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Pundalik S, Hanumappa KR, Giresha AS, Urs D, Rajashekarappa S, Muniyappa N, Jamballi G M, Kuaramkote Shivanna D, S Meti R, Anekere Dasappa Setty S, Thippegowda PB, Krishnappa DK. Corosolic Acid Inhibits Secretory Phospholipase A 2IIa as an Anti-Inflammatory Function and Exhibits Anti-Tumor Activity in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Bearing Mice. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:6905-6921. [PMID: 36619941 PMCID: PMC9811966 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s383441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is generally connected to tumour progression and development. The secretory phospholipase A2IIa (sPLA2IIa) is an important inflammatory enzyme that catalyse the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids into arachidonic and lysophosphatidic acid, which are the precursors for production of a lot of pro-inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and platelet activating factors, which involved in the proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, investigating safe and effective sPLA2IIa inhibitors as a therapeutic agent to treat cancer is indeed in need. Methods Anti-inflammatory function of corosolic acid was evaluated by docking it with sPLA2IIa enzyme, sPLA2IIa inhibition, calcium and substrate concentration-dependent assays; intrinsic fluorescence and UV-CD analysis; neutralisation of sPLA2IIa induced indirect hemolytic and edema. Evaluated the anticancer activity of corosolic acid by MTT assays and caspase-3 expression; the anti-tumour activity by EAC-induced cell line and interleukin 6 expression. Results The corosolic acid inhibits sPLA2IIa activity to 82.21±2.82%. The inhibition was evaluated by increasing calcium from 2.5 to 15 µM and substrate from 20 to 120 nM, it did not affect the level of inhibition. Corosolic acid altered the intrinsic fluorescence and UV-CD spectra of sPLA2IIa enzyme, indicating the direct interaction. It neutralised sPLA2IIa induced hemolytic activity from 97±1.23% to 15.75±1.44% and edema from 171.51±2.39% to 119.3±2.6%. Further, as antiproliferative activity, corosolic acid reduced the PC3 cell viability from 99.66±0.57% to 23±2.64% and suppressed LPS-induced IL-6 level from 94.35±2.2% to 34.36±2.4%. It increased mean survivability time from 30 to 38 days and displayed the drug-like qualities. Conclusion All the experimental results have proven the corosolic acid as an anti-inflammatory and anticancer molecule that may further be used to develop it as a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophiya Pundalik
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Jnana Kaveri Post Graduate Campus, Kodagu, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Aladahalli S Giresha
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Science, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepadarshan Urs
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Jnana Kaveri Post Graduate Campus, Kodagu, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Narayanappa Muniyappa
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Jnana Kaveri Post Graduate Campus, Kodagu, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjunatha Jamballi G
- Department of Chemistry FMKMC College Madikeri, Mangalore University Constituent College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Rajkumar S Meti
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Jnana Kaveri Post Graduate Campus, Kodagu, Karnataka, India
| | - Sathisha Anekere Dasappa Setty
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabhakar Bettadathunga Thippegowda
- Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Postgraduate Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India
| | - Dharmappa Kattepura Krishnappa
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Jnana Kaveri Post Graduate Campus, Kodagu, Karnataka, India,Correspondence: Dharmappa Kattepura Krishnappa, Email
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Sophiya P, Urs D, K. Lone J, Giresha AS, Krishna Ram H, Manjunatha JG, El-Serehy HA, Narayanappa M, Shankar J, Bhardwaj R, Ahmad Guru S, Dharmappa KK. Quercitrin neutralizes sPLA2IIa activity, reduces the inflammatory IL-6 level in PC3 cell lines, and exhibits anti-tumor activity in the EAC-bearing mice model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:996285. [PMID: 36324674 PMCID: PMC9620381 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.996285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human phospholipase A2 group IIa (sPLA2IIa) is an inflammatory enzyme that plays a significant role in tumorigenesis. Inhibiting the sPLA2IIa enzyme with an effective molecule can reduce the inflammatory response and halt cancer progression. The present study evaluates quercitrin, a biflavonoid, for sPLA2IIa inhibition and anticancer activity. Quercitrin inhibited sPLA2IIa activity to a greater extent-at 86.24% ± 1.41 with an IC50 value of 8.77 μM ± 0.9. The nature of sPLA2IIa inhibition was evaluated by increasing calcium concentration from 2.5 to 15 µM and substrate from 20 to 120 nM, which did not alter the level of inhibition. Intrinsic fluorescence and far UV-CD studies confirmed the direct interaction of quercitrin with the sPLA2IIa enzyme. This significantly reduced the sPLA2IIa-induced hemolytic activity and mouse paw edema from 97.32% ± 1.23-16.91% ± 2.03 and 172.87% ± 1.9-118.41% ± 2.53, respectively. As an anticancer activity, quercitrin reduced PC-3 cell viability from 98.66% ± 2.51-18.3% ± 1.52 and significantly decreased the IL-6 level in a dose-dependent manner from 98.35% ± 2.2-37.12% ± 2.4. It increased the mean survival time (MST) of EAC-bearing Swiss albino mice from 30 to 35 days. It obeyed Lipinski's rule of five, suggesting a druggable property. Thus, all the above experimental results were promising and encouraged further investigation into developing quercitrin as a therapeutic drug for both inflammatory diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Sophiya
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Jnana Kaveri Post Graduate campus, Mangalore University, Kushalanagar, India
| | - Deepadarshan Urs
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Jnana Kaveri Post Graduate campus, Mangalore University, Kushalanagar, India
| | - Jafar K. Lone
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - A. S. Giresha
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Science, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, India
| | - H. Krishna Ram
- Nisarga Research and Development Trust (T), Bengaluru, India
| | - J. G. Manjunatha
- Department of Chemistry, FMKMC College, Mangalore University Constituent College, Madikeri, India
| | - Hamed A. El-Serehy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Narayanappa
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Jnana Kaveri Post Graduate campus, Mangalore University, Kushalanagar, India
| | - J. Shankar
- Department of Studies in Food Technology, Davanagere University, Davanagere, India
| | - Ragini Bhardwaj
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur, India
| | - Sameer Ahmad Guru
- Department of Development of Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lurie Children Hospital, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - K. K. Dharmappa
- Inflammation Research Laboratory, Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Jnana Kaveri Post Graduate campus, Mangalore University, Kushalanagar, India
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Benrazzouk K, Ait Laaradia M, Ait Sidi Brahim M, Ouhaddou S, Ouhammou A, Chait A, Bekkouche K, Markouk M, Larhsini M. In vivo evaluation of antivenom activity of Adenocarpus anagyrifolius methanolic extract against Hottentotta gentili scorpion venom. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2033778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karima Benrazzouk
- Laboratory of Agri-Food, Biotechnology, and Valorization of Plant Resources; Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Medicinal Plants Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Mehdi Ait Laaradia
- Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropobiology and Environment, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Malika Ait Sidi Brahim
- Laboratory of Agri-Food, Biotechnology, and Valorization of Plant Resources; Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Medicinal Plants Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Soukaina Ouhaddou
- Laboratory of Agri-Food, Biotechnology, and Valorization of Plant Resources; Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Medicinal Plants Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Ouhammou
- Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Laboratory of Microbial, Biotechnology, Agrosciences and Environment, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abderrahman Chait
- Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropobiology and Environment, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Khalid Bekkouche
- Laboratory of Agri-Food, Biotechnology, and Valorization of Plant Resources; Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Medicinal Plants Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Markouk
- Laboratory of Agri-Food, Biotechnology, and Valorization of Plant Resources; Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Medicinal Plants Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Larhsini
- Laboratory of Agri-Food, Biotechnology, and Valorization of Plant Resources; Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Medicinal Plants Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
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Han K, Rong W, Wang Q, Qu J, Li Q, Bi K, Liu R. Time-dependent metabolomics study of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and its treatment: focus on the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7195-7209. [PMID: 32783128 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02852-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a common cerebrovascular disease with high mortality, and thrombolysis can cause more severe reperfusion injury. In clinical practice, Ginkgo biloba dispersible tablets combined with nimodipine have been widely used to reduce cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, but the mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. To explore this relationship, the change in metabolism between a sham operation group, a model group and an administration group was analyzed for the period after cerebral ischemia. Biochemical assays were used to assess injury extent and the therapeutic effects of different dosing regimens. A metabolomics method based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed to screen biomarkers in plasma of rats and analyze abnormal metabolic pathways. Using statistical analysis, corticosterone, glutamine, oleic acid, isoleucine, phenylalanine and sphingomyelin (d18:1/16:0) were screened as diagnostic biomarkers. The metabolic pathways perturbed by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion involved phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, retinol metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Analysis of the adjustment of biomarkers at different time points showed that the best time to evaluate the efficacy of combined administration is about 6 h after administration. Both pathological characteristics and metabolomics confirmed the better effect of the combined group than the individual groups. In this study, a non-targeted metabolomics method was developed to explore the mechanism of action of the combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion treatment, providing a theoretical basis for disease prognosis and treatment options. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefei Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiwei Rong
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - JiaMeng Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - KaiShun Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
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S Cesar PH, Trento MV, Sales TA, A Simão A, C Ramalho T, Marcussi S. Vanillic acid as phospholipase A 2 and proteases inhibitor: In vitro and computational analyses. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:486-496. [PMID: 32420666 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic inhibition by natural compounds may represent a valuable adjuvant in snakebite serum therapy. The objective in this work was to evaluate possible in vitro interactions between vanillic acid and enzymes from Bothrops spp. and Crotalus durissus terrificus venoms, and also suggest a theory as how they interact based on molecular docking. Vanillic acid inhibited the phospholipase activity induced by Bothrops alternatus (∼25% inhibition); the caseinolytic activity induced by Bothrops atrox (∼30%), Bothrops jararacussu (∼44%), and C. d. terrificus (∼33%); the fibrinogenolysis induced by B. jararacussu, B. atrox, and C. d. terrificus (100%); the serine protease activity induced by Bothrops moojeni (∼45%) and Bothrops jararaca (∼66%); the hemolytic activity induced by B. moojeni (∼26%); the thrombolysis activity induced by B. atrox (∼30%) and B. jararacussu (∼20%); and the thrombotic activity induced by C. d. terrificus (∼8%). The compound was also capable of delaying the coagulation time in citrated plasma by 60, 35, and 75 Sec, when incubated with B. moojeni, B. atrox, and B. jararaca, respectively. The results obtained expand the possibilities for future pharmaceutical use of vanillic acid, considering the high homology degree among human and snake venom phospholipases A2 and proteases (involved in chronic inflammatory diseases). Also, this compound can be used as adjuvant to improve currently available treatments for ophidism victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H S Cesar
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Marcus V Trento
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Thais A Sales
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Anderson A Simão
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Teodorico C Ramalho
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
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Anti-inflammatory activity of herb products from Licania rigida Benth. Complement Ther Med 2019; 45:254-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Diwan V, Brown L, Gobe GC. Adenine-induced chronic kidney disease in rats. Nephrology (Carlton) 2018; 23:5-11. [PMID: 29030945 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many animal models have been developed to study the causes and treatments of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans, an insidious disease resulting from kidney injury and characterized by persistent functional decline for more than 3 months, with or without evidence of structural deficit. The eventual outcome of CKD may be end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), where patients need dialysis or transplantation to survive. Cardiovascular disease is accelerated in patients with CKD and contributes to increased mortality, with the relationship between CKD and cardiovascular disease being bi-directional. Most animal models do not mimic the complexity of the human disease as many do not develop CKD-associated cardiovascular disease. The adenine diet model of CKD in rodents is an exception. The original adenine diet model produced rapid-onset kidney disease with extensive tubulointerstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, crystal formation and marked vessel calcification. Since then, lower adenine intake in rats has been found to induce slowly progressive kidney damage and cardiovascular disease. These chronic adenine diet models allow the characterization of relatively stable kidney and cardiovascular disease, similar to CKD in humans. In addition, interventions for reversal can be tested. Here the key features of the adenine diet model of CKD are noted, along with some limitations of other available models. In summary, the data presented here support the use of chronic low-dose adenine diet in rats as an easy and effective model for understanding human CKD, especially the links with cardiovascular disease, and developing potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Diwan
- UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lindsay Brown
- School of Health and Wellbeing, The University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence, Centre for Chronic Disease, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Kumar V, Bhatt PC, Rahman M, Patel DK, Sethi N, Kumar A, Sachan NK, Kaithwas G, Al-Abbasi FA, Anwar F, Verma A. Melastoma malabathricum Linn attenuates complete freund's adjuvant-induced chronic inflammation in Wistar rats via inflammation response. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:510. [PMID: 27927194 PMCID: PMC5142378 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural products use for arthritis treatment is gaining importance in the medical worldt. Various studies reports medical importance of Melastoma malabathricum Linn. (MM) (Melastomataceae), also known as "putki," has a broad range of health benefits, for its free radical scavenging constituents. The current investigation scrutinizes the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of MM against adjuvant-induced arthritis in experimental rats. METHODS High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used for estimation of phytochemical-constituents present in the MM extract. Protective effect of MM extract in Wistar rats was estimated using CFA-induced model. The rats were divided into different groups with six rats in each group. All animals received oral administration of MM and indomethacin for 28 days. The body weight and arthritic score were scrutinized at regular intervals. At the end of experimental protocol, the rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were used for antioxidant, hematological parameters, pro-inflammatory and inflammatory mediator, respectively. Histopathological observation was used to evaluate the protective effect of MM extract. RESULT & DISCUSSION Current study confirmed the preventive effect of MM against adjuvant-induced paw edema, paw redness and arthritic progression. MM significantly (P < 0.001) modulated the oxidative stress parameters as well as hematological parameter induced by CFA. The result also altered the distorted level of proinflammatory mediators and inflammatory mediator, which further reinforce the implication of MM in CFA induced arthritis. Histological analyses of joints of rats showed a reduction in the synovial hyperplasia and mononuclear infiltration in the MM treated group which provides evidence for the antiarthritic effect of MM. CONCLUSION From above parameters our study states that the MM is capable of restraining the alteration produced via adjuvant-induced arthritis in aminals. The repressing effect of MM could be attributed, at least in part, to antioxidant, hematological and anti-inflammatory effect. Figure Caption: Melastoma Malabathricum Linn Attenuates Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Chronic Inflammation in Wistar rats by Inflammation Response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Nautral Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (Deemed University), Allahabad, -211007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Prakash Chandra Bhatt
- Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mahfoozur Rahman
- Nautral Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (Deemed University), Allahabad, -211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Patel
- Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Nikunj Sethi
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208024, India
| | - Atul Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Nikhil Kumar Sachan
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208024, India
| | - Gaurav Kaithwas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (Central University), Vidya Vihar, Rai Bareli Road, Lucknow, 226025, India
| | - F A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amita Verma
- Bio-organic & Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, technology & Sciences (Deemed University), Allahabad, -211007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Joshi V, Umashankara M, Ramakrishnan C, Nanjaraj Urs AN, Suvilesh KN, Velmurugan D, Rangappa KS, Vishwanath BS. Dimethyl ester of bilirubin exhibits anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of secretory phospholipase A2, lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 598:28-39. [PMID: 27060751 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of arachidonic acid (AA) mediated by secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA (sPLA2IIA) is a hallmark of many inflammatory disorders. AA is subsequently converted into pro-inflammatory eicosanoids through 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and cyclooxygenase-1/2 (COX-1/2) activities. Hence, inhibition of sPLA2IIA, 5-LOX and COX-1/2 activities is critical in regulating inflammation. We have previously reported unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), an endogenous antioxidant, as sPLA2IIA inhibitor. However, lipophilic UCB gets conjugated in liver with glucuronic acid into hydrophilic conjugated bilirubin (CB). Since hydrophobicity is pre-requisite for sPLA2IIA inhibition, conjugation reduces the efficacy of UCB. In this regard, UCB was chemically modified and derivatives were evaluated for sPLA2IIA, 5-LOX and COX-1/2 inhibition. Among the derivatives, BD1 (dimethyl ester of bilirubin) exhibited ∼ 3 fold greater inhibitory potency towards sPLA2IIA compared to UCB. Both UCB and BD1 inhibited human 5-LOX and COX-2 activities; however only BD1 inhibited AA induced platelet aggregation. Molecular docking studies demonstrated BD1 as better inhibitor of aforesaid enzymes than UCB and other endogenous antioxidants. These data suggest that BD1 exhibits strong anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of AA cascade enzymes which is of great therapeutic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Joshi
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - M Umashankara
- Department of Chemistry, Karnataka State Open University, Mukthagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandrasekaran Ramakrishnan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kanve Nagaraj Suvilesh
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Devadasan Velmurugan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Vásquez J, Alarcón JC, Jiménez SL, Jaramillo GI, Gómez-Betancur IC, Rey-Suárez JP, Jaramillo KM, Muñoz DC, Marín DM, Romero JO. Main plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of snake bites n the regions of the department of Antioquia, Colombia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 170:158-166. [PMID: 25975514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE In Colombia, more than 4.000 ophidian accidents occur per year and due to the scarce distribution and limited availability of antivenom, the use of traditional medicine has been perpetuated in some of its rural communities, in which initially, those affected are treated by healers and shamans using medicinal plants in different ways. METHODS Research was conducted with renowned healers or connoisseurs of plants on the ethnobotany of ophidian accidents in five different areas and their municipalities of Antioquia: Magdalena Medio (Caracolí, Puerto Berrío); Bajo Cauca (Caucasia, Zaragoza); Nordeste (San Roque, Yalí); Norte (Gómez Plata, Valdivia); Suroeste (Ciudad Bolívar, Salgar); collecting information related to experience and time of use of plants in the treatment of these poisonings, amounts used, ways of use (beverage, bathing, ointment, chupaderas, vapors), preparation types (maceration or decoction) and treatment duration. RESULTS 71 plant species were identified and collected, 49.29% of them without previous reports as antiophidian and 38.0% employed for the same purpose in other geographical areas. The leaves (24.82%), stems (11.68%) and flowers (10.95%) were found to be the most frequently employed structures in the preparation of the extracts, which are usually prepared by decoction (83.94%), maceration (6.57%). CONCLUSIONS In this work, specimens lacking previous ethnobotanical reports have been found, plants used by ethnic groups from other regions of Antioquia and the world to treat snake bites; and herbaceous plants whose inhibitory activity of symptoms produced by some snake venoms, has been experimentally verified by in vivo and in vitro tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Vásquez
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Juan C Alarcón
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Silvia L Jiménez
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Gloria I Jaramillo
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | | | - J Paola Rey-Suárez
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Karen M Jaramillo
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Diana C Muñoz
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Daniela M Marín
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Jefferson O Romero
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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11
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Dévora S, Abdala S, Martín-Herrera D. Peripheral Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Smilax canariensis in an Animal Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2015.68040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Toffoli-Kadri MC, Carollo CA, Lourenço LD, Felipe JL, Néspoli JHB, Wollf LGC, Resende GMS, de Lima JR, Franco VNP, Vieira MDC, de Siqueira JM. In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory properties of Achyrocline alata (Kunth) DC. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:461-468. [PMID: 24632016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Achyrocline alata is a locally marketed (Mato Grosso do Sul/ Brazil) herb used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory and a sedative. Evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of Achyrocline alata in both in vivo and in vitro models. MATERIALS AND METHODS A hydroethanolic extract from inflorescences of Achyrocline alata (HEAa) was characterized by HPLC-DAD and compared to standards (chlorogenic acid; isoquercetrin; quercetin; 4,2',4'-trihydroxy-6'-methoxychalcone; gnaphalin; 3-O-methyl-quercetin; 3,5-dicaffeoyl-quinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoyl-quinic acid). The in vivo anti-inflammatory properties of the HEAa (4, 20 and 100 mg/kg, per os) were evaluated using the following animal models: carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, carrageenan-induced vascular permeability and peritonitis in mice and an acetic acid-induced writhing model to test antihyperalgesic activity in mice. In vitro assays were performed to study the effects of the HEAa (0.16, 0.8 and 4 mg/ml) on the cell viability, cell spreading and production of NO and H2O2 in stimulated macrophages. RESULTS The A. alata extract inhibited the development of edema and vascular permeability, reduced polymorphonuclear cell recruitment in the acute peritonitis assay and decreased the amount of writhing induced by acetic acid. The HEAa did not increase NO/H2O2 production, while it did inhibit production when the macrophages were stimulated by LPS or PMA at all tested concentrations. In the presence of HEAa, macrophage spreading did not increase even after stimulation with LPS. Additionally, the HEAa was nontoxic to macrophages at all tested concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The HEAa displayed anti-inflammatory and antihyperalgesic effects, which supports the use of this plant in folk medicine. These effects might be due to the flavonoids and phenylpropanoids derivatives present in the HEAa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Letícia Dias Lourenço
- Laboratório de Biofisiofarmacologia, UFMS,CP 549, 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria do Carmo Vieira
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, CP 322, 79825-070, Dourados-MS, Brazil
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13
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All-Trans-Retinoic Acid Rescues Neurons After Global Ischemia by Attenuating Neuroinflammatory Reactions. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2604-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Venkatesh M, Gowda V. Synergistically acting PLA₂: peptide hemorrhagic complex from Daboia russelii venom. Toxicon 2013; 73:111-20. [PMID: 23872188 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are complex mixture of enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins. Non-covalent protein-protein interaction leads to protein complexes, which bring about enhanced pharmacological injuries by their synergistic action. Here we report identification and characterization of a new Daboia russelii hemorrhagic complex I (DR-HC-I) containing phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) and non-enzymatic peptide. DR-HC-I was isolated from the venom of D. russelii by CM-Shepadex-C25 and gel permeation chromatography. Individual components were purified and identified by RP-HPL chromatography, mass spectrometry and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. DR-HC-I complex was lethal to mice with the LD₅₀ dose of 0.7 mg/kg body weight with hemorrhagic and neurotoxic properties. DR-HC-I complex consists of non-hemorrhagic PLA₂ and neurotoxic non-enzymatic peptide. The non-enzymatic peptide quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of PLA₂ in a dose dependent manner, signifying the synergistic interaction between two proteins. PLA₂ and peptide toxin in a 5:2 M ratio induced skin hemorrhage in mice with MHD 20 μg. However, addition of ANS (1-Anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate) to DR-HC-I complex inhibited skin hemorrhagic effect and also synergic interaction. But there was no impact on PLA₂ due to this synergistic interaction, and indirect hemolytic or plasma re-calcification activity. However, the synergistic interaction of PLA₂ and non-enzymatic peptide contributes to the enhanced venom-induced hemorrhage and toxicity of Daboia russellii venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhukumar Venkatesh
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India
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15
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Toyama DDO, Diz Filho EBDS, Cavada BS, da Rocha BAM, de Oliveira SCB, Cotrim CA, Soares VCG, Delatorre P, Marangoni S, Toyama MH. Umbelliferone induces changes in the structure and pharmacological activities of Bn IV, a phospholipase A2 isoform isolated from Bothrops neuwiedi. Toxicon 2011; 57:851-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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17
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Santos ML, Toyama DO, Oliveira SCB, Cotrim CA, Diz-Filho EBS, Fagundes FHR, Soares VCG, Aparicio R, Toyama MH. Modulation of the pharmacological activities of secretory phospholipase A2 from Crotalus durissus cascavella induced by naringin. Molecules 2011; 16:738-61. [PMID: 21245808 PMCID: PMC6259155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we have characterized the action of the naringin, a flavonoid found in grapefruit and known for its various pharmacological effects, which include antioxidant blood lipid lowering and anticancer activity, on the structure and biochemical activities of a secretory phospholipase A (sPLA2) from Crotalus durissus cascavella, an important protein involved in the releasinge of arachidonic acid in phospholipid membranes. sPLA2 was incubated with naringin (mol:mol) at 37 °C and a discrete reduction in the UV scanning signal and a modification of the circular dichroism spectra were observed after treatment with naringin, suggesting modifications of the secondary structure of the protein. This flavonoid was able to decrease enzymatic activity and some pharmacological effects, such as myonecrosis, platelet aggregation, and neurotoxic activity caused by sPLA2, however, the inflammatory effect was not affected by naringin. In addition, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data were collected for sPLA2 and naringin-treated sPLA2 to evaluate possible modifications of the protein structure. These structural investigations have shown that sPLA2 is an elongated dimer in solution and after treatment with naringin a conformational change in the dimeric configuration was observed. Our results suggest that structural modification may be correlated with the loss of enzymatic activity and alterations in pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L. Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Simone C. B. Oliveira
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila A. Cotrim
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio H. R. Fagundes
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Veronica C. G. Soares
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Aparicio
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia, Instituto de Química, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos H. Toyama
- Laboratório de Macromoléculas Química, UNESP/CLP, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Chemical modification of ascorbic acid and evaluation of its lipophilic derivatives as inhibitors of secretory phospholipase A2 with anti-inflammatory activity. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 345:69-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Pedersen PJ, Adolph SK, Subramanian AK, Arouri A, Andresen TL, Mouritsen OG, Madsen R, Madsen MW, Peters GH, Clausen MH. Liposomal Formulation of Retinoids Designed for Enzyme Triggered Release. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3782-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100190c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Palle J. Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201 and 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sidsel K. Adolph
- LiPlasome Pharma A/S, Technical University of Denmark, Diplomvej 378, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Arun K. Subramanian
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201 and 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ahmad Arouri
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, MEMPHYS−Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ole G. Mouritsen
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, MEMPHYS−Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Robert Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201 and 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mogens W. Madsen
- LiPlasome Pharma A/S, Technical University of Denmark, Diplomvej 378, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Günther H. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201 and 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201 and 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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Christensen MS, Pedersen PJ, Andresen TL, Madsen R, Clausen MH. Isomerization of all-(E)-Retinoic Acid Mediated by Carbodiimide Activation - Synthesis of ATRA Ether Lipid Conjugates. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Genistein, a potent inhibitor of secretory phospholipase A2: a new insight in down regulation of inflammation. Inflammopharmacology 2009; 18:25-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-009-0018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Toyama DO, Marangoni S, Diz-Filho EBS, Oliveira SCB, Toyama MH. Effect of umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin, 7-HOC) on the enzymatic, edematogenic and necrotic activities of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) isolated from Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom. Toxicon 2009; 53:417-26. [PMID: 19470355 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids, coumarins and other polyphenolic compounds are powerful antioxidants both in hydrophilic and lipophylic environments with diverse pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory activity. Despite being widely used as powerful therapeutic agents for blood coagulation disorders, more specifically to control some serine protease enzymes, the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of coumarins is unknown, unlike that of flavonoids. Although their controlling effect on serine proteases is well acknowledged, their action on secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) remains obscure. The present study describes the interaction between umbelliferone (7-HOC) and the sPLA2 from Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom. In vitro inhibition of sPLA2 enzymatic activity by 7-HOC was estimated using 4N3OBA as substrate, resulting in an irreversible decrease in such activity proportional to 7-HOC concentration. The biophysical interaction between 7-HOC and sPLA2 was examined by fluorescent spectral analysis and circular dichroism studies. Results from both techniques clearly showed that 7-HOC strongly modified the secondary structure of this enzyme and CD spectra revealed that it strongly decreased sPLA2 alpha-helical conformation. In addition, two-dimensional electrophoresis indicated an evident difference between HPLC-purified native and 7-HOC-treated sPLA2s, which were used in pharmacological experiments to compare their biological activities. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by the sPLA2-induced mouse paw edema model, in which 7-HOC presented an effect similar to those of dexamethasone and cyproheptadine against the pro-inflammatory effect induced by native sPLA2 on the mouse paw edema, mast cell degranulation and skin edema. On the other hand, 7-HOC exhibited a more potent inhibitory effect on sPLA2 than that of p-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB). Our data suggest that 7-HOC interacts with sPLA2 and causes some structural modifications that lead to a sharp decrease or inhibition of the edematogenic and myotoxic activities of this enzyme, indicating its potential use to suppress inflammation induced by sPLA2 from the snake venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Toyama
- Centro de Cidncias Biológicas e da Saúde, Univesidade Mackenzie, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Da Silva SL, Calgarotto AK, Chaar JS, Marangoni S. Isolation and characterization of ellagic acid derivatives isolated from Casearia sylvestris SW aqueous extract with anti-PLA2 activity. Toxicon 2008; 52:655-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Jameel NM, Shekhar MA, Vishwanath BS. α-lipoic acid: An inhibitor of secretory phospholipase A2 with anti-inflammatory activity. Life Sci 2006; 80:146-53. [PMID: 17011589 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and its reduced form dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) are powerful antioxidants both in hydrophilic and lipophylic environments with diverse pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory activity. The mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of ALA and DHALA is not known. The present study describes the interaction of ALA and DHALA with pro-inflammatory secretory PLA(2) enzymes from inflammatory fluids and snake venoms. In vitro enzymatic inhibition of sPLA(2) from Vipera russellii, Naja naja and partially purified sPLA(2) enzymes from human ascitic fluid (HAF), human pleural fluid (HPF) and normal human serum (HS) by ALA and DHLA was studied using (14)C-oleate labeled Escherichia coli as the substrate. Biophysical interaction of ALA with sPLA(2) was studied by fluorescent spectral analysis and circular dichroism studies. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was checked using sPLA(2) induced mouse paw edema model. ALA but not DHLA inhibited purified sPLA(2) enzymes from V. russellii, N. naja and partially purified HAF, HPF and HS in a dose dependent manner. This data indicated that ALA is critical for inhibition. IC(50) value calculated for these enzymes ranges from 0.75 to 3.0 microM. The inhibition is independent of calcium and substrate concentration. Inflammatory sPLA(2) enzymes are more sensitive to inhibition by ALA than snake venom sPLA(2) enzymes. ALA quenched the fluorescence intensity of sPLA(2) enzyme in a dose dependent manner. Apparent shift in the far UV-CD spectra of sPLA(2) with ALA indicated change in its alpha-helical confirmation and these results suggest its direct interaction with the enzyme. ALA inhibits the sPLA(2) induced mouse paw edema in a dose dependent manner and confirms the sPLA(2) inhibitory activity in vivo also. These data suggest that ALA may act as an endogenous regulator of sPLA(2) enzyme activity and suppress inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Mohamed Jameel
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570006, Karnataka, India
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25
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Issa AY, Volate SR, Wargovich MJ. The role of phytochemicals in inhibition of cancer and inflammation: New directions and perspectives. J Food Compost Anal 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Jameel NM, Frey BM, Frey FJ, Gowda TV, Vishwanath BS. Inhibition of secretory phospholipase A(2) enzyme by bilirubin: a new role as endogenous anti-inflammatory molecule. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 276:219-25. [PMID: 16132704 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-4441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bilirubin is a powerful antioxidant that suppresses the inflammatory process. However its interaction with proinflammatory PLA(2) enzyme is not known. Inhibition of several secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) enzyme activities by bilirubin was studied using (14)C-oleate labeled Escherichia coli as substrate. Bilirubin inhibits purified sPLA(2) enzyme from Vipera russellii and Naja naja venom and partially purified sPLA(2) enzymes from human ascitic fluid, pleural fluid and normal serum in a dose dependent manner. IC(50) values calculated for these enzymes ranges from 1.75 to 10.5 microM. Inflammatory human sPLA(2) enzymes are more sensitive to inhibition by bilirubin than snake venom sPLA(2)s. Inhibition of sPLA(2) activity by bilirubin is independent of calcium concentration. Increasing substrate concentration (upto 180 nmol) did not relieve the inhibition of sPLA(2) by bilirubin and it is irreversible. Bilirubin quenched the relative fluorescence intensity of sPLA(2) in a dose dependent manner in the same concentration range at which in vitro sPLA(2) inhibition was observed. In the presence of bilirubin, apparent shift in the far UV-CD spectra of sPLA(2) was observed, indicating a direct interaction with the enzyme. Inhibition of sPLA(2) induced mouse paw edema by bilirubin confirms its sPLA(2) inhibitory activity in vivo also. These findings indicate that inhibition of sPLA(2) by bilirubin is mediated by direct interaction with the enzyme and bilirubin may act as an endogenous regulator of sPLA(2) enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Mohamed Jameel
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570 006, India.
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27
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Mey J. New therapeutic target for CNS injury? The role of retinoic acid signaling after nerve lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 66:757-79. [PMID: 16688771 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Experiments with sciatic nerve lesions and spinal cord contusion injury demonstrate that the retinoic acid (RA) signaling cascade is activated by these traumatic events. In both cases the RA-synthesizing enzyme is RALDH-2. In the PNS, lesions cause RA-induced gene transcription, intracellular translocation of retinoid receptors, and increased transcription of CRBP-I, CRABP-II, and retinoid receptors. The activation of RARbeta appears to be responsible for neurotrophic and neuritogenic effects of RA on dorsal root ganglia and embryonic spinal cord. While the physiological role of RA in the injured nervous system is still under investigation three domains of functions are suggested: (1) neuroprotection and support of axonal growth, (2) modulation of the inflammatory reaction by microglia/macrophages, and (3) regulation of glial differentiation. Few studies have been performed to support nerve regeneration with RA signals in vivo, but a large number of experiments with neuronal and glial cell cultures and spinal cord explants point to beneficial effects of RA, so that future therapeutic approaches will likely focus on the activation of RA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Mey
- Institut für Biologie II, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
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28
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Iglesias CV, Aparicio R, Rodrigues-Simioni L, Camargo EA, Antunes E, Marangoni S, de Oliveira Toyama D, Beriam LOS, Monteiro HSA, Toyama MH. Effects of morin on snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Toxicon 2005; 46:751-8. [PMID: 16185736 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are potent anti-inflammatory compounds isolated from several plant extracts, and have been used experimentally against inflammatory processes. In this work, a PLA2 isolated from the Crotalus durissus cascavella venom and rat paw oedema were used as a model to study the effect of flavonoids on PLA2. We observed that a treatment of PLA2 with morin induces several modifications in the aromatic amino acids, with accompanying changes in its amino acid composition. In addition, results from circular dichroism spectroscopy and UV scanning revealed important structural modifications. Concomitantly, a considerable decrease in the enzymatic and antibacterial activities was observed, even though anti-inflammatory and neurotoxic activities were not affected. These apparent controversial results may be an indication that PLA2 possess a second pharmacological site which does not affect or depend on the enzymatic activity.
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29
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Kim BH, Kang KS, Lee YS. Effect of retinoids on LPS-induced COX-2 expression and COX-2 associated PGE(2) release from mouse peritoneal macrophages and TNF-alpha release from rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Toxicol Lett 2004; 150:191-201. [PMID: 15093674 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Revised: 12/31/2003] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory activity of retinoids has been demonstrated earlier, but their mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of retinoids on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced prostaglandin (PG) E(2) production, an indicator of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, and COX-2 protein expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha release in rat peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) to elucidate their possible mechanism for anti-inflammation. All-trans retinoic acid (t-RA) and all-trans retinol significantly inhibited a LPS-induced PGE(2) production as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and COX-2 protein expression as assessed by Western blot assay in mouse peritoneal macrophages, after knocking out the COX-1 activity by aspirin. All-trans retinoic acid, but not all-trans retinol, inhibited LPS-induced TNF-alpha release as assessed by ELISA in rat PBMC. These findings suggest that the modulation of COX-2 and TNF-alpha release could be one of the possible pathways by which retinoids function as anti-inflammatory agents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Enzyme Induction
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Isoenzymes/biosynthesis
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/enzymology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Retinoids/pharmacology
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Vitamin A/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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30
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Kawaii S, Lansky EP. Differentiation-Promoting Activity of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Fruit Extracts in HL-60 Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells. J Med Food 2004; 7:13-8. [PMID: 15117547 DOI: 10.1089/109662004322984644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation refers to the ability of cancer cells to revert to their normal counterparts, and its induction represents an important noncytotoxic therapy for leukemia, and also breast, prostate, and other solid malignancies. Flavonoids are a group of differentiation-inducing chemicals with a potentially lower toxicology profile than retinoids. Flavonoid-rich polyphenol fractions from the pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit exert anti-proliferative, anti-invasive, anti-eicosanoid, and pro-apoptotic actions in breast and prostate cancer cells and anti-angiogenic activities in vitro and in vivo. Here we tested flavonoid-rich fractions from fresh (J) and fermented (W) pomegranate juice and from an aqueous extraction of pomegranate pericarps (P) as potential differentiation-promoting agents of human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. Four assays were used to assess differentiation: nitro blue tetrazolium reducing activity, nonspecific esterase activity, specific esterase activity, and phagocytic activity. In addition, the effect of these extracts on HL-60 proliferation was evaluated. Extracts W and P were strong promoters of differentiation in all settings, with extract J showing only a relatively mild differentiation-promoting effect. The extracts had proportional inhibitory effects on HL-60 cell proliferation. The results highlight an important, previously unknown, mechanism of the cancer preventive and suppressive potential of pomegranate fermented juice and pericarp extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kawaii
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Tokyo Denki University, Saitama, Japan
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Cheng YW, Li CH, Lee CC, Kang JJ. Alpha-naphthoflavone induces vasorelaxation through the induction of extracellular calcium influx and NO formation in endothelium. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2003; 368:377-85. [PMID: 14564451 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-003-0820-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2003] [Accepted: 09/05/2003] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of alpha-naphthoflavone (alpha-NF) on vascular function was studied in isolated ring segments of the rat thoracic aorta and in primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). alpha-NF induced concentration-dependent relaxation of the phenylephrine-precontracted aorta endothelium-dependently and -independently at lower and higher concentrations, respectively. The cGMP, but not cAMP, content was increased significantly in alpha-NF-treated aorta. Pretreatment with N(omega)-nitro- l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or methylene blue attenuated both alpha-NF induced vasorelaxation and the increase of cGMP content significantly. The increase of cGMP content induced by alpha-NF was also inhibited by chelating extracellular Ca(2+) with EGTA. These results suggest that the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation induced by alpha-NF is mediated most probably through Ca(2+)-dependent activation of NO synthase and guanylyl cyclase. In HUVECs, alpha-NF induced concentration-dependent formation of NO and Ca(2+) influx. alpha-NF-induced NO formation was abolished by removal of extracellular Ca(2+) and by pretreatment with the Ca(2+) channel blockers SKF 96365 and Ni(2+), but not by the L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker verapamil. The Ca(2+) influx, as measured by (45)Ca(2+) uptake, induced by alpha-NF was also inhibited by SKF 96365 and Ni(2+). Our data imply that alpha-NF, at lower concentrations, induces endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by promoting extracellular Ca(2+) influx in endothelium and the activation of the NO-cGMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan
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Cheng J, Kondo K, Suzuki Y, Ikeda Y, Meng X, Umemura K. Inhibitory effects of total flavones of Hippophae Rhamnoides L on thrombosis in mouse femoral artery and in vitro platelet aggregation. Life Sci 2003; 72:2263-71. [PMID: 12628446 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Total flavones of Hippophae Rhamnoides L (TFH) are extracted from Sea buckthorn, a Chinese herbal medicine. Sea buckthorn has antioxidant, anti-ulcerogenic and hepato-protective actions, and its berry oil is reported to suppress platelet aggregation. Though it is frequently used for patients with thrombosis, the likely mechanism(s) and effects of TFH on thrombogenesis remain unclear. Thus, we have investigated the effect in-vivo of TFH on thrombogenesis and in vitro on platelet aggregation, comparing them to those of aspirin. We measured thrombotic occlusion time in a mouse femoral artery thrombosis model by the photochemical reaction between intravenously injected rose bengal and green light irradiation. In vitro platelet aggregation in whole blood was measured by single platelet counting. Thrombotic occlusion time was 8.5 +/- 0.6 min in the control group. TFH at a dose of 300 micro g/kg, intravenously administered 15 min before the rose bengal injection, significantly prolonged it to 11.6 +/- 1.0 min (P < 0.05), a similar effect on in-vivo thrombogenesis to that of aspirin. TFH at a concentration of 3.0 micro g/ml significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited in vitro platelet aggregation induced by collagen (2 micro g/ml) in a concentration dependent manner, in contrast TFH did not affect aggregation induced by arachidonic acid (80 micro M) and ADP (0.3 micro M). The results of the present study, in which TFH prevented in-vivo thrombogenesis, probably due to inhibition of platelet aggregation, suggest a possible clinical approach for the prevention of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
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Oksala NKJ, Oksala A, Paavonen T, Alhava E, Paimela H. Heat shock preconditioning modulates proliferation and apoptosis after superficial injury in isolated guinea pig gastric mucosa via an eicosanoid and protein synthesis-dependent mechanism. APMIS 2003; 111:497-506. [PMID: 12780525 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2003.1110408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM In restitution after superficial injury of the gastric mucosa, the epithelial continuity is restored by cellular migration. We have shown that heat shock preconditioning inhibits restitution after superficial injury. This study investigates the effect of heat shock preconditioning on tissue proliferation and apoptosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Paired guinea pig gastric mucosae were mounted and perfused in Ussing chambers (37 degrees C). After heat shock preconditioning (42 degrees C) (30 min) and normothermic recovery (37 degrees C) (150 min) or normothermic perfusion, a superficial injury was induced by luminal exposure to 1.25 mol/L NaCl (5 min) followed by a 3 h restitution. During perfusion, the mucosa was exposed to 30 micromol/L arachidonic acid (AA) to enhance heat shock response, to 50 micromol/L quercetin (Q) to inhibit the metabolism of arachidonic acid via lipoxygenases, to 50 micromol/L indomethacin (In) to inhibit the metabolism of arachidonic acid via cyclo-oxygenases, or to 150 micromol/L cycloheximide (CHX) to inhibit de novo protein synthesis. After the experiment the mucosa was prepared for immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of Mib-1 proliferation antigen and pro-apoptotic protein Bax. RESULTS Heat shock decreased Mib-1/Bax ratio and this effect was maintained after superficial injury and exposure to Q, to AA+CHX or to In+CHX. Exposure to CHX, to AA, to In+Q, to In+AA, In+AA+Q or to In+AA+CHX, however, blocked the effect of heat shock preconditioning. The decreasing effect of heat shock preconditioning on Mib-1/Bax ratio could be reversed by exposure to AA+Q or to In. CONCLUSION The heat-preconditioning-induced effects on the mucosa are reversible and sensitive to exogenous pharmacological modulation. Heat shock preconditioning inhibits proliferation of superficially injured isolated gastric mucosa by a mechanism involving eicosanoid pathways and de novo protein synthesis.
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Kim HR, Pham HT, Ziboh VA. Flavonoids differentially inhibit guinea pig epidermal cytosolic phospholipase A2. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2001; 65:281-6. [PMID: 11993721 DOI: 10.1054/plef.2001.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is believed to involve the regulation of essential cellular processes. Like other cell types, epidermal cPLA2 may participate in various metabolic processes including eicosanoid generation. In this investigation, we demonstrated the presence of cPLA2 in guinea pig epidermis. The epidermal cPLA2 is Ca2+-dependent, active at micromolar concentration of Ca2+ and resistant to disulfide-reducing agents. Furthermore, it is inhibited by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP), a selective inhibitor of cPLA2, while 12-epi-scalardial (a sPLA2 inhibitor) did not cause inhibition. A test of several flavonoids revealed that quercetin (flavonol) weakly inhibited cPLA2, while flavanone had negligible inhibitory activity. In contrast, amentoflavone and ginkgetin (biflavones) markedly inhibited cPLA2 activity in the epidermis. These results underscore that different flavonoids do vary in their capability to exert differential effects on arachidonate metabolism in the skin via modulation of epidermal cPLA2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Kim
- Colleges of Pharmacy, Kangweon National University, Korea
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Guardia T, Rotelli AE, Juarez AO, Pelzer LE. Anti-inflammatory properties of plant flavonoids. Effects of rutin, quercetin and hesperidin on adjuvant arthritis in rat. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2001; 56:683-7. [PMID: 11680812 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(01)01111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory activities of three flavonoids were investigated in rats using the Mizushima et al. model of acute and chronic inflammation. Intraperitoneal administration of rutin, quercetin (flavonols) and hesperidin (flavanone), given at daily doses equivalent to 80 mg/kg, inhibited both acute and chronic phases of this experimental model of inflammation. Rutin was the most active in the chronic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Guardia
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina
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36
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Effects of flavonoids on gastrointestinal disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(01)80019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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37
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Lindahl M, Tagesson C. Flavonoids as phospholipase A2 inhibitors: importance of their structure for selective inhibition of group II phospholipase A2. Inflammation 1997; 21:347-56. [PMID: 9246576 DOI: 10.1023/a:1027306118026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of the plant flavonoid, rutin, on group I phospholipase A2 (PLA2-I) from porcine pancreas and Naja naja, and on group II phospholipase A2 (PLA2-II) from Vipera russelli and Crotalus atrox was investigated. Rutin efficiently inhibited PLA2-II from both Vipera russelli and Crotalus atrox but was only a weak inhibitor of PLA2-I from porcine pancreas and Naja naja. The lack of strong inhibition of pancreatic PLA2-I was not due to contaminating proteins in the enzyme preparation, since the same weak inhibition was obtained against pancreatic PLA2 purified to homogeneity as judged by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Rutin also efficiently inhibited human PLA2-II from synovial fluid but was only a weak inhibitor of human PLA2-I from pancreatic juice, suggesting that rutin is a selective PLA2-I from porcine pancreas. The results obtained indicate that the hydroxyl group in 5-position as well as the double bond and the double-bonded oxygen in the oxane ring are all important for the overall ability of flavonoids to inhibit PLA2 activity, and that the hydroxyl groups in 3'- and 4'- position are required for selective inhibition of PLA2-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lindahl
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Sweden
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Gil B, Sanz MJ, Terencio MC, Gunasegaran R, Payá M, Alcaraz MJ. Morelloflavone, a novel biflavonoid inhibitor of human secretory phospholipase A2 with anti-inflammatory activity. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 53:733-40. [PMID: 9113093 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(96)00773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The flavanonylflavone morelloflavone inhibited secretory phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in vitro, with a high potency on the human recombinant synovial and bee venom enzymes (IC50 = 0.9 and 0.6 microM, respectively). The inhibition was apparently irreversible. In contrast, the compound was inactive on cytosolic PLA2 activity from human monocytes. Morelloflavone scavenged reactive oxygen species generated by human neutrophils (IC50 = 2.7 and 1.8 microM for luminol and lucigenin, respectively) but did not modify cellular responses such as degranulation or eicosanoid release. This biflavonoid exerted anti-inflammatory effects in animal models, with a potent inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation in mice after topical administration. In this test, morelloflavone was found to decrease oedema and myeloperoxidase levels in ear homogenates ID50 = 58.5 and 74.3 micrograms/ear, respectively). In contrast, this biflavonoid failed to modify arachidonic acid-induced ear inflammation or eicosanoid levels in ear homogenates. A significant anti-inflammatory effect was also observed in the mouse paw carrageenan edema after oral administration, with the highest inhibition at 3 hr after induction of inflammation. Morelloflavone is an inhibitor of secretory PLA2 with selectivity for groups II and III enzymes and may be a pharmacological tool. In addition, it shows anti-inflammatory activity apparently not related to the synthesis of eicosanoids, but likely dependent on other mechanisms such as scavenging of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gil
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, Spain
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Laplaud PM, Lelubre A, Chapman MJ. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on human low density lipoproteins in vitro: initial observations. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1997; 11:35-40. [PMID: 9182074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.1997.tb00166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative modifications of low density lipoproteins (LDL) are now recognised as one of the major processes in atherogenesis. Various drugs, as well as a number of natural products, have been proposed to inhibit such processes. Among the naturally-occurring constituents of plants which appear to possess antioxidant activity are polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids. The aqueous extract of Vaccinium myrtillus is rich in such molecules. In this report, we describe the in vitro antioxidative potential of this extract on human LDL. The copper-induced oxidative modification of these lipoproteins was assessed using 1) measurement of oxidative resistance as determined by the lag-phase preceding conjugated diene formation; 2) quantification of the amount of lipoperoxides and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances generated, and measurement of the modification in the net negative electrical charge of the lipoproteins, over a 7-hour time course experiment. Trace amounts of V myrtillus extract (15 to 20 micrograms/mL) induce statistically significant changes in the oxidation behaviour of LDL, which include 1) prolongation of the lag-phase of conjugated diene production (P < 0.01); 2) reduction in the formation of lipoperoxides and of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances up to 7 hours and especially between 1 and 5 hours (P < 0.01); and 3) inhibition of modification in the net negative charge of LDL. These results demonstrate that V myrtillus extract exerts potent protective action on LDL particles during in vitro copper-mediated oxidation. Calculation of IC50 values indicates that, on a molar basis, this extract may indeed be more potent than either ascorbic acid or butylated hydroxytoluene in the protection of LDL particles from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Laplaud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Unité 321 Lipoprotéines et Athérogénèse, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France
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40
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Vishwanath BS, Eichenberger W, Frey FJ, Frey BM. Interaction of plant lipids with 14 kDa phospholipase A2 enzymes. Biochem J 1996; 320 ( Pt 1):93-9. [PMID: 8947472 PMCID: PMC1217902 DOI: 10.1042/bj3200093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several structurally related plant lipids were isolated and their effect was assessed on the enzyme activity of group I (pancreatic and Naja mocambique venom) and group II (Crotalus atrox venom) phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes, with labelled Escherichia coli as an enzyme substrate. The neutral monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and negatively charged diacylglyceryl alpha-D-glucuronide (DGGA) did not influence the enzyme activity of either group. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), another uncharged glycolipid, inhibited PLA2 activity in a dose-dependent manner to 60-70% of the control. Sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), which is also anionic, activated both groups of PLA2 enzyme. A similar activation was observed with the zwitterionic diacylglyceryl-O-(N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine) (DGTS) and diacylglyceryl-O-(hydroxymethyl)(N,N, N-trimethyl)-beta-alanine (DGTA). DGDG, SQDG and DGTS are dispersed homogeneously with low critical micelle concentrations (CMCs). The hydrodynamic radius of neutral DGDG is an order of magnitude larger than the charged lipids SQDG and DGTS. The inhibition of pig pancreatic PLA2 by DGDG was dependent on substrate concentration. The intrinsic fluorescence spectra of the enzyme was not changed in the presence of native or hydrogenated DGDG. Thus the inhibition is most probably due to a non-specific interaction of plant lipids with the substrate. Different lengths and saturations of the fatty acyl chains of DGDG did not alter the inhibition of PLA2, whereas deacylation abrogated the inhibitory effect. Both SQDG and DGTS activated pig pancreatic PLA2 in a dose-dependent manner. Saturation of the double bonds of these lipids decreased the activating effect. The fluorescence of pig pancreatic PLA2 incubated with SQDG and DGTS was enhanced by 2-fold and 3-fold respectively, suggesting the formation of a complex between enzyme and lipids. In conclusion, the effect of different plant lipids on PLA2 activity depends on different structural elements of the polar head group and their charge as well as the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acyl chains.
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Beard RL, Colon DF, Klein ES, Vorse KA, Chandraratna RA. Differential RXR & RAR activity of stilbene retinoid analogs bearing thiazole and imidazole carboxylic acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Beard RL, Gil DW, Marler DK, Henry E, Colon DF, Gillett SJ, Arefieg T, Breen TS, Krauss H, Davies PJ, Chandraratna RA. Structural basis for the differential RXR & RAR activity of stilbene retinoid analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
LIPIDAT is a computerized database providing access to the wealth of information scattered throughout the literature concerning synthetic and biologically derived polar lipid polymorphic and mesomorphic phase behavior. Here, a review of the LIPIDAT data subset referring to hydrated phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) is presented together with an analysis of these data. The PE subset represents 14% of all LIPIDAT records. It includes data collected over a 38-year period and consists of 1511 records obtained from 203 articles in 35 different journals. An analysis of the data in the subset has allowed us to identify trends in synthetic PE phase behavior reflecting changes in lipid chain length, chain unsaturation (number, isomeric type and position of double bonds), chain asymmetry and branching, type of chain-glycerol linkage (ether vs. ester) and headgroup modification. Also included is a summary of the data concerning the effect of pH, stereochemical purity, and different additives such as salts, saccharides, alcohols, amino adds and alkanes on PE phase behavior. Information on the phase behavior of biologically derived PE is also presented. This review includes 236 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Koynova
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1173
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45
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Gil B, Sanz MJ, Terencio MC, Ferrándiz ML, Bustos G, Payá M, Gunasegaran R, Alcaraz MJ. Effects of flavonoids on Naja naja and human recombinant synovial phospholipases A2 and inflammatory responses in mice. Life Sci 1994; 54:PL333-8. [PMID: 8190018 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(94)90021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Six flavonoid derivatives were tested for their influence on Naja naja and human recombinant synovial phospholipase A2. They showed a selectivity for the last enzyme with IC50 = 14.3, 17.6, 12.2 and 28.2 microM for quercetagetin, kaempferol-3-O-galactoside, scutellarein and scutellarein-7-O-glucuronide, respectively, while reduced effects were observed for hispidulin and hibifolin. After topical application all the flavonoids inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ear oedema in mice with a potency comparable to that of indomethacin and they were also able to inhibit carrageenan-induced mouse paw oedema at a dose of 150 mg/kg p.o. The blockade of the free hydroxyl at C-7 or C-6 reduced the anti-inflammatory activity and also the inhibitory effect on human recombinant synovial phospholipase A2. These results are in accordance with the notion that group II phospholipases A2 may play a role in experimental inflammation, although several mechanisms seems to be involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of this group of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gil
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, Spain
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46
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Abstract
The influence of quercetin, chlorpromazine, aristolochic acid, and indomethacin on group I phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from porcine pancreas and on group II PLA2 from Vipera russelli was compared. Quercetin and chlorpromazine were found to inhibit PLA2 activity in lower concentrations (< 100 microM), while aristolochic acid and indomethacin were inhibitory only in higher concentrations (> 100 microM). The order of potency against Vipera PLA2 was: quercetin > chlorpromazine > aristolochic acid > indomethacin, while the order of potency against pancreatic PLA2 was: chlorpromazine > aristolochic acid > indomethacin >> quercetin. Thus, quercetin was a potent inhibitor towards group II PLA2 (IC50 = 2 microM), but a very weak inhibitor against group I PLA2, with maximum 30% inhibition. Aristolochic acid and indomethacin were three to four times more potent towards group II PLA2 than towards group I PLA2, while chlorpromazine was equally potent towards the two PLA2 types. Quercetin and chlorpromazine were also tested against two PLA2 fractions purified from the plasma of septic shock patients; chlorpromazine was then equally potent towards the two PLA2 fractions, whereas quercetin was a potent inhibitor of only one of the two PLA2 fractions (IC50 = 4 microM). Together, these results indicate that (1) different PLA2 inhibitors have different potency depending on which type of PLA2 they are used against, (2) quercetin selectively inhibits group II PLA2 and may therefore be used to discriminate between different PLA2 forms in biological materials, and (3) both PLA2 of group I and group II are present in septic shock plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Linköping, Sweden
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Carabaza A, Cabré F, García AM, Gómez M, Sánchez J, Mauleón D, Carganico G. Inhibition of phospholipase A2 purified from human herniated disc. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 45:783-6. [PMID: 8442777 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90158-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect on human herniated intervertebral disc phospholipase A2 (HD-PLA2) of a number of retinoids, antirheumatic drugs and reported PLA2 inhibitors was evaluated using autoclaved [1-14C]-oleate-labeled Escherichia coli membranes as the substrate. Dexamethasone, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, aristolochic acid and retinol were inactive, whereas a marked inhibition was found for manoalide, retinal, nordihydroguaiaretic acid and p-bromophenacyl bromide after preincubation with the enzyme (IC50 values 0.25, 4, 5 and 5 microM, respectively). The results are parallel to those obtained with the PLA2 purified from human synovial fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carabaza
- R&D Department, Laboratorios Menarini S.A., Badalona, Spain
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Raghupathi R, Franson RC. Inhibition of phospholipase A2 by cis-unsaturated fatty acids: evidence for the binding of fatty acid to enzyme. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1126:206-14. [PMID: 1627624 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent phospholipases A2 are markedly inhibited in vitro by cis-unsaturated fatty acids (CUFAs) and to a much lesser extent by trans-unsaturated or saturated fatty acids. Thus, CUFAs may function as endogenous suppressors of lipolysis. To better understand the mechanism of inhibition, kinetic analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography were employed to demonstrate that CUFAs interact with a highly purified Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipase A2 from Naja mossambica mossambica venom. Arachidonate inhibited hydrolysis of both [1-14C]oleate-labelled, autoclaved Escherichia coli and [1-14C]linoleate-labelled phosphatidylethanolamine in an apparent competitive manner. When subjected to gel permeation chromatography, [3H]arachidonate, but not [3H]palmitate, comigrated with the enzyme. Arachidonic and other CUFAs increased the fluorescence intensity of the enzyme almost 2-fold in a dose-dependent fashion (50 microM = 180% of control); methyl arachidonate was without effect. Saturated fatty acids had only a modest effect on enzyme fluorescence (50 microM = 122% of control). Concentrations of arachidonate that inhibited in vitro enzymatic activity by almost 80% did not alter binding of phospholipase A2 to the E. coli substrate. Collectively, these data demonstrate that, while CUFAs selectively bind to the enzyme, they do not influence phospholipase A2-substrate interaction. Inhibition of in vitro phospholipase A2 activity by CUFAs may be mediated by the formation of an enzymatically inactive enzyme-substrate-inhibitor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Raghupathi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0614
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Anderson RA, Johnson SK, Bielfeld P, Feathergill KA, Zaneveld LJ. Characterization and inhibitor sensitivity of human sperm phospholipase A2: evidence against pivotal involvement of phospholipase A2 in the acrosome reaction. Mol Reprod Dev 1990; 27:305-25. [PMID: 2264993 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080270405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic properties and inhibitor sensitivity of human sperm phospholipase A2 (PLA2; EC 3.1.1.4) were studied. Phospholipase activity was isolated from human spermatozoa by acid extraction. Hydrolysis of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine was specific to the sn-2 position. Activity was sensitive to product inhibition (60% inhibition by 0.1 mM lysophosphatidylcholine). The effects of Ca2+ and sodium deoxycholate on enzyme activity were biphasic; maximal activities were observed at 0.5 mM concentration of each agent. PLA2 was stimulated (135%) by 3% dimethylsulfoxide and was inhibited by elevated ionic strength (approximately 70% inhibition with either 0.2 M NaCl or 0.2 M KCl). Two molecular forms of PLA2 were kinetically distinguishable, one with an apparent Michaelis constant and maximal reaction velocity of 3.0 microM and 0.64 mlU/mg protein and the other with respective constants of 630 microM and 32.0 mlU/mg protein. Both forms of the enzyme were Ca2+ dependent and heat stable; however, the low-Km activity was less resistant to 60 degrees C preincubation at pH 7.5 (28% inactivation of low-Km activity after 45 min, as compared to no effect on high-Km activity). Quinacrine was a noncompetitive PLA2 inhibitor with Kis for low- and high-Km activities of 0.42 mM and 0.49 mM, respectively. Trifluoperazine (calmodulin antagonist) inhibited the high-Km activity noncompetitively (Ki = 87 microM) and the low-Km activity by a mechanism consistent with the removal of a nonessential activator. Dissociation and rate constants for inactivation of low- and high-Km activities by p-bromophenacyl bromide were 0.28 mM and 0.032 min-1, and 0.73 mM and 0.066 min-1, respectively. PLA2 was inhibited by p-nitrophenyl-p'-guanidinobenzoate, at higher concentrations (10(-4)-10(-3) M) than required to inhibit trypsinlike proteinases; p-aminobenzamidine, another potent trypsin/acrosin inhibitor, stimulated (approximately 40%) PLA2 at concentrations from 2-5 mM but inhibited PLA2 (40-50%) at a concentration of 10 mM. MnCl2 (5mM) inhibited low- and high-Km PLA2 activities by 77% and 76%, respectively. Quinacrine (0.4 mM), trifluoperazine (20 microM), p-bromophenacyl bromide (20 microM), and MnCl2 (5 mM) were tested as inhibitors of the ionophore A23187-induced human acrosome reaction. Inhibition was noted only with quinacrine (32%) and MnCl2 (93%). The effect of MnCl2 was restricted to an interaction with A23187, rather than with PLA2; p-Bromophenacyl bromide inhibited (P less than 0.05) PLA2 (29%) when added to intact spermatozoa but had no effect on the acrosome reaction. PLA2 inhibition was poorly correlated with the acrosome reaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Anderson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Hope WC, Patel BJ, Fiedler-Nagy C, Wittreich BH. Retinoids inhibit phospholipase A2 in human synovial fluid and arachidonic acid release from rat peritoneal macrophages. Inflammation 1990; 14:543-59. [PMID: 2123476 DOI: 10.1007/bf00914275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids have demonstrated antiinflammatory activity in certain animal models and human disease states. The mechanism by which retinoids elicit this activity is unknown. Some retinoids are known to inhibit arachidonic acid (AA) release and metabolism in intact cells in vitro. Retinoids may exert their antiinflammatory effects by inhibiting phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and the resultant production of inflammatory AA metabolites. Retinoids were evaluated in vitro as inhibitors of the PLA2 activity in human synovial fluid (HSF-PLA2). Of the naturally occurring, nonaromatic retinoids tested, all-trans-retinal, all-trans-retinoic acid (all-trans-RA) and 13-cis-RA were the most potent inhibitors (IC50 S 6-15 microM), whereas all-trans-retinol was much less potent. Of the synthetic aromatic retinoids and arotinoids examined, the free carboxylic, sulfonic, and sulfinic acid forms were more than 15-fold more potent inhibitors of HSF-PLA2 than their corresponding ethyl esters. These retinoids also were evaluated as inhibitors of calcium ionophore A23187-induced AA release from rat peritoneal macrophages. All-trans-RA and 13-cis-RA were potent inhibitors of AA release from these cells (IC50 S 4 microM), while the other natural retinoids were inactive. Of the aromatic retinoids and arotinoids tested, the free acid forms (IC50 S 2-6 microM) were 5- to 21-fold more potent inhibitors of AA release from the macrophages than their corresponding ethyl esters. The potencies of the arotinoids as inhibitors of HSF-PLA2 appeared to correlate with their potencies as inhibitors of AA release from A23187-stimulated rat peritoneal macrophages. These data support the hypothesis that one possible mechanism for the known antiinflammatory activity of some retinoids may be by inhibition of phospholipase A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Hope
- Department of Allergy and Inflammation Research, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110
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