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Oakley LH, Casadio F, Shull KR, Broadbelt LJ. Examination of Mechanisms for Formation of Volatile Aldehydes from Oxidation of Oil-Based Systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Casadio
- Department
of Conservation, Art Institute of Chicago, 111 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60603, United States
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Arakeri G, Boraks G, Aljabab AS, Patil SG, Merkx MAW, Brennan PA. Breath Alkane as an index of severity for oral submucous fibrosis: A new perspective? Med Hypotheses 2016; 98:18-20. [PMID: 28012596 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a devastating disease commonly seen in the Asian subcontinent that results in significant functional morbidity for patients and has a high potential for malignant transformation. Over the last three decades, different diagnostic methods have been described to quantify and grade OSMF severity. Some methods have been used with perceived favorable outcomes although recurrence and malignant transformation remains a problem in many cases, and OSMF presents a major therapeutic challenge. We present a simple, noninvasive and less time-consuming diagnostic method which measures the severity of OSMF, helping to predict its malignant transformation and monitoring the effect of medical therapy on this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gururaj Arakeri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India.
| | - George Boraks
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Disease of Arnaldo Viera de Carvalho Cancer Institute, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Shekar Gowda Patil
- King Fahad Medical City, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A W Merkx
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A Brennan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Cosham, Portsmouth PO6 3LY, United Kingdom
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Filser JG, Kessler W, Csanády GA. The "Tuebingen desiccator" system, a tool to study oxidative stress in vivo and inhalation toxicokinetics. Drug Metab Rev 2004; 36:787-803. [PMID: 15554247 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-200033492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The "Tuebingen desiccator," a gas-tight all-glass closed chamber system (CCS), has been established in Herbert Remmer's Institute of Toxicology, University of Tuebingen, to investigate the mechanisms underlying the exhalation of endogenous volatile hydrocarbons in rats under oxidative stress. Remmer and associates confirmed the former view that ethane and n-pentane were derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, and they demonstrated that propane, n-butane and isobutane were released from amino acids. Hydrocarbons exhaled following acute ethanol treatment of rats resulted predominantly from ethanol-dependent inhibition of their metabolism and partly from oxidation of proteins. Exhalation of alkanes in carbon tetrachloride exposed rats did not reflect liver damage, which was, however, directly linked to the amount of carbon tetrachloride metabolized. As has first been shown in Herbert Remmer's institute by investigating the fate of inhaled vinyl chloride in rats, the CSS proved to be also an excellent tool for studying toxicokinetics of inhaled gaseous xenobiotics by means of gas uptake experiments. Based on results gained by such studies, it was recently demonstrated that knowledge of compound-specific physicochemical and species-specific physiological parameters are often sufficient to predict important toxicokinetic properties of inhaled chemicals such as tissue burdens at steady state. By means of the CCS, not only kinetics of a parent gaseous substance but also of gaseous metabolites can be investigated in vivo, as exemplified for ethylene oxide and 1, 2-epoxy-3-butene, metabolites of ethylene and 1,3-butadiene, respectively. Gas uptake studies in closed chamber systems are now worldwide used for determining toxicokinetic parameters relevant for physiological toxicokinetic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G Filser
- Institute of Toxicology, GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Leaf DA, Kleinman MT, Deitrick RW. The Effects of Exercise on Markers of Lipid Peroxidation in Renal Dialysis Patients Compared with Control Subjects. Am J Med Sci 2004; 327:9-14. [PMID: 14722390 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-200401000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the susceptibility to exercise-induced lipid peroxidation of patients on chronic maintenance dialysis (CMD) and non-CMD control subjects. DESIGN Cross-sectional comparison of exercise-induced changes in breath ethane and pentane flux between patients on CMD (group A) and an age-, gender-, medical diagnosis-, smoking-, and ethanol consumption-matched comparison group (group B). Breath ethane and pentane were measured at rest before exercise, during cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing (CPX) at lactic acidosis threshold (Vo2lat), and 5 minutes after CPX. RESULTS Group comparisons of clinical characteristics reveal that the groups were similar in terms of age, ethnicity, comorbid diagnoses, prevalence of medication use, BMI, measurements of aerobic exercise capacity, cigarette smoking and ethanol consumption behaviors. All subjects successfully completed the CPX protocol achieving Vo2lat. There were significant differences in breath ethane flux between group A and B subjects, with greater pre-exercise, Vo2lat, and postexercise ethane levels in group A compared with group B subjects, and significant group differences, with lower breath ethane/pentane flux ratios at rest, Vo2lat, and recovery with lower ratios in group B than group A subjects. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS This study shows that patients on CMD have greater lipid peroxidation compared with control subjects at rest and during and after physical exercise. In addition, compared with control subjects, patients on CMD preferentially peroxidize n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids at rest and during physical exercise and recovery. The lipid peroxidation profile may result in an unfavorable endoperoxide shift and should be evaluated further, along with modalities to reduce oxidative stress among patients on CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alexander Leaf
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine and Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA.
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Pelli MA, Trovarelli G, Capodicasa E, De Medio GE, Bassotti G. Breath alkanes determination in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42:71-6. [PMID: 10211523 DOI: 10.1007/bf02235186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE By considering the pathophysiologic basis of inflammatory bowel diseases, a role for excessive lipid peroxidation caused by oxygen free radical compounds has been proposed repeatedly. However, to date only a few studies are available on this topic in human beings. This study was designed to assess breath alkanes in a group of patients with active inflammatory bowel disease by a technique that clearly distinguishes pentane from isoprene, to prevent overestimation of values as in previous studies. PATIENTS Twenty patients with a diagnosis of active inflammatory bowel disease (10 with Crohn's disease and 10 with ulcerative colitis) were studied. Extension of the disease was similar between patient groups, and all were treated with equivalent doses of steroids and salicylates. METHODS Breath alkanes determination was performed by a standard procedure involving a gas chromatography column able to separate pentane from isoprene. RESULTS Overall, significant differences between patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and controls were found for ethane, propane, and pentane, but not for butane and isoprene. Isoprene was clearly distinguished from pentane, demonstrating that the significant elevation of pentane levels in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases is a real phenomenon and not an artifact caused by coelution with isoprene. CONCLUSIONS An excess of lipid peroxidation is probably an important pathogenetic factor in inflammatory bowel diseases, and this may be assessed through a noninvasive method. Because this method previously also has been shown to be able to evaluate disease activity, it could be a useful tool for studying patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Pelli
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Emergencies, University of Perugia Medical School, Italy
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Reiss D, Beyer K, Engelmann B. Delayed oxidative degradation of polyunsaturated diacyl phospholipids in the presence of plasmalogen phospholipids in vitro. Biochem J 1997; 323 ( Pt 3):807-14. [PMID: 9169616 PMCID: PMC1218386 DOI: 10.1042/bj3230807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative degradation of plasmalogen (alkenylacyl) phospholipids was analysed in the absence and the presence of polyunsaturated ester phospholipids by 1H-NMR and by chemical determination. Brain lysoplasmenylethanolamine (lyso-P-PE), brain P-PE and erythrocyte P-PE, containing an increasing number of intrachain double bonds at sn2, were oxidized with 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH; 2 or 10 mM) in Triton X-100 micelles (detergent/phospholipid 1:5, mol/mol). The formation of two peroxyl radicals was accompanied by the degradation of approx. one molecule of brain lyso-P-PE. On oxidation of brain P-PE or erythrocyte P-PE (320 nmol) with 2 mM AAPH, the (alpha-vinyl) methine 1H signal of the enol ether decreased more rapidly than the methine proton peak of intrachain double bonds. The rate of enol ether degradation increased in the order: erythrocyte P-PE>brain P-PE>brain lyso-P-PE. The disappearance of the polyunsaturated ester phospholipids 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl phosphatidylcholine (16:0/20:4-PC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl phosphatidylcholine (16:0/18:2-PC) (100 nmol), as induced by 10 mM AAPH, was nearly completely inhibited by the plasmalogens (25 nmol) in the first 30 and 60 min of incubation respectively, and was delayed at later time points. Plasmalogens and vitamin E (4-25 nmol) mitigated the decreases in 16:0/[3H]20:4-PC (100 nmol) induced by 2 mM AAPH in a similar manner. The initial rate of degradation of intrachain double bonds of 16:0/20:4-PC and 16:0/18:2-PC (320 nmol; 2 mM AAPH) was decreased by 59% and 81% respectively in the presence of 80 nmol of brain lyso-P-PE. In conclusion, plasmalogens markedly delay the oxidative degradation of intrachain double bonds under in vitro conditions. Interactions of enol ether double bonds with initiating peroxyl radicals as well as with products generated by prior oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids are proposed to be responsible for this capacity of plasmalogens. Furthermore, the products of enol ether oxidation apparently do not propagate the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Reiss
- Physiologisches Institut der Universität München, Pettenkoferstr. 12, D-80336 München, Germany
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8
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Kneepkens CM, Lepage G, Roy CC. The potential of the hydrocarbon breath test as a measure of lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 1994; 17:127-60. [PMID: 7959173 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(94)90110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbons ethane and pentane have been advocated as noninvasive markers of free-radical induced lipid peroxidation in humans. In in vitro studies, the evolution of ethane and pentane as end products of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively, correlates very well with other markers of lipid peroxidation and even seems to be the most sensitive test available. In laboratory animals the use of both hydrocarbons as in vivo markers of lipid peroxidation has been validated extensively. Although there are other possible sources of hydrocarbons in the body, such as protein oxidation and colonic bacterial metabolism, these apparently are of limited importance and do not interfere with the interpretation of the hydrocarbon breath test. The production of hydrocarbons relative to that of other end products of lipid peroxidation depends on variables that are difficult to control, such as the local availability of iron(II) ions and dioxygen. In addition, hydrocarbons are metabolized in the body, which especially influences the excretion of pentane. Because of the extremely low concentrations of ethane and pentane in human breath, which often are not significantly higher than those in ambient air, the hydrocarbon breath test requires a flawless technique regarding such factors as: (1) the preparation of the subject with hydrocarbon-free air to wash out ambient air hydrocarbons from the lungs, (2) the avoidance of ambient air contamination of the breath sample by using appropriate materials for sampling and storing, and (3) the procedures used to concentrate and filter the samples prior to gas chromatographic determination. For the gas chromatographic separation of hydrocarbons, open tubular capillary columns are preferred because of their high resolution capacity. Only in those settings where expired hydrocarbon levels are substantially higher than ambient air levels might washout prove to be unnecessary, at least in adults. Although many investigators have concentrated on one marker, it seems preferable to measure both ethane and pentane concurrently. The results of the hydrocarbon breath test are not influenced by prior food consumption, but both vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation decrease hydrocarbon excretion. Nevertheless, the long-term use of a diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as in parenteral nutrition regimens, may result in increased hydrocarbon exhalation. Hydrocarbon excretion slightly increases with increasing age. Short-term increases follow physical and intellectual stress and exposure to hyperbaric dioxygen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Kneepkens
- Gastroenterology-Nutrition Unit, Hôpital Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Massias L, Postaire E, Regnault C, Hazebroucq G. Thermal desorption-gas chromatographic determination of ethane and pentane in breath as potential markers of lipid peroxidation. Biomed Chromatogr 1993; 7:200-3. [PMID: 8219697 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130070406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Formation of free radicals and lipoperoxidation occur at the onset of cellular damage. These effects are produced during normal metabolism and in pathological states. The peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, i.e. linoleic acid and linolenic acid, which are both cellular membrane compounds, induces ethane and pentane formation in pulmonary air exhalation. These two volatile hydrocarbons can be considered as potential lipoperoxidation markers. Methodological difficulties limit the use of these gases for assessment of free oxygen radical activity but we have developed and validated a non-invasive technique. A study was performed with ten healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Massias
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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11
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Kennedy CH, Hatch GE, Slade R, Mason RP. Application of the EPR spin-trapping technique to the detection of radicals produced in vivo during inhalation exposure of rats to ozone. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992; 114:41-6. [PMID: 1316646 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(92)90094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ozone is known to induce lipid peroxidation of lung tissue, although no direct evidence of free radical formation has been reported. We have used the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping technique to search for free radicals produced in vivo by ozone exposure. The spin trap alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (4-POBN) was administered ip to male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were then exposed for 2 hr to either 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 ppm ozone with 8% CO2 to increase their respiratory rate. A six-line 4-POBN/radical spin adduct signal (aN = 15.02 G and a beta H = 3.27 G) was detected by EPR spectroscopy in lipid extracts from lungs of rats treated with 4-POBN and then exposed to ozone. Only a weak signal was observed in the corresponding solution from rats exposed to 0 ppm ozone (air with CO2 only). The concentration of the radical adduct increased as a function of ozone concentration. After administration of 4-POBN, rats were exposed for either 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 hr to either 0 or 2.0 ppm ozone (with CO2). The radical adduct concentration of the ozone-exposed groups at exposure times of 2.0 and 4.0 hr was significantly different from that of the corresponding air control groups. A correlation was observed between the radical adduct concentration and the lung weight/body weight ratio. These results demonstrate that ozone induces the production of free radicals in rat lungs during inhalation exposure and that radical production may be involved in the induction of pulmonary toxicity by ozone. This is the first direct evidence for ozone-induced free radical production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Kennedy
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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12
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Kumarathasan R, Rajkumar AB, Hunter NR, Gesser HD. Autoxidation and yellowing of methyl linolenate. Prog Lipid Res 1992; 31:109-26. [PMID: 1461916 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(92)90005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The autoxidation of fatty esters of linseed oil is studied extensively, and the products formed from these reactions are identified. The mechanism suggested for autoxidation, helps to understand fat deterioration resulting in offensive odours and flavours, and to develop new antioxidants to prevent this decomposition. The oxidation following oxidative copolymerization should be investigated in order to understand and to develop new methodology to prevent yellowing. Although the yellowing of indoor oil paints could be prevented to an extent, no compound is known to completely inhibit this process nor has the cause for this yellow colouration been isolated, leaving the doors wide open for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kumarathasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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13
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Kalyanaraman B, Joseph J, Parthasarathy S. The spin trap, alpha-phenyl N-tert-butylnitrone, inhibits the oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. FEBS Lett 1991; 280:17-20. [PMID: 1849092 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The lipophilic spin trap, N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) inhibits the formation of the oxidatively-modified low density lipoprotein (LDL) by endothelial cells and by cupric ions. The LDL incubated in the presence of PBN with cells or cupric ions was less readily degraded by macrophages than the LDL incubated in the absence of PBN. A lipid-derived radical formed during oxidation of LDL was detected by spin trapping with PBN. It is likely that PBN inhibits the oxidative and biological modification of LDL by scavenging the LDL-lipid-derived radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kalyanaraman
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226
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14
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Lamba OP, Lal S, Yappert MC, Lou MF, Borchman D. Spectroscopic detection of lipid peroxidation products and structural changes in a sphingomyelin model system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1081:181-7. [PMID: 1998736 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90024-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The peroxidation induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide in sphingomyelin from bovine brain was investigated in detail. The lipid peroxidation products resulting from oxidation of lipid acyl chains were detected, identified and characterized by optical absorption. Fourier transform infrared, fluorescence and NMR spectroscopies. The extent of hydrocarbon chain degradation in vitro was quantified by measuring the relative change in absorbance of the peak at 241 nm characteristic of conjugated double bond or diene absorption band. FTIR data revealed that the lipid peroxidation of sphingomyelin disrupted the acyl chain and head group regions resulting in derangement of the ordered membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Lamba
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY
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15
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Abstract
Interaction of active oxygen species with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) results in a series of reactions called lipid peroxidation. During the process of peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids there is a scission of an alkane fragment extending from the methyl end of the fatty acid to the double bond. Thus, with a w-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid pentane is released, and with a w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ethane is released. These hydrocarbons are distributed in the body, partly metabolized, and excreted in the breath, making it possible to estimate the magnitude of in vivo lipid peroxidation by measuring pentane and ethane exhaled in breath. Advantages of this method are discussed as well as limitations and possible sources of error.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Jeejeebhoy
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Knights KM, Gourlay GK, Gibson RA, Cousins MJ. Halothane induced hepatic necrosis in rats: the role of in vivo lipid peroxidation. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1988; 63:327-32. [PMID: 3237593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1988.tb00963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic damage was induced in phenobarbitone pretreated male Fischer 344 rats by the administration of 1% halothane in 14% oxygen for either 1 or 2 hours. Ethane production during the exposure period was not significantly different between the halothane and non-halothane exposed groups. Animals were sacrificed 1, 2, 6 and 24 hrs from commencement of anaesthesia and the hepatic microsomal fraction analyzed for diene conjugates, lipid hydroperoxides, total lipid content and fatty acid composition. Animals exposed to halothane and sacrificed at 2 and 24 hrs had significantly elevated levels of diene conjugates (P less than 0.05), while lipid hydroperoxide concentration and serum alanine aminotransferase increased in only those animals sacrificed at 24 hrs. Alterations in total lipid content and hepatic microsomal fatty acid composition were not observed in animals sacrificed after 1 and 2 hrs. A significant reduction in total lipid and arachidonic acid content occurred only in those animals sacrificed 24 hrs after exposure, however a concomitant increase in the saturated fatty acid fraction was not observed. It is proposed that alterations in fatty acid composition in vivo and evidence of lipid peroxidation occur as a result of cell death rather than an initiating event in halothane induced hepatic necrosis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Knights
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park
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18
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van Rij AM, Wade CR. The metabolism of low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases in man. FREE RADICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1987; 4:99-103. [PMID: 3508135 DOI: 10.3109/10715768709088093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of ethane and pentane in man is demonstrated to occur from the uptake of an enriched atmosphere of these gases in a rebreathe spirometer circuit. Dithiocarb, an inhibitor of alkane metabolism, reduced uptake and increased the respiratory excretion of these gases. This effect was least marked for the slowly metabolised ethane. Therefore the endogenous production of ethane as measured by respiratory excretion is less affected. However pentane is rapidly metabolised and this limits the use of simple respiratory excretion of pentane as a measure of in vivo lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M van Rij
- Department of Surgery, Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand
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19
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SEO CW, KING JAMEST. Cholesteryl Linoleate Oxidation in Freeze-Dried Model and Beef Systems. J Food Sci 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb13008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Thermal decomposition of individual positional isomers of methyl linolenate hydroperoxides, hydroperoxy cyclic peroxides and dihydroperoxides. Lipids 1984; 19:307-13. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02534462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/1983] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Harvey MJ, Klaassen CD. Interaction of metals and carbon tetrachloride on lipid peroxidation and hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1983; 71:316-22. [PMID: 6558984 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(83)90018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Rats were administered ferrous sulfate, cadmium chloride, or sodium vanadate alone and in combination with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to determine if lipid peroxidation is associated with the toxicity of the three metals and to determine if there is an interaction between these metals and CCl4 in producing lipid peroxidation and hepatotoxicity. Expired ethane was used as an index of lipid peroxidation while serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and histopathology were used to assess liver damage. Lipid peroxidation did not appear to be associated with the hepatotoxicity of cadmium since no measurable increase in ethane production was observed when serum ALT concentrations were doubled relative to controls. Cadmium did not increase ethane when administered with CCl4 and the increase in ALT was additive. Iron and vanadate produced small significant increases in ethane production but no increase in ALT and only minor histopathologic changes, yet potentiated lipid peroxidation and liver damage when administered with CCl4. Thus, Cd did not produce lipid peroxidation and did not potentiate the lipid peroxidation and hepatotoxicity of CCl4, while iron or vanadate which produced lipid peroxidation alone potentiated the lipid peroxidation and hepatotoxicity of CCl4.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Selke
- ; US Department of Agriculture; Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service; 61604 Peoria IL
| | - W. K. Rohwedder
- ; US Department of Agriculture; Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service; 61604 Peoria IL
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Frank H, Dürk H. Determination of alkanes in breath to monitor lipid peroxidation in the presence of volatile toxicants and metabolites. An optimized, automatic method. Arch Toxicol 1983; 53:213-23. [PMID: 6615235 DOI: 10.1007/bf00316505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Determination of alkanes in breath of laboratory animals and humans has become a standard-method for monitoring lipid peroxidation in vivo. Isothermal gas chromatography on Porasil C enables sensitive, rapid and repetitive determination of all C2-C5-hydrocarbons in breath. Volatile toxicants and metabolites, which would coelute with the alkanes of later injected samples, are deviated by using a precolumn. An automatic switching unit controls withdrawal and injection of samples and backflush of the precolumn in a repetitive manner at fixed intervals. This increases accuracy and sensitivity of analysis and enables virtually unattended operation. The system has been applied for a study on the oxygen-dependence of CCl4-metabolism in the rat.
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25
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Cadenas E, Varsavsky AI, Boveris A, Chance B. Oxygen- or organic hydroperoxide-induced chemiluminescence of brain and liver homogenates. Biochem J 1981; 198:645-54. [PMID: 7326030 PMCID: PMC1163313 DOI: 10.1042/bj1980645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenation of anaerobically isolated brain and liver homogenates is associated with chemiluminescence and formation of lipid hydroperoxides, the latter determined by the thiobarbituric acid assay. Light emission and formation of malonaldehyde are 20-fold higher in the brain than in liver; chemiluminescence of both decays when accumulation of malonaldehyde ceases. Exogenous organic peroxides, such as t-butyl hydroperoxide, inhibit the light-emission response to oxygenation by brain homogenate, whereas they enhance that of liver homogenate. t-Butyl hydroperoxide-induced photoemission of liver homogenate shows a polyphasic kinetic pattern that is O2-dependent. The spectral analysis of chemiluminescence arising from brain and liver homogenates on oxygenation shows a spectrum with five emission bands at 420-450, 475-485, 510-540, 560-580 and 625-640 nm. These bands are subjected to intensity changes or shifts of the wavelength whenever t-butyl hydroperoxide is present, either inhibiting or stimulating light emission. The blue-band chemiluminescence, around 435 nm, is possibly due to the weak light emission arising from excited carbonyl compounds [Lloyd (1965) J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 61, 2182-2193; Vassil'ev (1965) Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 18, 131-135], whereas the presence of other bands suggests generation of singlet molecular oxygen either in the process triggered on oxygenation (lipid oxygenation) or after supplementation with organic hydroperoxides. We offer several explanations for the spectral analysis presented here.
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26
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Schieberle P, Grosch W. Model experiments about the formation of volatile carbonyl compounds. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02672374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Schieberle
- ; Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie; 8046 Garching Germany
| | - W. Grosch
- ; Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie; 8046 Garching Germany
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27
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Frankel EN, Neff WE, Selke E. Analysis of autoxidized fats by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: VII. Volatile thermal decomposition products of pure hydroperoxides from autoxidized and photosensitized oxidized methyl oleate, linoleate and linolenate. Lipids 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02534950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Frank H, Hintze T, Bimboes D, Remmer H. Monitoring lipid peroxidation by breath analysis: endogenous hydrocarbons and their metabolic elimination. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1980; 56:337-44. [PMID: 7222017 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(80)90066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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30
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Sagai M, Ichinose T. Age-related changes in lipid peroxidation as measured by ethane, ethylene, butane and pentane in respired gases of rats. Life Sci 1980; 27:731-8. [PMID: 7412499 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(80)90326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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31
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Abstract
The detection and measurement of lipid oxidation in biological systems and some biologic effects of this oxidation are reviewed. The role of lipid oxidation in the process of photocarcinogenesis and the protective effect of antioxidants against this process also are discussed. The mechanism of such protection is unknown and studies directed at elucidating the mechanism of antioxidant effect in photocarcinogenesis and in some other pathological conditons believed to involve lipid oxidation are needed. In addition to this, epoxidation of lipids observed in monolayer studies requires further investigation, particularly in the presence of some other unsaturated molecules. The possible significance of such a study--particularly in the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens, where formation of epoxides is generally accepted as active intermediates--is also discussed. In addition, present knowledge on the role of lipid peroxides in the destruction of proteins and biomembranes, in chemically induced toxicity and in generation of singlet oxygen is presented.
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34
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Sagai M, Tappel AL. Lipid peroxidation induced by some halomethanes as measured by in vivo pentane production in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1979; 49:283-91. [PMID: 494281 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(79)90253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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35
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36
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Sagai M, Tappel AL. Effect of vitamin E on carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation as demonstrated by in vivo pentane production. Toxicol Lett 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(78)90089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Donovan DH, Menzel DB. Mechanisms of lipid peroxidation: iron catalyzed decomposition of fatty acid hydroperoxides as the basis of hydrocarbon evolution in vivo. EXPERIENTIA 1978; 34:775-6. [PMID: 658303 DOI: 10.1007/bf01947320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ethane and pentane are evolved during peroxidation of tissue lipids in vivo and are believed to be derived from omega3 and omega6 fatty acids respectively. We present evidence supporting a scission mechanism as the means of forming these hydrocarbons during hydroperoxide decomposition. A fatty acid omega6 hydroperoxide (methyl 13-hydroperoxy-6,9,11-octatrienoate), when incubated with a ferrous ion, yielded pentane as the major hydrocarbon (98%). Reaction with ferrous ion results in an alkoxy capable of undergoing scission to an aldehydic fatty acid and a hydrocarbon.
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- J. I. Gray
- ; Department of Food Science; University of Guelph; Guelph N1G 2W1 Ontario Canada
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39
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Dillard CJ, Litov RE, Tappel AL. Effects of dietary vitamin E, selenium, and polyunsaturated fats on in vivo lipid peroxidation in the rat as measured by pentane production. Lipids 1978; 13:396-402. [PMID: 672480 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Starting at 21 days of age, groups of six rats each were fed a basal Torula yeast diet supplemented with 0.4% L-methionine and varying amounts of vitamin E as dl-alpha tocopherol acetate, selenium as sodium selenite, and with either 10% stripped corn oil, stripped lard, or coconut oil. By 7 wk, pentane production by rats fed a corn oil diet deficient in both vitamin E and selenium was twice that by rats fed 0.1 or 1 mg of selenium per kg of the same basal diet. Blood glutathione peroxidase activity after 7 wk was proportional to the logarithm of dietary selenium. Groups of rats fed the vitamin E- and selenium-deficient diets with lard or coconut oil had one-half the pentane production of rats fed the vitamin E- and selenium-deficient corn oil diets. The plasma level of linoleic plus arachidonic acid was 1.8 time greater on a wt % basis in rats fed corn oil than in rats fed lard or coconut oil as the fat source. Pentane production by rats fed 40 i.u. dl-alpha tocopherol acetate per kg of the selenium-deficient corn oil diet was one-sixth of that by rats fed the same diet without vitamin E; the plasma of the rats fed the vitamin E-supplemented corn oil diet had a level of vitamin E that was about six times greater than that of the rats fed the vitamin E-deficient corn oil diet.
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40
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Dumelin EE, Dillard CJ, Tappel AL. Effect of vitamin E and ozone on pentane and ethane expired by rats. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1978; 33:129-35. [PMID: 686836 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1978.10667322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pentane and ethane, which arise during lipid peroxidation in vivo, were measured by gas chromatography in breath samples of rats fed for 8 weeks a vitamin E-deficient diet to which had been added 0, 11, or 40 IU vitamin E acetate per kg. Further lipid peroxidation was induced by exposure of individual rats to 1 ppm ozone for 60 min. Nonparametric statistical analysis of the data for pentane expired before exposure of rats to ozone gave alpha values (alpha = 2P) of 0.006 when the O vitamin E group was compared with either of the vitamin E-supplemented groups. For ethane, comparison of the O vitamin E group with the groups supplemented with 11 and 40 IU vitamin E/kg of diet were 0.0294 and 0.0080, respectively. Alpha values less than .05 were considered significant. After a 60-min exposure of rats to 1 ppm ozone, the paired t-test showed pentane to be significantly (P less than .005) increased in only the rats fed the vitamin E-deficient diet.
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41
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42
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The function of vitamin E as an antioxidant, as revealed by a new method for measuring lipid peroxidation. Nutr Rev 1978; 36:84-6. [PMID: 634519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1978.tb03713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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43
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Tappel AL. Protection against free radical lipid peroxidation reactions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1978; 97:111-31. [PMID: 347896 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7793-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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45
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Dumelin EE, Tappel AL. Hydrocarbon gases produced during in vitro peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and decomposition of preformed hydroperoxides. Lipids 1977; 12:894-900. [PMID: 927041 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocarbon gases have been used previously as an index of lipid peroxidation in vivo and in vitro. In vitro experiments are reported on the formation of hydrocarbon gases from peroxidizing omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Hydrocarbon gases were not released during a 20-hr peroxidation phase but were released following the decomposition of hydroperoxides by addition of excess ascorbic acid. The major hydrocarbon gas products in iron, copper, or hematin catalyzed peroxidation systems were ethane or ethylene from linolenic acid, and pentane from linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. Calculations of the ratios of hydrocarbon gases formed were based on fatty acid decrease and/or change in diene conjugation and peroxide values. Depending on the fatty acid, catalyst, and calculation basis used, pentane formation was as high as 1.3 mol %, ethane 4.3 mol %, and ethylene 10.6 mol %.
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46
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Dillard CJ, Dumelin EE, Tappel AL. Effect of dietary vitamin E on expiration of pentane and ethane by the rat. Lipids 1977; 12:109-14. [PMID: 834117 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method for the measurement of hydrocarbon gases in the breath of rats is described. The method was used to follow the expiration in rat breath of in vivo formed scission products of hydroperoxides. The major products are pentane from the linoleic acid family and ethane from the linolenic acid family. Rats were fed 0, 11 or 40 i.u. vitamin E acetate/kg diet for 7 wk starting at age 21 days. Data obtained by gas chromatographic analysis of breath samples were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric U-test. This statistical analysis showed that pentane evolved by the group of rats not supplemented with vitamin E was significantly higher during the period 1-7 wk than that evolved by either of the two supplemented groups of rats. Ethane from the nonsupplemented group was significantly higher than that from the group supplemented with 40 i.u. vitamin E/kg of diet by 5 wk, and significantly high than both supplemented groups by 6 wk. By 7 wk, pentane production was tenfold greater in the non-supplemented group, and ethane was about twofold greater. There was no significant difference between the groups supplemented with 11 and 40 i.u. vitamin E/kg diet for either ethane or pentane. This new technique, which measures scission products from in vivo lipid peroxidation, promises to be useful for application to many experimental areas where lipid peroxidation is expected or known to occur.
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Heimann W, Franzen KH, Rapp A. [About the formation of volatile products during lipoxigenase-linoleic-acid reaction (author's transl)]. Eur Food Res Technol 1975; 158:65-70. [PMID: 813417 DOI: 10.1007/bf01460021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Soya-lipoxigenase (E.C. 1.13.1.13) is incubated by linoleic acid at room temperature; the arising volatile products are isolated by different methods, concentrated, and investigated by means of gas chromatography. If the non-volatile hydroperoxides, formed during the incubation are also injected, 15-20% are decomposed to volatile products superposing the primarily enzymatically formed volatile components as artefacts and consequently falsifying the result. Without separating the linoleic acid hydroperoxides (LHPO) the quantitative proportion Hexanal/Decadienal is approximately in accordance with the proportion 13-linoleic acid hydroperoxide/9-linoleic acid hydroperoxide (this means for soya-lipoxigenase and pH 7 about 1:1). After separating the linoleic acid hydroperoxides only these volatile products are found which are arising during the lipoxigenase reaction. These are 1-2% in relation to the LHPO. In this case, the quantitative ratio Hexanal/Decadienal is not corresponding to the 13-/9-linoleic acid hydroperoxide proportion. Nearly the only product formed by this process is Hexanal.
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49
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Homolytic decomposition of linoleic acid hydroperoxide: Identification of fatty acid products. Lipids 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02532178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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50
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WARNER K, EVANS CD, LIST GR, BOUNDY BK, KWOLEK WF. PENTANE FORMATION AND RANCIDITY IN VEGETABLE OILS AND IN POTATO CHIPS. J Food Sci 1974. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1974.tb17974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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