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Ivanov I, Flory J, Newcorn JH, Halperin JM. Childhood serotonergic function and early adult outcomes in youth with ADHD: A 15-year follow-up study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:1429-1438. [PMID: 30454909 PMCID: PMC6296770 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal studies have shown that clinical precursors of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and more notably comorbid ADHD and conduct disorder (CD). Despite existing evidence for the purported role of abnormal serotonergic function in aggressive youth and adults, little evidence exists on the role of serotonin in the progression from childhood disruptive behavior disorders to adult psychopathology, including ASPD. This study examined the relation between serotonergic function in children diagnosed with ADHD and the development of ASPD in early adulthood. We hypothesized that low serotonin response to a pharmacological probe in childhood would predict the development of adult ASPD. Towards this goal we divided 40 adults (M = 37, F = 3), ages 23-26 (m-24.57, sd-2.33) diagnosed with childhood ADHD into 2 groups: participants with (n = 21) and without (n = 19) ASPD. We used logistic regression to assess whether serotonergic measures in childhood assessed via prolactin and cortisol responses to a fenfluramine challenge, would selectively predict the development of ASPD in early adulthood. Logistic regression models showed that low central serotonergic response in childhood indexed by cortisol response significantly predicted adult ASPD (Wald = 4.427, p = .035) but not ADHD diagnosis in adulthood. Adults without ASPD had the highest serotonergic response whereas adults with adolescent ASPD (i.e. early onset ASPD) had the lowest response. Thus we provide new evidence of the link between low serotonergic function in childhood and the development of ASPD in adulthood, particularly for boys with adolescent onset of ASPD. These findings are relevant for understanding the contribution of childhood neurobiology to risk for later ASPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyan Ivanov
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Janine Flory
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Jeffrey H Newcorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Halperin
- Queens College 65-30 Kissena Blvd. Flushing, NY 11367. Graduate Center 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016
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Almeida M, Lee R, Coccaro EF. Cortisol responses to ipsapirone challenge correlate with aggression, while basal cortisol levels correlate with impulsivity, in personality disorder and healthy volunteer subjects. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:874-80. [PMID: 20378126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to test the hypothesis that 5-HT-1a receptors, as assessed by the cortisol (post-synaptic) and temperature (pre-synaptic) responses to the 5-HT-1a agonist, Ipsapirone (IPSAP), play a role in the regulation of impulsive aggressive behavior in human subjects. METHODS Fifty-two healthy subjects (28 with Personality Disorder: PD; 24 Healthy Volunteers: HV) underwent acute challenge with the selective 5-HT-1a agonist, ipsaprione (IPSAP: .3 mg/kg po). Residual Peak Delta Cortisol (ΔCORT[IPSAP]-R; after removal of Basal CORT and IPSAP plasma levels) was used as the primary 5-HT-1a post-synaptic receptor variable. Residual Nadir Delta Temperature (ΔTEMP[IPSAP]-R; after removal of Basal TEMP) was used as the primary 5-HT-1a somatodendritic (pre-synaptic) receptor variable. Measures of trait aggression included the Aggression scales of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) and the Life History of Aggression (LHA); trait impulsivity was assessed with the Impulsivity scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-II). RESULTS Correlations between ΔCORT[IPSAP]-R responses and BDHI Aggression scores varied by group. Specifically, BDHI Aggression correlated inversely with ΔCORT[IPSAP]-R values in PD subjects but directly in HV subjects. While EPQ-II Impulsivity did not correlate with ΔCORT[IPSAP]-R responses, this measure of impulsivity correlated directly with Basal CORT levels in all subjects. ΔTEMP[IPSAP]-R responses did not correlate with measures of trait aggression or trait impulsivity. CONCLUSION Physiologic responses of 5-HT-1a post-synaptic receptors may be reduced as a function of trait aggression, but not impulsivity, in PD subjects. In contrast, pre-synaptic 5-HT-1a receptors may not play a role in the regulation of aggression or impulsivity in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Almeida
- Clinical Neuroscience & Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Biological Sciences and Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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3
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The serotonin-1A receptor in anxiety disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66:627-35. [PMID: 19423077 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin system plays an important role in the neural processing of anxiety. The involvement of the main inhibitory serotonergic receptor, the serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) subtype, in dysfunctional forms of anxiety has been supported by findings from a wide range of preclinical research and clinical trials, including treatment studies, genetic research, and neuroimaging data. The following article summarizes preclinical results with a focus on 5-HT1A receptor knockout and transgenic mice as genetic models of anxiety. Behavioral, autonomic, and endocrinological changes in these mice are reported. This article also presents genetic polymorphisms in humans associated with increased anxiety scores and pharmacological data focused on 5-HT1A receptor agonists and antagonists. Furthermore, molecular neuroimaging results are presented. Recent positron emission tomography (PET) studies have reported reduced 5-HT1A receptor binding in patients with panic disorder and social anxiety disorder, but not in posttraumatic stress disorder. In healthy subjects, increased anxiety scores might be associated with lower 5-HT1A receptor binding. This overview of preclinical and clinical data provides strong evidence for the key role of the 5-HT1A receptor in the serotonergic dysregulation of anxiety disorders.
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Minzenberg MJ, Grossman R, New AS, Mitropoulou V, Yehuda R, Goodman M, Reynolds DA, Silverman JM, Coccaro EF, Marcus S, Siever LJ. Blunted hormone responses to Ipsapirone are associated with trait impulsivity in personality disorder patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:197-203. [PMID: 16123761 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Impulsive aggression is associated with central serotonergic dysfunction. Animal models particularly implicate the 5-HT(1A) receptor in this behavior. We tested the hypothesis that central 5-HT(1A) receptor function is impaired in impulsive aggressive personality disorder patients. A total of 52 individuals with DSM-III-R personality disorders, all medically healthy adult outpatients without concurrent psychiatric medication treatment, underwent serial plasma cortisol, prolactin, and temperature measurements before and after ipsapirone 20 mg oral administration. Subjects completed self-report measures of impulsivity, hostility, depression and anxiety, and childhood maltreatment. Stepwise regression analysis revealed impulsivity alone among symptom measures to be associated with significantly decreased peak cortisol and prolactin responses. Diagnoses of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and intermittent explosive disorder-revised (IED-R) were associated with significantly increased and decreased cortisol responses, respectively. However, post hoc analyses indicated that impulsivity was significantly negatively correlated with cortisol responses in the BPD group, and may mediate the association of both BPD and IED-R with altered cortisol responses. Temperature response was associated with neither diagnostic nor symptom measures. Neither diagnostic nor dimensional measures of depression or anxiety, nor severity of childhood maltreatment, were significantly associated with cortisol, prolactin, or temperature responses. Impulsivity is related to impaired function at (or downstream to) postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors, and this relationship may be partly responsible for the association of impaired serotonergic function with diagnoses such as BPD and IED-R. In addition, D(2) receptor dysfunction may play a role in impulsivity, whereas 5-HT(1A) cell-body autoreceptor function may be spared in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Minzenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Gu B, Olejar KJ, Reiter JP, Thor KB, Dolber PC. Inhibition of bladder activity by 5-hydroxytryptamine1 serotonin receptor agonists in cats with chronic spinal cord injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 310:1266-72. [PMID: 15152026 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.063842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine1A) 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT [(R)- (+)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin] inhibits bladder activity under nociceptive but not innocuous conditions in cats with an intact spinal cord, suggestive of an effect on primary afferent C fibers or their targets. Because C fibers play a key role in reflex micturition in chronic spinal cord injury (SCI), we investigated the effect of 8-OH-DPAT on micturition in SCI cats. We also investigated GR-46611 (3-[3-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)acrylamide), which has agonist activity predominantly at 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors but also at the 5-HT1A receptor. Chloralose-anesthetized cats were catheterized through the bladder dome for saline-filling cystometry. Dose-response curves for i.v. 8-OH-DPAT (0.3-30 microg/kg) and GR-46611 (0.03-300 microg/kg) were followed in three cases each by 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100635 [N-tert-butyl-3-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-2-phenylpropanamide] at 300 microg/kg. Threshold volume, capacity, residual volume, micturition volume, and arterial pressure were measured. Intact cats showed few significant changes in cystometric variables. SCI cats responded to both 8-OH-DPAT and GR-46611 with dose-dependent increases in threshold volume, capacity, and residual volume, significant at > or =10 microg/kg for 8-OH-DPAT and at > or =3 microg/kg for GR-46611. Effects of 8-OH-DPAT but not GR-46611 were largely reversed by WAY-100635. Both 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B/1D agonists may offer a promising means of reducing bladder hyperactivity and increasing bladder capacity in patients with chronic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Gu
- Division of Urology, Box 3453, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Broocks A, Meyer T, Opitz M, Bartmann U, Hillmer-Vogel U, George A, Pekrun G, Wedekind D, Rüther E, Bandelow B. 5-HT1A responsivity in patients with panic disorder before and after treatment with aerobic exercise, clomipramine or placebo. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2003; 13:153-64. [PMID: 12729940 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(02)00177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Blunted neuroendocrine and physiological responses to the selective 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist, ipsapirone, have been observed in patients with panic disorder and/or agoraphobia (PDA). In order to examine whether this hyporesponsiveness to ipsapirone is modified by pharmacological or non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions, challenges with an oral dose of ipsapirone (0.3 mg/kg) and placebo were performed in patients with PDA before and after 10 weeks of treatment with clomipramine, aerobic exercise and placebo. Before treatment, administration of ipsapirone was followed by significant increases of cortisol, anxiety and other psychopathological symptoms in comparison to the placebo challenge. In addition, a significant decrease of body temperature was observed. After the 10-week treatment period, the psychological responses to ipsapirone were significantly reduced in the clomipramine and the exercise group. In contrast, there was a non-significant trend towards higher cortisol responses after clomipramine and exercise treatment. The hypothermic response to ipsapirone was significantly reduced by clomipramine treatment. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that effective treatment of panic disorder has divergent effects on the psychological, neuroendocrine and temperature responses to ipsapirone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Broocks
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Klaassen T, Riedel WJ, van Praag HM, Menheere PPCA, Griez E. Neuroendocrine response to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine and ipsapirone in relation to anxiety and aggression. Psychiatry Res 2002; 113:29-40. [PMID: 12467943 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish the association of trait anxiety and anger with hormonal responses to acute challenges with two different 5-HT agonists in a mixed group of patients with depressed mood. Fifteen patients and 16 normal controls received single oral doses of 0.5 mg/kg meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (MCPP), a 5-HT(2C) agonist, and 10 mg of ipsapirone, a 5-HT(1A) agonist, according to a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Dutch-adapted versions of the Spielberger Trait-Anxiety Inventory and the Spielberger Trait-Anger Scale administered assessed at study entry. Hormonal responses, expressed as drug-placebo differences, to MCPP and ipsapirone (changes in cortisol, ACTH and prolactin) were measured. Blood levels of MCPP and ipsapirone were also measured. MCPP and ipsapirone elevated cortisol, ACTH and prolactin. In the patient group, there was a significant correlation between trait anxiety and the cortisol response to MCPP. No significant correlations between the ACTH and prolactin responses to MCPP and levels of anxiety/anger were observed in the patients. No significant correlations could be established between levels of anxiety/anger and hormonal responses to ipsapirone. This study provided evidence for an association between measures of anxiety/aggression and the hormonal response to MCPP. Thus, in subjects with depressed mood, high levels of anxiety suggest a higher probability of 5-HT(2C) disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Klaassen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, University of Maastricht, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Schulz KP, Newcorn JH, Schmeidler J, Halperin JM. Lack of seasonal rhythms in central serotonergic function in boys with ADHD. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2002; 27:463-73. [PMID: 11911999 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined seasonal variations in central 5-HT function in a relatively large sample of prepubertal boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In addition, seasonal differences in central 5-HT function among aggressive and non-aggressive children in the sample were explored. Ninety-three boys with ADHD were divided into aggressive (n=54) and nonaggressive (n=39) groups based on parental responses to interviews and ratings of behavior. Central 5-HT function was assessed by measuring the prolactin response to a single 1 mg/kg oral dose of d,l-fenfluramine. The prolactin values were derived from different children over the course of eight years, but were collapsed across years and analyzed in terms of day of the year. Cosinor analysis revealed no annual, bi-annual, 3-monthly, 2-monthly, monthly, or bi-monthly rhythms in the prolactin response in the entire sample of boys with ADHD. Moreover, there was no evidence of seasonal differences in the prolactin response between the aggressive and non-aggressive subgroups. These results indicate that seasonality-related variance is not a threat to the validity of the neurochemical procedure and does not account for the inconsistencies in the studies of central 5-HT and aggression in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt P Schulz
- Neuropsychology Subprogram of the PhD Program in Psychology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 1016, USA
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9
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonin (5-HT)(1A) receptors are of interest in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCH) and the mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotic drugs. To test the hypothesis that 5-HT(1A) receptor responsivity is significantly different in patients with SCH compared to normal control subjects, the neuroendocrine study was performed using ipsapirone (IPS), a 5-HT(1A) partial agonist, as a probe. METHODS Ipsapirone 0.5 mg/kg, p.o. or placebo were administered, in random order, to patients with SCH (n = 43; 32 male) and normal controls (n = 33; 21 male). Blood samples for plasma cortisol and body temperature were obtained from 30 min before to 180 min after administration of IPS or placebo. RESULTS Female normal control subjects had markedly greater increases in plasma cortisol following IPS than did male control subjects. The placebo response-corrected plasma cortisol response to IPS was significantly blunted in female SCH compared to female normal control subjects (p =.0001). The IPS-stimulated plasma cortisol response in male SCH did not differ from that of male normal control subjects or female SCH. There were no significant differences in the IPS-induced hypothermia in men and women or between patients with SCH and normal control subjects. Behavioral responses to IPS, including nausea, dizziness, irritability, and feeling less well, did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the post-synaptic 5-HT(1A) receptor mediated endocrine response is diminished in female SCH compared to female normal control subjects, possibly secondary to an abnormality in intracellular signal transduction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
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Moeller FG, Bjork JM, Dougherty DM, Van de Kar LD, Marsh DM, Swann AC. Low dose zolmitriptan as a 5-HT neuroendocrine challenge agent in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000; 25:607-18. [PMID: 10840172 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4530(00)00013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The 5-HT1B/D agonist sumatriptan has been used in a number of studies as a neuroendocrine challenge agent. Whether its neuroendocrine effects are centrally mediated is unclear, however, since sumatriptan shows minimal penetration of the central nervous system. Zolmitriptan shows a greater penetration into the central nervous system than sumatriptan, and has recently been shown to be an effective challenge agent. In order to determine the neuroendocrine, temperature and side effects of a 2.5 mg oral dose of zolmitriptan, 17 healthy volunteers underwent a placebo controlled, repeated measures, double blind neuroendocrine challenge. Zolmitriptan or placebo were administered, and cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin, blood pressure and temperature, were measured over four hours after the dose of zolmitriptan. Zolmitriptan at this dose was well tolerated by all subjects, with minimal side effects and only minor effects on blood pressure. There was a significant increase in serum growth hormone after zolmitriptan compared to placebo, however there were no significant effects on cortisol, prolactin or oral temperature. The neuroendocrine effects of 2.5 mg of orally administered zolmitriptan are similar to previously reported effects of sumatriptan, with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Houston Health Science Center, Houston 77030, USA.
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11
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Abstract
No Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Patat
- Wyeth Ayerst Research, Clinical Pharmacology, 80 avenue de Général de Gaulle, 92031 Paris La Défense, France
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Schwartz PJ, Turner EH, Garcia-Borreguero D, Sedway J, Vetticad RG, Wehr TA, Murphy DL, Rosenthal NE. Serotonin hypothesis of winter depression: behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of the 5-HT(1A) receptor partial agonist ipsapirone in patients with seasonal affective disorder and healthy control subjects. Psychiatry Res 1999; 86:9-28. [PMID: 10359479 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(99)00017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Winter depressions in seasonal affective disorder (SAD) are associated with central serotonergic (5-HT) dysfunction. SAD patients demonstrate rather specific, state-dependent, abnormal increases in 'activation-euphoria' ratings following intravenous infusion of the 5-HT receptor agonist meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP). Several studies are also consistent with abnormal serotonergic regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in SAD. Here, we investigated the effects of the 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist ipsapirone, which produces behavioral effects and HPA-axis activation, to further characterize the 5-HT receptor subtype-specificity of these disturbances in SAD. Eighteen SAD patients and 18 control subjects completed two drug challenges (ipsapirone 0.3 mg/kg and placebo) separated by 3-5 days in randomized order. We measured behavioral responses with the NIMH self-rating scale, and plasma ACTH, cortisol, and prolactin concentrations. Compared with placebo, ipsapirone was associated with significant increases in self-rated 'functional deficit' and 'altered self-reality', and in each of the hormones. There were no differences between groups on any measures. The level of depression in SAD patients was inversely correlated with their ipsapirone-induced cortisol responses. There were significant drug x order effects on baseline 'anxiety' scores, ACTH and cortisol concentrations, such that subjects were significantly more stressed (higher 'anxiety', ACTH and cortisol) prior to their first challenge compared with their second. In conclusion, post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors appear to function normally in SAD. The previously observed m-CPP-induced behavioral abnormality may be mediated by either 5-HT2C or 5-HT7 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Schwartz
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and VAMC, OH, USA.
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Hennig J, Opper C, Huwe S, Netter P. The antagonism of ipsapirone induced biobehavioral responses by +/- pindolol in high and low impulsives. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1998; 104:1027-35. [PMID: 9503255 DOI: 10.1007/bf01273316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate whether +/- pindolol antagonizes ipsapirone induced biobehavioral changes in a personality dependent way. Our previous work demonstrated that high impulsives show higher immune cell responses than low impulsive subjects upon treatment with ipsapirone. A total number of 80 healthy male volunteers received placebo (N = 20) or 10 mg ipsapirone (N = 20), 30 mg +/- pindolol (N = 20), or a combination of 30 mg +/- pindolol and 10 mg ipsapirone (N = 20). Each group consisted of 10 low and 10 high impulsive subjects. Since 5-HT related drugs induce thermoregulatory responses, the study took place in a climate chamber with a constant ambient temperature. Blood samples (for measurement of CD4+ cell counts) were drawn from an indwelling catheter invisibly for the subjects. The results clearly demonstrate that the ipsapirone induced decreases in body temperature and number of peripheral CD4+ cells are more pronounced in high impulsives. +/- Pindolol antagonizes thermoregulatory and CD4+ cell responses. The results are discussed with respect to mechanisms of alteration in 5-HT function related to impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hennig
- Department of Psychology, University of Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany
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Schulz KP, Halperin JM, Newcorn JH, Sharma V, Gabriel S. Plasma cortisol and aggression in boys with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36:605-9. [PMID: 9136494 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199705000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The results of several studies suggest an inverse relationship between cortisol secretion and aggressive behavior. This study examined basal plasma cortisol levels in aggressive and nonaggressive boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD The subjects were 23 aggressive and 27 nonaggressive boys with ADHD, aged 7 to 11 years. After 3 days of a low monoamine diet and an overnight fast, an indwelling catheter was inserted into a forearm vein. Samples for plasma cortisol levels were obtained 105 and 115 minutes after insertion of the catheter. RESULTS A one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) controlling for body mass revealed no significant difference in plasma cortisol between the aggressive and nonaggressive boys. Furthermore, when the children were alternatively divided on the basis of the presence or absence of a DSM-III-R diagnosis of conduct disorder, a one-way ANCOVA again revealed no significant difference in cortisol levels. CONCLUSIONS The hypothesized inverse relationship between cortisol secretion and aggressive behavior in boys with ADHD was not found. These findings are consistent with a large body of literature indicating that the biological substrate of aggression is complex and that the identification of biological laboratory markers of aggressive behavior is not a clinically useful strategy at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Schulz
- Department of Psychology, City University of New York, USA
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