1
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Girdhar K, Hoffman GE, Bendl J, Rahman S, Dong P, Liao W, Hauberg ME, Sloofman L, Brown L, Devillers O, Kassim BS, Wiseman JR, Park R, Zharovsky E, Jacobov R, Flatow E, Kozlenkov A, Gilgenast T, Johnson JS, Couto L, Peters MA, Phillips-Cremins JE, Hahn CG, Gur RE, Tamminga CA, Lewis DA, Haroutunian V, Dracheva S, Lipska BK, Marenco S, Kundakovic M, Fullard JF, Jiang Y, Roussos P, Akbarian S. Chromatin domain alterations linked to 3D genome organization in a large cohort of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder brains. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:474-483. [PMID: 35332326 PMCID: PMC8989650 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal organization, scaling from the 147-base pair (bp) nucleosome to megabase-ranging domains encompassing multiple transcriptional units, including heritability loci for psychiatric traits, remains largely unexplored in the human brain. In this study, we constructed promoter- and enhancer-enriched nucleosomal histone modification landscapes for adult prefrontal cortex from H3-lysine 27 acetylation and H3-lysine 4 trimethylation profiles, generated from 388 controls and 351 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (SCZ) or bipolar disorder (BD) (n = 739). We mapped thousands of cis-regulatory domains (CRDs), revealing fine-grained, 104-106-bp chromosomal organization, firmly integrated into Hi-C topologically associating domain stratification by open/repressive chromosomal environments and nuclear topography. Large clusters of hyper-acetylated CRDs were enriched for SCZ heritability, with prominent representation of regulatory sequences governing fetal development and glutamatergic neuron signaling. Therefore, SCZ and BD brains show coordinated dysregulation of risk-associated regulatory sequences assembled into kilobase- to megabase-scaling chromosomal domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Girdhar
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Gabriel E Hoffman
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaroslav Bendl
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samir Rahman
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pengfei Dong
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Will Liao
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mads E Hauberg
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Laura Sloofman
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leanne Brown
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olivia Devillers
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bibi S Kassim
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer R Wiseman
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Royce Park
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Zharovsky
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rivky Jacobov
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elie Flatow
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexey Kozlenkov
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Gilgenast
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica S Johnson
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lizette Couto
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jennifer E Phillips-Cremins
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chang-Gyu Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Stella Dracheva
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Barbara K Lipska
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefano Marenco
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marija Kundakovic
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John F Fullard
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Panos Roussos
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Linares-Saldana R, Kim W, Bolar NA, Zhang H, Koch-Bojalad BA, Yoon S, Shah PP, Karnay A, Park DS, Luppino JM, Nguyen SC, Padmanabhan A, Smith CL, Poleshko A, Wang Q, Li L, Srivastava D, Vahedi G, Eom GH, Blobel GA, Joyce EF, Jain R. BRD4 orchestrates genome folding to promote neural crest differentiation. Nat Genet 2021; 53:1480-1492. [PMID: 34611363 PMCID: PMC8500624 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Higher-order chromatin structure regulates gene expression, and mutations in proteins mediating genome folding underlie developmental disorders known as cohesinopathies. However, the relationship between three-dimensional genome organization and embryonic development remains unclear. Here we define a role for bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) in genome folding, and leverage it to understand the importance of genome folding in neural crest progenitor differentiation. Brd4 deletion in neural crest results in cohesinopathy-like phenotypes. BRD4 interacts with NIPBL, a cohesin agonist, and BRD4 depletion or loss of the BRD4-NIPBL interaction reduces NIPBL occupancy, suggesting that BRD4 stabilizes NIPBL on chromatin. Chromatin interaction mapping and imaging experiments demonstrate that BRD4 depletion results in compromised genome folding and loop extrusion. Finally, mutation of individual BRD4 amino acids that mediate an interaction with NIPBL impedes neural crest differentiation into smooth muscle. Remarkably, loss of WAPL, a cohesin antagonist, rescues attenuated smooth muscle differentiation resulting from BRD4 loss. Collectively, our data reveal that BRD4 choreographs genome folding and illustrates the relevance of balancing cohesin activity for progenitor differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Linares-Saldana
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wonho Kim
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nikhita A Bolar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Haoyue Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bailey A Koch-Bojalad
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sora Yoon
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Epigenetics Institute, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Parisha P Shah
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashley Karnay
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel S Park
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Luppino
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Son C Nguyen
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arun Padmanabhan
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl L Smith
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrey Poleshko
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qiaohong Wang
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at the Gladstone Institutes, Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Golnaz Vahedi
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Epigenetics Institute, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gwang Hyeon Eom
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Gerd A Blobel
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric F Joyce
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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3
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Bartosovic M, Kabbe M, Castelo-Branco G. Single-cell CUT&Tag profiles histone modifications and transcription factors in complex tissues. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:825-835. [PMID: 33846645 PMCID: PMC7611252 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to single-cell approaches for measuring gene expression and DNA accessibility, single-cell methods for analyzing histone modifications are limited by low sensitivity and throughput. Here, we combine the CUT&Tag technology, developed to measure bulk histone modifications, with droplet-based single-cell library preparation to produce high-quality single-cell data on chromatin modifications. We apply single-cell CUT&Tag (scCUT&Tag) to tens of thousands of cells of the mouse central nervous system and probe histone modifications characteristic of active promoters, enhancers and gene bodies (H3K4me3, H3K27ac and H3K36me3) and inactive regions (H3K27me3). These scCUT&Tag profiles were sufficient to determine cell identity and deconvolute regulatory principles such as promoter bivalency, spreading of H3K4me3 and promoter-enhancer connectivity. We also used scCUT&Tag to investigate the single-cell chromatin occupancy of transcription factor OLIG2 and the cohesin complex component RAD21. Our results indicate that analysis of histone modifications and transcription factor occupancy at single-cell resolution provides unique insights into epigenomic landscapes in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bartosovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden,Corresponding authors: ,
| | - Mukund Kabbe
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden,Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden,Corresponding authors: ,
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4
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Schwessinger R, Gosden M, Downes D, Brown RC, Oudelaar AM, Telenius J, Teh YW, Lunter G, Hughes JR. DeepC: predicting 3D genome folding using megabase-scale transfer learning. Nat Methods 2020; 17:1118-1124. [PMID: 33046896 PMCID: PMC7610627 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-0960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the impact of noncoding genetic variation requires interpreting it in the context of three-dimensional genome architecture. We have developed deepC, a transfer-learning-based deep neural network that accurately predicts genome folding from megabase-scale DNA sequence. DeepC predicts domain boundaries at high resolution, learns the sequence determinants of genome folding and predicts the impact of both large-scale structural and single base-pair variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Schwessinger
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Gosden
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Damien Downes
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard C Brown
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Marieke Oudelaar
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jelena Telenius
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yee Whye Teh
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gerton Lunter
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Jim R Hughes
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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5
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Kuizenga MH, Sia TC, Dodds KN, Wiklendt L, Arkwright JW, Thomas A, Brookes SJ, Spencer NJ, Wattchow DA, Dinning PG, Costa M. Neurally mediated propagating discrete clustered contractions superimposed on myogenic ripples in ex vivo segments of human ileum. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G1-G11. [PMID: 25394659 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00230.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Narrow muscle strips have been extensively used to study intestinal contractility. Larger specimens from laboratory animals have provided detailed understanding of mechanisms that underlie patterned intestinal motility. Despite progress in animal tissue, investigations of motor patterns in large, intact specimens of human gut ex vivo have been sparse. In this study, we tested whether neurally dependent motor patterns could be detected in isolated specimens of intact human ileum. Specimens (n = 14; 7-30 cm long) of terminal ileum were obtained with prior informed consent from patients undergoing colonic surgery for removal of carcinomas. Preparations were set up in an organ bath with an array of force transducers, a fiberoptic manometry catheter, and a video camera. Spontaneous and distension-evoked motor activity was recorded, and the effects of lidocaine, which inhibits neural activity, were studied. Myogenic contractions (ripples) occurred in all preparations (6.17 ± 0.36/min). They were of low amplitude and formed complex patterns by colliding and propagating in both directions along the specimen at anterograde velocities of 4.1 ± 0.3 mm/s and retrogradely at 4.9 ± 0.6 mm/s. In five specimens, larger amplitude clusters of contractions were seen (discrete clustered contractions), which propagated aborally at 1.05 ± 0.13 mm/s and orally at 1.07 ± 0.09 mm/s. These consisted of two to eight phasic contractions that aligned with ripples. These motor patterns were abolished by addition of lidocaine (0.3 mM). The ripples continued unchanged in the presence of this neural blocking agent. These results demonstrate that both myogenic and neurogenic motor patterns can be studied in isolated specimens of human small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel H Kuizenga
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tiong C Sia
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kelsi N Dodds
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lukasz Wiklendt
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John W Arkwright
- Discipline of Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Thomas
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simon J Brookes
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David A Wattchow
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Phil G Dinning
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia;
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6
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Jain PK, Jain V, Singh AK, Chauhan A, Sinha S. Evaluation on the responses of succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to acid shock generated acid tolerance in Escherichia coli. Adv Biomed Res 2013; 2:75. [PMID: 24223390 PMCID: PMC3814565 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.115799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Escherichia coli have an optimum pH range of 6-7 for growth and survival that's why, called neutrophiles. The ΔpH across the cytoplasmic membrane is linked to cellular bioenergetics and metabolism of the body which is the major supplier of the proton motive force, so homeostasis of cellular pH is essential. When challenged by low pH, protons enter the cytoplasm; as a result, mechanisms are required to alleviate the effects of lowered cytoplasmic pH. Materials and Methods: The activities of Succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in acid shocked cells of E. coli DH5 α and E. coli W3110 subjected to pH 3, 4, and 5 by two types of acidification, like external (using 0.1 N HCl), external along with the monensin (1 μM) and cytoplasmic acidification using the sodium benzoate as an acid permeant (20 mM) which is coupled to the electron transport chain by the reducing power, as yet another system possessed by E. coli as an armor against harsh acidic environments. Result: Results showed that an exposure to acidic environment (pH 3, 4 and 5) for a short period of time increased the activities of these dehydrogenases in all types of acidification except cytoplasmic acidification, which shows that higher recycling of reducing power results in pumping out of protons from the cytoplasm through the electron transport chain complexes, thereby restoring the cytoplasmic pH of the bacteria in the range of 7.4-7.8. Conclusion: Study indicates that acid shocked E. coli for a period of 2 h can survive for a sustained period.
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Terry BS, Schoen JA, Rentschler ME. Measurements of the contact force from myenteric contractions on a solid bolus. J Robot Surg 2012; 7:53-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11701-012-0346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Terry BS, Lyle AB, Schoen JA, Rentschler ME. Preliminary mechanical characterization of the small bowel for in vivo robotic mobility. J Biomech Eng 2012; 133:091010. [PMID: 22010745 DOI: 10.1115/1.4005168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present test methods, devices, and preliminary results for the mechanical characterization of the small bowel for intra luminal robotic mobility. Both active and passive forces that affect mobility are investigated. Four investigative devices and testing methods to characterize the active and passive forces are presented in this work: (1) a novel manometer and a force sensor array that measure force per cm of axial length generated by the migrating motor complex, (2) a biaxial test apparatus and method for characterizing the biomechanical properties of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, (3) a novel in vitro device and protocol designed to measure the energy required to overcome the self-adhesivity of the mucosa, and (4) a novel tribometer that measures the in vivo coefficient of friction between the mucus membrane and the robot surface. The four devices are tested on a single porcine model to validate the approach and protocols. Mean force readings per cm of axial length of intestine that occurred over a 15 min interval in vivo were 1.34 ± 0.14 and 1.18 ± 0.22 N cm(-1) in the middle and distal regions, respectively. Based on the biaxial stress/stretch tests, the tissue behaves anisotropically with the circumferential direction being more compliant than the axial direction. The mean work per unit area for mucoseparation of the small bowel is 0.08 ± 0.03 mJ cm(-2). The total energy to overcome mucoadhesion over the entire length of the porcine small bowel is approximately 0.55 J. The mean in vivo coefficient of friction (COF) of a curved 6.97 cm(2) polycarbonate sled on live mucosa traveling at 1 mm s(-1) is 0.016 ± 0.002. This is slightly lower than the COF on excised tissue, given the same input parameters. We have initiated a comprehensive program and suite of test devices and protocols for mechanically characterizing the small bowel for in vivo mobility. Results show that each of the four protocols and associated test devices has successfully gathered preliminary data to confirm the validity of our test approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Terry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0427, USA.
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Alexopoulos E, Kanjee U, Snider J, Houry WA, Pai EF. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the inducible lysine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2008; 64:700-6. [PMID: 18678936 PMCID: PMC2494963 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309108018757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The decameric inducible lysine decarboxylase (LdcI) from Escherichia coli has been crystallized in space groups C2 and C222(1); the Ta6Br12(2+) cluster was used to derivatize the C2 crystals. The method of single isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering (SIRAS) as implemented in SHELXD was used to solve the Ta6Br12(2+)-derivatized structure to 5 A resolution. Many of the Ta6Br12(2+)-binding sites had twofold and fivefold noncrystallographic symmetry. Taking advantage of this feature, phase modification was performed in DM. The electron-density map of LdcI displays many features in agreement with the low-resolution negative-stain electron-density map [Snider et al. (2006), J. Biol. Chem. 281, 1532-1546].
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftichia Alexopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Division of Cancer Genomics and Proteomics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jamie Snider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Walid A. Houry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Emil F. Pai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Division of Cancer Genomics and Proteomics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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Richard H, Foster JW. Sodium regulates Escherichia coli acid resistance, and influences GadX- and GadW-dependent activation of gadE. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:3154-3161. [PMID: 17768258 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/007575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enteric bacteria must survive the extreme acid of the stomach (pH 2 or less) before entering the intestine where they can colonize and cause disease. Escherichia coli is superior to most other Enterobacteriaceae in surviving pH 2 acid stress because it has four known acid-resistance systems, the most studied of which depends on glutamic acid. Glutamate-dependent acid resistance requires glutamate decarboxylase isozymes GadA and GadB, as well as a glutamate/gamma-aminobutyric acid antiporter encoded by gadC. The regulatory protein GadE is the essential activator of the gadA and gadBC genes. The transcription of gadE, however, is controlled by numerous proteins. Two of these proteins, GadX and GadW, are AraC-family regulators whose sensory input signals are not known. Since Na(+) and K(+) play important roles in pH homeostasis, the contribution of these ions toward the regulation of this acid-resistance system was examined. The results indicated that a decrease in Na(+), but not K(+), concentration coincided with diminished acid resistance, and decreased expression of the gadE, gadA and gadBC genes. However, Na(+)-dependent regulation of these genes dissipated in the absence of GadX and GadW. Since Na(+) levels did not regulate gadX or gadW transcription, it is proposed that GadX and GadW sense intracellular Na(+) concentration or some consequence of altered Na(+) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Richard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - John W Foster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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Frankendal B, Junghagen P. Gastrointestinal transit time in ovarian carcinoma irradiated with 60Co. ACTA RADIOLOGICA: THERAPY, PHYSICS, BIOLOGY 1974; 13:129-40. [PMID: 4209915 DOI: 10.3109/02841867409129871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Eisner M. Effect of metoclopramide on gastrointestinal motility in man. A manometric study. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DIGESTIVE DISEASES 1971; 16:409-19. [PMID: 4931153 DOI: 10.1007/bf02235085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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