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Dhankar N, Gupta I, Dayal S, Chhabra S. Griscelli syndrome type 3 in siblings. Int J Trichology 2022; 14:38-40. [PMID: 35300101 PMCID: PMC8923144 DOI: 10.4103/ijt.ijt_42_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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2
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Nian FS, Li LL, Cheng CY, Wu PC, Lin YT, Tang CY, Ren BS, Tai CY, Fann MJ, Kao LS, Hong CJ, Tsai JW. Rab18 Collaborates with Rab7 to Modulate Lysosomal and Autophagy Activities in the Nervous System: an Overlapping Mechanism for Warburg Micro Syndrome and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy Type 2B. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6095-6105. [PMID: 30721447 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in RAB18, a member of small G protein, cause Warburg micro syndrome (WARBM), whose clinical features include vision impairment, postnatal microcephaly, and lower limb spasticity. Previously, our Rab18-/- mice exhibited hind limb weakness and spasticity as well as signs of axonal degeneration in the spinal cord and lumbar spinal nerves. However, the cellular and molecular function of RAB18 and its roles in the pathogenesis of WARBM are still not fully understood. Using immunofluorescence staining and expression of Rab18 and organelle markers, we find that Rab18 associates with lysosomes and actively traffics along neurites in cultured neurons. Interestingly, Rab18-/- neurons exhibit impaired lysosomal transport. Using autophagosome marker LC3-II, we show that Rab18 dysfunction leads to aberrant autophagy activities in neurons. Electron microscopy further reveals accumulation of lipofuscin-like granules in the dorsal root ganglion of Rab18-/- mice. Surprisingly, Rab18 colocalizes, cofractionates, and coprecipitates with the lysosomal regulator Rab7, mutations of which cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathy type 2B. Moreover, Rab7 is upregulated in Rab18-deficient neurons, suggesting a compensatory effect. Together, our results suggest that the functions of RAB18 and RAB7 in lysosomal and autophagic activities may constitute an overlapping mechanism underlying WARBM and CMT pathogenesis in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Shin Nian
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lei-Li Li
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ya Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Wu
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Tai Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yung Tang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Shiun Ren
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yin Tai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ji Fann
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Sen Kao
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jee Hong
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Biopotonics and Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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3
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Abstract
Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive multisystem disorder of pigmentary dilution of skin, silver gray hair, variable immunodeficiency, neurological impairment, and abnormal accumulation of melanosomes in melanocytes. GS type 3 is characterized by hypomelanosis with no immunological and neurological manifestation. Prognosis is very good in type 3 GS and usually require no active intervention, as opposed to type 1 and 2 where early diagnosis and treatment plays a crucial role in patient's survival. The characteristic phenotypic appearance, especially the pigment dilution of the patient's hair, is emphasized here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela J Shah
- Department of Dermatology, BJ Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Ashish K Jagati
- Department of Dermatology, BJ Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Nilesh K Katrodiya
- Department of Dermatology, BJ Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sonal M Patel
- Department of Dermatology, BJ Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Mishra K, Singla S, Sharma S, Saxena R, Batra VV. Griscelli syndrome type 2: a novel mutation in RAB27A gene with different clinical features in 2 siblings: a diagnostic conundrum. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2014; 57:91-5. [PMID: 24678334 PMCID: PMC3965801 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2014.57.2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Griscelli syndrome type 2 (GS2) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the RAB27A gene. It is characterized by cutaneous hypopigmentation, immunodeficiency, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. We describe 2 brothers who had GS2 with clinically diverse manifestations. The elder brother presented with a purely neurological picture, whereas the younger one presented with fever, pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and erythema nodosum. Considering that cutaneous hypopigmentation was a common feature between the brothers, genetic analysis for Griscelli syndrome was performed. As the elder sibling had died, mutation analysis was only performed on the younger sibling, which revealed a novel homozygous mutation in the RAB27A gene on chromosome 15 showing a single-base substitution (c.136T>A p.F46I). Both parents were heterozygous for the same mutation. This confirmed the diagnosis of GS2 in the accelerated phase in both siblings. The atypical features of GS2 in these cases are a novel mutation, isolated neurological involvement in one sibling, association with erythema nodosum, and 2 distinct clinical presentations in siblings with the same genetic mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtisudha Mishra
- Department of Pediatrics, Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Shilpy Singla
- Department of Pediatrics, Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Suvasini Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Saxena
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Sahana M, Sacchidanand S, Hiremagalore R, Asha G. Silvery grey hair: clue to diagnose immunodeficiency. Int J Trichology 2012. [PMID: 23180914 PMCID: PMC3500078 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7753.96910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Silvery hair is a common presentation of rare group of autosomal recessive disorders called Silvery hair syndromes including Griscelli syndrome (GS), Chediak-Higashi syndrome, and Elejalde syndrome. GS is characterized by a silvery grey sheen to hair, large clumped melanosomes in hair shaft, partial albinism, and variable cellular immunodeficiency. We report two cases of GS with classical clinical features and confirmatory findings by microscopic skin and hair examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ms Sahana
- Department of Dermatology, STD and Leprosy, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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7
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Westbroek W, Klar A, Cullinane AR, Ziegler SG, Hurvitz H, Ganem A, Wilson K, Dorward H, Huizing M, Tamimi H, Vainshtein I, Berkun Y, Lavie M, Gahl WA, Anikster Y. Cellular and clinical report of new Griscelli syndrome type III cases. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 25:47-56. [PMID: 21883982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The RAB27A/Melanophilin/Myosin-5a tripartite protein complex is required for capturing mature melanosomes in the peripheral actin network of melanocytes for subsequent transfer to keratinocytes. Mutations in any one member of this tripartite complex cause three forms of Griscelli syndrome (GS), each with distinct clinical features but with a similar cellular phenotype. To date, only one case of GS type III (GSIII), caused by mutations in the Melanophilin (MLPH) gene, has been reported. Here, we report seven new cases of GSIII in three distinct Arab pedigrees. All affected individuals carried a homozygous missense mutation (c.102C>T; p.R35W), located in the conserved Slp homology domain of MLPH, and had hypomelanosis of the skin and hair. We report the first cellular studies on GSIII melanocytes, which demonstrated that MLPH(R35W) causes perinuclear aggregation of melanosomes in melanocytes, typical for GS. Additionally, co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that MLPH(R35W) lost its interaction with RAB27A, indicating pathogenicity of the R35W mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Westbroek
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda MD, USA.
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Abstract
In neuroscience, myosin V motor proteins have attracted attention since they are highly expressed in brain, and absence of myosin Va in man leads to a severe neurological disease called Griscelli syndrome. While in some cells myosin V is described to act as a vesicle transport motor, an additional role in exocytosis has emerged recently. In neurons, myosin V has been linked to exocytosis of secretory vesicles and recycling endosomes. Through these functions, it is implied in regulating important brain functions including the release of neuropeptides by exocytosis of large dense-core vesicles and the insertion of neurotransmitter receptors into post-synaptic membranes. This review focuses on the role of myosin V in (i) axonal transport and stimulated exocytosis of large dense-core vesicles to regulate the secretion of neuroactive substances, (ii) tethering of the endoplasmic reticulum at cerebellar synapses to permit long-term depression, (iii) recycling of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptors at hippocampal synapses during long-term potentiation, and (iv) recycling of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Myosin V is thus discussed as an important modulator of synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Rudolf
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Masri A, Bakri FG, Al-Hussaini M, Al-Hadidy A, Hirzallah R, de Saint Basile G, Hamamy H. Griscelli syndrome type 2: a rare and lethal disorder. J Child Neurol 2008; 23:964-7. [PMID: 18403584 DOI: 10.1177/0883073808315409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Griscelli syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. It is characterized by pigment dilution and variable immune deficiency leading to increased susceptibility to certain infections and a tendency to develop a life-threatening hemophagocytic syndrome known as the accelerated phase. Griscelli syndrome is now classified into 3 types based on the genetic and molecular features. Primary neurological presentation without the accelerated phase is rare in type 2. In this article, the authors report a boy who was presented with seizures and diffuse white matter involvement unaccompanied by the other features of the accelerated phase. Mutation analysis in family members revealed the presence of a missense mutation in Rab27a gene. In addition to the rare presentation, this is the first case of Griscelli syndrome to be reported from Jordan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Masri
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of child Neurology, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan.
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10
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Westbroek W, Tuchman M, Tinloy B, De Wever O, Vilboux T, Hertz JM, Hasle H, Heilmann C, Helip-Wooley A, Kleta R, Gahl WA. A novel missense mutation (G43S) in the switch I region of Rab27A causing Griscelli syndrome. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 94:248-54. [PMID: 18397837 PMCID: PMC2430933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The autosomal recessive Griscelli syndrome type II (GSII) is caused by mutations in the RAB27A gene. Typical clinical features include immunological impairment, silver-gray scalp hair, eyelashes and eyebrows and hypomelanosis of the skin. Rabs help determine the specificity of membrane trafficking steps within cells. In melanocytes, the GTP-bound form of Rab27A associates with the membranes of mature fully-pigmented melanosomes through its geranylgeranyl group. Once attached, Rab27A recruits the downstream effector Melanophilin (Mlph) and the actin-dependent motor protein Myosin Va (MyoVa). The molecular Rab27A/Mlph/MyoVA tripartite complex, which links melanosomes to the peripheral actin network, is required to achieve melanosome transfer to surrounding keratinocytes in the epidermis. Here we report a novel homozygous missense mutation c.127G>A, p.G43S in exon 2 of the RAB27A gene of an Afghani GSII patient. Laser scanning confocal microscopy showed that the G43S mutation, which is located in the highly conserved switch I region of Rab27A, induces perinuclear localization of melanosomes in normal melanocytes, and fails to restore melanosomes to the actin-rich periphery in GSII melanocytes. Co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that Rab27A(G43S) fails to interact with its effector Melanophilin, indicating that the switch I region functions in the recruitment of Rab effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Westbroek
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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11
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Rajadhyax M, Neti G, Crow Y, Tyagi A. Neurological presentation of Griscelli syndrome: obstructive hydrocephalus without haematological abnormalities or organomegaly. Brain Dev 2007; 29:247-50. [PMID: 17085000 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Griscelli syndrome is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder characterised by partial albinism, immunodeficiency, organomegaly and accelerated phases. During accelerated phases, pancytopenia, haemophagocytosis, hypoproteinemeia occur which may be accompanied by neurological deterioration. Primary neurological presentation is rare and we report a case that presented with obstructive hydrocephalus and infiltrative lesions in the brain unaccompanied by other features of accelerated phase. Biopsy of these lesions demonstrated sinus histiocytosis. Electron microscopy of hair shaft and genetic studies established the diagnosis of Griscelli disease with RAB 27A mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamata Rajadhyax
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Genetics and Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, UK.
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12
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Ashrafi MR, Mohseni M, Yazdani S, Alizadeh H, Ramyar A, Aghamohammadi A, Izadyar M, Mahjoub F, Heris JA. Bilateral basal ganglia involvement in a patient with Griscelli syndrome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2006; 10:207-9. [PMID: 16952471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a 6-year-old Iranian boy with silvery-gray hair, eyelashes and the eyebrows who was admitted because of seizures and subsequent stupor. He had previous history of acute hemiparesis at 1 year of age and hepatitis-like syndrome 3 months ago. Microscopic examination of the patient's hair shaft revealed different sized clumps of melanin seen in the center of the shafts. Bone marrow aspiration revealed erythroid hyperplasia and erythrophagocytic cells. Bilateral frontal cortical and subcortical high signal lesions, dirty white matter, high signal areas in the upper pons and in both caudates and lentiform nuclei in T2 WI were the brain MRI findings of the patient. He died in the accelerated phase of Griscelli Syndrome (GS) type 2. To our knowledge we report the first case of GS from Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Reza Ashrafi
- Children hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pediatric Neurology, Tehran 1419733151, Iran.
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13
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Westbroek W, Lambert J, De Schepper S, Kleta R, Van Den Bossche K, Seabra MC, Huizing M, Mommaas M, Naeyaert JM. Rab27b is Up-Regulated in Human Griscelli Syndrome Type II Melanocytes and Linked to the Actin Cytoskeleton via Exon F-Myosin Va Transcripts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 17:498-505. [PMID: 15357836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Patients with the autosomal recessive Griscelli-Pruniéras syndrome type II are immunologically impaired and have an unusual silvery-grey hypopigmented colour of scalp hair, eyelashes and eyebrows but no noteworthy pigmentary abnormalities of the skin. In most Griscelli patients, the RAB27A gene, which encodes a small GTPase that is associated with the melanosome membrane in melanocytes, is mutated. Here we discuss a genomic RAB27A deletion found in a 21-month-old Moroccan Griscelli patient. Additionally, we provide evidence that the loss of functional Rab27a in melanocytes of this Griscelli patient is partially compensated by the up-regulation of Rab27b, a homologue of Rab27a. By real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analysis, we found that Rab27b mRNA and protein, expressed at low levels in normal human melanocytes, is significantly up-regulated in melanocytes derived from this patient. Our immunofluorescence and yeast two-hybrid screening studies reveal that Rab27b can form a tripartite complex on the melanosome membrane with Melanophilin, a Rab27a effector, and protein products of Myosin Va transcripts that contain exon F. Our data suggest that up-regulated Rab27b in melanocytes of the Griscelli patient can partially take over the function of Rab27a, which could explain the fact that this patient had an evenly pigmented skin and was able to tan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Westbroek
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Gent, Belgium
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Ming JE, Stiehm ER, Graham JM. Syndromic immunodeficiencies: genetic syndromes associated with immune abnormalities. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2004; 40:587-642. [PMID: 14708957 DOI: 10.1080/714037692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In syndromic immunodeficiencies, clinical features not directly associated with the immune defect are prominent. Patients may present with either infectious complications or extra-immune medical issues. In addition to the immunologic abnormality, a wide range of organ systems may be affected. Patients may present with disturbances in skeletal, neurologic, dermatologic, or gastrointestinal function or development. These conditions can be caused by developmental abnormalities, chromosomal aberrations, metabolic disorders, or teratogens. For a number of these conditions, recent advances have resulted in an enhanced understanding of their genetic basis. The finding of immune deficits in a number of defined syndromes with congenital anomalies suggests that an underlying genetic syndrome should be considered in those patients in whom a significant non-immune feature is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Ming
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Pao M, Wiggs EA, Anastacio MM, Hyun J, DeCarlo ES, Miller JT, Anderson VL, Malech HL, Gallin JI, Holland SM. Cognitive function in patients with chronic granulomatous disease: a preliminary report. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2004; 45:230-4. [PMID: 15123849 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psy.45.3.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease is an inherited immunodeficiency in which phagocytes fail to generate superoxide and its metabolites, resulting in severe recurrent infections and frequent hospitalizations. Chronic illness and frequent hospitalizations can affect growth and development as well as social and educational opportunities. Since no data have been reported on cognitive functioning in patients with this illness, the authors sought to examine cognitive function in a group of patients with chronic granulomatous disease. A retrospective chart review of 26 patients seen and followed at the National Institutes of Health who had received cognitive testing at the request of parent or staff was performed. Demographic information including medical, psychiatric, and developmental histories was gathered. Six patients (23%) were found to have an IQ of 70 or below, indicative of cognitive deficits, and all of those patients had defects in the membrane-linked cytochrome b558. The prevalence of cognitive deficits in this selected population of chronic granulomatous disease patients was high. The determination of the true distribution of cognitive functioning in the general chronic granulomatous disease population is important, since cognitive deficits have implications for educational planning and potential therapies such as transplantation and gene therapy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryland Pao
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Abstract
An eight month old male infant presented with recurrent infections and partial albinism. Initially a possibility of Chediak Higashi syndrome (CHS) was considered, but a negative investigative work up prompted us to look for an alternate diagnosis. A literature search revealed that Griscelli syndrome (GS) has overlapping symptoms and signs. The findings in skin and hair biopsies in Griscelli syndrome are distinctive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Rath
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Advanced Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Sarper N, Ipek IO, Ceran O, Karaman S, Bozaykut A, Inan S. A rare syndrome in the differential diagnosis of hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia: report of identical twins with Griscelli disease. ANNALS OF TROPICAL PAEDIATRICS 2003; 23:69-73. [PMID: 12648328 DOI: 10.1179/000349803125002896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
White, identical twin boys aged 3 months were referred to our centre with persisting fever, mouth ulcers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia and failure to thrive. The parents were first cousins and there was a history of a sibling with similar manifestations who had died. The infants had silvery-grey hair and pigment clumps on the hair shafts, and skin biopsy showed accumulation of melanocytes on melanosomes. Bone marrow revealed hypercellularity and haemophagocytosis. HLH-94 chemotherapy (initial therapy with daily dexamethasone and etoposide, maintenance with dexamethasone pulses, etoposide and cyclosporin A) was started. Though partial haematological remission was achieved, one of the boys died on the 34th day following aspiration pneumonia. No pathogen could be identified. The second boy responded to therapy but had a haematological relapse and died 68 days after first being admitted. Genetic study revealed a 5 bp deletion in the RAB27A gene (510 del AAGCC in exon 5). Transient haematological remission can be achieved with chemotherapy but allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is the only curative therapy in Griscelli disease, as in other familial haemophagocytic syndromes. Identification of the mutation also provides an opportunity for prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sarper
- Department of Pediatrics, Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children's Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Aksu G, Kütükçüler N, Genel F, Vergin C, Omowaire B. Griscelli syndrome without hemophagocytosis in an eleven-year-old girl: expanding the phenotypic spectrum of Rab27A mutations in humans. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 116A:329-33. [PMID: 12522785 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.10836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present an eleven-year-old female patient who was referred to us with silvery hair, hepatosplenomegaly, neutropenia-thrombocytopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia and degenerative white matter disease, with a family history of a female sibling dying at the age of five and two living male cousins, ages 10 and 11. She had been followed up for her cytopenia the last three years and had totally recovered from a hemiplegic episode before admission. The family was of Arabic origin, and a second-degree consanguinity was reported between the parents. Microscopic analysis of her hair shafts revealed irregularly distributed small and large clumps of melanin, and skin biopsy findings were consistent with partial albinism. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy did not detect any evidence of hemophagocytosis. Genetic analysis identified a homozygous two-base-pair deletion (51 del CT leading to S18X) in the Rab27A gene of the patient. She suffered from febrile neutropenic episodes. Her persistent cytopenia could not be corrected with immunoglobulin, thrombocyte infusions, or a short course of growth factor treatment. Splenectomy was planned due to her progressive splenic enlargement. She was also considered for bone marrow transplantation. She unfortunately died from an intracranial hemorrhage. Her clinical presentation was remarkable, mostly resembling partial albinism immunodeficiency/Elejalde syndrome due to her older age and absence of hemophagocytosis, but with molecular findings confirming Griscelli syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güzide Aksu
- Ege University Medical School, Division of Pediatric Immunology, Izmir, Turkey.
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19
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Anikster Y, Huizing M, Anderson PD, Fitzpatrick DL, Klar A, Gross-Kieselstein E, Berkun Y, Shazberg G, Gahl WA, Hurvitz H. Evidence that Griscelli syndrome with neurological involvement is caused by mutations in RAB27A, not MYO5A. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71:407-14. [PMID: 12058346 PMCID: PMC379173 DOI: 10.1086/341606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2002] [Accepted: 05/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Griscelli syndrome (GS), a rare autosomal recessive disorder, is characterized by partial albinism, along with immunologic abnormalities or severe neurological impairment or both. Mutations in one of two different genes on chromosome 15q can cause the different subtypes of GS. Most patients with GS display the hemophagocytic syndrome and have mutations in RAB27A, which codes for a small GTPase. Two patients with neurological involvement have mutations in MYO5A, which codes for an actin-based molecular motor. The RAB27A and MYO5A gene products interact with each other and function in vesicle trafficking. We report the molecular basis of GS in a Muslim Arab kindred whose members have extremely variable neurological involvement, along with the hemophagocytic syndrome and immunologic abnormalities. The patients have normal MYO5A genes but exhibit a homozygous 67.5-kb deletion that eliminates RAB27A mRNA and immunocytofluorescence-detectable protein. We also describe the molecular organization of RAB27A and a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the founder deletion in this kindred. Finally, we propose that all patients with GS have RAB27A mutations and immunologic abnormalities that sometimes result in secondary neurological involvement. The two patients described elsewhere who have MYO5A mutations and neurological complications but no immunologic defects may not have GS but instead may have Elejalde syndrome, a condition characterized by mild hypopigmentation and severe, primary neurological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Anikster
- Heritable Disorders Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; and Department of Pediatrics, Bikur Cholim General Hospital and Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem
| | - Marjan Huizing
- Heritable Disorders Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; and Department of Pediatrics, Bikur Cholim General Hospital and Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem
| | - Paul D. Anderson
- Heritable Disorders Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; and Department of Pediatrics, Bikur Cholim General Hospital and Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem
| | - Diana L. Fitzpatrick
- Heritable Disorders Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; and Department of Pediatrics, Bikur Cholim General Hospital and Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem
| | - Aharon Klar
- Heritable Disorders Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; and Department of Pediatrics, Bikur Cholim General Hospital and Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem
| | - Eva Gross-Kieselstein
- Heritable Disorders Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; and Department of Pediatrics, Bikur Cholim General Hospital and Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem
| | - Yackov Berkun
- Heritable Disorders Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; and Department of Pediatrics, Bikur Cholim General Hospital and Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem
| | - Gila Shazberg
- Heritable Disorders Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; and Department of Pediatrics, Bikur Cholim General Hospital and Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem
| | - William A. Gahl
- Heritable Disorders Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; and Department of Pediatrics, Bikur Cholim General Hospital and Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem
| | - Haggit Hurvitz
- Heritable Disorders Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; and Department of Pediatrics, Bikur Cholim General Hospital and Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem
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20
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Sanal O, Ersoy F, Tezcan I, Metin A, Yel L, Ménasché G, Gürgey A, Berkel I, de Saint Basile G. Griscelli disease: genotype-phenotype correlation in an array of clinical heterogeneity. J Clin Immunol 2002; 22:237-43. [PMID: 12148598 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016045026204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Griscelli disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by diffuse pigmentary dilution and occurrence of acute phases of uncontrolled lymphocyte and macrophage activation, so-called "hemophagocytic syndrome" (HS) that leads to death. Recently, two closely linked genes located on human 15q21 region have been found to be responsible for the disease. We present clinical and laboratory findings of 13 unrelated patients with Griscelli disease as well as mutation analyses in an effort to define a genotype-phenotype correlation. Eight patients who showed RAB27A mutations presented with HS. In contrast, two patients who primarily presented with a neurological impairment in the absence of infection susceptibility or HS were found to have homozygous MYO5A mutations. No mutation in RAB27A could be detected in the other three patients. One of the latter developed HS at a rather late age, while the other two are free of HS at 12 and 15 years of age. Griscelli disease presents with a heterogeneous clinical picture that seems to reflect the involved gene defect. This genotype-phenotype correlation suggests that the natural course of the disease and outcome is dictated by the site and type of the genetic mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozden Sanal
- Hacettepe University, Ihsan Doğramaci Children's Hospital, Immunology Division, Ankara, Turkey
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21
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Aricò M, Zecca M, Santoro N, Caselli D, Maccario R, Danesino C, de Saint Basile G, Locatelli F. Successful treatment of Griscelli syndrome with unrelated donor allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2002; 29:995-8. [PMID: 12098069 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2001] [Accepted: 02/18/2002] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by pigmentary dilution of the skin and hair and in most patients by abnormal regulation of the immune system, which results in a syndrome of macrophage hyperactivation, known as hemophagocytic lymophohistiocytosis (HLH). Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative treatment available for genetically induced HLH. Few cases of successful HSCT from a compatible donor have been reported in children with GS. We describe the first patient with GS cured with an allograft from a compatible unrelated bone marrow donor. We used a novel preparative regimen consisting of busulfan, thiotepa and fludarabine. The demonstrated curative effect of HSCT from an unrelated donor in a patient with genetically determined HLH also supports the use of a systematic diagnostic approach in these patients, in order to identify those with a worse prognosis and needing an urgent allograft in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aricò
- Onco Ematologia Pediatrica, Ospedale dei Bambini 'G Di Cristina', Palermo, Italy
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22
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Ming JE, Stiehm E, Graham JM. Genetic syndromes associated with immunodeficiency. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(01)00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kumar M, Sackey K, Schmalstieg F, Trizna Z, Elghetany MT, Alter BP. Griscelli syndrome: rare neonatal syndrome of recurrent hemophagocytosis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2001; 23:464-8. [PMID: 11878584 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-200110000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare inherited disease characterized by immunodeficiency and partial albinism. The microscopic findings of the skin and hair are highly suggestive of the disease. The GS locus colocalizes on chromosome 15q21 with the myosin-Va gene (MYO5a), and mutations have been identified in few patients. We describe a 2-month-old Hispanic girl with severe pancytopenia secondary to hemophagocytosis. Even though a mutation at the Griscelli locus had not been identified, her clinical features and outcome were typical of GS. The purpose of this article is to alert physicians to the association between GS and hemophagocytosis. We suggest that GS should be considered in infants with hemophagocytosis because the features of partial albinism can be subtle. The relevant literature is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kumar
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
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25
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Schuster F, Stachel DK, Schmid I, Baumeister FA, Graubner UB, Weiss M, Haas RJ, Belohradsky BH. Griscelli syndrome: report of the first peripheral blood stem cell transplant and the role of mutations in the RAB27A gene as an indication for BMT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001; 28:409-12. [PMID: 11571516 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2000] [Accepted: 03/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Griscelli syndrome is characterized by partial albinism with variable immunodeficiency. Two different gene loci are responsible for this rare, autosomal recessive disease: the myosin Va gene and the RAB27A gene. As recently reported, only patients with mutations of the RAB27A gene suffer from immunodeficiency and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Thus, only patients who suffer from the Griscelli syndrome with mutations of the RAB27A gene should receive BMT/PBSCT, which is the only curative therapy. Due to the risk of early relapse or severe infections, BMT/PBSCT should be carried out as soon as possible; if patients do not have HLA-identical family members, valuable time may be lost by searching for an HLA-identical unrelated donor. We report the first peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT) with T cell depletion in a 6-month-old girl with Griscelli syndrome, and a deletion of the RAB27A gene. The donor was her phenotypically HLA-identical mother. Conditioning included busulfan, VP16 and cyclophosphamide. The patient was transfused with 15.4 x 10(6)CD34-positive cells/kg and 17.6 x 10(3) CD3-positive cells/kg recipient weight. Three months after the transplant, a curable lymphoproliferative syndrome occurred. 26 months after the transplant, the patient is doing well with stable mixed chimerism (52% donor cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schuster
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dr v Haunersches Kinderspital, LMU-University of Munich, Germany
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26
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Ivanovich J, Mallory S, Storer T, Ciske D, Hing A. 12-year-old male with Elejalde syndrome (neuroectodermal melanolysosomal disease). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 98:313-6. [PMID: 11170073 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20010201)98:4<313::aid-ajmg1098>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuroectodermal melanolysosomal disease, also known as Elejalde syndrome, is a rare syndrome characterized by silvery hair, pigment abnormalities, and profound central nervous system dysfunction. It is similar to the Chediak-Higashi and Griscelli syndromes, although these syndromes are associated with severe immunologic dysfunction. We report on a 12-year-old male with Elejalde syndrome and compare the Elejalde, Chediak-Higashi, and Griscelli syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ivanovich
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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28
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Ward DM, Griffiths GM, Stinchcombe JC, Kaplan J. Analysis of the lysosomal storage disease Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Traffic 2000; 1:816-22. [PMID: 11208072 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2000.011102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of human, mouse (beige) and other mammalian species. The same genetic defect was found to result in the disease in all species identified, permitting a positional cloning approach using the mouse model beige to identify the responsible gene. The CHS gene was cloned and mutations identified in affected species. This review discusses the clinical features of CHS contrasting features seen in similar syndromes. The possible functions of the protein encoded by the CHS/beige gene are discussed, along with the alterations in cellular physiology seen in mutant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Ward
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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29
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Ménasché G, Pastural E, Feldmann J, Certain S, Ersoy F, Dupuis S, Wulffraat N, Bianchi D, Fischer A, Le Deist F, de Saint Basile G. Mutations in RAB27A cause Griscelli syndrome associated with haemophagocytic syndrome. Nat Genet 2000; 25:173-6. [PMID: 10835631 DOI: 10.1038/76024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 698] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Griscelli syndrome (GS, MIM 214450), a rare, autosomal recessive disorder, results in pigmentary dilution of the skin and the hair, the presence of large clumps of pigment in hair shafts and an accumulation of melanosomes in melanocytes. Most patients also develop an uncontrolled T-lymphocyte and macrophage activation syndrome (known as haemophagocytic syndrome, HS), leading to death in the absence of bone-marrow transplantation. In contrast, early in life some GS patients show a severe neurological impairment without apparent immune abnormalities. We previously mapped the GS locus to chromosome 15q21 and found a mutation in a gene (MYO5A) encoding a molecular motor in two patients. Further linkage analysis suggested a second gene associated with GS was in the same chromosomal region. Homozygosity mapping in additional families narrowed the candidate region to a 3.1-cM interval between D15S1003 and D15S962. We detected mutations in RAB27A, which lies within this interval, in 16 patients with GS. Unlike MYO5A, the GTP-binding protein RAB27A appears to be involved in the control of the immune system, as all patients with RAB27A mutations, but none with the MYO5A mutation, developed HS. In addition, RAB27A-deficient T cells exhibited reduced cytotoxicity and cytolytic granule exocytosis, whereas MYO5A-defective T cells did not. RAB27A appears to be a key effector of cytotoxic granule exocytosis, a pathway essential for immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ménasché
- [1] Unité de Recherches sur le Dévelopment Normal et Pathologique du Système Immunitaire INSERM U429, Paris, France
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30
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Elkind NB, Walch-Solimena C, Novick PJ. The role of the COOH terminus of Sec2p in the transport of post-Golgi vesicles. J Cell Biol 2000; 149:95-110. [PMID: 10747090 PMCID: PMC2175086 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.149.1.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/1999] [Accepted: 02/23/2000] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sec2p is required for the polarized transport of secretory vesicles in S. cerevisiae. The Sec2p NH(2) terminus encodes an exchange factor for the Rab protein Sec4p. Sec2p associates with vesicles and in Sec2p COOH-terminal mutants Sec4p and vesicles no longer accumulate at bud tips. Thus, the Sec2p COOH terminus functions in targeting vesicles, however, the mechanism of function is unknown. We found comparable exchange activity for truncated and full-length Sec2 proteins, implying that the COOH terminus does not alter the exchange rate. Full-length Sec2-GFP, similar to Sec4p, concentrates at bud tips. A COOH-terminal 58-amino acid domain is necessary but not sufficient for localization. Sec2p localization depends on actin, Myo2p and Sec1p, Sec6p, and Sec9p function. Full-length, but not COOH-terminally truncated Sec2 proteins are enriched on membranes. Membrane association of full-length Sec2p is reduced in sec6-4 and sec9-4 backgrounds at 37 degrees C but unaffected at 25 degrees C. Taken together, these data correlate loss of localization of Sec2 proteins with reduced membrane association. In addition, Sec2p membrane attachment is substantially Sec4p independent, supporting the notion that Sec2p interacts with membranes via an unidentified Sec2p receptor, which would increase the accessibility of Sec2p exchange activity for Sec4p.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Barry Elkind
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510
| | | | - Peter J. Novick
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510
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31
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Reck-Peterson SL, Provance DW, Mooseker MS, Mercer JA. Class V myosins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1496:36-51. [PMID: 10722875 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(00)00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S L Reck-Peterson
- Cell Biology Department, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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32
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Pastural E, Ersoy F, Yalman N, Wulffraat N, Grillo E, Ozkinay F, Tezcan I, Gediköglu G, Philippe N, Fischer A, de Saint Basile G. Two genes are responsible for Griscelli syndrome at the same 15q21 locus. Genomics 2000; 63:299-306. [PMID: 10704277 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1999.6081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Griscelli syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by pigment dilution, variable cellular immunodeficiency, and an acute phase of uncontrolled T lymphocyte and macrophage activation. We previously mapped the disease locus to 15q21 and showed that a MyoVa gene (HGMW-approved symbol MYO5A) defect leads to Griscelli syndrome. We report a second MyoVa mutation in a new patient, confirming this first finding. However, in four other Griscelli syndrome patients analyzed, the MYOVA protein is expressed, and no mutation can be detected in the MyoVa gene coding sequence, even in the alternatively spliced region for which exon-intron boundaries were characterized. Linkage analysis performed in 15 Griscelli families thus far studied confirms the first localization. However, fine haplotype analysis in three families strongly suggests the existence of a second gene at the same locus for Griscelli syndrome less than 7.3 cM distant from the MyoVa gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pastural
- Unité de Recherches sur le développement normal et pathologique du système immunitaire, INSERM U429, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, Paris Cedex 15, 75743, France
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.
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34
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Spritz RA. Multi-organellar disorders of pigmentation: tied up in traffic. Clin Genet 1999. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2000.57si03.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Swanson JA, Johnson MT, Beningo K, Post P, Mooseker M, Araki N. A contractile activity that closes phagosomes in macrophages. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 3):307-16. [PMID: 9885284 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.3.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of Fc-mediated phagocytosis by mouse macrophages identified a contractile activity at the distal margins of forming phagosomes. Time-lapse video microscopic analysis of macrophages containing rhodamine-labeled actin and fluorescein dextran showed that actin was concentrated at the distal margins of closing phagosomes. Phagocytosis-related contractile activities were observed when one IgG-opsonized erythrocyte was engaged by two macrophages. Both cells extended pseudopodia until they met midway around the erythrocyte. It was then constricted and pulled into two phagosomes, which remained interconnected by a string of erythrocyte membrane. Butanedione monoxime, an uncompetitive inhibitor of class II and perhaps other myosins, and wortmannin and LY294002, inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, prevented the constrictions without inhibiting the initial pseudopod extension. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed the presence of myosins IC, II, V and IXb in phagosomes. Of these, only myosin IC was concentrated around the strings connecting shared erythrocytes, suggesting that myosin IC mediates the purse-string-like contraction that closes phagosomes. The sequential processes of pseudopod extension and contraction can explain how macropinosomes and spacious phagosomes form without guidance from a particle surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Swanson
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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36
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Langford GM, Molyneaux BJ. Myosin V in the brain: mutations lead to neurological defects. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1998; 28:1-8. [PMID: 9795099 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G M Langford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 6044 Gilman Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755-3576, USA.
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37
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Tabb JS, Molyneaux BJ, Cohen DL, Kuznetsov SA, Langford GM. Transport of ER vesicles on actin filaments in neurons by myosin V. J Cell Sci 1998; 111 ( Pt 21):3221-34. [PMID: 9763516 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111.21.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axoplasmic organelles in the giant axon of the squid have been shown to move on both actin filaments and microtubules and to switch between actin filaments and microtubules during fast axonal transport. The objectives of this investigation were to identify the specific classes of axoplasmic organelles that move on actin filaments and the myosin motors involved. We developed a procedure to isolate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) from extruded axoplasm and to reconstitute its movement in vitro. The isolated ER vesicles moved on exogenous actin filaments adsorbed to coverslips in an ATP-dependent manner without the addition of soluble factors. Therefore myosin was tightly bound and not extracted during isolation. These vesicles were identified as smooth ER by use of an antibody to an ER-resident protein, ERcalcistorin/protein disulfide isomerase (EcaSt/PDI). Furthermore, an antibody to squid myosin V was used in immunogold EM studies to show that myosin V localized to these vesicles. The antibody was generated to a squid brain myosin (p196) that was classified as myosin V based on comparisons of amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides of this myosin with those of other known members of the myosin V family. Dual labeling with the squid myosin V antibody and a kinesin heavy chain antibody showed that the two motors colocalized on the same vesicles. Finally, antibody inhibition experiments were performed with two myosin V-specific antibodies to show that myosin V motor activity is required for transport of vesicles on actin filaments in axoplasm. One antibody was made to a peptide in the globular tail domain and the other to the globular head fragment of myosin V. Both antibodies inhibited vesicle transport on actin filaments by greater than 90% compared to controls. These studies provide the first direct evidence that ER vesicles are transported on actin filaments by myosin V. These data confirm the role of actin filaments in fast axonal transport and provide support for the dual filament model of vesicle transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Tabb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755-3576, USA
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38
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Evans LL, Lee AJ, Bridgman PC, Mooseker MS. Vesicle-associated brain myosin-V can be activated to catalyze actin-based transport. J Cell Sci 1998; 111 ( Pt 14):2055-66. [PMID: 9645952 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111.14.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosin-V has been linked to actin-based organelle transport by a variety of genetic, biochemical and localization studies. However, it has yet to be determined whether myosin-V functions as an organelle motor. To further investigate this possibility, we conducted a biochemical and functional analysis of organelle-associated brain myosin-V. Using the initial fractionation steps of an established protocol for the purification of brain myosin-V, we isolated a population of brain microsomes that is approx. fivefold enriched for myosin-V, and is similarly enriched for synaptic vesicle proteins. As demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy, myosin-V associates with 30–40% of the vesicles in this population. Although a majority of myosin-V-associated vesicles also label with the synaptic vesicle marker protein, SV2, less than half of the total SV2-positive vesicles label with myosin-V. The average size of myosin-V/SV2 double-labeled vesicles (90+/−45 nm) is larger than vesicles that label only with SV2 antibodies (60+/−30 nm). To determine if these vesicles are capable of actin-based transport, we used an in vitro actin filament motility assay in which vesicles were adsorbed to motility assay substrates. As isolated, the myosin-V-associated vesicle fraction was nonmotile. However, vesicles pre-treated with ice-cold 0.1% Triton X-100 supported actin filament motility at rates comparable to those on purified myosin-V. This dilute detergent treatment did not disrupt vesicle integrity. Furthermore, while this treatment removed over 80% of the total vesicle proteins, myosin-V remained tightly vesicle-associated. Finally, function-blocking antibodies against the myosin-V motor domain completely inhibited motility on these substrates. These studies provide direct evidence that vesicle-associated myosin-V is capable of actin transport, and suggest that the activity of myosin-V may be regulated by proteins or lipids on the vesicle surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Evans
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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39
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Huang JD, Mermall V, Strobel MC, Russell LB, Mooseker MS, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA. Molecular genetic dissection of mouse unconventional myosin-VA: tail region mutations. Genetics 1998; 148:1963-72. [PMID: 9560409 PMCID: PMC1460104 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/148.4.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We used an RT-PCR-based sequencing approach to identify the mutations responsible for 17 viable dilute alleles, a mouse-coat-color locus encoding unconventional myosin-VA. Ten of the mutations mapped to the MyoVA tail and are reported here. These mutations represent the first extensive collection of tail mutations reported for any unconventional mammalian myosin. They identify sequences important for tail function and identify domains potentially involved in cargo binding and/or proper folding of the MyoVA tail. Our results also provide support for the notion that different myosin tail isoforms produced by alternative splicing encode important cell-type-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Huang
- ABL-Basic Research Program, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702, USA
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Mancini AJ, Chan LS, Paller AS. Partial albinism with immunodeficiency: Griscelli syndrome: report of a case and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38:295-300. [PMID: 9486701 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Partial albinism with immunodeficiency (Griscelli syndrome) is an uncommon disorder characterized by pigmentary dilution and variable immunodeficiency. Features include a silvery-gray sheen to the hair, large clumped melanosomes in hair shafts, and prominent mature melanosomes in cutaneous melanocytes with sparse pigmentation of adjacent keratinocytes. Immunologic abnormalities most often include impaired natural killer cell activity, absent delayed-type hypersensitivity, and impaired responses to mitogens. Impaired helper T cell function and hypogammaglobulinemia have also been described. The syndrome can be differentiated from Chediak-Higashi syndrome by pathognomonic light and electron microscopic features in skin and hair, and absence of consistent granulocyte abnormalities, but similarly carries a poor prognosis without bone marrow transplantation. We describe a patient with Griscelli syndrome who presented with hepatosplenomegaly, hepatitis, pancytopenia, and silvery hair in the newborn period.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Mancini
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA
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Mermall V, Post PL, Mooseker MS. Unconventional myosins in cell movement, membrane traffic, and signal transduction. Science 1998; 279:527-33. [PMID: 9438839 DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5350.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years genetic, biochemical, and cytolocalization data have implicated members of the myosin superfamily of actin-based molecular motors in a variety of cellular functions including membrane trafficking, cell movements, and signal transduction. The importance of myosins is illustrated by the identification of myosin genes as targets for disease-causing mutations. The task at hand is to decipher how the multitude of myosins function at both the molecular and cellular level-a task facilitated by our understanding of myosin structure and function in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mermall
- Department of Biology, Yale University 342 KBT, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Pastural E, Barrat FJ, Dufourcq-Lagelouse R, Certain S, Sanal O, Jabado N, Seger R, Griscelli C, Fischer A, de Saint Basile G. Griscelli disease maps to chromosome 15q21 and is associated with mutations in the myosin-Va gene. Nat Genet 1997; 16:289-92. [PMID: 9207796 DOI: 10.1038/ng0797-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Griscelli disease (OMIM 214450) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by pigmentary dilution, variable cellular immunodeficiency and onset of acute phases of uncontrolled lymphocyte and macrophage activation, leading to death in the absence of bone-marrow transplantation. The pigmentary dilution is characterized by a diffuse skin pigmentation, silvery hair, large clumps of pigments in the hair shafts (Fig. 1) and an accumulation of melanosomes in melanocytes, with abnormal transfer of the melanin granules to the keratinocytes. Immunological abnormalities are characterized by absent delayed-type cutaneous hypersensitivity and an impaired natural-killer cell function. A similar disorder has been described in the dilute lethal mouse--which, however, differs by the occurrence of a severe neurological disorder. The dilute locus encodes myosin-Va, a member of the unconventional myosin family. Myosins bind actin and produce mechanical force through ATP hydrolysis. Some members of this family are thought to participate in organelle-transport machinery. Because of the phenotype resulting in the dilute mouse and because of their potential role in intracellular transport, unconventional myosin-encoding genes were regarded as candidate genes for Griscelli disease. Here we report that the Griscelli disease locus co-localizes on chromosome 15q21 with the myosin-Va gene, MYO5a, and that mutations of this gene occur in two patients with the disease. Griscelli disease is therefore a human equivalent of dilute expression in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pastural
- Unité de Recherches sur le Dévelopement Normal et Pathologique de Systéme Immunitaire INSERM U429 Paris, France
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Göğüş S, Topçu M, Küçükali T, Akçören Z, Berkel I, Ersoy F, Günay M, Saatçi I. Griscelli syndrome: report of three cases. PEDIATRIC PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PEDIATRIC PATHOLOGY, AFFILIATED WITH THE INTERNATIONAL PAEDIATRIC PATHOLOGY ASSOCIATION 1995; 15:309-19. [PMID: 8597818 DOI: 10.3109/15513819509026966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The clinical features of three children with Griscelli syndrome and autopsy findings of two are presented. The patients were 5 years, 9 months, and 3 months old, respectively. Clinical features included partial albinism, hepatosplenomegaly, and various neurological symptoms. Light and electron microscopic studies of the skin were compatible with Griscelli syndrome. Postmortem examination of the viscera and central nervous system revealed lymphohistiocytic infiltration with erythrophagocytosis. Bilateral diffuse involvement of the central nervous system, cranial nerve, and spinal cord was detected in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Göğüş
- Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Klein C, Philippe N, Le Deist F, Fraitag S, Prost C, Durandy A, Fischer A, Griscelli C. Partial albinism with immunodeficiency (Griscelli syndrome). J Pediatr 1994; 125:886-95. [PMID: 7996360 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)82003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Partial albinism with immunodeficiency is a rare and fatal immunologic disorder characterized by pigmentary dilution and variable cellular immunodeficiency. To define the phenotype, therapy, and outcome, we retrospectively analyzed seven consecutive patients. Primary abnormalities included a silvery-grayish sheen to the hair, large pigment agglomerations in hair shafts, and an abundance of mature melanosomes in melanocytes, with reduced pigmentation of adjacent keratinocytes. Clinical onset occurred between the ages of 4 months and 4 years and was characterized by accelerated phases (lymphohistiocytic infiltration of multiple organs, including the brain and the meninges), triggered by viral and bacterial infections. Characteristic laboratory features included pancytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypoproteinemia. Consistent immunologic abnormalities were characterized by absent delayed-type cutaneous hypersensitivity and impaired natural killer cell function. Some patients had secondary hypogammaglobulinemia, impaired major histocompatibility complex-mediated cytotoxic effects, a decreased capacity of lymphocytes to trigger a mixed lymphocyte reaction, or various functional granulocytic abnormalities. The disease seems to be invariably lethal without bone marrow transplantation; the mean age at the time of death was 5 years. Bone marrow transplantation has been performed in three cases; two patients died in the immediate posttransplantation period of infectious complications, but one patient is cured after a follow-up of 5 years. We conclude that partial albinism with immunodeficiency (Griscelli syndrome) can be differentiated from Chédiak-Higashi syndrome by pathognomonic histologic features. One of the underlying immunologic defects may be a defective function of natural killer cells, predisposing the patient to virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome or accelerated phases. The prognosis is very poor unless early bone marrow transplantation is carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Klein
- Unité d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, INSERM Unité 132, Paris, France
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