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Apolit C, Campos N, Vautrin A, Begon-Pescia C, Lapasset L, Scherrer D, Gineste P, Ehrlich H, Garcel A, Santo J, Tazi J. ABX464 (Obefazimod) Upregulates miR-124 to Reduce Proinflammatory Markers in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2023; 14:e00560. [PMID: 36573890 PMCID: PMC10132720 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced therapies have transformed the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease; however, many patients fail to respond, highlighting the need for therapies tailored to the underlying cell and molecular disease drivers. The first-in-class oral molecule ABX464 (obefazimod), which selectively upregulates miR-124, has demonstrated its ability to be a well-tolerated treatment with rapid and sustained efficacy in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Here, we provide evidence that ABX464 affects the immune system in vitro , in the murine model of inflammatory bowel disease, and in patients with UC. In vitro , ABX464 treatment upregulated miR-124 and led to decreases in proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL) 17 and IL6, and in the chemokine CCL2. Consistently, miR-124 expression was upregulated in the rectal biopsies and blood samples of patients with UC, and a parallel reduction in Th17 cells and IL17a levels was observed in serum samples. In a mouse model of induced intestinal inflammation with dextran sulfate sodium, ABX464 reversed the increases in multiple proinflammatory cytokines in the colon and the upregulation of IL17a secretion in the mesenteric lymph nodes. By upregulating miR-124, ABX464 acts as "a physiological brake" of inflammation, which may explain the efficacy of ABX464 with a favorable tolerability and safety profile in patients with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jamal Tazi
- Abivax, Montpellier, France
- Abivax, Paris, France
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2
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de Andrade STQ, Guidugli TI, Borrego A, Rodrigues BLC, Fernandes NCCDA, Guerra JM, de Sousa JG, Starobinas N, Jensen JR, Cabrera WHK, De Franco M, Ibañez OM, Massa S, Ribeiro OG. Slc11a1 gene polymorphism influences dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in a murine model of acute inflammation. Genes Immun 2023; 24:71-80. [PMID: 36792680 PMCID: PMC10110460 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-023-00199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disease characterized by colonic mucosal lesions associated with an increased risk of carcinogenesis. UC pathogenesis involves environmental and genetic factors. Genetic studies have indicated the association of gene variants coding for the divalent metal ion transporter SLC11A1 protein (formerly NRAMP1) with UC susceptibility in several animal species. Two mouse lines were genetically selected for high (AIRmax) or low (AIRmin) acute inflammatory responses (AIR). AIRmax is susceptible, and AIRmin is resistant to DSS-induced colitis and colon carcinogenesis. Furthermore, AIRmin mice present polymorphism of the Slc11a1 gene. Here we investigated the possible modulating effect of the Slc11a1 R and S variants in DSS-induced colitis by using AIRmin mice homozygous for Slc11a1 R (AIRminRR) or S (AIRminSS) alleles. We evaluated UC by the disease activity index (DAI), considering weight loss, diarrhea, blood in the anus or feces, cytokines, histopathology, and cell populations in the distal colon epithelium. AIRminSS mice have become susceptible to DSS effects, with higher DAI, IL6, G-CSF, and MCP-1 production and morphological and colon histopathological alterations than AIRminRR mice. The results point to a role of the Slc11a1 S allele in DSS colitis induction in the genetic background of AIRmin mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Borrego
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Nancy Starobinas
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Solange Massa
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Adamkova P, Hradicka P, Kupcova Skalnikova H, Cizkova V, Vodicka P, Farkasova Iannaccone S, Kassayova M, Gancarcikova S, Demeckova V. Dextran Sulphate Sodium Acute Colitis Rat Model: A Suitable Tool for Advancing Our Understanding of Immune and Microbial Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Vet Sci 2022; 9:238. [PMID: 35622766 PMCID: PMC9147231 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of disorders causing inflammation in the digestive tract. Recent data suggest that dysbiosis may play a pivotal role in the IBD pathogenesis. As microbiome-based therapeutics that modulate the gut ecology have been proposed as a novel strategy for preventing IBD, the aim of presenting study was to evaluate the dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) rat model mainly in terms of microbial shifts to confirm its suitability for dysbiosis study in IBD. Acute colitis was induced using 5% DSS solution for seven days and rats were euthanized five days after DSS removal. The faecal/caecal microbiota was analyzed by next generation sequencing. Disease activity index (DAI) score was evaluated daily. Blood and colon tissue immunophenotyping was assessed by flow cytometry and histological, haematological, and biochemical parameters were also evaluated. The colitis induction was reflected in a significantly higher DAI score and changes in all parameters measured. This study demonstrated significant shifts in the colitis-related microbial species after colitis induction. The characteristic inflammation-associated microbiota could be detected even after a five day-recovery period. Moreover, the DSS-model might contribute to an understanding of the effect of different treatments on extraintestinal organ impairments. The observation that certain bacterial species in the gut microbiota are associated with colitis raises the question of whether these organisms are contributors to, or a consequence of the disease. Despite some limitations, we confirmed the suitability of DSS-induced colitis model to monitor microbial changes during acute colitis, in order to test attractive new microbiome-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Adamkova
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.A.); (P.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Petra Hradicka
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.A.); (P.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Helena Kupcova Skalnikova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; (H.K.S.); (V.C.); (P.V.)
| | - Veronika Cizkova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; (H.K.S.); (V.C.); (P.V.)
| | - Petr Vodicka
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; (H.K.S.); (V.C.); (P.V.)
| | - Silvia Farkasova Iannaccone
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Monika Kassayova
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.A.); (P.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Sona Gancarcikova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Vlasta Demeckova
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.A.); (P.H.); (M.K.)
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Chitosan Oligosaccharides Alleviate Colitis by Regulating Intestinal Microbiota and PPARγ/SIRT1-Mediated NF-κB Pathway. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020096. [PMID: 35200626 PMCID: PMC8880253 DOI: 10.3390/md20020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) have been shown to have potential protective effects against colitis, but the mechanism underlying this effect has not been fully elucidated. In this study, COS were found to significantly attenuate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice by decreasing disease activity index scores, downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and upregulating Mucin-2 levels. COS also significantly inhibited the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Importantly, COS inhibited the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway via activating PPARγ and SIRT1, thus reducing the production of NO and IL-6. The antagonist of PPARγ could abolish the anti-inflammatory effects of COS in LPS-treated cells. COS also activated SIRT1 to reduce the acetylation of p65 protein at lysine 310, which was reversed by silencing SIRT1 by siRNA. Moreover, COS treatment increased the diversity of intestinal microbiota and partly restored the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. COS administration could optimize intestinal microbiota composition by increasing the abundance of norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus and Alistipes, while decreasing the abundance of Turicibacte. Furthermore, COS could also increase the levels of propionate and butyrate. Overall, COS can improve colitis by regulating intestinal microbiota and the PPARγ/SIRT1-mediated NF-κB pathway.
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Kojima F, Sekiya H, Hioki Y, Kashiwagi H, Kubo M, Nakamura M, Maehana S, Imamichi Y, Yuhki KI, Ushikubi F, Kitasato H, Ichikawa T. Facilitation of colonic T cell immune responses is associated with an exacerbation of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice lacking microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:1. [PMID: 34983695 PMCID: PMC8725565 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-021-00188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is a key enzyme that acts downstream of cyclooxygenase and plays a major role in inflammation by converting prostaglandin (PG) H2 to PGE2. The present study investigated the effect of genetic deletion of mPGES-1 on the development of immunologic responses to experimental colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), a well-established model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods Colitis was induced in mice lacking mPGES-1 (mPGES-1−/− mice) and wild-type (WT) mice by administering DSS for 7 days. Colitis was assessed by body weight loss, diarrhea, fecal bleeding, and histological features. The colonic expression of mPGES-1 was determined by real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The impact of mPGES-1 deficiency on T cell immunity was determined by flow cytometry and T cell depletion in vivo. Results After administration of DSS, mPGES-1−/− mice exhibited more severe weight loss, diarrhea, and fecal bleeding than WT mice. Histological analysis further showed significant exacerbation of colonic inflammation in mPGES-1−/− mice. In WT mice, the colonic expression of mPGES-1 was highly induced on both mRNA and protein levels and colonic PGE2 increased significantly after DSS administration. Additionally, mPGES-1 protein was localized in the colonic mucosal epithelium and infiltrated inflammatory cells in underlying connective tissues and the lamina propria. The abnormalities consistent with colitis in mPGES-1−/− mice were associated with higher expression of colonic T-helper (Th)17 and Th1 cytokines, including interleukin 17A and interferon-γ. Furthermore, lack of mPGES-1 increased the numbers of Th17 and Th1 cells in the lamina propria mononuclear cells within the colon, even though the number of suppressive regulatory T cells also increased. CD4+ T cell depletion effectively reduced symptoms of colitis as well as colonic expression of Th17 and Th1 cytokines in mPGES-1−/− mice, suggesting the requirement of CD4+ T cells in the exacerbation of DSS-induced colitis under mPGES-1 deficiency. Conclusions These results demonstrate that mPGES-1 is the main enzyme responsible for colonic PGE2 production and deficiency of mPGES-1 facilitates the development of colitis by affecting the development of colonic T cell–mediated immunity. mPGES-1 might therefore impact both the intestinal inflammation and T cell–mediated immunity associated with IBD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41232-021-00188-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Kojima
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan. .,Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan. .,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Sekiya
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yuka Hioki
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kashiwagi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka higashi, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Kubo
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Masaki Nakamura
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.,Department of Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shotaro Maehana
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.,Department of Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imamichi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka higashi, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Yuhki
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka higashi, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Ushikubi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka higashi, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hidero Kitasato
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.,Department of Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ichikawa
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
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Huangfu LX, Cai XT, Yang JN, Wang HC, Li YX, Dai ZF, Yang RL, Lin XH. Irisin attenuates inflammation in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis by altering the intestinal microbiota. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1433. [PMID: 34707714 PMCID: PMC8543469 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has demonstrated that the gut microbiota, which consists of probiotics and pathogenic microorganisms, is involved in the initiation of ulcerative colitis (UC) via the dysregulation of intestinal microflora and normal immune interactions, which ultimately leads to intestinal mucosal dysfunction. Irisin is released from muscle cells and displays anti-inflammatory effects; however, the mechanisms underlying irisin-mediated anti-inflammatory effects in UC have not been previously reported. In the present study, mice were divided into the following four groups: i) Control; ii) irisin; iii) dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) salt; and iv) DSS + irisin. Subsequently, the effects of irisin were investigated by observing alterations in intestinal microbes. Irisin significantly reduced the degree of inflammation in UC by reversing alterations to the macroscopic score, histological score, number of CD64+ cells and inflammatory cytokine alterations (P<0.05). Analysis of the microbial diversity in the stools of mice with active UC indicated that the five bacteria that displayed the greatest alterations in relative abundance were Alloprevotella, Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae-UCG-001, Prebotellaceae-UCG-001 and Rikenellaceae-RCB-gut-group. Furthermore, Bactoroides were positively correlated with the histopathological score (P=0.001; R=0.977) and interleukin (IL)-23 levels (P=0.008; R=0.924). Alloprevotella (P=0.001; R=-0.943), Lachnospiraceae-UCG-001 (P=0.000; R=-0.973) and Rikenollaceae-RC8-gut-group (P=0.001; R=-0.971) were negatively correlated with the histopathological score. Furthermore, Lachnospiraceae-UCG-001 (P=0.01; R=-0.873) and Rikenollaceae-RC8-gut-group (P=0.049; R=-0.814) were negatively correlated with IL-23 levels. In summary, the results of the present study suggested that irisin improved inflammation in a UC mouse model potentially via altering the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xin Huangfu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China.,Department of Geriatrics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Tong Cai
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Nan Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Chao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xia Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Feng Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Rui Lin Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Xu Hong Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
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Goswami S, Flores J, Balasubramanian I, Bandyopadhyay S, Joseph I, Bianchi-Smak J, Dhawan P, Mücahit DM, Yu S, Christakos S, Gao N. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and dietary vitamin D reduce inflammation in mice lacking intestinal epithelial cell Rab11a. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:8148-8159. [PMID: 34192357 PMCID: PMC9161497 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have examined the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2 D3 ) on intestinal inflammation driven by immune cells, while little information is currently available about its impact on inflammation caused by intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) defects. Mice lacking IEC-specific Rab11a a recycling endosome small GTPase resulted in increased epithelial cell production of inflammatory cytokines, notably IL-6 and early onset of enteritis. To determine whether vitamin D supplementation may benefit hosts with epithelial cell-originated mucosal inflammation, we evaluated in vivo effects of injected 1,25(OH)2 D3 or dietary supplement of a high dose of vitamin D on the gut phenotypes of IEC-specific Rab11a knockout mice (Rab11aΔIEC ). 1,25(OH)2 D3 administered at 25 ng, two doses per mouse, by intraperitoneal injection, reduced inflammatory cytokine production in knockout mice compared to vehicle-injected mice. Remarkably, feeding mice with dietary vitamin D supplementation at 20,000 IU/kg spanning fetal and postnatal developmental stages led to improved bodyweights, reduced immune cell infiltration, and decreased inflammatory cytokines. We found that these vitamin D effects were accompanied by decreased NF-κB (p65) in the knockout intestinal epithelia, reduced tissue-resident macrophages, and partial restoration of epithelial morphology. Our study suggests that dietary vitamin D supplementation may prevent and limit intestinal inflammation in hosts with high susceptibility to chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Goswami
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Juan Flores
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Iyshwarya Balasubramanian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sheila Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ivor Joseph
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jared Bianchi-Smak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Puneet Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Derya M Mücahit
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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8
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Sheta NM, Boshra SA. Fabrication and Evaluation of Celecoxib Oral Oleogel to Reduce the Inflammation of Ulcerative Colitis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:180. [PMID: 34129135 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleogel consists of hydrophobic solvent and an oleogelator. In this study, attempts were made to study the influence of Celecoxib solubility, concentration and dispersability on its release, absorption, and biological performance. Oleogels were prepared to study the formulation variables on its stability and release. Castor oil was selected as the oil and the oleogelator concentration was 4.5% w/w. F3 revealed the highest release and stability compared to other formulae. The percent permeated across the rat intestine showed a 7.5-fold increase over free Celecoxib, and its lifetime was found to be greater than 18 months. The efficacy of free Celecoxib and oleogel formulae to treat rats with ulcerative colitis was done via the induction of ulcerative colitis (UC) through administration of 5% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). Celecoxib besides its formulae significantly reduced the release of Leucine rich 2 glycoprotein (LRG), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), proinflammatory cytokine expression, High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ΚB), Trefoil Factor 3 (TFF3), Metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3), and miRNA31. Moreover, F3 significantly increased the colonic cAMP in DSS treated rats and reduced the intestinal inflammation beside healing of mucosa and restitution of the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract.
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9
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Manicassamy S, Prasad PD, Swafford D. Mouse Models of Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2224:133-146. [PMID: 33606212 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1008-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis are two main clinically defined forms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Chronic intestinal inflammation is inextricably linked to colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis (CAC). Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) have an increased risk of colon cancer. Our understanding of IBD and IBD-associated colon carcinogenesis depends largely on rodent models. AOM-DSS-induced colitis-associated colon cancer in mice is the most widely used and accepted model that can recapitulate the human IBD-associated colon cancer. Here, we have provided detailed protocols of this mouse model of experimentally induced chronic intestinal inflammation-associated colon cancer. We will also discuss the protocols for the isolation and analysis of inflammatory immune cells from the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Puttur D Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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10
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Cordeiro N, Freitas RHCN, Fraga CAM, Fernandes PD. Therapeutic Effects of Anti-Inflammatory N-Acylhydrazones in the Resolution of Experimental Colitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:420-427. [PMID: 32546529 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases are caused by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, which may or may not have a specific cause or pathogen. They affect millions of people around the world and there are still few effective treatments. The aim of this work is to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of the IKK-β inhibitor LASSBio-1524 and its three analogs, LASSBio-1760, LASSBio-1763, and LASSBio-1764, on mediator production and expression of inflammatory enzymes using experimental animal models of intestinal inflammatory diseases. Colitis was performed using two different models, which mimic Crohn disease (induced by dinitrobenzene acid) and ulcerative colitis (induced by sodium dextran sulfate) in mice. In both models, a therapeutic protocol with a daily dose of 1, 3, or 30 μmol/kg was performed. LASSBio-1524 and its three analogs reduced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and IFN-γ and increased secretion of IL-10, protecting gastrointestinal homeostasis. All compounds reduced macro- and microscopic colonic damage caused by experimental colitis and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase expression in the colon, as well as leukocytosis and anemia resulting from the disease. Our data may suggest LASSBio-1524 and its analogs (LASSBio-1760, LASSBio-1763, and LASSBio-1764) as promising candidates for new prototypes designed to treat inflammatory bowel diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Three new N-acylhydrazones were synthetized as analogs of LASSBio-1524. All new substances were evaluated in dextran sulfate- and dinitrobenzene acid-induced colitis, with LASSBio-1760, LASSBio-1762, and LASSBio-1763 presenting a significant effect in both models of colitis without toxic effects. The new substances could be considered as a new prototype for the development of new anti-inflammatory treatments of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Cordeiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e da Inflamação, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (N.d.M.C., P.D.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (N.d.M.C., P.D.F., C.A.M.F.); and Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (R.H.C.N.F., C.A.M.F.)
| | - Rosana Helena Coimbra Nogueira Freitas
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e da Inflamação, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (N.d.M.C., P.D.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (N.d.M.C., P.D.F., C.A.M.F.); and Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (R.H.C.N.F., C.A.M.F.)
| | - Carlos Alberto Manssour Fraga
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e da Inflamação, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (N.d.M.C., P.D.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (N.d.M.C., P.D.F., C.A.M.F.); and Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (R.H.C.N.F., C.A.M.F.)
| | - Patricia Dias Fernandes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e da Inflamação, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (N.d.M.C., P.D.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (N.d.M.C., P.D.F., C.A.M.F.); and Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (R.H.C.N.F., C.A.M.F.)
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11
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Zhang S, Liang W, Luo L, Sun S, Wang F. The role of T cell trafficking in CTLA-4 blockade-induced gut immunopathology. BMC Biol 2020; 18:29. [PMID: 32183814 PMCID: PMC7079427 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICPI) can augment the anti-tumour response by blocking negative immunoregulators with monoclonal antibodies. The anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antibody is the first ICPI which has shown remarkable benefits in the clinical treatment of cancers. However, the increased activity of the immune system also causes some side effects called immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Colitis is one of the most common irAEs related to anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy. Results We identified that CD4+ T cells were the primary responders in CTLA-4 blockade and that the expansion of gut-homing CD4+ T cells by anti-CTLA-4 therapy was independent of CD103. We used dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice as our model and tested the possibility of using a trafficking-blocking antibody to treat anti-CTLA-4 antibody-induced irAEs. We found that blocking T cell homing increased colitis severity in the context of CTLA-4 blockade and that gut-trafficking blockade had different effects on different Th subsets and could facilitate the proliferation of Th17 cells in the lamina propria (LP). Conclusions Our data reveals the fundamental mechanism underlying trafficking-blocking antibody therapy for CTLA-4 blockade-induced colitis and provide a caution in regard to apply trafficking-blocking antibody treatment under CTLA-4 blockade condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashuang Zhang
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The Center for Microbiota and Immunological Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Liang
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The Center for Microbiota and Immunological Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingjie Luo
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The Center for Microbiota and Immunological Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Sun
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The Center for Microbiota and Immunological Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,The Center for Microbiota and Immunological Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Javanmard Khameneh H, Leong KWK, Mencarelli A, Vacca M, Mambwe B, Neo K, Tay A, Zolezzi F, Lee B, Mortellaro A. The Inflammasome Adaptor ASC Intrinsically Limits CD4 + T-Cell Proliferation to Help Maintain Intestinal Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1566. [PMID: 31379813 PMCID: PMC6644529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is a multi-protein complex that mediates proteolytic cleavage and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and pyroptosis—a form of cell death induced by various pathogenic bacteria. Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) has a pivotal role in inflammasome assembly and activation. While ASC function has been primarily implicated in innate immune cells, its contribution to lymphocyte biology is unclear. Here we report that ASC is constitutively expressed in naïve CD4+ T cells together with the inflammasome sensor NLRP3 and caspase-1. When adoptively transferred in immunocompromised Rag1−/− mice, Asc−/− CD4+ T cells exacerbate T-cell-mediated autoimmune colitis. Asc−/− CD4+ T cells exhibit a higher proliferative capacity in vitro than wild-type CD4+ T cells. The increased expansion of Asc−/− CD4+ T cells in vivo correlated with robust TCR-mediated activation, inflammatory activity, and higher metabolic profile toward a highly glycolytic phenotype. These findings identify ASC as a crucial intrinsic regulator of CD4+ T-cell expansion that serves to maintain intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Javanmard Khameneh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith Weng Kit Leong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea Mencarelli
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maurizio Vacca
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bezaleel Mambwe
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt Neo
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alice Tay
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesca Zolezzi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alessandra Mortellaro
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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13
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Anti-inflammatory activity of Alpinia officinarum hance on rat colon inflammation and tissue damage in DSS induced acute and chronic colitis models. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Du YW, Liu Q, Luo XC, Zhao DX, Xue JB, Feng P, Margolskee RF, Wang H, Huang L. Effects of Taste Signaling Protein Abolishment on Gut Inflammation in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Mouse Model. J Vis Exp 2018:10.3791/58668. [PMID: 30474644 PMCID: PMC6374045 DOI: 10.3791/58668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is one of the immune-related gastrointestinal disorders, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, that affects the life quality of millions of people worldwide. IBD symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding, which may result from the interactions among gut microbiota, food components, intestinal epithelial cells, and immune cells. It is of particular importance to assess how each key gene expressed in intestinal epithelial and immune cells affects inflammation in the colon. G protein-coupled taste receptors, including G protein subunit α-gustducin and other signaling proteins, have been found in the intestines. Here, we use α-gustducin as a representative and describe a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD model to evaluate the effect of gustatory gene mutations on gut mucosal immunity and inflammation. This method combines gene knockout technology with the chemically induced IBD model, and thus can be applied to assess the outcome of gustatory gene nullification as well as other genes that may exuberate or dampen the DSS-induced immune response in the colon. Mutant mice are administered with DSS for a certain period during which their body weight, stool, and rectal bleeding are monitored and recorded. At different timepoints during administration, some mice are euthanized, then the sizes and weights of their spleens and colons are measured and gut tissues are collected and processed for histological and gene expression analyses. The data show that the α-gustducin knockout results in excessive weight loss, diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, tissue damage, and inflammation vs. wild-type mice. Since the severity of induced inflammation is affected by mouse strains, housing environment, and diet, optimization of DSS concentration and administration duration in a pilot experiment is particularly important. By adjusting these factors, this method can be applied to assess both anti- and pro-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Du
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University
| | - Qun Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University
| | | | | | - Jian-Bo Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University
| | - Pu Feng
- Monell Chemical Senses Center
| | | | | | - Liquan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University; Monell Chemical Senses Center;
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15
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The roles of IL-17C in T cell-dependent and -independent inflammatory diseases. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15750. [PMID: 30356086 PMCID: PMC6200819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-17C, which is a member of the IL-17 family of cytokines, is preferentially produced by epithelial cells in the lung, skin and colon, suggesting that IL-17C may be involved in not only host defense but also inflammatory diseases in those tissues. In support of that, IL-17C was demonstrated to contribute to development of T cell-dependent imiquimod-induced psoriatic dermatitis and T cell-independent dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis using mice deficient in IL-17C and/or IL-17RE, which is a component of the receptor for IL-17C. However, the roles of IL-17C in other inflammatory diseases remain poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the contributions of IL-17C to development of certain disease models using Il17c−/− mice, which we newly generated. Those mice showed normal development of T cell-dependent inflammatory diseases such as FITC- and DNFB-induced contact dermatitis/contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and concanavalin A-induced hepatitis, and T cell-independent inflammatory diseases such as bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, papain-induced airway eosinophilia and LPS-induced airway neutrophilia. On the other hand, those mice were highly resistant to LPS-induced endotoxin shock, indicating that IL-17C is crucial for protection against that immunological reaction. Therefore, IL-17C neutralization may represent a novel therapeutic approach for sepsis, in addition to psoriasis and acute colitis.
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16
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Gemcitabine-loaded DSPE-PEG-PheoA liposome as a photomediated immune modulator for cholangiocarcinoma treatment. Biomaterials 2018; 183:139-150. [PMID: 30170256 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To improve the therapeutic efficacy of gemcitabine (GEM) as an anticancer drug for bile duct cancer, GEM-loaded liposomes (GDPPL) prepared from a photosensitizer-conjugated lipid were investigated regarding the drug release kinetics, photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy, and immunomodulatory effects. The release rate of GEM from the liposomes was improved approximately 2-fold compared to non-laser irradiation groups due to lipid disruption by reactive oxygen species produced from the activated photosensitizer upon laser irradiation. Through in vitro testing using a human liver bile duct carcinoma cell line (HuCCT-1), the cytotoxicity of GDPPL with laser irradiation was enhanced due to rapid GEM release and PDT effects. Furthermore, the results of in vivo tests using a HuCCT-1 tumor-bearing xenograft mice model showed that GDPPL exhibited approximately 3-fold antitumoral effects compared to control group. Additionally, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated the recruitment of immunostimulatory cells in tumor tissues. IHC tests in BALB/c mice indicated that GDPPL under laser irradiation dramatically enhanced the quantities of various immune cells for effective antitumoral immunotherapy against biliary tract cancer. From these results, it was concluded that GDPPL with rapid drug release behavior, PDT efficacy, and immunomodulatory effects upon laser irradiation has potential as an antitumor therapeutic agent for biliary tract cancer.
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17
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Polysaccharide isolated from Phellinus linteus mycelia exerts anti-inflammatory effects via MAPK and PPAR signaling pathways. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 200:487-497. [PMID: 30177190 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the anti-inflammatory function of Phellinus linteus polysaccharide (PLP) was investigated in animal and cell inflammation models, and the anti-inflammatory mechanism of PLP was also explored. Sixty 8-week ICR mice were randomly divided into 3 groups, and DSS group and DSS + PLP group mice received 2.0% DSS and PLP was orally administered at 500 mg/kg/day. Our data showed that PLP administration obviously improved the health status of mice and inhibited DSS-induced pathological alterations and significantly reduced inflammatory cytokine expressions in the colonic tissues. In lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation cell model, PLP supplement also significantly reduced inflammatory cytokine expressions and inhibited MAPK pathway as well as the translocations of NF-κB and AP-1. Meanwhile, PLP supplement regulated PPARα and PPARγ phosphorylation and blocked MAPK activation. Taken together, PLP exhibits anti-inflammatory function and its molecular mechanism may be involved in MAPK and PPAR signal pathways, which reduce the expressions of inflammatory cytokines.
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18
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A murine colitis model developed using a combination of dextran sulfate sodium and Citrobacter rodentium. J Microbiol 2018; 56:272-279. [PMID: 29611140 PMCID: PMC7090851 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-7504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adult mice were treated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and infected with Citrobacter rodentium for developing a novel murine colitis model. C57BL/6N mice (7-week-old) were divided into four groups. Each group composed of control, dextran sodium sulfate-treated (DSS), C. rodentium-infected (CT), and DSS-treated and C. rodentium-infected (DSS-CT) mice. The DSS group was administered 1% DSS in drinking water for 7 days. The CT group was supplied with normal drinking water for 7 days and subsequently infected with C. rodentium via oral gavage. The DSS-CT group was supplied with 1% DSS in drinking water for 7 days and subsequently infected with C. rodentium via oral gavage. The mice were sacrificed 10 days after the induction of C. rodentium infection. The DSS-CT group displayed significantly shorter colon length, higher spleen to body weight ratio, and higher histopathological score compared to the other three groups. The mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (INF)-γ were significantly upregulated; however, those of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 were significantly downregulated in the DSS-CT group than in the control group. These results demonstrated that a combination of low DSS concentration (1%) and C. rodentium infection could effectively induce inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in mice. This may potentially be used as a novel IBD model, in which colitis is induced in mice by the combination of a chemical and a pathogen.
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19
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Gastrointestinal Leakage Detected by Serum (1→3)-β-D-Glucan in Mouse Models and a Pilot Study in Patients with Sepsis. Shock 2018; 46:506-518. [PMID: 27172153 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) leakage is believed to exacerbate sepsis and new, validated markers of GI barrier performance might benefit clinical decision-making. Serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG) was evaluated as a potential GI leakage marker. Serum BG was tested in several mouse models of GI leakage, including dextran sulfate solution (DSS) administration, endotoxin (LPS) injection, and cecal ligation and puncture sepsis (CLP). Serum BG titer was also evaluated in patients with sepsis and septic shock, for comparison.With 0.75% DSS administration, BG increased only after oral administration of heat-killed C. albicans, but increased spontaneously with 1.5% DSS. In the LPS and CLP models, BG increased as early as 1 h and at 12 h after LPS administration and surgery, respectively. GI leakage was confirmed by orthogonal validation methods including FITC-dextran oral administration in the DSS, LPS, and CLP models and, in the DSS model, with urine sucralose after oral administration and serum endotoxemia. IL-6 increased in parallel with serum BG. Serum BG or IL-6, at 18 h, anticipated sepsis mortality in the CLP model.Analysis of serum BG from patients with febrile neutropenic sepsis (N = 49) and febrile non-neutropenic sepsis (N = 39) demonstrated BG elevation. Patients with bacterial septic shock had serum BG titers similar to levels observed in invasive fungal disease, regardless of febrile neutropenia. Serum BG was lower in less severe cases of bacterial sepsis. Elevated serum IL-6 was associated with GI leakage and elevated serum BG.Serum BG may have potential as a sepsis/septic shock biomarker and further study in this context is warranted.
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20
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Freise AC, Zettlitz KA, Salazar FB, Tavaré R, Tsai WTK, Chatziioannou AF, Rozengurt N, Braun J, Wu AM. Immuno-PET in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Imaging CD4-Positive T Cells in a Murine Model of Colitis. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:980-985. [PMID: 29326360 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.199075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) in humans are characterized in part by aberrant CD4-positive (CD4+) T-cell responses. Currently, identification of foci of inflammation within the gut requires invasive procedures such as colonoscopy and biopsy. Molecular imaging with antibody fragment probes could be used to noninvasively monitor cell subsets causing intestinal inflammation. Here, GK1.5 cys-diabody (cDb), an antimouse CD4 antibody fragment derived from the GK1.5 hybridoma, was used as a PET probe for CD4+ T cells in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse model of IBD. Methods: The DSS mouse model of IBD was validated by assessing changes in CD4+ T cells in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) using flow cytometry. Furthermore, CD4+ T cell infiltration in the colons of colitic mice was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. 89Zr-labeled GK1.5 cDb was used to image distribution of CD4+ T cells in the abdominal region and lymphoid organs of mice with DSS-induced colitis. Region-of-interest analysis was performed on specific regions of the gut to quantify probe uptake. Colons, ceca, and MLNs were removed and imaged ex vivo by PET. Imaging results were confirmed by ex vivo biodistribution analysis. Results: An increased number of CD4+ T cells in the colons of colitic mice was confirmed by anti-CD4 immunohistochemistry. Increased uptake of 89Zr-maleimide-deferoxamine (malDFO)-GK1.5 cDb in the distal colon of colitic mice was visible in vivo in PET scans, and region-of-interest analysis of the distal colon confirmed increased activity in DSS mice. MLNs from colitic mice were enlarged and visible in PET images. Ex vivo scans and biodistribution confirmed higher uptake in DSS-treated colons (DSS, 1.8 ± 0.40; control, 0.45 ± 0.12 percentage injected dose [%ID] per organ, respectively), ceca (DSS, 1.1 ± 0.38; control, 0.35 ± 0.09 %ID per organ), and MLNs (DSS, 1.1 ± 0.58; control, 0.37 ± 0.25 %ID per organ). Conclusion:89Zr-malDFO-GK1.5 cDb detected CD4+ T cells in the colons, ceca, and MLNs of colitic mice and may prove useful for further investigations of CD4+ T cells in preclinical models of IBD, with potential to guide development of antibody-based imaging in human IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Freise
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Felix B Salazar
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Richard Tavaré
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Wen-Ting K Tsai
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Arion F Chatziioannou
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Nora Rozengurt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna M Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and
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21
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Pacheco MT, Vezza T, Diez-Echave P, Utrilla P, Villamiel M, Moreno FJ. Anti-inflammatory bowel effect of industrial orange by-products in DSS-treated mice. Food Funct 2018; 9:4888-4896. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pectin, phenolic compounds and/or Maillard reaction products present in orange by-products may exert an anti-inflammatory bowel effect in DSS-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Teresa Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM)
- Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049-Madrid
- Spain
| | - Teresa Vezza
- Departamento de Farmacología
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red – Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EHD)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica
- Universidad de Granada
- Granada
| | - Patricia Diez-Echave
- Departamento de Farmacología
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red – Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EHD)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica
- Universidad de Granada
- Granada
| | - Pilar Utrilla
- Departamento de Farmacología
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red – Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EHD)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica
- Universidad de Granada
- Granada
| | - Mar Villamiel
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM)
- Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049-Madrid
- Spain
| | - F. Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM)
- Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049-Madrid
- Spain
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22
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Pastille E, Frede A, McSorley HJ, Gräb J, Adamczyk A, Kollenda S, Hansen W, Epple M, Buer J, Maizels RM, Klopfleisch R, Westendorf AM. Intestinal helminth infection drives carcinogenesis in colitis-associated colon cancer. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006649. [PMID: 28938014 PMCID: PMC5627963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, strongly associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer development. Parasitic infections caused by helminths have been shown to modulate the host’s immune response by releasing immunomodulatory molecules and inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs). This immunosuppressive state provoked in the host has been considered as a novel and promising approach to treat IBD patients and alleviate acute intestinal inflammation. On the contrary, specific parasite infections are well known to be directly linked to carcinogenesis. Whether a helminth infection interferes with the development of colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) is not yet known. In the present study, we demonstrate that the treatment of mice with the intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus at the onset of tumor progression in a mouse model of CAC does not alter tumor growth and distribution. In contrast, H. polygyrus infection in the early inflammatory phase of CAC strengthens the inflammatory response and significantly boosts tumor development. Here, H. polygyrus infection was accompanied by long-lasting alterations in the colonic immune cell compartment, with reduced frequencies of colonic CD8+ effector T cells. Moreover, H. polygyrus infection in the course of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mediated colitis significantly exacerbates intestinal inflammation by amplifying the release of colonic IL-6 and CXCL1. Thus, our findings indicate that the therapeutic application of helminths during CAC might have tumor-promoting effects and therefore should be well-considered. Evidence from epidemiological studies indicates an inverse correlation between the incidence of certain immune-mediated diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases, and exposure to helminths. As a consequence, helminth parasites were tested for treating IBD patients, resulting in clinical amelioration of the disease due to the induction of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. However, some infection–related cancers can be attributed to helminth infection, probably due to the generation of a microenvironment that might be conductive to the initiation and development of cancer. In the present study, we aimed to unravel the apparently controversial function of helminths in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer. We show that helminth infection in the onset of colitis and colitis-associated colon cancer does not ameliorate colonic inflammation but activates intestinal immune cells that further facilitate tumor development. Therefore, a better understanding of mechanisms by which helminths modulate host immune responses in the gut should be defined precisely before application of helminths in autoimmune diseases like IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pastille
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annika Frede
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Henry J. McSorley
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Gräb
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Adamczyk
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kollenda
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hansen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Jan Buer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid M. Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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Schumacher MA, Hedl M, Abraham C, Bernard JK, Lozano PR, Hsieh JJ, Almohazey D, Bucar EB, Punit S, Dempsey PJ, Frey MR. ErbB4 signaling stimulates pro-inflammatory macrophage apoptosis and limits colonic inflammation. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2622. [PMID: 28230865 PMCID: PMC5386486 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Efficient clearance of pro-inflammatory macrophages from tissues after resolution of a challenge is critical to prevent prolonged inflammation. Defects in clearance can contribute to conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, and thus may be therapeutically targetable. However, the signaling pathways that induce termination of pro-inflammatory macrophages are incompletely defined. We tested whether the ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase, previously not known to have role in macrophage biology, is involved in this process. In vitro, pro-inflammatory activation of cultured murine and human macrophages induced ErbB4 expression; in contrast, other ErbB family members were not induced in pro-inflammatory cells, and other innate immune lineages (dendritic cells, neutrophils) did not express detectable ErbB4 levels. Treatment of activated pro-inflammatory macrophages with the ErbB4 ligand neuregulin-4 (NRG4) induced apoptosis. ErbB4 localized to the mitochondria in these cells. Apoptosis was accompanied by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and was dependent upon the proteases that generate the cleaved ErbB4 intracellular domain fragment, suggesting a requirement for this fragment and mitochondrial pathway apoptosis. In vivo, ErbB4 was highly expressed on pro-inflammatory macrophages but not neutrophils during experimental DSS colitis in C57Bl/6 mice. Active inflammation in this model suppressed NRG4 expression, which may allow for macrophage persistence and ongoing inflammation. Consistent with this notion, NRG4 levels rebounded during the recovery phase, and administration of exogenous NRG4 during colitis reduced colonic macrophage numbers and ameliorated inflammation. These data define a novel role for ErbB4 in macrophage apoptosis, and outline a mechanism of feedback inhibition that may promote resolution of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Schumacher
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Matija Hedl
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jessica K Bernard
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,University of Southern California Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Patricia R Lozano
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Jonathan J Hsieh
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Dana Almohazey
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,University of Southern California Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Edie B Bucar
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Shivesh Punit
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Peter J Dempsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mark R Frey
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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24
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Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) - a member of the IL-1 family - was originally described as an inducer of type 2 immune responses, activating T helper 2 (TH2) cells and mast cells. Now, evidence is accumulating that IL-33 also potently stimulates group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), regulatory T (Treg) cells, TH1 cells, CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. This pleiotropic nature is reflected in the role of IL-33 in tissue and metabolic homeostasis, infection, inflammation, cancer and diseases of the central nervous system. In this Review, we highlight the molecular and cellular characteristics of IL-33, together with its major role in health and disease and the potential therapeutic implications of these findings in humans.
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25
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Zhang HL, Li WS, Xu DN, Zheng WW, Liu Y, Chen J, Qiu ZB, Dorfman RG, Zhang J, Liu J. Mucosa-reparing and microbiota-balancing therapeutic effect of Bacillus subtilis alleviates dextrate sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:2554-2562. [PMID: 27698758 PMCID: PMC5038491 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota composition of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) is markedly altered compared with healthy individuals. There is mounting evidence that probiotic therapy alleviates disease severity in animal models and patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Bacillus subtilisis, as a probiotic, has also demonstrated a protective effect in IBD. However, the therapeutic mechanism of its action has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, a dextrose sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mouse model was used to investigate the role of B. subtilis in the restoration of gut flora and determine its effective dose. Mucosal damage was assessed by performing alcian blue staining, cytokine levels were analyzed by ELISA and microbiota composition was investigated using 454 pyrosequencing to target hypervariable regions V3-V4 of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The results demonstrated that a higher dose B. subtilisis administration ameliorated DSS-induced dysbiosis and gut inflammation by balancing beneficial and harmful bacteria and associated anti- and pro-inflammatory agents, thereby aiding intestinal mucosa recovery from DSS-induced injuries. These findings indicate that choosing the correct dose of B. subtilis is important for effective UC therapy. The present study also helped to elucidate the mechanisms of B. subtilis action and provided preclinical data for B. subtilis use in UC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lu Zhang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Shuai Li
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Dian-Nan Xu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Wei Zheng
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Bing Qiu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Robert G Dorfman
- MD Candidate, Class of 2018, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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26
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de Bruyn M, Vandooren J, Ugarte-Berzal E, Arijs I, Vermeire S, Opdenakker G. The molecular biology of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in inflammatory bowel diseases. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 51:295-358. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2016.1199535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Bang B, Lichtenberger LM. Methods of Inducing Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 72:5.58.1-5.58.42. [PMID: 26995548 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0558s72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are useful for understanding more about the mechanistic basis of the disease, identifying new targets for therapeutic intervention, and testing novel therapeutics. This unit provides detailed protocols for five widely used mouse models of experimentally induced intestinal inflammation: chemical induction of colitis by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), hapten-induced colitis via 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), Helicobacter-induced colitis in mdr1a(-/-) mice, the CD4(+) CD45RB(hi) SCID transfer colitis model, and the IL-10(-/-) colitis model. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungwook Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Lenard M Lichtenberger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
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28
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β7-Integrin exacerbates experimental DSS-induced colitis in mice by directing inflammatory monocytes into the colon. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:527-38. [PMID: 26349655 PMCID: PMC4801899 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment is pivotal for the initiation and perpetuation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and controlled by the specificity and interactions of chemokines and adhesion molecules. Interactions of the adhesion molecules α4β7-integrin and mucosal addressin cell-adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) promote the accumulation of pathogenic T-cell populations in the inflamed intestine. We aimed to elucidate the significance of β7-integrin expression on innate immune cells for the pathogenesis of IBD. We demonstrate that β7-integrin deficiency protects recombination-activating gene-2 (RAG-2)-deficient mice from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and coincides with decreased numbers of colonic effector monocytes. We also show that β7-integrin is expressed on most CD11b(+)CD64(low)Ly6C(+) bone marrow progenitors and contributes to colonic recruitment of these proinflammatory monocytes. Importantly, adoptive transfer of CD115(+) wild-type (WT) monocytes partially restored the susceptibility of RAG-2/β7-integrin double-deficient mice to DSS-induced colitis, thereby demonstrating the functional importance of β7-integrin-expressing monocytes for the development of DSS colitis. We also reveal that genetic ablation of MAdCAM-1 ameliorates experimental colitis in RAG-2-deficient mice as well. In summary, we demonstrate a previously unknown role of α4β7-integrin-MAdCAM-1 interactions as drivers of colitis by directing inflammatory monocytes into the colon.
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29
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Kanwar JR, Kanwar RK, Stathopoulos S, Haggarty NW, MacGibbon AKH, Palmano KP, Roy K, Rowan A, Krissansen GW. Comparative activities of milk components in reversing chronic colitis. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2488-2501. [PMID: 26805965 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a poorly understood chronic immune disorder for which there is no medical cure. Milk and colostrum are rich sources of bioactives with immunomodulatory properties. Here we compared the therapeutic effects of oral delivery of bovine milk-derived iron-saturated lactoferrin (Fe-bLF), angiogenin, osteopontin (OPN), colostrum whey protein, Modulen IBD (Nestle Healthsciences, Rhodes, Australia), and cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-enriched milk fat in a mouse model of dextran sulfate-induced colitis. The CLA-enriched milk fat significantly increased mouse body weights after 24d of treatment, reduced epithelium damage, and downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and nitrous oxide. Modulen IBD most effectively decreased the clinical score at d 12, and Modulen IBD and OPN most effectively lowered the inflammatory score. Myeloperoxidase activity that denotes neutrophil infiltration was significantly lower in mice fed Modulen IBD, OPN, angiogenin, and Fe-bLF. A significant decrease in the numbers of T cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and a significant decrease in cytokine expression were observed in mice fed the treatment diets compared with dextran sulfate administered mice. The Fe-bLF, CLA-enriched milk fat, and Modulen IBD inhibited intestinal angiogenesis. In summary, each of the milk components attenuated IBD in mice, but with differing effectiveness against specific disease parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Kanwar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
| | - R K Kanwar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | | | - N W Haggarty
- Fonterra Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - K P Palmano
- Fonterra Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K Roy
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - A Rowan
- Fonterra Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - G W Krissansen
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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30
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Therapeutic Potential to Modify the Mucus Barrier in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010044. [PMID: 26784223 PMCID: PMC4728657 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, numerous studies have shown that disruption of the mucus barrier plays an important role in the exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease, particularly in ulcerative colitis. Alterations in the mucus barrier are well supported by published data and are widely accepted. The use of fluorescence in situ hybridization and Carnoy’s fixation has revealed the importance of the mucus barrier in maintaining a mutualistic relationship between host and bacteria. Studies have raised the possibility that modulation of the mucus barrier may provide therapies for the disease, using agents such as short-chain fatty acids, prebiotics and probiotics. This review describes changes in the mucus barrier of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and in animal models of the disease. We also review the involvement of the mucus barrier in the exacerbation of the disease and explore the therapeutic potential of modifying the mucus barrier with short-chain fatty acids, prebiotics, probiotics, fatty acid synthase, H2S, neutrophil elastase inhibitor and phophatidyl choline.
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31
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Deficiency of Group VIA Phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) Renders Susceptibility for Chemical-Induced Colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:3590-602. [PMID: 26182903 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease results from a combination of dysfunction of intestinal epithelial barrier and dysregulation of mucosal immune system. iPLA2β has multiple homeostatic functions and shown to play a role in membrane remodeling, cell proliferation, monocyte chemotaxis, and apoptosis. The latter may render chronic inflammation and susceptibility for acute injury. AIMS We aim to evaluate whether an inactivation of iPLA2β would enhance the pathogenesis of experimental colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate. METHODS iPLA2β-null male mice were administered dextran sodium sulfate in drinking water for 7 days followed by normal water for 3 days. At day 10, mice were killed, and harvested colon and ileum were subjected for evaluation by histology, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Dextran sodium sulfate administration caused a significant increase in histological scores and cleaved caspase 3 (+) apoptosis concomitant with a decrease in colon length and crypt cell Ki67 (+) proliferation in iPLA2β-null mice in a greater extent than in control littermates. This sensitization by iPLA2β deficiency was associated with an increase in accumulation of F4/80 (+) macrophages, and expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, while the number of mucin-containing goblet cells and mucus layer thickness was decreased. Some of these abnormalities were also observed in the ileum. CONCLUSIONS An inactivation of iPLA2β exacerbated pathogenesis of experimental colitis by promoting intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, inhibiting crypt cell regeneration, and causing damage to mucus barrier allowing an activation of innate immune response. Thus, iPLA2β may represent a susceptible gene for the development of inflammatory bowel disease.
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32
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Wei R, Christakos S. Mechanisms Underlying the Regulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Vitamin D. Nutrients 2015; 7:8251-60. [PMID: 26404359 PMCID: PMC4632412 DOI: 10.3390/nu7105392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-classical actions of vitamin D were first suggested over 30 years ago when receptors for the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), were detected in various tissues and cells that are not associated with the regulation of calcium homeostasis, including activated human inflammatory cells. The question that remained was the biological significance of the presence of vitamin D receptors in the different tissues and cells and, with regard to the immune system, whether or not vitamin D plays a role in the normal immune response and in modifying immune mediated diseases. In this article findings indicating that vitamin D is a key factor regulating both innate and adaptive immunity are reviewed with a focus on the molecular mechanisms involved. In addition, the physiological significance of vitamin D action, as suggested by in vivo studies in mouse models is discussed. Together, the findings indicate the importance of 1,25(OH)2D3 as a regulator of key components of the immune system. An understanding of the mechanisms involved will lead to potential therapeutic applications for the treatment of immune mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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33
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Petrolis R, Ramonaitė R, Jančiauskas D, Kupčinskas J, Pečiulis R, Kupčinskas L, Kriščiukaitis A. Digital imaging of colon tissue: method for evaluation of inflammation severity by spatial frequency features of the histological images. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:159. [PMID: 26370784 PMCID: PMC4570696 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of histological analysis of colon sections used for evaluation of inflammation severity can be improved by means of digital imaging giving quantitative estimates of main diagnostic features. The aim of this study was to reveal most valuable diagnostic features reflecting inflammation severity in colon and elaborate the evaluation method for computer-aided diagnostics. METHODS Tissue specimens from 24 BALB/c mice and 15 patients were included in the study. Chronic and acute colon inflammation in mice was induced by oral administration of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) solution, while mice in the control group did not get DSS. Human samples of inflamed colon tissue were obtained from patients with ulcerative colitis (n = 6). Non-inflamed colon tissue of control subjects (n = 9) was obtained from patients with irritable bowel syndrome or functional obstipation. Analysis of morphological changes in mice and human colon mucosa was performed using 4-μm haematoxylin-eosin (HE) sections. The features reflecting morphological changes in the images of colon mucosa were calculated by convolution of Gabor filter bank and array of pixel values. All features were generalized by calculating mean, histogram skewness and entropy of every image response. Principal component analysis was used to construct optimal representation of morphological changes. RESULTS First principal component (PC1) was representing the major part of features variation (97 % in mice and 71 % in human specimens) and was selected as a measure of inflammation severity. Validation of new measure was performed by means of custom-made software realizing double blind comparison of differences in PC1 with expert's opinion about inflammation severity presented in two compared pictures. Overall accuracy of 80 % for mice and 67 % for human was reached. CONCLUSION Principal component analysis of spatial frequency features of histological images may provide continuous scale estimation of inflammation severity of colon tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertas Petrolis
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, LT 50009, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Rima Ramonaitė
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LT 44307, Lithuania
| | - Dainius Jančiauskas
- Clinic of Pathology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LT 50009, Lithuania
| | - Juozas Kupčinskas
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LT 44307, Lithuania
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LT 50161, Lithuania
| | - Rokas Pečiulis
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LT 50009, Lithuania
| | - Limas Kupčinskas
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LT 44307, Lithuania
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LT 50161, Lithuania
| | - Algimantas Kriščiukaitis
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, LT 50009, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Physics, Mathematics and Biophysics, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LT 50009, Lithuania
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34
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Kanai T, Mikami Y, Hayashi A. A breakthrough in probiotics: Clostridium butyricum regulates gut homeostasis and anti-inflammatory response in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:928-39. [PMID: 25940150 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal immune homeostasis is regulated by gut microbiota, including beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms. Imbalance in gut bacterial constituents provokes host proinflammatory responses causing diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The development of next-generation sequencing technology allows the identification of microbiota alterations in IBD. Several studies have shown reduced diversity in the gut microbiota of patients with IBD. Advances in gnotobiotic technology have made possible analysis of the role of specific bacterial strains in immune cells in the intestine. Using these techniques, we have shown that Clostridium butyricum as a probiotic induces interleukin-10-producing macrophages in inflamed mucosa via the Toll-like receptor 2/myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 pathway to prevent acute experimental colitis. In this review, we focus on the new approaches for the role of specific bacterial strains in immunological responses, as well as the potential of bacterial therapy for IBD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan,
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Machtaler S, Knieling F, Luong R, Tian L, Willmann JK. Assessment of Inflammation in an Acute on Chronic Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Ultrasound Molecular Imaging. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:1175-86. [PMID: 26379784 PMCID: PMC4568446 DOI: 10.7150/thno.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasound (US) molecular imaging has shown promise in assessing inflammation in preclinical, murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. These models, however, initiated acute inflammation on previously normal colons, in contrast to patients where acute exacerbations are often in chronically inflamed regions. In this study, we explored the potential of dual P- and E-selectin targeted US imaging for assessing acute inflammation on a murine quiescent chronic inflammatory background. METHODS Chronic colitis was induced using three cycles of 4% DSS in male FVB mice. Acute inflammation was initiated 2 weeks after the final DSS cycle through rectal administration of 1% TNBS. Mice at different stages of inflammation were imaged using a small animal ultrasound system following i.v. injection of microbubbles targeted to P- and E-selectin. In vivo imaging results were correlated with ex vivo immunofluorescence and histology. RESULTS Induction of acute inflammation resulted in an increase in the targeted US signal from 5.5 ± 5.1 arbitrary units (a.u.) at day 0 to 61.0 ± 45.2 a.u. (P < 0.0001) at day 1, 36.3 ± 33.1 a.u. at day 3, returning to levels similar to control at day 5. Immunofluorescence showed significant increase in the percentage of P- and E-selectin positive vessels at day 1 (P-selectin: 21.0 ± 7.1% of vessels; P < 0.05; E-selectin: 16.4 ±3.7%; P < 0.05) compared to day 0 (P-selectin: 10.3 ± 5.7%; E-selectin: 7.3 ± 7.0%). CONCLUSIONS Acute inflammation can be accurately measured in a clinically relevant murine model of chronic IBD using ultrasound molecular imaging with a dual P- and E- selectin-targeted contrast agent.
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Banerjee A, Bizzaro D, Burra P, Di Liddo R, Pathak S, Arcidiacono D, Cappon A, Bo P, Conconi MT, Crescenzi M, Pinna CMA, Parnigotto PP, Alison MR, Sturniolo GC, D'Incà R, Russo FP. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells modulate dextran sulfate sodium induced acute colitis in immunodeficient mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:79. [PMID: 25890182 PMCID: PMC4455709 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are complex multi-factorial diseases with increasing incidence worldwide but their treatment is far from satisfactory. Unconventional strategies have consequently been investigated, proposing the use of cells as an effective alternative approach to IBD. In the present study we examined the protective potential of exogenously administered human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) against Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) induced acute colitis in immunodeficient NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J mice with particular attention to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Methods UCMSCs were injected in NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J via the tail vein at day 1 and 4 after DSS administration. To verify attenuation of DSS induced damage by UCMSCs, Disease Activity Index (DAI) and body weight changes was monitored daily. Moreover, colon length, histological changes, myeloperoxidase and catalase activities, metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9 expression and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress related proteins were evaluated on day 7. Results UCMSCs administration to immunodeficient NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J mice after DSS damage significantly reduced DAI (1.45 ± 0.16 vs 2.08 ± 0.18, p < 0.05), attenuating the presence of bloody stools, weight loss, colon shortening (8.95 ± 0.33 cm vs 6.8 ± 0.20 cm, p < 0.01) and histological score (1.97 ± 0.13 vs 3.27 ± 0.13, p < 0.001). Decrease in neutrophil infiltration was evident from lower MPO levels (78.2 ± 9.7 vs 168.9 ± 18.2 U/g, p < 0.01). DSS treatment enhanced MMP2 and MMP9 activities (>3-fold), which were significantly reduced in mice receiving UCMSCs. Moreover, positive modulation in ER stress related proteins was observed after UCMSCs administration. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that UCMSCs are able to prevent DSS-induced colitis in immunodeficient mice. Using these mice we demonstrated that our UCMSCs have a direct preventive effect other than the T-cell immunomodulatory properties which are already known. Moreover we demonstrated a key function of MMPs and ER stress in the establishment of colitis suggesting them to be potential therapeutic targets in IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antara Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, University Hospital Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy.
| | - Debora Bizzaro
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, University Hospital Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Burra
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, University Hospital Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy.
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, University Hospital Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy.
| | - Diletta Arcidiacono
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, University Hospital Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy. .,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus, 2 35129, Padova, Italy.
| | - Andrea Cappon
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, University Hospital Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy.
| | - Patrizio Bo
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Cittadella Hospital, via Casa di ricovero, 40 35013 Cittadella, Padova, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Conconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Marika Crescenzi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, University Hospital Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy.
| | - Claudia Maria Assunta Pinna
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, University Hospital Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy.
| | - Pier Paolo Parnigotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Malcolm R Alison
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Giacomo Carlo Sturniolo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, University Hospital Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy.
| | - Renata D'Incà
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, University Hospital Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy.
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology/Multivisceral Transplant Unit, University Hospital Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy.
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Song MY, Hong CP, Park SJ, Kim JH, Yang BG, Park Y, Kim SW, Kim KS, Lee JY, Lee SW, Jang MH, Sung YC. Protective effects of Fc-fused PD-L1 on two different animal models of colitis. Gut 2015; 64:260-71. [PMID: 24902766 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been shown to negatively regulate immune responses via its interaction with PD-1 receptor. In this study, we investigated the effects of PD-L1-Fc treatment on intestinal inflammation using two murine models of inflammatory colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and T-cell transfer. DESIGN The anti-colitis effect of adenovirus expressing Fc-conjugated PD-L1 (Ad/PD-L1-Fc) and recombinant PD-L1-Fc protein was evaluated in DSS-treated wild-type and Rag-1 knockout (KO) mice. We examined differentiation of T-helper cells, frequency of innate immune cells, and cytokine production by dendritic cells (DCs) in the colon from DSS-treated mice after PD-L1-Fc administration. In Rag-1 KO mice reconstituted with CD4 CD45RB(high) T cells, we assessed the treatment effect of PD-L1-Fc protein on the development of colitis. RESULTS Administration of Ad/PD-L1-Fc significantly ameliorated DSS-induced colitis, which was accompanied by diminished frequency of interleukin (IL)-17A-producing CD4 T cells and increased interferon-γ-producing CD4 T cells in the colon of DSS-fed mice. The anti-colitic effect of PD-L1-Fc treatment was also observed in DSS-treated Rag-1 KO mice, indicating lymphoid cell independency. PD-L1-Fc modulated cytokine production by colonic DCs and the effect was dependent on PD-1 expression. Furthermore, PD-L1-Fc protein could significantly reduce the severity of colitis in CD4 CD45RB(high) T-cell-transferred Rag-1 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Based on the protective effect of PD-L1-Fc against DSS-induced and T-cell-induced colitis, our results suggest that PD-1-mediated inhibitory signals have a crucial role in limiting the development of colonic inflammation. This implicates that PD-L1-Fc may provide a novel therapeutic approach to treat inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Song
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Pyo Hong
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jeong Park
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Gie Yang
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunji Park
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Won Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Soon Kim
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeung Lee
- Research Institute, Genexine Co., Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Ho Jang
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chul Sung
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea Research Institute, Genexine Co., Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Welch MG, Margolis KG, Li Z, Gershon MD. Oxytocin regulates gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, macromolecular permeability, and mucosal maintenance in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G848-62. [PMID: 25147234 PMCID: PMC4200316 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00176.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Enteric neurons express oxytocin (OT); moreover, enteric neurons and enterocytes express developmentally regulated OT receptors (OTRs). Although OT (with secretin) opposes intestinal inflammation, physiological roles played by enteric OT/OTR signaling have not previously been determined. We tested hypotheses that OT/OTR signaling contributes to enteric nervous system (ENS)-related gastrointestinal (GI) physiology. GI functions and OT effects were compared in OTR-knockout (OTRKO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Stool mass and water content were greater in OTRKO mice than in WT. GI transit time in OTRKO animals was faster than in WT; OT inhibited in vitro generation of ENS-dependent colonic migrating motor complexes in WT but not in OTRKO mice. Myenteric neurons were hyperplastic in OTRKO animals, and mucosal exposure to cholera toxin (CTX) in vitro activated Fos in more myenteric neurons in OTRKO than WT than in WT mice; OT inhibited the CTX response in WT but not in OTRKO mice. Villi and crypts were shorter in OTRKO than in WT mice, and transit-amplifying cell proliferation in OTRKO crypts was deficient. Macromolecular intestinal permeability in OTRKO was greater than WT mice, and experimental colitis was more severe in OTRKO mice; moreover, OT protected WT animals from colitis. Observations suggest that OT/OTR signaling acts as a brake on intestinal motility, decreases mucosal activation of enteric neurons, and promotes enteric neuronal development and/or survival. It also regulates proliferation of crypt cells and mucosal permeability; moreover OT/OTR signaling is protective against inflammation. Oxytocinergic signaling thus appears to play an important role in multiple GI functions that are subject to neuronal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha G Welch
- Department of Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Kara G Margolis
- Department of Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Zhishan Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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Intestinal myofibroblast-specific Tpl2-Cox-2-PGE2 pathway links innate sensing to epithelial homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4658-67. [PMID: 25316791 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415762111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression locus-2 (Tpl2) kinase is a major inflammatory mediator in immune cell types recently found to be genetically associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Here we show that Tpl2 may exert a dominant homeostatic rather than inflammatory function in the intestine mediated specifically by subepithelial intestinal myofibroblasts (IMFs). Mice with complete or IMF-specific Tpl2 ablation are highly susceptible to epithelial injury-induced colitis showing impaired compensatory proliferation in crypts and extensive ulcerations without significant changes in inflammatory responses. Following epithelial injury, IMFs sense innate or inflammatory signals and activate, via Tpl2, the cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2)-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway, which we show here to be essential for the epithelial homeostatic response. Exogenous PGE2 administration rescues mice with complete or IMF-specific Tpl2 ablation from defects in crypt function and susceptibility to colitis. We also show that Tpl2 expression is decreased in IMFs isolated from the inflamed ileum of IBD patients indicating that Tpl2 function in IMFs may be highly relevant to human disease. The IMF-mediated mechanism we propose also involves the IBD-associated genes IL1R1, MAPK1, and the PGE2 receptor-encoding PTGER4. Our results establish a previously unidentified myofibroblast-specific innate pathway that regulates intestinal homeostasis and may underlie IBD susceptibility in humans.
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del Reino P, Alsina-Beauchamp D, Escós A, Cerezo-Guisado MI, Risco A, Aparicio N, Zur R, Fernandez-Estévez M, Collantes E, Montans J, Cuenda A. Pro-Oncogenic Role of Alternative p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases p38γ and p38δ, Linking Inflammation and Cancer in Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6150-60. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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IL-10 modulates DSS-induced colitis through a macrophage-ROS-NO axis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:869-78. [PMID: 24301657 PMCID: PMC4045662 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breakdown of the epithelial barrier because of toxins or other insults leads to severe colitis. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a critical regulator of this, yet its cellular targets and mechanisms of action are not resolved. We address this here. Mice with a macrophage-selective deletion of IL-10Rα (IL-10Rα(Mdel)) developed markedly enhanced dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis that did not significantly differ from disease in IL-10(-/-) or IL-10Rα(-/-) mice; no impact of IL-10Rα deficiency in other lineages was observed. IL-10Rα(Mdel) colitis was associated with increased mucosal barrier disruption in the setting of intact epithelial regeneration. Lamina propria macrophages (LPMφs) did not show numerical or phenotypic differences from controls, or a competitive advantage over wild-type cells. Proinflammatory cytokine production, and particularly tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), was increased, although TNF-α neutralization failed to reveal a defining role for this cytokine in the aggravated disease. Rather, IL-10Rα(Mdel) LPMφs produced substantially greater levels of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) than controls. Inhibition of these had modest effects in wild-type mice, although they dramatically reduced colitis severity in IL-10Rα(Mdel) mice, and largely eliminated the differential effect of DSS in them. Therefore, the palliative actions of IL-10 in DSS-induced colitis predominantly results from its macrophage-specific effects. Downregulation of NO and ROS production are central to the protective actions of IL-10.
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Jones-Hall YL, Grisham MB. Immunopathological characterization of selected mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease: Comparison to human disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:267-88. [PMID: 24935242 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic, relapsing conditions of multifactorial etiology. The two primary diseases of IBD are Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Both entities are hypothesized to occur in genetically susceptible individuals due to microbial alterations and environmental contributions. The exact etiopathogenesis, however, is not known for either disease. A variety of mouse models of CD and UC have been developed to investigate the pathogenesis of these diseases and evaluate treatment modalities. Broadly speaking, the mouse models can be divided into 4 categories: genetically engineered, immune manipulated, spontaneous and erosive/chemically induced. No one mouse model completely recapitulates the immunopathology of CD or UC, however each model possesses particular similarities to human IBD and offers advantageous for specific details of IBD pathogenesis. Here we discuss the more commonly used models in each category and critically evaluate how the immunopathology induced compares to CD or UC, as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated with each model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yava L Jones-Hall
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States.
| | - Matthew B Grisham
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States
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Zheng B, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Overbeek S, van de Kant HJG, Garssen J, Folkerts G, Vos P, Morgan ME, Kraneveld AD. Bifidobacterium breve attenuates murine dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and increases regulatory T cell responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95441. [PMID: 24787575 PMCID: PMC4008378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While some probiotics have shown beneficial effects on preventing or treating colitis development, others have shown no effects. In this study, we have assessed the immunomodulating effects of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) and Bifidobacterium breve (B. breve) on T cell polarization in vitro, using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and in vivo, using murine dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis model. With respect to the latter, the mRNA expression of T cell subset-associated transcription factors and cytokines in the colon was measured and the T helper type (Th) 17 and regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets were determined in the Peyer's patches. Both L. rhamnosus and B. breve incubations in vitro reduced Th17 and increased Th2 cell subsets in human PBMCs. In addition, B. breve incubation was also able to reduce Th1 and increase Treg cell subsets in contrast to L. rhamnosus. In vivo intervention with B. breve, but not L. rhamnosus, significantly attenuated the severity of DSS-induced colitis. In DSS-treated C57BL/6 mice, intervention with B. breve increased the expression of mRNA encoding for Th2- and Treg-associated cytokines in the distal colon. In addition, intervention with B. breve led to increases of Treg and decreases of Th17 cell subsets in Peyer's patches of DSS-treated mice. B. breve modulates T cell polarization towards Th2 and Treg cell-associated responses in vitro and in vivo. In vivo B. breve intervention ameliorates DSS-induced colitis symptoms and this protective effect may mediated by its effects on the T-cell composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zheng
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Bergenhenegouwen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Overbeek
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik J. G. van de Kant
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Vos
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mary E. Morgan
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis are two main clinically defined forms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our understanding of IBD depends largely on rodent models. DSS-induced intestinal inflammation in mice and T cell transfer colitis in SCID mice are most widely used and accepted models that can recapitulate the human diseases. Here, we provide detailed protocols of these two mouse models of experimentally induced intestinal inflammation. We also discuss the protocols for the isolation and analysis of inflammatory T cell from the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, CN-4153, Georgia Regents University, 1410 Laney-Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA,
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Abstract
Animal models of human disease are a critical tool in both basic research and drug development. The results of preclinical efficacy studies often inform progression of therapeutic candidates through the drug development pipeline; however, the extent to which results in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) models predict human drug response is an ongoing concern. This review discusses how murine models are currently being used in IBD research. We focus on the considerations and caveats for commonly used models in preclinical efficacy studies and discuss the value of models that utilize specific pathogenic pathways of interest rather than model all aspects of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason DeVoss
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lauri Diehl
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
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Varshney J, Ooi JH, Jayarao BM, Albert I, Fisher J, Smith RL, Patterson AD, Cantorna MT. White button mushrooms increase microbial diversity and accelerate the resolution of Citrobacter rodentium infection in mice. J Nutr 2013; 143:526-32. [PMID: 23343678 PMCID: PMC3738246 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.171355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of feeding C57BL/6 mice white button (WB) mushrooms or control (CTRL) diets for 6 wk was determined on the bacterial microflora, urinary metabolome, and resistance to a gastrointestinal (GI) pathogen. Feeding mice a diet containing 1 g WB mushrooms/100 g diet resulted in changes in the microflora that were evident at 2 wk and stabilized after 4 wk of WB feeding. Compared with CTRL-fed mice, WB feeding (1 g/100 g diet) increased the diversity of the microflora and reduced potentially pathogenic (e.g., Clostridia) bacteria in the GI tract. Bacteria from the Bacteroidetes phylum increased and the Firmicutes phylum decreased in mushroom-fed mice compared with CTRL. The changes in the microflora were also reflected in the urinary metabolome that showed a metabolic shift in the WB-fed compared with the CTRL-fed mice. The WB feeding and changes in the microbiome were associated with fewer inflammatory cells and decreased colitis severity in the GI mucosa following Citrobacter rodentium infection compared with CTRL. Paradoxically, the clearance of C. rodentium infection did not differ even though Ifn-γ and Il-17 were higher in the colons of the WB-fed mice compared with CTRL. Adding modest amounts of WB mushrooms (1 g/100 g diet) to the diet changed the composition of the normal flora and the urinary metabolome of mice and these changes resulted in better control of inflammation and resolution of infection with C. rodentium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bhushan M. Jayarao
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Istvan Albert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Jenny Fisher
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Rhonda L. Smith
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | | | - Margherita T. Cantorna
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
The discovery of an inner mucus layer normally impervious to bacteria has changed our way of understanding the interaction between commensal bacteria and the host epithelial cells. This inner colon mucus layer is rapidly renewed and converted into the outer mucus layer by host controlled endogenous proteolytic processing. The mucus characteristics esteem from the properties of the main protein component of these layers, the MUC2 mucin. This forms an enormously large net-like structure that builds the laminated inner mucus layer that largely acts as a size exclusion filter excluding bacteria. In the absence of MUC2 mucin, there is no inner mucus layer and bacteria reach the epithelial cell surface, penetrate the crypts and are also found inside epithelial cells, something that leads to severe inflammation. Other mouse models that spontaneously develop colitis due to different defects, like an absent ion channel (Nhe3) or immunological mediators (Tlr5, IL-10), all also have a defective inner colon mucus layer. Human patients with active ulcerative colitis have this layer penetrable to bacteria and beads the size of bacteria. Some of the ulcerative colitis patients in remission have a normal mucus layer whereas others have a penetrable inner mucus layer. Together, this suggests that the inner mucus layer and its integrity is important for the protection of the colon epithelium and inhibiting activation of the immune system as in ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin E V Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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48
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Essential contribution of IRF3 to intestinal homeostasis and microbiota-mediated Tslp gene induction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:21016-21. [PMID: 23213237 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219482110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The large intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells are exposed to a variety of molecules derived from commensal microbiota that can activate innate receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs). Although the activation of these receptors is known to be critical for homeostasis of the large intestine, the underlying gene regulatory mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we show that IFN regulatory factor (IRF)3 is critical for the suppression of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. IRF3-deficient mice exhibited lethal defects in the inflammatory and recovery phases of the colitis, accompanied by marked defects in the gene induction for thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a cytokine known to be essential for protection of the large intestine. We further provide evidence that DNA and RNA of the large intestinal contents are critical for Tslp gene induction via IRF3 activation by cytosolic nucleic acid receptors. We also demonstrate that IRF3 indeed activates the gene promoter of Tslp via IRF-binding sequences. This newly identified intestinal gene regulatory mechanism, wherein IRF3 activated by microbiota-derived nucleic acids plays a critical role in intestinal homeostasis, may have clinical implication in colonic inflammatory disorders.
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49
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Yao Y, Han W, Liang J, Ji J, Wang J, Cantor H, Lu L. Glatiramer acetate ameliorates inflammatory bowel disease in mice through the induction of Qa-1-restricted CD8⁺ regulatory cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 43:125-36. [PMID: 23002042 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are complex multifactorial immunological disorders characterized by dysregulated immune reactivity in the intestine. Here, we investigated the contribution of Qa-1-restricted CD8(+) Treg cells in regulating experimental IBD in mice. We found that CD8(+) T cells induced by T-cell vaccination ameliorated the pathological manifestations of dextran sulfate sodium induced IBD when adoptively transferred into IBD mice. In addition, CD8(+) cell suppressive activity was induced by vaccination with glatiramer acetate (GA), an FDA-approved drug for multiple sclerosis (MS). We next showed that GA-induced CD8(+) Treg cells worked in a Qa-1-dependent manner and their suppressive activity depends on perforin-mediated cytotoxicity. Finally, we confirmed the role of CD4(+) T cells in dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis progression, and clarified that GA-induced CD8(+) T cells exerted their therapeutic effects on colitis by targeting pathogenic CD4(+) T cells. Our results reveal a new regulatory role of Qa-1-restricted CD8(+) Treg cells in IBD and suggest their induction by GA vaccination as a potential therapeutic approach to IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Yao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P R China
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50
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Kim JM. [Inflammatory bowel diseases and inflammasome]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2012; 58:300-10. [PMID: 22198227 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2011.58.6.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the most important entities being ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are chronic, relapsing and remitting inflammatory conditions that result from chronic dysregulation of the mucosal immune system in the intestinal tract. Although the precise pathogenesis of IBD is still incompletely understood, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor-a, are detected in active IBD and correlate with the severity of inflammation, indicating that these cytokines may play a key role in the development of IBD. Recently, the intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family members, including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4 and NLRP6, are emerging as important regulators of intestinal homeostasis. Together, one of those aforementioned molecules or the DNA sensor absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing 'a caspase recruitment domain (CARD)' (ASC) and caspase-1 form a large (> 700 kDa) multi-protein complex called the inflammasome. Stimulation with specific microbial and endogenous molecules triggers inflammasome assembly and caspase-1 activation. Activated caspase-1 leads to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1b and IL-18, and the promotion of pyroptosis, a form of phagocyte cell death induced by bacterial pathogens, in an inflamed tissue. Therefore, inflammasomes are assumed to mediate host defense against microbial pathogens and gut homeostasis, so that their dysregulation might contribute to IBD pathogenesis. This review focuses on recent advances of the role of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in IBD pathogenesis. Improving knowledge of the inflammasome could provide insights into potential therapeutic targets for patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Mogg Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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