1
|
Bertassoni LE, Swain MV. The contribution of proteoglycans to the mechanical behavior of mineralized tissues. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 38:91-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
2
|
Zou L, Zou X, Chen L, Li H, Mygind T, Kassem M, Bünger C. Effect of hyaluronan on osteogenic differentiation of porcine bone marrow stromal cells in vitro. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:713-20. [PMID: 18050326 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) plays a predominant role in tissue morphogenesis, cell migration, proliferation, and cell differentiation. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether (i) prolonged presence of high concentration (4.0 mg/mL) 800 KDa HA and (ii) pretreatment with HA can modify osteogenic differentiation of pig bone marrow stromal cells (pBMSC). Cell proliferation and mineralization were measured. Expression of differentiation-related genes was evaluated by means of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). HA increased cell proliferation on day 7. HA decreased the basal level of bone-related gene expression and increased the basal level of sox9 marginally during 7-day pretreatment with HA. HA increased calcium deposit on day 21. cbfa1, ALP, and type 1 alpha collagen (Col1) expression was increased when pBMSC were cultivated in osteogenic medium, whereas their expression was decreased in the presence of HA on day 7. On day 14, the addition of HA upregulated cbfa1 and ALP expression compared to osteogenic medium group; there was no significant difference in Col1 expression. At day 21, osteocalcin (OC) expression showed 2.5-fold upregulation over osteogenic medium. These results suggest that exogenous HA stimulates endogenous HA, which together may play a synergetic role in osteogenic differentiation under osteoinducing conditions although gene expression was inhibited at the early stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Zou
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yoshikawa M, Tsuji N, Toda T, Ohgushi H. Osteogenic effect of hyaluronic acid sodium salt in the pores of a hydroxyapatite scaffold. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2006.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
4
|
Adams JRJ, Sander G, Byers S. Expression of hyaluronan synthases and hyaluronidases in the MG63 osteoblast cell line. Matrix Biol 2005; 25:40-6. [PMID: 16203124 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2005.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The expression of hyaluronan synthases (1, 2 and 3) and hyaluronidases (1, 2, 3, 4 and PH20) was examined in the MG63 osteoblast cell line induced to mineralize in vitro and compared to the rate of glycosaminoglycan production. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated a 13-fold decrease in hyaluronan synthase 3 expression in mineralising MG63 cells; no significant change in hyaluronan synthase 2 expression in mineralising cells and hyaluronan synthase 1 was not expressed. In mineralising MG63 cells a 62-fold increase in hyaluronidase 2, a 13-fold increase in hyaluronidase 3, and a 3-fold increase in hyaluronidase 4 expression were observed when compared to non-mineralising cells; hyaluronidase 1 and PH20 expression was not detected. After 5 weeks in mineralising culture conditions a 2-fold increase in total 3H-glucosamine incorporation was observed in cells when compared to 24 h or 5 week control cultures. This was made up of a 5-fold decrease in hyaluronan production, a 2-fold increase in chondroitin sulphate/dermatan sulphate and a 10-fold increase in 3H-glucosamine incorporation into the non-glycosaminoglycan fraction. A 3-fold increase in 35SO4 incorporation into chondroitin sulphate/dermatan sulphate was also observed. Thus there is co-ordinate expression of genes that control hyaluronan metabolism such that there is a general decrease in the expression of hyaluronan synthases, an increase in the expression of hyaluronidases and a corresponding decrease in hyaluronan production by mineralising MG63 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Robert James Adams
- Matrix Biology Unit, Department of Genetic Medicine, Children, Youth and Women's Health Service, 72 King William Rd., Nth. Adelaide. SA 5006, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cao JJ, Singleton PA, Majumdar S, Boudignon B, Burghardt A, Kurimoto P, Wronski TJ, Bourguignon LYW, Halloran BP. Hyaluronan increases RANKL expression in bone marrow stromal cells through CD44. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:30-40. [PMID: 15619667 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.041014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Revised: 08/16/2004] [Accepted: 08/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED HA activates CD44 to stimulate RANKL expression in bone marrow stromal cells. HA stimulation of RANKL is blocked by anti-CD44 antibody and is absent in cells from CD44(-/-) mice. CD44(-/-) mice exhibit thicker cortical bone and a smaller medullary cavity, but indices of bone resorption are not affected. INTRODUCTION Hyaluronan (HA), the major nonprotein glycosaminoglycan component of the extracellular matrix in mammalian bone marrow, functions in part through its receptor, CD44, to stimulate a series of intracellular signaling events that lead to cell migration, adhesion, and activation. To determine whether HA activation of CD44 influences RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression and whether CD44 is functionally important in bone metabolism, we studied whole bone and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) from wildtype and CD44(-/-) mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS BMSCs from wildtype and CD44(-/-) mice at 7 weeks of age were cultured and treated with either HA or anti-CD44 antibody. The levels of mRNA of RANKL, OPG, CD44, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), and alphaI collagen (COLL) were determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Levels of RANKL and CD44 protein were measured by immunoblotting, and expression of CD44 in whole bone was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Double immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy were used to study colocalization of Cbfa1, CD44, and HA. Tibias were imaged using muCT, and cancellous and cortical parameters were measured. Osteoblast and osteoclast surface in the distal femoral metaphysis and osteoclast on the endocortical surface at the tibio-fibular junction were measured using quantitative histomorphometry. Differences were analyzed using ANOVA and the Newman-Keuls test. RESULTS Addition of HA dose-dependently increased RANKL mRNA (3.6-fold) and protein (3-fold) levels in BMSCs. Stimulation of RANKL by HA could be blocked with anti-CD44 antibody. Treatment of cells with HA or anti-CD44 antibody had no significant effect on OPG mRNA levels. Both CD44 and HA localized on the plasma membrane in cells expressing Cbfa1. HA localization on the cell membrane disappeared when cells were preincubated with anti-CD44 antibody. Compared with control mice, cortical bone of CD44(-/-) was thicker, and medullary area was smaller at both 7 and 17 weeks, but at 7 weeks, indices of bone resorption were normal. At 17 weeks of age, tibial mass of CD44(-/-) mice was higher than control mice. CD44(-/-) animals expressed less RANKL in whole bone (-30%) and in BMSCs (-50%). Cells from CD44(-/-) animals failed to respond to either HA or CD44 antibody treatment. CONCLUSIONS HA can increase RANKL expression in BMSCs through CD44.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Cao
- Division of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zou X, Li H, Chen L, Baatrup A, Bünger C, Lind M. Stimulation of porcine bone marrow stromal cells by hyaluronan, dexamethasone and rhBMP-2. Biomaterials 2004; 25:5375-85. [PMID: 15130722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2003] [Accepted: 12/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the interest of optimizing osteogenesis in in vitro, the present study sought to determine how porcine bone marrow stromal cell (BMSc) would respond to different concentrations of hyaluronan (HY) and its different combinations with dexamethasone (Dex) and recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). Cellular proliferation was determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA at both Days 2 and 7 when BMSc was cultivated with HY at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/ml. HY accelerated cellular proliferation when compared with cultures in the absence of HY at both Days 2 and 7. BMSc proliferation under the high HY concentration of 4 mg/ml was significantly higher than under the other, lower HY concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/ml. When BMSc were cultivated under HY at concentrations of 0, 1.0 and 4.0 mg/ml and its 12 combinations with rhBMP-2 at concentrations of 0 and 10 ng/ml and Dex (+, -) at both Days 2 and 7, cellular responses were examined by 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA, cellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and pro-collagen type I C-terminal propeptide production. HY accelerated cellular proliferation irrespective of the presence of Dex and rhBMP-2. HY increased expression of ALP activity at Day 7, whereas had inhibitory effect at Day 2. HY and Dex showed an interaction on expression of ALP acitivity irrespective of the HY dose by Day 7. Collagen synthesis was inhibited by HY irrespective of the presence of other factors at both Days 2 and 7. When BMSc were cultivated with HY of 4.0 mg/ml alone, its combinations with Dex (+) and 10 ng/ml rhBMP-2, and with DMEM/FBS alone, expression of bone-related marker genes was evaluated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (Real-time RT-PCR) analysis. Osteocalcin was up-regulated under both rhBMP-2 and HY-Dex-rhBMP-2 at Day 2, as also under 4 mg/ml HY, Dex, HY-Dex, Dex-rhBMP-2, and HY-Dex-rhBMP-2 by Day 7. Type 1alpha1 collagen was induced by rhBMP-2 on Day 2, and by Dex-rhBMP-2 on Day 7. Osteonectin and type X collagen was only marginally induced by HY at Day 2. Type 1alpha1 collagen and type X collagen were down-regulated in the presence of 4 mg/ml HY by Day 7. These results suggest that HY stimulates BMSc proliferation, osteocalcin gene expression, and a secretion of enzymes such as that of ALP activity in vitro. More importantly, HY can interact with Dex and rhBMP-2 to generate direct and specific cellular effects, which could be of major importance in bone tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuenong Zou
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Spine Section/Department of Orthopaedics, Center of Nanoscience and Biocompitability, University of Aarhus, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 1A, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smith AJ, Singhrao SK, Newman GR, Waddington RJ, Embery G. A biochemical and immuno-electron microscopical analysis of chondroitin sulphate-rich proteoglycans in human alveolar bone. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1997; 29:1-9. [PMID: 9088940 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026406932452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study used biochemical and immunohistochemical methods to characterize the chondroitin sulphate-rich proteoglycans from human alveolar bone obtained from an oral source. Proteoglycans were extracted from bone by a sequential 4 M guanidine HCl extraction process, and purified by DEAE-ion exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis, using CS-56 monoclonal antibody, demonstrated one major proteoglycan species with a core protein of 58 kDa, glycosaminoglycan chains of 45-66 kDa and a mean molecular weight of 205 kDa. This work confirmed the biochemistry of chondroitin sulphate-rich proteoglycans from a novel source of adult human alveolar bone, and pointed towards a proteoglycan with a high glutamate, glycine, aspartate, alanine, serine and leucine content. Sections of alveolar bone were embedded in LR White resin, labelled with CS-56 antibody and examined with the light and electron microscopes. At the light microscope level, labelling was restricted to the osteocyte lacunae and canaliculi. Ultrastructural observations showed that the labelling was localized to fine filamentous material in the walls of the osteocytes and canaliculi. Sparse labelling was associated with the collagen fibres immediately subjacent to the lamina limitans, but no labelling of the mineralized matrix was observed. These findings also indicated subtle differences in the distribution of chondroitin sulphate compared with previously reported work, which may indicate species or age differences in the samples used in this study. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed and extended observations of glycosaminoglycan localization at the osteocyte cell membrane of mature human alveolar bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Smith
- Department of Adult Dental Care, Glasgow Dental School, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rahemtulla F. Proteoglycans of oral tissues. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1992; 3:135-62. [PMID: 1730068 DOI: 10.1177/10454411920030010301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Rahemtulla
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Alabama School of Dentistry, Birmingham 35294
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sauren YM, Mieremet RH, Groot CG, Scherft JP. An electron microscopic study on the presence of proteoglycans in the mineralized matrix of rat and human compact lamellar bone. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1992; 232:36-44. [PMID: 1536463 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092320105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The presence of proteoglycans (PGs) was studied in compact lamellar rat and human bone at the electron microscopic level. With the cationic dye cuprolinic blue (CB1), PGs could be demonstrated in the mineralized bone matrix. The amounts of PGs appeared to be equal in the different lamellae and osteons. More CBl-positive material was found in the outermost lamella of the cortex, in the perilacunar matrix around the osteocyte lacunae, and around the canaliculi. Enzyme digestion with chondroitinase ABC demonstrated that the CBl-positive rods consisted of PGs. These observations amplify biochemical studies in which PGs have been isolated from the mineralized bone matrix. The presence of CBl-positive rods in the mineralized matrix suggest that PGs do not have to be removed completely to make the matrix calcifiable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y M Sauren
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The activities of glucosaminidase, galactosaminidase, and glucuronidase were determined in fractions of bovine growth plate cartilage. Glucosaminidase and galactosaminidase activities were lowest in the area corresponding to the reserve cartilage and increased from the upper to the lower portions of the hypertrophic zones of the growth plate, reaching a maximum in the calcifying cartilage. Glucuronidase activity showed a distinct spike of activity in the calcifying cartilage. The spatial distribution of these activities suggests a role in calcification and in the dissolution of the extracellular matrix at the chondro-osseous junction of the growth plate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Gamble
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to study the proteoglycans in alveolar bone of three animal species. Alveolar bone was obtained from humans, pigs, and rabbits. Portions were fixed, sectioned, and stained with monoclonal antibodies against keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. In other samples, biochemical analyses were performed. After removal of the organic matrix by 4 mol/L guanidinium HCl extraction in the presence of proteinase inhibitors, proteoglycans in the mineralized matrix were extracted with 4 mol/L guanidinium HCl/0.5 mol/L EDTA/proteinase inhibitors, and characterized on the basis of their glycosaminoglycan content (cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis), charge (DEAE-Sephacel and hydroxylapatite chromatography), size (Sepharose CL-6B chromatography and agarose/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), and amino acid content. The results indicated that keratan sulfate could be detected immunohistochemically and biochemically in rabbit bone only. The predominant glycosaminoglycan in pig and human alveolar bone was chondroitin sulfate, although some hyaluronate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate were also detected. The proteoglycans were found to be slightly smaller than gingival proteoglycans, but similar to those in cementum, dentin, and other bones. In addition to intact proteoglycans, some free glycosaminoglycan chains were also extracted from the mineralized matrix. Amino acid analyses showed some subtle differences between alveolar bone proteoglycan and those of the soft tissues of the periodontium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Bartold
- Department of Pathology, University of Adelaide, South Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Susheela AK, Sharma K. Fluoride-induced changes in the tooth glycosaminoglycans: an in vivo study in the rabbit. Arch Toxicol 1988; 62:328-30. [PMID: 3240098 DOI: 10.1007/bf00332496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Effect of high fluoride ingestion on the tooth matrix glycosaminoglycans was studied in rabbits administered 10 mg NaF/kg body weight orally at 24-h intervals for a period of 9 months. Fluoride-treated tooth showed a significant reduction in glycosaminoglycan content as compared to the normal tooth. Sephadex G-75 chromatography and DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography revealed the presence of small molecular weight glycosaminoglycan molecules and an increase in the charge density heterogeneity in the sulphated glycosaminoglycans of the fluoride-treated rabbit tooth as compared to the controls. These changes may be related to the dedifferentiated tooth matrix and an increase in the dermatan sulphate content in the fluoride-treated tooth matrix reported earlier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Susheela
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Susheela AK, Sharma K, Rajan BP, Gnanasundaram N. The status of sulphated isomers of glycosaminoglycans in fluorosed human teeth. Arch Oral Biol 1988; 33:765-7. [PMID: 3150922 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(88)90011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorosed human teeth have lower concentrations of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) disaccharides and an increased dermatan sulphate content. Teeth from subjects with a high fluoride intake have a higher ratio of 4-sulphated to 6-sulphated GAGs. Increased dermatan sulphate may be an important factor in the clinical manifestations of fluorosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Susheela
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kinne R, Fisher L. Keratan sulfate proteoglycan in rabbit compact bone is bone sialoprotein II. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
16
|
|
17
|
Scott JE, Haigh M. Proteoglycan-type I collagen fibril interactions in bone and non-calcifying connective tissues. Biosci Rep 1985; 5:71-81. [PMID: 3986311 DOI: 10.1007/bf01117443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of proteoglycans with type I collagen fibrils in skin, tendon, cornea and bone has been determined by electron microscopy using an electron-dense dye, Cupromeronic blue, in the critical electrolyte concentration mode, backed up by biochemical analysis and digestion by hyaluronidase or keratanase. A major proteoglycan of the soft tissues, containing dermatan sulphate, is shown to be regularly and orthogonally arranged at the surface of the fibrils. Uranyl acetate counterstaining revealed that the main specific binding site is the 'd' band, which previous work indicated is very close to the initial site of calcification of type I collagen fibrils. Bone, demineralized by a 'non-aqueous' technique which preserves the proteoglycan in the tissue, does not contain orthogonal arrays; the interfibrillar proteoglycan filaments are oriented parallel to the fibril axis. The main proteoglycan in bone is chondroitin sulphate-rich. It is suggested that dermatan sulphate proteoglycan plays a role in preventing soft connective tissues from calcifying.
Collapse
|
18
|
Prince CW, Rahemtulla F, Butler WT. Incorporation of [35S]sulphate into glycosaminoglycans by mineralized tissues in vivo. Biochem J 1984; 224:941-5. [PMID: 6525181 PMCID: PMC1144531 DOI: 10.1042/bj2240941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the metabolism of proteoglycans in young growing rats, calvaria, incisors, femoral diaphysis and metaphysis were labelled in vivo for 0.5-72 h with [35S]sulphate. At each time point the specific radioactivity, expressed as c.p.m. of [35S]sulphate/micrograms of uronic acid, of papain-resistant macromolecules in each tissue was determined. The identity of the glycosaminoglycans was established by the use of specific enzymic and chemical methods of degradation. Incorporation of the label into each tissue was maximal at 12 h; it then declined to 50-75% of that value by 72 h. Chondroitin sulphate was the predominant glycosaminoglycan in each tissue, representing 80-96% of the total; heparan sulphate comprised 2-14% of the total; in general, radioactive material sensitive to keratanase comprised less than 1% of the total. The relative amount of labelled chondroitin sulphate increased, whereas that of heparan sulphate decreased, with increasing time of incorporation. These data show that 25-50% of the newly synthesized glycosaminoglycans are lost from mineralizing tissues, during the time in which the newly secreted organic matrix becomes mineralized.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Proteoglycans were extracted in good yields from the mineralized matrix of ground bovine bone, by using a two-step extraction procedure. Proteoglycans (8% of total), not associated with the bone mineral, were extracted at - 20 degrees C with 4M-guanidinium chloride containing proteinase inhibitors. Proteoglycans associated with the mineral, which accounted for 60% of the total, were then solubilized when EDTA was added to the extraction solvent. They were fractionated and purified in the presence of 4M-guanidinium chloride by CsCl-density-gradient centrifugations followed by chromatography on Sepharose CL-4B. Further purification was obtained by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite in the presence of 7 M-urea. Three populations of proteoglycans and additional glycosaminoglycan peptides were obtained. The molecular dimensions of both intact molecules and of their side chains as well as their amino acid composition were different, indicating that they represent separate molecular entities. The main proteoglycan self-aggregated in the absence of 4M-guanidinium chloride or 7 M-urea, a property that was abolished when the proteoglycan core protein was fragmented.
Collapse
|
20
|
Fisher LW, Termine JD, Dejter SW, Whitson SW, Yanagishita M, Kimura JH, Hascall VC, Kleinman HK, Hassell JR, Nilsson B. Proteoglycans of developing bone. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
21
|
Hunter GK, Heersche JN, Aubin JE. Isolation of three species of proteoglycan synthesized by cloned bone cells. Biochemistry 1983; 22:831-7. [PMID: 6838827 DOI: 10.1021/bi00273a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Three proteoglycan fractions have been isolated from clonal populations of osteoblast-like cells derived from fetal rat calvaria. One of these is secreted into the culture medium, is of apparent Mr 350 000, and has a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition of 77% chondroitin sulfate (CS) and 20% dermatan sulfate (DS). The remaining two proteoglycan fractions are associated with the cell layer. One of these has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 250 000 and a GAG composition of 54% CS and 40% DS. Both this species and the secreted proteoglycan have GAG chains of Mr 25 000. The other cell-associated proteoglycan contains heparan sulfate (HS), is solubilized by detergents, and appears to be contaminated with a CS proteoglycan. This HS-containing species may be similar to plasma membrane proteoglycans that have been isolated from several other cell types. Rat calvarial clones also synthesize hyaluronic acid and a number of glycoproteins.
Collapse
|
22
|
Jha M, Susheela AK. Characterization of glycosaminoglycans from normal and fluoride treated rabbit iliac crest. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 105:711-6. [PMID: 6807304 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(82)91492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
23
|
Abstract
Rabbit cortical bone powder was extracted with EDTA solutions at neutral pH and the soluble constituents fractionated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The acidic fractions obtained were further investigated by gel chromatography and chemical analysis. Two classes of proteoglycans were present; one containing chondroitin sulphate and the other containing material resembling keratan sulphate mixed with a smaller amount of chondroitin sulphate. Sialoglycoproteins were detected by specific chemical introduction of tritium label into the sialic acid residues of the acidic glycoprotein fraction. Following sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography, the presence of numerous distinct sialoglycoprotein components was demonstrated.
Collapse
|
24
|
Susheela AK, Jha M. Effects of fluoride on glycosaminoglycan of cancellous and cortical bone of rabbits. EXPERIENTIA 1981; 37:1097-9. [PMID: 7308404 DOI: 10.1007/bf02085034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
25
|
Butler WT, Bhown M, Dimuzio MT, Linde A. Nonocollagenous proteins of dentin. Isolation and partial characterization of rat dentin proteins and proteoglycans using a three-step preparative method. COLLAGEN AND RELATED RESEARCH 1981; 1:187-99. [PMID: 6809409 DOI: 10.1016/s0174-173x(81)80019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a method for fractionation of dentin proteins and proteoglycans into pools. The sequential procedure consisted of: (1) addition of 1.0 M CaCl2 to solutions of EDTA extracts of rat dentin in the presence of protease inhibitors to form a CaCl2 precipitate (Fraction I), (2) dialysis of the resultant supernatant against 0.1 M formic acid to form an acid precipitate (Fraction II), and (3) passage of the 0.1 M formic acid supernatant over a Sephadex G-50 column to obtain a high molecular weight, excluded peak (Fraction III) and a lower molecular weight, included peak (Fraction IV). Each of the four fractions was characterized by amino acid analysis, slab gel electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Fraction I contained almost exclusively phosphoproteins while Fraction II consisted of several acidic proteins, albumin, proteoglycans and a protein with a relatively low level of organic phosphate. A unique glycoprotein with an apparent Mr = 95,000 was found in Fraction III along with smaller amounts of other proteins, including albumin and a phosphoprotein with a relatively low level of organic phosphate. Fraction IV contained several low molecular weight, gamma-carboxyglutamate-containing proteins similar to those found in bone. The data show that the method selectively fractionates the proteins and proteoglycans of rat dentin. Furthermore the method is rapid and allows preparative steps to be performed in the presence of protease inhibitors. This new procedure should be a useful step in the comprehensive isolation of dentin proteins in experiments designed to study their detailed chemical nature and metabolism.
Collapse
|
26
|
Schmidt A, Rodegerdts U, Buddecke E. Correlation of lysozyme activity with proteoglycan biosynthesis in epiphyseal cartilage. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1978; 26:163-72. [PMID: 737563 DOI: 10.1007/bf02013252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pig epiphyseal cartilage (proximal ulna epiphysis) previously incubated into vitro in the presence of sodium [35S]sulfate or [3H]thymidine was either analyzed by autoradiography or separated into 9 morphologically defined consecutive layers and investigated for 35S-incorporation into the guanidinium chloride-extractable proteoglycans and for lysozyme activity. The lowest 35S incorporation and lysozyme activity were determined in the zone of resting cells, but there is a consecutive increase in the rate of proteoglycan synthesis and lysozyme activity toward the diaphyseal cartilage-bone junction, with the maximum at the lower columnar cell zone and a sharp reduction of both parameters at the hypertrophic zone. The maxima of 35S incorporation and [3H]thymidine incorporation do not coincide. The guanidinium chloride-soluble proteoglycans exhibit macromolecular polydispersity. Fractions excluded from as well as retarded by Sepharose 2B gel could be separated and were detected in all zones. The results indicate a correlation of proteoglycan biosynthesis and lysozyme activity in epiphyseal cartilage.
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
|
29
|
Herring GM. Methods for the study of the glycoproteins and proteoglycans of bone using bacterial collagenase. Determination of bone sialoprotein and chondroitin sulphate. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1977; 24:29-36. [PMID: 202375 DOI: 10.1007/bf02223293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for the solubilization of bone matrix using bacterial collagenase. The soluble macromolecules were separated by a column procedure on DEAE-cellulose and analysed for uronic and sialic acids. Values for the total non-collagenous fraction of bone and its content of bone sialoprotein and chondroitin sulphate were obtained. The method was compared with similar procedures using EDTA extraction and papain digestion.
Collapse
|
30
|
Parfitt AM. The actions of parathyroid hormone on bone: relation to bone remodeling and turnover, calcium homeostasis, and metabolic bone disease. Part III of IV parts; PTH and osteoblasts, the relationship between bone turnover and bone loss, and the state of the bones in primary hyperparathyroidism. Metabolism 1976; 25:1033-69. [PMID: 785157 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(76)90133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
31
|
Lebovitz HE, Eisenbarth GS. Hormonal regulation of cartilage growth and metabolism. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1976; 33:575-648. [PMID: 180680 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
32
|
Lemperg RK, Bergenholtz A, Smith TW. Calf articular cartilage in organ culture in a chemically defined medium. 2. Concentrations of glycosaminoglycans and [35S]-sulfate incorporation at different oxygen tensions. IN VITRO 1975; 11:291-301. [PMID: 126946 DOI: 10.1007/bf02615640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage from 6-month-old calves was maintained in organ culture in Eagle's minimum essential medium at different oxygen tensions between 20 and 50%. When well standardized cartilage pieces of about 1 mm thickness were used the results showed a high degree of reproducibility. The glycosaminoglycans were studied using the cetylpyridinium chloride cellulose and epichlorohydrin triethanolamine (ECTEOLA) column techniques on a microscale. In some experiments the cartilage was labelled with [35S]sulfate. Small alterations of the concentrations and distribution of different glycosaminoglycans were found and were not affected by various oxygen tensions for up to 4 weeks. A small increase was found in the fractions containing low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate. Devitalized cartilage, maintained under identical conditions, remained largely unaltered during the 4 weeks. The [35S]sulfate activity calculated per mole of hexosamine showed a general decrease during culture maintenance. High specific activities in the fractions containing low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate were found between 1 and 3 weeks of maintenance in 20% oxygen. Maintenance in 50% oxygen resulted in severely disturbed synthesis of glycoaminoglycans. The results are interpreted as showing that the synthesis pattern of glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage can be altered by other factors and without the prior loss of glycosaminoglycans.
Collapse
|
33
|
Jones IL, Leaver AG. Glycosaminoglycans of human dentine. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1974; 16:37-44. [PMID: 4280928 DOI: 10.1007/bf02008211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
34
|
Lemperg R, Larsson SE, Hjertquist SO. The glycosaminoglycans of bovine articular cartilage. I. Concentration and distribution in different layers in relation to age. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1974; 15:237-51. [PMID: 4278318 DOI: 10.1007/bf02059060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
35
|
Birkedal-Hansen H. Distribution of carbohydrates in demineralized paraffin sections of the rat jaw. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH 1974; 82:113-27. [PMID: 4133814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1974.tb00373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
36
|
Larsson SE, Ray RD, Kuettner KE. Microchemical studies on acid glycosaminoglycans of the epiphyseal zones during endochondral calcification. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1973; 13:271-85. [PMID: 4274646 DOI: 10.1007/bf02015417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
37
|
Linde A. Glycosaminoglycans of the odontoblast-predentine layer in dentinogenically active porcine teeth. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1973; 12:281-94. [PMID: 4270507 DOI: 10.1007/bf02013741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
38
|
Bjelle AO. The glycosaminoglycans of articular cartilage in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition disease (chondrocalcinosis articularis or pyrophosphate arthropathy). CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1973; 12:37-46. [PMID: 4349642 DOI: 10.1007/bf02013720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
39
|
Linde A. Glycosaminoglycans of the dental pulp. A biochemical study. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH 1973; 81:177-201. [PMID: 4267633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1973.tb00329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
40
|
Johnson AR. The influence of strontium on characteristic factors of bone. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1973; 11:215-21. [PMID: 4707192 DOI: 10.1007/bf02547220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
41
|
Hjertquist SO, Wasteson A. The molecular weight of chondroitin sulphate from human articular cartilage. Effect of age and of osteoarthritis. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1972; 10:31-7. [PMID: 5054789 DOI: 10.1007/bf02012533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
42
|
Vejlens L. Glycosaminoglycans of human bone tissue. II. Chondroitin sulphate pattern of femoral cortex, medulla and epiphyseal plate in osteopetrosis. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1972; 9:54-66. [PMID: 4259680 DOI: 10.1007/bf02061945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
43
|
Greer RB, Skinner S, Zarins A, Mankin HJ. Distribution of acidic glycosaminoglycans in rabbit growth plate cartilage. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1972; 9:194-9. [PMID: 4261986 DOI: 10.1007/bf02061957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
44
|
Hjertquist SO, Lemperg R. Identification and concentration of the glycosaminoglycans of human articular cartilage in relation to age and osteoarthritis. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1972; 10:223-37. [PMID: 4264350 DOI: 10.1007/bf02012552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
45
|
Vejlens L. Glycosaminoglycans of human bone tissue. I. Pattern of compact bone in relation to age. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1971; 7:175-90. [PMID: 4254366 DOI: 10.1007/bf02062605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
46
|
Wilsman NJ, Van Sickle DC. Histochemical evidence of a functional heterogeneity in neonatal canine epiphyseal chondrocytes. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1971; 3:311-8. [PMID: 4110363 DOI: 10.1007/bf01005013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
47
|
Abstract
The cartilages from the hip joints of 13 normal and 15 osteoarthritic humans were analyzed for glycosaminoglycan content and distribution. The GAGs were separated by elution with CPC on a short cellulose column by the technique of Svejcar and Robertson after digestion of the tissue with pronase and papain. The eluates were identified by a variety of methods including determination of molar ratios, N-acetyl-hexosamine determinations after hyaluronidase treatment and thin-layer chromatography of unhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed GAGs. From the data obtained, it was demonstrated that cartilage from arthritic patients showed a significant increase in the concentration of chondroitin 4-sulfate and a significant decrease in keratan sulfate, with only slight changes in the total amount of GAG present. Calculations of the molar ratios showed variation in the sulfation with chondroitin 4-sulfate appearing in the "supersulfated" state in the arthritic cartilage. The data lead to speculation regarding the process of osteoarthritis, and it is concluded that the changes seen are more likely to represent an altered pattern of synthesis rather than selective degradation. Since the changes suggest a younger cartilage, a theory is advanced that the chondrocyte responds to the chronic stress of osteoarthritis by modulation to a chondroblastic phase.
Collapse
|
48
|
Wasteson A. A method for the determination of the molecular weight and molecular-weight distribution of chondroitin sulphate. J Chromatogr A 1971; 59:87-97. [PMID: 5110295 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)80009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
49
|
Abstract
1. Chondroitin sulphate was isolated from bovine nasal septa by precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride after digestion of the tissue with papain. 2. The material was divided into two portions, one of which was partially degraded with testicular hyaluronidase. 3. Untreated and hyaluronidase-digested material were fractionated into a total of eleven subfractions by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and Sephadex G-100 respectively. 4. Chemical analyses indicated that the composition of all the fractions was similar to that of chondroitin sulphate. However, electrophoresis revealed a charge-inhomogeneity in the low-molecular-weight fractions obtained after hyaluronidase digestion. 5. The physicochemical properties of the subfractions were investigated by sedimentation-velocity, diffusion and sedimentation-equilibrium studies, osmometry, viscometry and gel chromatography. The individual fractions were essentially monodisperse and showed molecular weights ranging from 2400 to 36000. 6. The relationship between the intrinsic viscosity and the molecular weight was [eta]=5.0x10(-6)xM(1.14), indicating that the chondroitin sulphate molecules assume a shape intermediate between that of a random coil and a stiff rod. 7. The relationship between the sedimentation constant and the molecular weight (>10(4)) was s(0) (20,w)=2.3x10(-2)xM(0.44).
Collapse
|
50
|
Kobayashi S. Acid mucopolysaccharides in calcified tissues. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1971; 30:257-371. [PMID: 4332845 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|