regional Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Referral Centre
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit
| | - Sergio Romagnani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy (CDCI)
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit
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6
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Early Developmental Stress Affects Subsequent Gene Expression Response to an Acute Stress in Atlantic Salmon: An Approach for Creating Robust Fish for Aquaculture? G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:1597-1611. [PMID: 30885921 PMCID: PMC6505151 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stress during early life has potential to program and alter the response to stressful events and metabolism in later life. Repeated short exposure of Atlantic salmon to cold water and air during embryonic (E), post-hatch (PH) or both phases of development (EPH) has been shown to alter the methylome and transcriptome and to affect growth performance during later life compared to untreated controls (CO). The aim of this study was to investigate how the transcriptome of these fish responds to subsequent acute stress at the start feeding stage, and to describe methylation differences that might steer these changes. EPH treated fish showed the strongest down-regulation of corticotropin releasing factor 1, up-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor and 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2 gene expression and a suppressed cortisol response 3 hr after the acute stress, differences that could influence hormesis and be affecting how EPH fish cope and recover from the stress event. Growth hormone 2 and insulin-like growth factor 1 were more strongly down-regulated following acute stress in EPH treated fish relative to E, PH and CO fish. This indicates switching away from growth toward coping with stress following stressful events in EPH fish. Genes implicated in immune function such as major histocompatibility class 1A, T-cell receptor and toll-like receptor also responded to acute stress differently in EPH treated fish, indicating that repeated stresses during early life may affect robustness. Differential DNA methylation was detected in regions mapping <500 bases from genes differentially responding to acute stress suggesting the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms. Stress treatments applied during early development therefore have potential as a husbandry tool for boosting the productivity of aquaculture by affecting how fish respond to stresses at critical stages of production.
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7
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The Potential for Cancer Immunotherapy in Targeting Surgery-Induced Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 11:cancers11010002. [PMID: 30577463 PMCID: PMC6356325 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are granular lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are able to recognize and kill tumor cells without undergoing clonal selection. Discovered over 40 years ago, they have since been recognized to possess both cytotoxic and cytokine-producing effector functions. Following trauma, NK cells are suppressed and their effector functions are impaired. This is especially important for cancer patients undergoing the removal of solid tumors, as surgery has shown to contribute to the development of metastasis and cancer recurrence postoperatively. We have recently shown that NK cells are critical mediators in the formation of metastasis after surgery. While research into the mechanism(s) responsible for NK cell dysfunction is ongoing, knowledge of these mechanisms will pave the way for perioperative therapeutics with the potential to improve cancer outcomes by reversing NK cell dysfunction. This review will discuss mechanisms of suppression in the postoperative environment, including hypercoagulability, suppressive soluble factors, the expansion of suppressive cell populations, and how this affects NK cell biology, including modulation of cell surface receptors, the potential for anergy, and immunosuppressive NK cell functions. This review will also outline potential immunotherapies to reverse postoperative NK dysfunction, with the goal of preventing surgery-induced metastasis.
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8
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Gang X, Xu H, Si L, Zhu X, Yu T, Jiang Z, Wang Y. Treatment effect of CDKN1A on rheumatoid arthritis by mediating proliferation and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 194:220-230. [PMID: 29920650 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of CDKN1A in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Related gene expression data screened from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were processed with network analysis. Protein-protein interaction was analysed through string database. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to measure mRNA and microRNA expression. Cell proliferation and cell cycle were tested by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Transwell migration and invasion assay was used to test cell migration and invasion. CDKN1A screened by bioinformatics methods showed differential expression in RA cells compared with healthy controls (HC), and was at an important position in the protein-protein interaction network of RA. Compared with the HC group, CDKN1A was down-regulated in human RA synovium tissues and human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (HFLS). Contrary to CDKN1A silencing, CDKN1A over-expression significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of HFLS-RA, arrested HFLS-RA in G0/G1 phase and down-regulated the expressions of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, while it up-regulated the expression of IL-10. CDKN1A over-expression could also suppress phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (pSTAT-1) expression. MiR-146a, highly expressed in RA tissues, could regulate CDKN1A negatively. Anti-146a suppressed cell proliferation and invasion, and at the same time enhanced IL-10 expression but inhibited IL-6, TNF-α and pSTAT-1 expression. The results indicated that CDKN1A over-expression, which could be enhanced by miR-146a suppression, inhibited the proliferation of invasion in HFLS-RA. This was probably a result of suppressed pSTAT-1, IL-6 and TNF-α expression and enhanced IL-10 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - H Xu
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - L Si
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - X Zhu
- Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - T Yu
- Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Z Jiang
- Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Y Wang
- Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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9
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Angka L, Khan ST, Kilgour MK, Xu R, Kennedy MA, Auer RC. Dysfunctional Natural Killer Cells in the Aftermath of Cancer Surgery. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081787. [PMID: 28817109 PMCID: PMC5578175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological changes that occur immediately following cancer surgeries initiate a chain of events that ultimately result in a short pro-, followed by a prolonged anti-, inflammatory period. Natural Killer (NK) cells are severely affected during this period in the recovering cancer patient. NK cells play a crucial role in anti-tumour immunity because of their innate ability to differentiate between malignant versus normal cells. Therefore, an opportunity arises in the aftermath of cancer surgery for residual cancer cells, including distant metastases, to gain a foothold in the absence of NK cell surveillance. Here, we describe the post-operative environment and how the release of sympathetic stress-related factors (e.g., cortisol, prostaglandins, catecholamines), anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TGF-β), and myeloid derived suppressor cells, mediate NK cell dysfunction. A snapshot of current and recently completed clinical trials specifically addressing NK cell dysfunction post-surgery is also discussed. In collecting and summarizing results from these different aspects of the surgical stress response, a comprehensive view of the NK cell suppressive effects of surgery is presented. Peri-operative therapies to mitigate NK cell suppression in the post-operative period could improve curative outcomes following cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Angka
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Sarwat T Khan
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Marisa K Kilgour
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada.
| | - Rebecca Xu
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Michael A Kennedy
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
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10
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Walker-Sperling VE, Pohlmeyer CW, Tarwater PM, Blankson JN. The Effect of Latency Reversal Agents on Primary CD8+ T Cells: Implications for Shock and Kill Strategies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Eradication. EBioMedicine 2016; 8:217-229. [PMID: 27428432 PMCID: PMC4919475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shock and kill strategies involving the use of small molecules to induce viral transcription in resting CD4 + T cells (shock) followed by immune mediated clearance of the reactivated cells (kill), have been proposed as a method of eliminating latently infected CD4 + T cells. The combination of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor romidepsin and protein kinase C (PKC) agonist bryostatin-1 is very effective at reversing latency in vitro. However, we found that primary HIV-1 specific CD8 + T cells were not able to eliminate autologous resting CD4 + T cells that had been reactivated with these drugs. We tested the hypothesis that the drugs affected primary CD8 + T cell function and found that both agents had inhibitory effects on the suppressive capacity of HIV-specific CD8 + T cells from patients who control viral replication without antiretroviral therapy (elite suppressors/controllers). The inhibitory effect was additive and multi-factorial in nature. These inhibitory effects were not seen with prostratin, another PKC agonist, either alone or in combination with JQ1, a bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor. Our results suggest that because of their adverse effects on primary CD8 + T cells, some LRAs may cause immune-suppression and therefore should be used with caution in shock and kill strategies. Latency reversal agents can reactivate HIV-1 expression in latently infected cells. CD8 T cells from HIV-1 infected patients did not eliminate reactivated latently infected cells. This finding can partially be explained by our data showing that latency reversal agents affect the function of CD8 + T cells.
Latently infected CD4 + T cells are a major barrier to the cure of HIV-1 infection. One strategy of eliminating these cells involves inducing viral transcription with small molecules (latency reversal agents or LRAs) which would result in the recognition of these cells by the immune system. We show here that CD8 + T cells were not able to eliminate CD4 + T cells from HIV-1-infected patients following stimulation with LRAs. Our data suggests that this may be partially because some LRAs affect the function of CD8 + T cells. Thus it will be critical to select LRAs that do not cause immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher W Pohlmeyer
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Patrick M Tarwater
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA.
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11
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Dulphy N, Chrétien AS, Khaznadar Z, Fauriat C, Nanbakhsh A, Caignard A, Chouaib S, Olive D, Toubert A. Underground Adaptation to a Hostile Environment: Acute Myeloid Leukemia vs. Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:94. [PMID: 27014273 PMCID: PMC4783386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies which incidence increases with age. The disease affects the differentiation of hematopoietic stem or precursor cells in the bone marrow and can be related to abnormal cytogenetic and/or specific mutational patterns. AML blasts can be sensitive to natural killer (NK) cell antitumor response. However, NK cells are frequently defective in AML patients leading to tumor escape. NK cell defects affect not only the expression of the activating NK receptors, including the natural cytotoxicity receptors, the NK group 2, member D, and the DNAX accessory molecule-1, but also cytotoxicity and IFN-γ release. Such perturbations in NK cell physiology could be related to the adaptation of the AML to the immune pressure and more generally to patient’s clinical features. Various mechanisms are potentially involved in the inhibition of NK-cell functions in AML, including defects in the normal lymphopoiesis, reduced expression of activating receptors through cell-to-cell contacts, and production of immunosuppressive soluble agents by leukemic blasts. Therefore, the continuous cross-talk between AML and NK cells participates to the leukemia immune escape and eventually to patient’s relapse. Methods to restore or stimulate NK cells seem to be attractive strategies to treat patients once the complete remission is achieved. Moreover, our capacity in stimulating the NK cell functions could lead to the development of preemptive strategies to eliminate leukemia-initiating cells before the emergence of the disease in elderly individuals presenting preleukemic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dulphy
- UMRS-1160, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; U 1160, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Histocompatibilité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Chrétien
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Equipe Immunité et Cancer, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258 , Marseille , France
| | - Zena Khaznadar
- UMRS-1160, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; U 1160, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Fauriat
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Equipe Immunité et Cancer, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258 , Marseille , France
| | | | - Anne Caignard
- UMRS-1160, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; U 1160, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Equipe Immunité et Cancer, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258 , Marseille , France
| | - Antoine Toubert
- UMRS-1160, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; U 1160, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Histocompatibilité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
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12
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Simon WL, Salk HM, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Poland GA. Cytokine production associated with smallpox vaccine responses. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:1097-112. [PMID: 25428648 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Smallpox was eradicated 34 years ago due to the success of the smallpox vaccine; yet, the vaccine continues to be studied because of its importance in responding to potential biological warfare and the adverse events associated with current smallpox vaccines. Interindividual variations in vaccine response are observed and are, in part, due to genetic variation. In some cases, these varying responses lead to adverse events, which occur at a relatively high rate for the smallpox vaccine compared with other vaccines. Here, we aim to summarize the cytokine responses associated with smallpox vaccine response to date. Along with a description of each of these cytokines, we describe the genetic and adverse event data associated with cytokine responses to smallpox vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney L Simon
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 611C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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13
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Xu Y, Sun J, Sheard MA, Tran HC, Wan Z, Liu WY, Asgharzadeh S, Sposto R, Wu HW, Seeger RC. Lenalidomide overcomes suppression of human natural killer cell anti-tumor functions by neuroblastoma microenvironment-associated IL-6 and TGFβ1. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1637-48. [PMID: 23982484 PMCID: PMC3907789 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment for children with high-risk neuroblastoma with anti-disialoganglioside mAb ch14.18, IL-2, and GM-CSF plus 13-cis-retinoic acid after myeloablative chemotherapy improves survival, but 40 % of patients still relapse during or after this therapy. The microenvironment of high-risk neuroblastoma tumors includes macrophages, IL-6, and TGFβ1. We hypothesized that this microenvironment suppresses anti-tumor functions of natural killer (NK) cells and that lenalidomide, an immune-modulating drug, could overcome suppression. METHODS Purified NK cells were cultured with IL-2, neuroblastoma/monocyte-conditioned culture medium (CM), IL-6, TGFβ1, and lenalidomide in various combinations and then characterized using cytotoxicity (direct and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity), cytokine, flow cytometry, and Western blotting assays. Anti-tumor activity of NK cells with lenalidomide, ch14.18, or both was evaluated with a xenograft model of neuroblastoma. RESULTS CM from neuroblastoma/monocyte co-cultures contains IL-6 and TGFβ1 that suppress IL-2 activation of NK cell cytotoxicity and IFNγ secretion. IL-6 and TGFβ1 activate the STAT3 and SMAD2/3 pathways in NK cells and suppress IL-2 induction of cytotoxicity, granzymes A and B release, perforin expression, and IFNγ secretion. Lenalidomide blocks IL-6 and TGFβ1 activation of these signaling pathways and inhibits their suppression of NK cells. Neuroblastoma cells in NOD/SCID mice exhibit activated STAT3 and SMAD2/3 pathways. Their growth is most effectively inhibited by co-injected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) containing NK cells when mice are treated with both ch14.18 and lenalidomide. CONCLUSION Immunotherapy with anti-tumor cell antibodies may be improved by lenalidomide, which enhances activation of NK cells and inhibits their suppression by IL-6 and TGFβ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Xu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Mailstop #57, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
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14
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Costello RT, Knoblauch B, Sanchez C, Mercier D, Le Treut T, Sébahoun G. Expression of natural killer cell activating receptors in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Immunology 2012; 135:151-7. [PMID: 22044312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) treatment, more particularly through upfront use of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, have prolonged patient progression-free survival. Nonetheless, apart from allogeneic stem cell transplantation, no curative treatment is available. One possible explanation for the lack of cure in CLL could be a defective immune anti-tumour response. As the result of abnormal HLA class I molecule expression, CLL cells escape from specific T-lymphocyte immunity but should be the target for the innate natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immune response. Defective NK cytotoxicity as the result of decreased expression of the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) NKp30/NCR3, NKp44/NCR2 and NKp46/NCR1 has been described in haematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukaemia. This prompted us to focus our attention on NCR expression on NK cells from patients with CLL. Although we failed to detect any difference between CLL patients and healthy age-matched controls, a precise analysis of clinical data showed a correlation between decreased NCR expression and poor prognosis factors such as low haemoglobin level, high (>30×10(9) per litre) lymphocyte count or elevated C-reactive protein. Together, these observations support the rationale for restoration of normal NK cell functions in patients with CLL, putatively through the use of immune therapy protocols that already have demonstrated some benefit in acute myeloid leukaemia such as interleukin-2 plus histamine dihydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis T Costello
- APHM, Hôpital Nord, Laboratoire d'Hématologie Aix-Marseille Université, TAGC/unité INSERM U928 APHM, Hôpital La Conception, Service d'Hématologie, Marseille, France.
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15
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Li T, Zuo X, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhuang H, Zhang L, Zhang H, Xiao X. The vagus nerve and nicotinic receptors involve inhibition of HMGB1 release and early pro-inflammatory cytokines function in collagen-induced arthritis. J Clin Immunol 2009; 30:213-20. [PMID: 19890701 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, a vagus nerve-dependent mechanism, inhibits cytokine releases in models of acute inflammatory disease. We investigated the efficacy and elucidated the possible mechanism of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. METHODS Fifty-six male DBA/1 mice were divided into four groups: control mice (sham vagotomy + phosphate-buffered saline; shamVGX+PBS), model mice (shamVGX+PBS+CIA), vagotomy mice (VGX+PBS+CIA), and nicotine (Nic) mice (shamVGX+Nic+CIA). We subjected mice to left-side cervical vagotomy 4 days before induction of arthritis. Mice in the nicotine group were injected with nicotine (250 microg/kg per day) 4 days before arthritis induction. Arthritis score was measured and histopathologic assessment of joint sections carried out. The concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 in serum were evaluated by ELISA. Expression of high-mobility group box chromosomal protein 1(HMGB1) was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining of joints. RESULTS Vagotomy exaggerated, whereas nicotine attenuated, clinical arthritis. Histopathologic findings confirmed that nicotine reduced infiltration of inflammatory cell and bone destruction. Expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 decreased in nicotine-pretreated mice compared with model and vagotomy mice; IL-10 levels were not significantly different between the model group and nicotine group. Nicotine reduced the expression and translocation of HMGB1 in the inflamed joints of CIA mice. CONCLUSIONS The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway has an anti-inflammatory role in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) via inhibiting HMGB1 release and early pro-inflammatory cytokines function. Study of this pathway could be used for RA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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16
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Osterlund P, Orpana A, Elomaa I, Repo H, Joensuu H. Raltitrexed treatment promotes systemic inflammatory reaction in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:591-9. [PMID: 12237767 PMCID: PMC2364241 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2001] [Revised: 06/07/2002] [Accepted: 07/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied longitudinally inflammatory reactions and serum C-reactive protein (S-CRP) levels in 52 colorectal cancer patients treated with a median of six 3-weekly cycles of raltitrexed 1.5-3.0 mg m(-2) combined with oral carmofur (1-hexylcarbomoyl-5-fluorouracil) 300-400 mg m(-2) on cycle days 2-14. Thirty-nine (75%) of these patients had fever on days 2 to 9 after receiving raltitrexed, 49 (94%) had fatigue Gr. > or = 1, and 49 (94%) elevated S-CRP without a documented infection. The systemic inflammatory composite score (consists of body temperature, fatigue, S-CRP, interleukin-6 (S-IL-6), S-IL-8, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (S-TNF alpha) levels) was calculated in a cross-sectional one-cycle study involving 60 colorectal cancer patients treated with single-agent raltitrexed, raltitrexed and carmofur, or 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy (n=20 in each group). The median S-CRP, S-IL-6, and S-TNF alpha levels were higher 7 days after giving raltitrexed (57 vs 23 mg l(-1), 64 vs 10 ng l(-1), and 11 vs 10 ng l(-1), respectively) or raltitrexed+carmofur (142 vs 10 mg l(-1), 64 vs 10 ng l(-1), and 16 vs 9 ng l(-1), respectively) than at baseline (P<0.01 for each comparison), but not when 5-fluorouracil-based regimens were administered. These findings suggest that colorectal cancer patients treated with raltitrexed may develop drug-related systemic inflammation, which may be difficult to discriminate from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Osterlund
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland.
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Liu Q, Djuricin G, Nathan C, Gattuso P, Weinstein RA, Prinz RA. The effect of interleukin-6 on bacterial translocation in acute canine pancreatitis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PANCREATOLOGY 2000; 27:157-65. [PMID: 10862515 DOI: 10.1385/ijgc:27:2:157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial translocation from the gut to mesenteric lymph nodes and other extraintestinal sites is an important source of infection in acute pancreatitis. Impaired host immunity is known to promote bacterial translocation. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates the immune response, acute phase reaction, and hematopoiesis. METHODS Twenty-four mongrel dogs (18-29 kg) were studied in four equal groups. In Groups I and II, acute pancreatitis was induced by direct pressure injection of 4% taurocholate and trypsin into the pancreatic duct at laparotomy. Groups III and IV had only laparotomy. Group I and III dogs were given IL-6 (50 microg/kg/d, sq) daily starting 24 h after operation and Group II and IV dogs received an equal volume of saline administered at similar time. All animals had blood drawn for culture, complete blood count (CBC), platelets, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and amylase on d 0, 1, 4, and 7. On d 7, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), spleen, liver, pancreas, and cecum were harvested for pathology study and for cultures of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Quantitative cecal cultures of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were obtained. RESULTS All Group I and Group II dogs had severe pancreatitis. The increase of plasma CRP in Group I was sustained throughout treatment (1.3+/-0.3 on d 0 vs 3.1+/-0.3*, 3.0+/-0.3*, and 2.9+/-0.3* on d 1,4, and 7, respectively). Plasma CRP was increased in Group II on d 1 and d 4 (1.3+/-0.3 mg/dL on d 0 vs 3.6+/-0.3* mg/dL on d 1, and 3.1+/-0.3* on d 4, *p < 0.05). There were no differences in white blood cell (WBC) count, differential, platelets, and ESR between Groups I and II. Bacterial translocation to MLN was lower in Group I (1/6) than in Group II (6/6) (p < 0.05). All 6 dogs in Group II had bacterial spread to distant sites compared to 2 of 6 dogs in Group I (p = 0.066). Both MLN and other distant organ cultures were negative in Group III and only 1 of 6 MLN cultures was positive in Group IV. CONCLUSIONS IL-6 treatment decreases bacterial translocation to MLN and may be beneficial in reducing septic complications in acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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18
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Fumagalli L, Lissoni P, Di Felice G, Meregalli S, Valsuani G, Mengo S, Rovelli F. Pretreatment serum markers and lymphocyte response to interleukin-2 therapy. Br J Cancer 1999; 80:407-11. [PMID: 10408846 PMCID: PMC2362330 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytosis is a marker of subcutaneous interleukin (IL)-2 therapy efficacy, whereas baseline elevated inflammatory indices were noticed in IL-2-resistant disease. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between pretreatment circulating values of IL-6, neopterin, sIL-2R, ESR and the changes in lymphocyte number in response to IL-2 administration. Twenty metastatic renal cell cancer patients were treated with subcutaneous IL-2 immunotherapy (6 000 000 IU day(-1) for 6 days per week for 4 weeks); tumour response consisted of partial response (PR) in four patients, stable disease (SD) in eight patients and progressive disease (PD) in eight patients. Abnormally high pretreatment values of each marker were found as follows: IL-6 in seven patients, neopterin in nine patients, sIL-2R in 13 patients. In response to IL-2 immunotherapy, a significantly higher mean increase in lymphocyte number and a higher percentage of patients with tumour response or stable disease were observed when pretreatment values of IL-6, neopterin and sIL-2R were within the normal range, in comparison to patients with high values for these markers. The pretreatment excess of these serum inflammatory markers seems to negatively influence both the host and tumour response to IL-2 administration, by preventing the IL-2-induced lymphocytosis and resulting in tumour progression. Further studies are requested to verify if overall survival and quality of life may depend on pretreatment host immune status and/or lymphocyte response after IL-2 administration.
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Banks RE, Forbes MA, Storr M, Higginson J, Thompson D, Raynes J, Illingworth JM, Perren TJ, Selby PJ, Whicher JT. The acute phase protein response in patients receiving subcutaneous IL-6. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 102:217-23. [PMID: 7554393 PMCID: PMC1553348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb06659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-1 are thought to be the key mediators of the acute phase response although much of the evidence is based on in vitro studies. It is not clear to what extent each of the acute phase proteins are regulated in vivo by each of these cytokines. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of IL-6 treatment in eight patients with cancer on the concentrations of an extensive range of positive and negative acute phase proteins. It was part of a larger investigation to assess the value of IL-6 in the management of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. IL-6 was administered by a daily subcutaneous injection for 7 days at a dose level of 1, 3, or 10 micrograms/kg/day. Increases in the positive acute phase proteins, serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, haptoglobin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, fibrinogen, complement component C3, and caeruloplasmin, were observed, with the greatest incremental changes and fastest responses being seen for C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A protein. The negative acute phase proteins transferrin, transthyretin and retinol binding protein all fell to a nadir within 48-96 h after the first IL-6 injection. Increases in complement component C4 were only found in two patients, which may be related to the increase in circulating TNF-alpha concentrations found only in these patients. This study has therefore shown that IL-6 is capable of causing changes in the majority of acute phase proteins in vivo. Although secondary induction of TNF-alpha was not observed in the majority of patients examined, it is still possible however that other cytokines involved in regulation of the acute phase response, such as IL-1, may have been induced and contributed to the overall response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Banks
- ICRF Cancer Medicine Research Unit, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Sun WH, Burkholder JK, Sun J, Culp J, Turner J, Lu XG, Pugh TD, Ershler WB, Yang NS. In vivo cytokine gene transfer by gene gun reduces tumor growth in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:2889-93. [PMID: 7708743 PMCID: PMC42324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.7.2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Implantation of tumor cells modified by in vitro cytokine gene transfer has been shown by many investigators to result in potent in vivo antitumor activities in mice. Here we describe an approach to tumor immunotherapy utilizing direct transfection of cytokine genes into tumor-bearing animals by particle-mediated gene transfer. In vivo transfection of the human interleukin 6 gene into the tumor site reduced methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma growth, and a combination of murine tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma genes inhibited growth of a renal carcinoma tumor model (Renca). In addition, treatment with murine interleukin 2 and interferon gamma genes prolonged the survival of Renca tumor-bearing mice and resulted in tumor eradication in 25% of the test animals. Transgene expression was demonstrated in treated tissues by ELISA and immunohistochemical analysis. Significant serum levels of interleukin 6 and interferon gamma were detected, demonstrating effective secretion of transgenic proteins from treated skin into the bloodstream. This in vivo cytokine gene therapy approach provides a system for evaluating the antitumor properties of various cytokines in different tumor models and has potential utility for human cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Sun
- Department of Medicine, Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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