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Regression of Human Breast Carcinoma in Nude Mice after Ad sflt Gene Therapy Is Mediated by Tumor Vascular Endothelial Cell Apoptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246175. [PMID: 36551660 PMCID: PMC9777034 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, FLT-1 and KDR, are expressed preferentially in proliferating endothelium. There is increasing evidence that recombinant, soluble VEGF receptor domains interfering with VEGF signaling may inhibit in vivo neoangiogenesis, tumor growth and metastatic spread. We hypothesized that a soluble form of FLT-1 receptor (sFLT-1) could inhibit the growth of pre-established tumors via an anti-angiogenic mechanism. A replication-deficient adenovirus (Ad) vector carrying the sflt-1 cDNA (Adsflt) was used to overexpress the sFLT-1 receptor in a breast cancer animal model. MCF-7 cells, which produce VEGF, were used to establish solid tumors in the mammary fat pads of female nude mice. After six weeks, tumors were injected either with Adsflt or a negative control virus (AdCMV.βgal). After six months, average tumor volume in the Adsflt-infected group (33 ± 22 mm3) decreased by 91% relative to that of the negative control group (388 ± 94 mm3; p < 0.05). Moreover, 10 of 15 Adsflt-infected tumors exhibited complete regression. The vascular density of Adsflt-infected tumors was reduced by 50% relative to that of negative controls (p < 0.05), which is consistent with sFLT-1-mediated tumor regression through an anti-angiogenic mechanism. Moreover, cell necrosis and fibrosis associated with long-term regression of Adsflt−infected tumors were preceded by apoptosis of tumor vascular endothelial cells. Mice treated with Adsflt intratumorally showed no delay in the healing of cutaneous wounds, providing preliminary evidence that Ad-mediated sFLT-1 overexpression may be an effective anti-angiogenic therapy for cancer without the risk of systemic anti-angiogenic effects.
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Lin L, Tong X, Hu P, Invernizzi M, Lai L, Wang LV. Photoacoustic Computed Tomography of Breast Cancer in Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003396. [PMID: 33854889 PMCID: PMC8025032 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has contributed to improving breast cancer outcomes, and it would ideally reduce the need for definitive breast surgery in patients who have no residual cancer after NAC treatment. However, there is no reliable noninvasive imaging modality accepted as the routine method to assess response to NAC. Because of the inability to detect complete response, post-NAC surgery remains the standard of care. To overcome this limitation, a single-breath-hold photoacoustic computed tomography (SBH-PACT) system is developed to provide contrast similar to that of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, but with much higher spatial and temporal resolution and without injection of contrast chemicals. SBH-PACT images breast cancer patients at three time points: before, during, and after NAC. The analysis of tumor size, blood vascular density, and irregularity in the distribution and morphology of the blood vessels on SBH-PACT accurately identifies response to NAC as confirmed by the histopathological diagnosis. SBH-PACT shows its near-term potential as a diagnostic tool for assessing breast cancer response to systemic treatment by noninvasively measuring the changes in cancer-associated angiogenesis. Further development of SBH-PACT may also enable serial imaging, rather than the use of current invasive biopsies, to diagnose and follow indeterminate breast lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Caltech Optical Imaging LaboratoryAndrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Caltech Optical Imaging LaboratoryAndrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA
| | - Peng Hu
- Caltech Optical Imaging LaboratoryAndrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA
| | - Marta Invernizzi
- Division of Surgical OncologyDepartment of SurgeryCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCA91010USA
| | - Lily Lai
- Division of Surgical OncologyDepartment of SurgeryCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCA91010USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Caltech Optical Imaging LaboratoryAndrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA
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Manoochehri Khoshinani H, Afshar S, Najafi R. Hypoxia: A Double-Edged Sword in Cancer Therapy. Cancer Invest 2016; 34:536-545. [PMID: 27824512 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2016.1245317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of malignant tumors. There is an interactive connection between hypoxia and chemoresistance, radioresistance, invasiveness, and angiogenesis. Therefore, tumor hypoxia has been considered as a validated target for treating cancer. This review focuses on the role of hypoxia on chemoresistance and radioresistance. In addition, we address several approaches targeting tumor hypoxia, known as hypoxia-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeid Afshar
- a Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Rezvan Najafi
- a Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
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Tang Y, Wang L, Wang J, Lin X, Wang Y, Jin K, Yang GY. Ischemia-induced Angiogenesis is Attenuated in Aged Rats. Aging Dis 2015; 7:326-35. [PMID: 27493831 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To study whether focal angiogenesis is induced in aged rodents after permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), young adult (3-month-old) and aged (24-month-old) Fisher 344 rats underwent MCAO and sacrificed up to two months after MCAO. Immunohistochemistry and synchrotron radiation microangiography were performed to examine the number of newly formed blood vessels in both young adult and aged rats post-ischemia. We found that the number of capillaries and small arteries in aged brain was the same as young adult brain. In addition, we found that after MCAO, the number of blood vessels in the peri-infarct region of ipsilateral hemisphere in aged ischemic rats was significantly increased compared to the aged sham rats (p<0.05). We also confirmed that ischemia-induced focal angiogenesis occurred in young adult rat brain while the blood vessel density in young adult ischemic brain was significantly higher than that in the aged ischemic brain (p<0.05). Our data suggests that focal angiogenesis in aged rat brain can be induced in response to ischemic brain injury, and that aging impedes brain repairing and remodeling after ischemic stroke, possible due to the limited response of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Tang
- 1Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; 2Department of Orthopaedic surgery, School of medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liuqing Wang
- 3Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Jixian Wang
- 5Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- 1Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- 1Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- 3Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325000, China; 4Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76203, USA
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- 1Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; 5Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030, China
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Hyperactivated FRS2α-mediated signaling in prostate cancer cells promotes tumor angiogenesis and predicts poor clinical outcome of patients. Oncogene 2015; 35:1750-9. [PMID: 26096936 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis of tumors requires angiogenesis, which is comprised of multiple biological processes that are regulated by angiogenic factors. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a potent angiogenic factor and aberrant FGF signaling is a common property of tumors. Yet, how the aberration in cancer cells contributes to angiogenesis in the tumor is not well understood. Most studies of its angiogenic signaling mechanisms have been in endothelial cells. FGF receptor substrate 2α (FRS2α) is an FGF receptor-associated protein required for activation of downstream signaling molecules that include those in the mitogen-activated protein and AKT kinase pathways. Herein, we demonstrated that overactivation and hyperactivity of FRS2α, as well as overexpression of cJUN and HIF1α, were positively correlated with vessel density and progression of human prostate cancer (PCa) toward malignancy. We also demonstrate that FGF upregulated the production of vascular endothelial growth factor A mainly by increasing expression of cJUN and HIF1α. This then promoted recruitment of endothelial cells and vessel formation for the tumor. Tumor angiogenesis in mouse PCa tissues was compromised by tissue-specific ablation of Frs2α in prostate epithelial cells. Depletion of Frs2α expression in human PCa cells and in a preclinical xenograft model, MDA PCa 118b, also significantly suppressed tumor angiogenesis accompanied with decreased tumor growth in the bone. The results underscore the angiogenic role of FRS2α-mediated signaling in tumor epithelial cells in angiogenesis. They provide a rationale for treating PCa with inhibitors of FGF signaling. They also demonstrate the potential of overexpressed FRS2α as a biomarker for PCa diagnosis, prognosis and response to therapies.
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Evans GB, Gainsford GJ, Schramm VL, Tyler PC. The synthesis of possible transition state analogue inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.11.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tang Y, Cai B, Yuan F, He X, Lin X, Wang J, Wang Y, Yang GY. Melatonin Pretreatment Improves the Survival and Function of Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cells after Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:1279-1291. [PMID: 23635511 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x667510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has been shown to be beneficial in treating cerebral ischemia. However, such benefit is limited by the low survival of transplanted MSCs in an ischemic microenvironment. Previous studies showed that melatonin pretreatment can increase MSC survival in the ischemic kidney. However, whether it will improve MSC survival in cerebral ischemia is unknown. Our study examined the effect of melatonin pretreatment on MSCs under ischemia-related conditions in vitro and after transplantation into ischemic rat brain. Results showed that melatonin pretreatment greatly increased survival of MSCs in vitro and reduced their apoptosis after transplantation into ischemic brain. Melatonin-treated MSCs (MT-MSCs) further reduced brain infarction and improved neurobehavioral outcomes. Angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were greatly increased in the MT-MSC-treated rats. Melatonin treatment increased the level of p-ERK1/2 in MSCs, which can be blocked by the melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole. ERK phosphorylation inhibitor U0126 completely reversed the protective effects of melatonin, suggesting that melatonin improves MSC survival and function through activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Thus, stem cells pretreated by melatonin may represent a feasible approach for improving the beneficial effects of stem cell therapy for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Cai
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Falei Yuan
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosong He
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jixian Wang
- Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Mohsin SK, Allred DC. Immunohistochemical Biomarkers in Breast Cancer. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.1999.22.3.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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The thrombin inhibitor, argatroban, inhibits breast cancer metastasis to bone. Breast Cancer 2012; 20:241-6. [PMID: 22359194 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-012-0334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer has the potential to metastasize to bone, causing debilitating symptoms. Although many tumor cells have thrombin-generating systems originating from tissue factor (TF), therapy in terms of the coagulation system is not well established. To elucidate the efficacy of the thrombin inhibitor, argatroban, on bone metastasis, we investigated TF activation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion on treatment with thrombin and argatroban. METHODS MDA-231 breast cancer cells were treated with thrombin in presence or absence of argatroban, and TF activity was measured in the form of activated factor X. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure VEGF concentrations in the medium. MDA-231 cells were injected into the left heart ventricle of mice, and then argatroban or saline was administered intraperitoneally for 28 days. After 28 days, incidence of bone metastasis was evaluated in the limbs by radiography. RESULTS TF activity and VEGF secretion were upregulated by thrombin. Argatroban inhibited the enhancement of TF activity and VEGF secretion induced by thrombin. In vivo analysis revealed that the number of metastasized limbs in the argatroban group was significantly lower compared with the saline group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Thrombin not only enhances VEGF secretion but also has a positive feedback mechanism to reexpress TF. These results indicate that inhibition of thrombin is of great value in suppression of tumor metastasis. Argatroban is a noteworthy and useful thrombin inhibitor because it has already been used in the clinical setting and has antimetastatic effects in vivo.
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Kim MR, Choi HS, Yang JW, Park BC, Kim JA, Kang KW. Enhancement of vascular endothelial growth factor–mediated angiogenesis in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells: role of Pin1 overexpression. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2163-71. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Kim JA, Cho KB, Kim MR, Park BC, Kim SK, Lee MY, Kang KW. Decreased production of vascular endothelial growth factor in adriamycin-resistant breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2008; 268:225-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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The tumor microenvironment and metastatic disease. Clin Exp Metastasis 2008; 26:19-34. [PMID: 18543068 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-008-9182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment of solid tumors is a heterogeneous, complex milieu for tumor growth and survival that includes features such as acidic pH, low nutrient levels, elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) and chronic and fluctuating levels of oxygenation that relate to the abnormal vascular network that exists in tumors. The metastatic potential of tumor cells is believed to be regulated by interactions between the tumor cells and their extracellular environment (extracellular matrix (ECM)). These interactions can be modified by the accumulation of genetic changes and by the transient alterations in gene expression induced by the local tumor microenvironment. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that altered gene expression in response to the hypoxic microenvironment is a contributing factor to increased metastatic efficiency. A number of genes that have been implicated in the metastatic process, involving angiogenesis, intra/extravasation, survival and growth, have been found to be hypoxia-responsive. The various metastatic determinants, genetic and epigenetic, somatic and inherited may serve as precedents for the future identification of more genes that are involved in metastasis. Much research has focused on genetic and molecular properties of the tumor cells themselves. In the present review we discuss the epigenetic and physiological regulation of metastasis and emphasize the need for further studies on the interactions between the pathophysiologic tumor microenvironment and the tumor extracellular matrix.
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Buijs JT, Cleton AM, Smit VTHBM, Löwik CWGM, E Papapoulos S, Pluijm GVD. Prognostic Significance of Periodic Acid-Schiff-Positive Patterns in Primary Breast Cancer and its Lymph Node Metastases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 84:117-30. [PMID: 14999142 DOI: 10.1023/b:brea.0000018408.77854.d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Invasive ductal carcinoma is by far the largest histological subtype of breast cancer, but clinical behavior can differ greatly. Reliable morphological markers are, therefore, of invaluable help to distinguish between patients with good and poor prognosis. Histological patterns stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) were previously shown to be of prognostic significance in cutaneous and uveal melanoma. In this study, we examined the presence of different PAS-positive (PAS+) structures in 54 women with infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma of the breast and at least one axillary lymph node metastasis but no distant metastases who were followed for at least 11 years. We found that the complexity of the thin PAS+ patterns in lymph node metastases is associated with a shorter period of disease free survival (DFS) as well as of total survival (Kaplan-Meier curves). Furthermore, the presence of PAS+ networks - the most complex thin PAS+ pattern - in lymph node metastases is one of the two independent factors associated with the occurrence of a distant metastasis (multivariate Cox model). Moreover, the presence of PAS+ networks in positive lymph nodes is the feature most strongly associated with DFS. In conclusion, the presence of PAS+ networks in lymph node metastases is a new, reliable and convenient indicator for prognosis of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen T Buijs
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Llombart-Bosch A, López-Guerrero JA, Carda Batalla C, Ruíz Suarí A, Peydró-Olaya A. Structural basis of tumoral angiogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 532:69-89. [PMID: 12908551 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0081-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Llombart-Bosch
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Aguayo A, Giles F, Albitar M. Vascularity, angiogenesis and angiogenic factors in leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes. Leuk Lymphoma 2003; 44:213-22. [PMID: 12688336 DOI: 10.1080/1042819021000029777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow microenvironment plays a crucial role inthe leukemogenic process. New studies suggest that the bone marrow vascularity changes significantly in the leukemic process and that angiogenic factors play a major role in leukemia and myelodysplasia. However, hematologic malignancies appear to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of angiogenic factors because most of these factors appear to be secreted by hematopoietic cells, and they may have autocrine and paracrine regulatory effects on the hematopoietic system. The use of angiogenesis inhibitors for the treatment of hematologic malignancies is particularly attractive because it may target not only the environment but also the malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Aguayo
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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O'Hara JA, Blumenthal RD, Grinberg OY, Grinberg S, Wilmot C, Goldenberg DM, Swartz HM. Tumor pO2 Assessments in Human Xenograft Tumors Measured by EPR Oximetry: Location of Paramagnetic Materials. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 530:205-14. [PMID: 14562718 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0075-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Radioantibody immunotherapy (RAIT) is a promising treatment modality but the effectiveness of this targeted low dose radiation varies from tumor to tumor. Since RAIT is an oxygen dependent treatment, baseline pO2 or growth-induced changes in the microenvironment may alter treatment response. In this pilot work we monitored tumor pO2 in untreated human xenograft tumors growing s.c. in nude mice. These data will be used to plan a study of the relationship between the effectiveness of RAIT and tumor pO2. Growth or treatment-induced changes in the microenvironment may alter the tumor pO2 and thus affect the response to therapy but may also affect location and microenvironment of the particulate oxygen sensor. We monitored tumor pO2 during growth and also examined the tumor histological structure overall and in the region of the paramagnetic material in the tumor at the time of necropsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A O'Hara
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
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Schmitt O, Schubert C, Feyerabend T, Hellwig-Bürgel T, Weiss C, Kühnel W. Preferential topography of proteins regulating vascularization and apoptosis in a MX1 xenotransplant after treatment with hypoxia, hyperthermia, ifosfamide, and irradiation. Am J Clin Oncol 2002; 25:325-36. [PMID: 12151958 DOI: 10.1097/00000421-200208000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The MX1 xenotransplant growing in nude mice was used as a model for estrogen- and progesterone-receptor-negative breast cancer. The effects of different therapeutic regimens-combinations of hyperthermia, chemotherapy, and irradiation-on the expression of proteins playing a role in tumor vascularization and apoptosis were investigated. Additionally, MX-1 tumors were exposed to hypoxia to investigate changes in protein expression related to angiogenesis. This is of particular importance with respect to antiangiogenic therapies that may be combined with the treatments mentioned before. Endothelial and adhesion factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) factors, apoptosis-regulating factors, and neuronal factors were examined by immunohistochemical techniques. Concerning vascularization, the most prominent changes were seen in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), which increased strongly after hypoxia. The other cytokines, adhesion and ECM molecules, were either little affected or unaffected by the therapy. At the ultrastructural level, the walls of the tumor vessels are of the sinusoidal type, possessing many fenestrations. With regard to the second focus of this investigation, apoptosis, tumor cells again exerted the strongest differences after hypoxia where c-myc was clearly enhanced, whereas the effects on p53, bcl-2, and CD95 were extremely weak or not detectable. Furthermore, the neurotransmitter somatostatin, a possible "external" regulator of apoptosis, did not show treatment-related changes. In summary, it was shown that 1) within the group of apoptosis-regulating proteins c-myc was particularly affected by hypoxia, indicating a possible role for an activation-induced pathway of apoptosis in this context; 2) minor changes seen after treatment combined with hyperthermia point to a more acute vascular reaction (=dilatation), causing an increase of tissue pO2 rather than angiogenesis; and 3) the concentrations of the angiogenic factors VEGF and bFGF rose strongly under hypoxia, thereby possibly exerting counterproductive effects to antiangiogenic therapy but not to thermochemotherapy or irradiation. This supports the concept of a combined antiangiogenic, hyperthermia, chemo- and irradiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schmitt
- Departments of Anatomy, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Roberts TPL, Turetschek K, Preda A, Novikov V, Moeglich M, Shames DM, Brasch RC, Weinmann HJ. Tumor microvascular changes to anti-angiogenic treatment assessed by MR contrast media of different molecular weights. Acad Radiol 2002; 9 Suppl 2:S511-3. [PMID: 12188324 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(03)80279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T P L Roberts
- Center for Pharmaceutical and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Abstract
Tumor-induced angiogenesis is necessary to sustain radial growth of tumors. Increased microvascularity has been correlated with increased metastatic potential in breast, gastrointestinal, and gynecologic tumors, but has not been well studied in cartilaginous tumors. Grade II and Grade III chondrosarcomas have increased metastatic potential compared with Grade I tumors. One reason for this may be pathologic neovascularization. The purpose of the current study was to quantify the microvessel density of cartilage tumors. Seven Grade III, 17 Grade II, and eight Grade I chondrosarcomas, and 22 benign cartilage tumors were examined. Specimens were stained with antiCD34 antibody. Microvessel densities then were determined by direct counting and estimated using the Chalkley technique. Microvessel densities for Grade III and Grade II chondrosarcomas were 45.9 and 46.2 per high-power field and for Grade I and benign tumors the microvessel densities were 9.3 and 10.3. Microvessel densities of the aggressive tumors (Grades III and II) were greater than the microvessel densities of the nonaggressive tumors (Grade I and benign). Chalkley estimates confirmed the results. Microvascularity in cartilage tumors correlates with their biologic aggressiveness and seems promising as a variable to help with histopathologic grading and as a target for new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L McGough
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
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Spears PA. Breast cancer prevention through the eyes of a survivor. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2002; 39:108-111. [PMID: 11921177 DOI: 10.1002/em.10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Spears
- Department of Anatomy, Physiological Sciences, and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.
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Colleoni M, Rocca A, Sandri MT, Zorzino L, Masci G, Nolè F, Peruzzotti G, Robertson C, Orlando L, Cinieri S, de BF, Viale G, Goldhirsch A. Low-dose oral methotrexate and cyclophosphamide in metastatic breast cancer: antitumor activity and correlation with vascular endothelial growth factor levels. Ann Oncol 2002; 13:73-80. [PMID: 11863115 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdf013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticancer chemotherapy is thought to be effective by means of direct cytotoxicity on tumor cells. Alternative mechanisms of efficacy have been ascribed to several common anticancer agents, including cyclophosphamide (CTX), methotrexate (MTX), anthracyclines and taxanes, postulating an antiangiogenic activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated the clinical efficacy and impact on serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels of low-dose oral MTX and CTX in patients with metastatic breast cancer. MTX was administered 2.5 mg bd on days 1 and 2 each week and CTX 50 mg/day administered continuously. RESULTS Sixty-four patients were enrolled, 63 were evaluable: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-1, > or =2 sites of metastatic disease (n = 50 patients), progressive disease at study entry (n = 51), 1 regimen for metastatic disease (n = 32) and > or =2 regimens (n = 20). Among the 63 evaluable patients, there were two complete remissions (CR), 10 partial remissions (PR) for an overall response rate of 19.0% (95% CI 10.2% to 30.9%) and an overall clinical benefit (CR+ PR+ stable disease >24 weeks) of 31.7% (95% CI 20.6% to 44.7%). Grade > or =2 leucopenia was registered in only 13 patients. The median serum VEGF level for the subgroup of patients on treatment for at least 2 months decreased with treatment from 315 pg/ml (95% CI 245 to 435) at baseline to 248 pg/ml (95% CI 205 to 311) at 2 months (P <0.001). Both responders and non-responders showed similar reductions in serum VEGF (P = 0.78). After 6 months patients still on treatment had a median VEGF level of 195 pg/ml (95% CI 96 to 355), which was significantly lower than the median baseline values (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Continuously low-dose CTX and MTX is minimally toxic and effective in heavily pretreated breast cancer patients. A drop in VEGF was associated with the treatment and so alternative hypotheses, other than that of direct toxicity on tumor cells, must be favored when trying to explain the anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Colleoni
- Division of Medical Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
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22
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Turetschek K, Roberts TP, Floyd E, Preda A, Novikov V, Shames DM, Carter WO, Brasch RC. Tumor microvascular characterization using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (USPIO) in an experimental breast cancer model. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001; 13:882-8. [PMID: 11382948 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic potential of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (USPIO) for quantitative tumor microvessel characterization was assessed by kinetic analysis of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a rodent breast cancer model. Microvascular characteristics (transendothelial permeability (K(PS)) and fractional plasma volume (fPV)) were estimated in 32 female Sprague Dawley rats, bearing breast tumors of varying malignancy. These values were compared to a prototype macromolecular contrast medium standard, albumin-(GdDTPA)(30). Transendothelial permeability (K(PS)) correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with the tumor grade (Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) score) for the USPIO (r = 0.36), as well as for the reference macromolecule, albumin-(GdDTPA)(30) (r = 0.54). Estimates for the fPV did not show a statistically significant correlation with the tumor grade for either contrast medium. In conclusion, USPIO-enhanced MRI data were capable to characterize tumor microvessel properties in this breast cancer model: microvascular permeability (determined using USPIO) correlated significantly with tumor grade. Thus, quantitative estimation of microvascular characteristics in tumors could provide a surrogate of new vessel formation (angiogenesis) and thus a further important clinical indication for USPIO, in addition to MR angiography. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:882-888.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Turetschek
- Center for Pharmaceutical and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA
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23
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van der Pluijm G, Sijmons B, Vloedgraven H, Deckers M, Papapoulos S, Löwik C. Monitoring metastatic behavior of human tumor cells in mice with species-specific polymerase chain reaction: elevated expression of angiogenesis and bone resorption stimulators by breast cancer in bone metastases. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:1077-91. [PMID: 11393785 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.6.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-stroma interactions are of primary importance in determining the pathogenesis of metastasis. Here, we describe the application of sensitive competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for detection and quantitation of human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) in an in vivo mouse model of experimental metastasis. Human-specific oligonucleotide primers in competitive PCR reactions were used to quantify the amount of MDA-MB-231 cells per tissue per organ. Using this species-specific (semi)quantitative PCR approach, gene expression patterns of (human) tumor cells or (mouse) stromal cells in metastatic lesions in the skeleton or soft tissues were investigated and compared. In all metastatic lesions, MDA-MB-231 cells express angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factors [VEGFs]; VEGF-A, -B, and -C) and bone-acting cytokines (parathyroid hormone-related protein [PTHrP] and macrophage colony-stimulating factor [M-CSF]). In these metastases, PECAM-1-positive blood vessels and stromal cells of mouse origin are detected. The latter express angiogenic factors and markers of sprouting vessels (VEGF receptors flt-1/flk - 1/flk-4 and CD31/PECAM-1). Strikingly, steady-state messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of VEGF-A and -B and the major bone resorption stimulators PTHrP and M-CSF by tumor cells were elevated significantly in bone versus soft tissues (p < or = 0.05, p < or = 0.0001, p < or = 0.001, and p < or = 0.05, respectively), indicating tissue-specific expression of these tumor progression factors. In conclusion, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells express a variety of factors in vivo that have been implicated in metastatic bone disease and that correlate with poor survival of patients with breast cancer. We hypothesize that the observed up-regulated expression of angiogenic and bone-resorbing factors by the breast cancer cells in the skeleton underlie the clinically observed osteotropism of breast cancer cells and pathogenesis of osteolytic bone metastases. The application of the species-specific competitive PCR-based assay in vivo can provide new information concerning the involvement of gene families in tumor progression and metastatic disease and greatly facilitates the study of tumor-stroma interactions in cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G van der Pluijm
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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24
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Biroccio A, Candiloro A, Mottolese M, Sapora O, Albini A, Zupi G, Del Bufalo D. Bcl-2 overexpression and hypoxia synergistically act to modulate vascular endothelial growth factor expression and in vivo angiogenesis in a breast carcinoma line. FASEB J 2000; 14:652-60. [PMID: 10744622 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.14.5.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that bcl-2 overexpression enhances the metastatic potential of the MCF7 ADR human breast cancer cell line resistant to adriamycin by inducing metastasis-associated properties. To further elucidate the relationship between bcl-2 expression and the metastatic potential of the MCF7 ADR line, we evaluated whether bcl-2 could be also involved in the modulation of the angiogenic phenotype. Four bcl-2-overexpressing clones, a control transfectant clone, and the MCF7 ADR parental line were used for in vitro and in vivo experiments. Bcl-2 overexpression enhanced the synthesis of the hypoxia-stimulated VEGF protein and mRNA. Northern blot analysis demonstrated an increased VEGF mRNA expression in bcl-2-overexpressing clones, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed higher levels of the VEGF(121) and VEGF(165) mRNA isoforms, which are the most active in eliciting angiogenesis. When incorporated into matrigel, supernatants of bcl-2-transfected cells cultured under hypoxic conditions induced an increased angiogenic response in C57BL/6 mice compared with that of control clone. Tumors from bcl-2 transfectants demonstrated increased VEGF expression and neovascularization as compared to the parental line, whereas the apoptosis in in vivo xenografts was similar in control and bcl-2 transfectants. The effect of bcl-2 on angiogenesis was not mediated by p53 protein. These results demonstrate that bcl-2 and hypoxia can act synergistically to modulate VEGF expression and the in vivo angiogenic response in the MCF7 ADR line.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Biroccio
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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25
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Knopp MV, Weiss E, Sinn HP, Mattern J, Junkermann H, Radeleff J, Magener A, Brix G, Delorme S, Zuna I, van Kaick G. Pathophysiologic basis of contrast enhancement in breast tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999; 10:260-6. [PMID: 10508285 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2586(199909)10:3<260::aid-jmri6>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While the diagnostic benefits of gadolinium (Gd)-chelate contrast agents are firmly established in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tumors, the pathophysiologic basis of the enhancement observed and its histopathologic correlate remained vague. Tumor angiogenesis is fundamental for growth and metastasis and also of interest in new therapeutic concepts. By correlative analysis of a) histology; b) vascular density (CD31); and c) vascular permeability (vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor [VPF/VEGF]), we found a) significantly (P < 0.001) faster exchange rates in malignant compared with benign breast lesions; b) distinct differences in enhancement characteristics between the histologic types (invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, and ductal carcinoma in situ); and c) dependence of enhancement kinetics on the VPF/VEGF expression. The pathophysiologic basis for the differences in contrast enhancement patterns of tumors detectable by MRI is mainly due to vascular permeability, which leads to more characteristic differences than vascular density. MRI is able to subclassify malignant breast tumors due to their different angiogenetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Knopp
- Department of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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26
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Schmitt O, Eggers R, Mendoza A, Szabo K, Feyerabend T, Weiss C, Kühnel W. Stereologic evaluation of the vasculature in a MX1 xenotransplanted tumour model after combinations of treatment with ifosfamide, hyperthermia and irradiation. Int J Hyperthermia 1999; 15:237-50. [PMID: 10365691 DOI: 10.1080/026567399285756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascularization of tumours is a critical parameter of their growing and metastatic behaviour. However, little is known about the morphologic reactions of the microvasculature, especially the capillary bed of tumours and the adjacent tissue. In this study, the vessels in MX1 xenotransplants in athymic nu/nu nude mice were quantified and the angioarchitecture was visualized with the aim of presenting stereologic parameters of vessels based on a morphometric analysis of post mortem tissue blocks which were processed by standard histological procedures. In order to study changes of the microvasculature of MX1 tumours, the xenotransplanted nude mice were treated by different therapeutic regimens. Standardized hyperthermia, ifosfamide and irradiation therapies were applied. Special interest was focused on early changes of capillaries and of the pre- as well as post-terminal vascular bed. The stereologic evaluation of capillaries and larger vessels immediately after the therapy with ifosfamide and hyperthermia shows an increase of the mean capillary sizes. Furthermore, tumour samples after the 5th day of irradiation (5 x 2 Gy) and combinations of irradiation and chemotherapy treatment have been investigated. After 5 days of irradiation, a significant decrease of the vascular density was found. The results presented here clearly show that the timing and the mode of therapy influence the capillary morphology and periterminal vasculature of xenotransplanted MX1 tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schmitt
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lübeck, Germany.
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27
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Li JM, Han JS, Huang Y, Tain PK, Qu SM, Yao M, Jiang HQ, Wan DF, Luo JC, Gu CX, Gu JR. A novel gene delivery system targeting cells expressing VEGF receptors. Cell Res 1999; 9:11-25. [PMID: 10321685 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Two ligand oligopeptides GV1 and GV2 were designed according to the putative binding region of VEGF to its receptors. GV1, GV2 and endosome releasing oligopeptide HA20 were conjugated with poly-L-lysine or protamine and the resulting conjugates could interact with DNA in a noncovalent bond to form a complex. Using pSV2-beta-galactosidase as a reporter gene, it has been demonstrated that exogenous gene was transferred into bovine aortic arch-derived endothelial cells (ABAE) and human malignant melanoma cell lines (A375) in vitro. In vivo experiments, exogenous gene was transferred into tumor vascular endothelial cells and tumor cells of subcutaneously transplanted human colon cancer LOVO, human malignant melanoma A375 and human hepatoma graft in nude mice. This system could also target gene to intrahepatically transplanted human hepatoma injected via portal vein in nude mice. These results are correlated with the relevant receptors (flt-1, flk-1/KDR) expression on the targeted cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Li
- National Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, China
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28
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29
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Dawson MI, Chao WR, Hobbs PD, Zhang XK. Effects of trans-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, 1alpha,25-(dihydroxy)vitamin D3 and a novel apoptosis-inducing retinoid on breast cancer and endothelial cell growth. Cancer Lett 1998; 133:1-8. [PMID: 9929154 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(98)00147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer cell growth inhibition was not synergistically enhanced by trans-retinoic acid (RA) or 9-cis-RA plus 1alpha,25-(dihydroxy)vitamin D3 (DHVD). The retinoid/DHVD combinations did lower their 50% effective concentrations for inhibiting retinoid-sensitive MCF-7, but not retinoid-refractory BT-20, breast cancer cell growth. In contrast, the synthetic retinoid 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid (AHPN) and its analog SR11389 inhibited the growth of both cell lines. Unlike RA, 9-cis-RA and DHVD, AHPN and SR11389 also potently inhibited human umbilical vascular endothelial cell growth. These results on AHPN and SR11389 suggest that angiogenesis of tumor microvasculature should also be an effective therapeutic target for this new compound class.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Dawson
- Retinoid Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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30
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Abstract
The malignant progression of tumors is thought to be related to the expression of oncogenes and loss of expression of tumor suppressor gene. These factors are intrinsic to the cancer cells themselves. However, carcinomas are also infiltrated by host cells (fibroblasts, endothelial cells, inflammatory cells) and surrounded by an extracellular matrix which is extensively remodeled. The extracellular matrix components and infiltrating host cells provide a microenvironment that conditions both tumor progression and the metastatic process. Transplantation of human tumors into athymic nude mice has become an important experimental approach to study the biology of human cancers. The different models developed so far are beginning to elucidate the role of matrix molecules, growth factors and enzymes as well as fibroblasts in tumor progression. These animal models are likely to provide a useful tool to evaluate new antitumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Noël
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, University of Liège, Belgium.
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31
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Folberg R, Mehaffey M, Gardner LM, Meyer M, Rummelt V, Pe'er J. The microcirculation of choroidal and ciliary body melanomas. Eye (Lond) 1998; 11 ( Pt 2):227-38. [PMID: 9349418 DOI: 10.1038/eye.1997.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The microcirculation of ciliary body and choroidal melanomas is remodelled into patterns. The presence of microvascular networks, composed of back-to-back loops that encircle microdomains of tumour, and parallel vessels with cross-linking, are associated with death from metastatic melanoma. The formation of these complex vascular patterns may result from reciprocal interactions between the tumour cell and the extracellular matrix, and pattern formation may reflect an invasive tumour cell phenotype. Ciliary body and choroidal melanomas are among the few forms of cancer treated before a pathologist assigns a grade to indicate whether tumour is likely to follow a benign or aggressive course. There is evidence to suggest that prognostically significant microcirculatory patterns may be detectable by non-invasive imaging techniques that may provide a substitute for biopsy to guide the clinical management of patients with these sight- and life-threatening tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Folberg
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1182, USA.
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32
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Brilla CG, Rybinski L, Gehrke D, Rupp H. [Transmyocardial laser revascularization--an innovative pathophysiologic concept]. Herz 1997; 22:183-9. [PMID: 9378452 DOI: 10.1007/bf03044576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In patients with coronary artery disease where standard revascularization procedures are not appropriate, transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR) represents an innovative technique which is currently validated worldwide. Initially, it has been assumed that myocardial perfusion of ischemic regions could be instantly improved by inducing TMLR channels, which, however, might not be confirmed in ongoing studies. Indeed, the gain in O2 diffusion surface obtained by 20 patent TMLR channels is only 6 cm2 which accounts for just 0.01% of the total capillary surface (47000 cm2) of the myocardium. Instead, a chronic structural remodeling of myocardial regions, adjacent to TMLR channels and mediated by TMLR-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), may occur leading to neocapillarization of ischemic myocardium irrespective of the long-term patency of TMLR channels and, thereby, would improve myocardial perfusion (Figure 1). Six weeks following TMLR in the pig, patent TMLR channels were not observed. Instead, a marked degree of reparative fibrosis was found at the site of TMLR-treated myocardial regions (Figure 2). It is, however, not known, whether ischemic conditions would affect chronic channel patency. TMLR combined with intramyocardial administration of 0.5 microgram VEGF between the laser-induced channels resulted in few patent channels (Figure 3). The apparently low efficacy of VEGF applied as protein could be attributed to degradation of VEGF by local peptidases. In addition to VEGF, other growth factors and the interaction of endothelial cells and the extracellular matrix need to be considered. Of particular relevance appears alpha v beta 3-integrin which is needed for adhesion of endothelial cells to extracellular matrix components and is, therefore, required for neocapillarization. Among various other growth factors associated with neoangiogenesis, TGF-beta 1 and PDGF-BB are involved in the formation of extracellular matrix anchoring newly formed vessels. Thus, the expression of VEGF and alpha V beta 3-integrin in myocardial regions surrounding TMLR channels appears to be of major importance for the development of neoangiogenesis within the ischemic myocardium. Whether concomitant therapeutical strategies, i. e., gene transfer leading to over-expression of VEGF, will optimize the TMLR procedure by improving neoangiogenesis remains to be elucidated in future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Brilla
- Zentrum Innere Medizin, Abteilung Innere Medizin-Kardiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg
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33
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Mehaffey MG, Folberg R, Meyer M, Bentler SE, Hwang T, Woolson R, Moore KC. Relative importance of quantifying area and vascular patterns in uveal melanomas. Am J Ophthalmol 1997; 123:798-809. [PMID: 9535624 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test whether the cross-sectional area of choroidal and ciliary body melanomas and quantification of microcirculatory networks and parallel vessels with cross-linking are features associated with death from metastatic melanoma, and to compare new with conventional histologic prognostic features. METHODS The cross-sectional area of 234 ciliary body or choroidal melanomas was measured from digitized images of histologic sections. The percentage of cross-sectional area occupied by two microcirculatory patterns-networks and parallel vessels with cross-linking-was calculated for the 152 tumors containing at least one focus of either pattern. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated based on cross-sectional and percentage of cross-sectional areas of these patterns. Cox proportional hazard regression methods related time to death from melanoma with sets of predictor variables. For each model, percent variation explained was computed. RESULTS Patient survival differs significantly when tumors are classified based on cross-sectional area: small (<16 mm2), medium (> or =16 mm2 but <61.4 mm2), and large (> or =61.4 mm2). Patients with tumors containing networks and parallel vessels with cross-linking microcirculation patterns that occupy 2% of cross-sectional area have a significantly worse prognosis than do those patients with tumors containing a smaller percentage of these patterns. CONCLUSIONS Quantifying cross-sectional tumor area and the percentage area occupied by networks and parallel vessels with cross-linking microcirculatory patterns in ciliary body and cho. roidal melanomas provides significant prognostic information. Compared with more conventional prognostic characteristics, the most dramatic increase in prognostic information is provided by determination of the presence or absence of microvascular patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Mehaffey
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1182, USA
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34
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Hori H, Jin CZ, Kiyono M, Kasai S, Shimamura M, Inayama S. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of anti-angiogenic hypoxic cell radiosensitizer haloacetylcarbamoyl-2-nitroimidazoles. Bioorg Med Chem 1997; 5:591-9. [PMID: 9113337 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(96)00274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We designed, synthesized, and evaluated haloacetylcarbamoyl-2-nitroimidazoles, including chloro (KIN-1800, TX-1835, and TX-1836) and bromo derivatives (TX-1844, TX-1845, and TX-1846), as potential hypoxic cell radiosensitizers with antiangiogenic activities. To establish biological function owing to the haloacetylcarbamoyl group in the side-chain, we compared their in vitro radiosensitizing activities with those of their parent 2-nitroimidazoles without haloacetylcarbamoyl groups: misonidazole (MISO), TX-1831, and TX-1832, respectively. Both tert-butoxy substituted derivatives. TX-1835 and TX-1845, were more potent radiosensitizers than TX-1831. The p-tert-butylphenoxy-substituted derivatives, TX-1836 and TX-1846, and the methoxysubstituted derivatives, KIN-1800 and TX-1844, were stronger radiosensitizers than TX-1832 and MISO. We examined the anti-angiogenic activities of these 2-nitroimidazole derivatives containing haloacetylcarbamoyl group by the rat lung endothelial (RLE) cell proliferation assay and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (chick CAM) angiogenesis assay and showed that haloacetylcarbamoyl-2-nitroimidazoles were more potent angiogenic inhibitors than the corresponding desacetylcarbamoyl-2-nitroimidazoles. The in vivo chick CAM angiogenesis assay showed that the strong bromoacetylcarbamoyl-2-nitroimidazole radiosensitizers, such as TX-1845 and TX-1846, were the strongest angiogenic inhibitors among them. We concluded that the bromoacetylcarbamoyl-2-nitroimidazole radiosensitizers, such as TX-1845 and TX-1846, are promising as anti-angiogenic hypoxic cell radiosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hori
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokushima, Japan.
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35
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Silverman RH, Folberg R, Boldt HC, Lloyd HO, Rondeau MJ, Mehaffey MG, Lizzi FL, Coleman DJ. Correlation of ultrasound parameter imaging with microcirculatory patterns in uveal melanomas. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 1997; 23:573-81. [PMID: 9232766 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-5629(97)00037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated a correlation between acoustic backscatter parameters and survival in ocular melanoma. The histologic presence of microvascular networks in ocular melanoma is also associated with death from metastases. This study tests the hypothesis that melanomas grouped on the basis of these microvascular patterns are separable by ultrasound spectrum analysis. We scanned 40 melanomas using a 10-MHz ultrasound unit equipped for digitization of radio frequency data. After enucleation, tumors were sectioned in planes corresponding to the ultrasonographic examination and stained to demonstrate microcirculation. Acoustic spectral parameters were compared between 14 melanomas with a nevuslike microcirculation and 26 with foci of high-risk microvascular structures. Smaller scatterer size, lower acoustic concentration and greater spatial variability were found to correlate with high-risk microvascular patterns and areas of cystic degeneration. We suggest that nonvascular extracellular matrix components associated with microvessels may be responsible for the correlation of acoustic parameters with microvascular pattern and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Silverman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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36
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Klijn JG, Setyono-Han B, Bontenbal M, Seynaeve C, Foekens J. Novel endocrine therapies in breast cancer. Acta Oncol 1996; 35 Suppl 5:30-7. [PMID: 9142962 DOI: 10.3109/02841869609083965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine therapy of breast cancer consists of a variety of both medical and surgical ablative treatment modalities, but ablative therapy is increasingly replaced by medical treatment. Most endocrine therapies have more than one endocrine effect, frequently together with direct growth inhibitory actions via receptors. Endocrine therapy can be effective in all phases of the disease, but curative only in early disease while in advanced cancer it can only prolong survival. In the past decade the number of available endocrine agents has been drastically increased. Novel approaches in the endocrine therapy of breast cancer are application of new antiestrogens, antiprogestins, new potent aromatase inhibitors, analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH-A) and somatostatin, inhibitors of prolactin secretion, vitamin A and D analogues, bisphosphonates, growth factor antagonists, tyrosine protein kinase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, inhibitors of angiogenesis, radiolabeled hormones and monoclonal antibodies. New cell biological factors such as oncogenes and suppressorgenes, secretory proteins and membrane receptors can be used not only as prognostic factors but also for prediction of type of response to endocrine and chemotherapy. Thus, these cell biological parameters can be used to select high and low risk patients, type of systemic treatment, and can also be used as targets for new treatment modalities. Future studies on treatment of all stages of disease will increasingly focus on promising combined treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Klijn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rotterdam Cancer Institute, Dr Daniel den Hoed Kliniek), The Netherlands
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