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Dietary Intervention with Blackcurrant Pomace Protects Rats from Testicular Oxidative Stress Induced by Exposition to Biodiesel Exhaust. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081562. [PMID: 36009280 PMCID: PMC9404818 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure to diesel exhaust emissions (DEE) contributes to negative health outcomes and premature mortality. At the same time, the health effects of the exposure to biodiesel exhaust emission are still in scientific debate. The aim of presented study was to investigate in an animal study the effects of exposure to DEE from two types of biodiesel fuels, 1st generation B7 biodiesel containing 7% of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or 2nd generation biodiesel (SHB20) containing 7% of FAME and 13% of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), on the oxidative stress in testes and possible protective effects of dietary intervention with blackcurrant pomace (BC). Adult Fisher344/DuCrl rats were exposed by inhalation (6 h/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks) to 2% of DEE from B7 or SHB20 fuel mixed with air. The animals from B7 (n = 14) and SHB20 (n = 14) groups subjected to filtered by a diesel particulate filter (DPF) or unfiltered DEE were maintained on standard feed. The rats from B7+BC (n = 12) or SHB20+BC (n = 12), exposed to DEE in the same way, were fed with feed supplemented containing 2% (m/m) of BC. The exposure to exhaust emissions from 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel resulted in induction of oxidative stress in the testes. Higher concentration of the oxidative stress markers thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs), 25-dihydroxycholesterols (25(OH)2Ch), and 7-ketocholesterol (7-KCh) level), as well as decreased level of antioxidant defense systems such as reduced glutathione (GSH), GSH/GSSG ratio, and increased level of oxidized glutathione (GSSG)) were found. Dietary intervention reduced the concentration of TBARS, 7-KCh, LOOHs, and the GSSG level, and elevated the GSH level in testes. In conclusion, DEE-induced oxidative stress in the testes was related to the biodiesel feedstock and the application of DPF. The SHB20 DEE without DPF technology exerted the most pronounced toxic effects. Dietary intervention with BC in rats exposed to DEE reduced oxidative stress in testes and improved antioxidative defense parameters, however the redox balance in the testes was not completely restored.
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Zhang W, Qi X, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Xu L, Song X, Xiao C, Yuan X, Zhang J, Hou M. Study of injectable Blueberry anthocyanins-loaded hydrogel for promoting full-thickness wound healing. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119543. [PMID: 32561307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels with high anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties are highly desirable for clinical application. In the present study, injectable hydrogels were prepared based on carboxymethyl chitosan and oxidized hyaluronic acid. Blueberry anthocyanins (BA), which are known for their antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties, were successfully loaded into the hydrogels. The gelation kinetics and mechanical properties of the hydrogels were investigated. Oxidized hyaluronic acid with an oxidation degree of 38.1% conferred a suitable gelation time (~70 s) and mechanical properties (76.0 kPa compression stress at strain of 80%) of the hydrogel. The injectable BA-loaded hydrogel significantly accelerated the wound healing process in a full-thickness skin wound model in rats, promoted epithelial and tissue regeneration, exerted antiinflammatory effects, and promoted collagen deposition and angiogenesis. Besides, the hydrogel could upregulate the expression of VEGF and IL-10 proteins, downregulate the NF-κB level, and promote macrophage transformation from M1 phenotype to M2. The promotion of the BA-loaded hydrogel on wound healing were mainly realized by its biological effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and regulation of various wound healing related factors. The results suggested that BA and the hydrogels exert synergistic effects in promoting wound healing. Injectable BA-loaded hydrogels appear to be promising candidates for wound healing application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Qi
- The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Yunen Liu
- Emergency Medicine, Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Lei Xu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiang Song
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Chenjuan Xiao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Yuan
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Mingxiao Hou
- Emergency Medicine, Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, PR China
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Chorfa N, Savard S, Belkacemi K. Kinetic modelling of blueberry anthocyanins oxidation with a free radical initiator 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane). CAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nasima Chorfa
- Department of Soil Science and Agri-Food Engineering; Laval University; Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Sylvain Savard
- Centre de Recherche Industrielle du Quebec (CRIQ); Québec, QC, G1P 4C7 Canada
| | - Khaled Belkacemi
- Department of Soil Science and Agri-Food Engineering; Laval University; Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
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Chorfa N, Savard S, Belkacemi K. An efficient method for high-purity anthocyanin isomers isolation from wild blueberries and their radical scavenging activity. Food Chem 2016; 197 Pt B:1226-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Novel oxidation products of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside with 2,2'-azobis-(2,4-dimethyl)valeronitrile and evaluation of anthocyanin content and its oxidation in black rice. Food Chem 2014; 155:221-6. [PMID: 24594178 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The radical oxidation mechanism of anthocyanin derivatives was investigated by the reaction of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside in the presence of radical initiator 2,2'-azobis-(2,4-dimethyl)valeronitrile (AMVN) in EtOH and aqueous CH3CN. Six different oxidation products were isolated, depending on the solvent employed. These products were identified using NMR spectroscopy and multistep derivatisation reactions. Of the products obtained, two novel oxidised anthocyanin derivatives were isolated from black rice under prolonged storage. A radical reaction mechanism is proposed on the basis of these reaction products. Quantification of oxidised anthocyanins in black rice is demonstrated as a method to verify freshness of the rice.
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Antioxidative and cardioprotective properties of anthocyanins from defatted dabai extracts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:434057. [PMID: 24368926 PMCID: PMC3867864 DOI: 10.1155/2013/434057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine anthocyanins and their antioxidative and cardioprotective properties in defatted dabai parts. Anthocyanins in crude extracts and extract fractions of defatted dabai peel and pericarp were quantified using UHPLC, while their antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress inhibition ability were evaluated by using DPPH and CUPRAC assays as well as linoleic acid oxidation system, hemoglobin oxidation, and PARP-1 inhibition ELISA. Cardioprotective effect of the defatted dabai peel extract was evaluated using hypercholesterolemic-induced New Zealand white rabbits. Six anthocyanins were detected in the defatted dabai peel, with the highest antioxidant capacities and oxidative stress inhibition effect compared to the other part. The defatted dabai peel extract has also inhibited lipid peroxidation (plasma MDA) and elevated cellular antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx) in the tested animal model. Major anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside) and other anthocyanins (pelargonidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside, and peonidin-3-glucoside) detected in the defatted dabai peel are potential future nutraceuticals with promising medicinal properties.
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Norberto S, Silva S, Meireles M, Faria A, Pintado M, Calhau C. Blueberry anthocyanins in health promotion: A metabolic overview. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Wang D, Wang X, Zhang C, Ma Y, Zhao X. Calf thymus DNA-binding ability study of anthocyanins from purple sweet potatoes ( Ipomoea batatas L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7405-9. [PMID: 21678894 DOI: 10.1021/jf200851h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A total of 10 anthocyanin compounds were identified from five purple sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas L.) varieties, Qunzi, Zishu038, Ji18, Jingshu6, and Ziluolan, by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to assess their calf thymus DNA-binding ability in vitro. The interaction between anthocyanins and calf thymus DNA in Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 6.9) was evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy. Using ethidium bromide (EB) as a fluorescence probe, fluorescence quenching of the emission peak was seen in the DNA-EB system when anthocyanins were added, indicating that the anthocyanins bound with DNA. The acylated groups influenced the ability of the interaction with DNA. Anthocyanins from purple sweet potato with more acylated groups in sorphorose have a stronger binding ability with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Sun J, Hu X, Liao X. Spectral alteration and degradation of cyanidin-3-glucoside exposed to pulsed electric field. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:3524-3531. [PMID: 20163112 DOI: 10.1021/jf9036722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are polyphenol antioxidants that have been shown to prevent many chronic diseases. The compounds are not stable, so they tend to be decolorized or degraded during processing and storage. In this study, the spectral characteristics alteration and degradation products of cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cyd-3-glc) exposed to pulsed electric field (PEF) were investigated, and the reaction kinetics was discussed. The intensity of the UV-vis spectra decreased noticeably upon PEF treatment without modification of the spectral pattern. Protocatechuic acid and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid were identified as degradation products of both PEF and thermally treated Cyd-3-glc, but cyanidin present in thermally treated Cyd-3-glc was absent in PEF-treated Cyd-3-glc, indicating that the first step of Cyd-3-glc degradation induced by PEF was not the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds, which was different from that of thermal degradation. With increased electric field intensity or treatment time, the degradation of Cyd-3-glc and the formation of protocatechuic acid were enhanced; their kinetics (except 7 kV/cm for protocatechuic acid formation) were well fitted to a first-order reaction. Meanwhile, a good correlation was present between Cyd-3-glc degradation and protocatechuic acid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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10
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Chen G, Luo J. Anthocyanins: are they beneficial in treating ethanol neurotoxicity? Neurotox Res 2010; 17:91-101. [PMID: 19590929 PMCID: PMC4992359 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heavy alcohol exposure produces profound damage to the developing central nervous system (CNS) as well as the adult brain. Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) have a variety of cognitive, behavioral, and neurological impairments. FASD currently represents the leading cause of mental retardation. Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) and neurodegeneration in the adult brain. Although the cellular/molecular mechanism underlying ethanol's neurotoxicity has not been fully understood, it is generally believed that oxidative stress plays an important role. Identification of neuroprotective agents that can ameliorate ethanol neurotoxicity is an important step for developing preventive/therapeutic strategies. Targeting ethanol-induced oxidative stress using natural antioxidants is an attractive approach. Anthocyanins, a large subgroup of flavonoids present in many vegetables and fruits, are safe and potent antioxidants. They exhibit diverse potential health benefits including cardioprotection, anti-atherosclerotic activity, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammation properties. Anthocyanins can cross the blood-brain barrier and distribute in the CNS. Recent studies indicate that anthocyanins represent novel neuroprotective agents and may be beneficial in ameliorating ethanol neurotoxicity. In this review, we discuss the evidence and potential of anthocyanins in alleviating ethanol-induced damage to the CNS. Furthermore, we discuss possible underlying mechanisms as well as future research approaches necessary to establish the therapeutic role of anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 124C Combs Research Building, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 124C Combs Research Building, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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11
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Electrochemical oxidation of the synthetic anthocyanin analogue 4-methyl-7,8-dihydroxyflavylium salt. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Matsunaga N, Tsuruma K, Shimazawa M, Yokota S, Hara H. Inhibitory actions of bilberry anthocyanidins on angiogenesis. Phytother Res 2009; 24 Suppl 1:S42-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Walton MC, Hendriks WH, Broomfield AM, McGhie TK. Viscous Food Matrix Influences Absorption and Excretion but Not Metabolism of Blackcurrant Anthocyanins in Rats. J Food Sci 2009; 74:H22-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Fukamachi K, Imada T, Ohshima Y, Xu J, Tsuda H. Purple corn color suppresses Ras protein level and inhibits 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in the rat. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1841-6. [PMID: 18616524 PMCID: PMC11159976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins belong to the class of phenolic compounds collectively named flavonoids. Many anthocyanins are reported to have inhibitory effects on carcinogenesis. Purple corn color (PCC), an anthocyanin containing extract of purple corn seeds, is used as a food colorant. The major anthocyanin in PCC is cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside (C3-G). The present study was conducted to assess the influence of dietary PCC on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. PCC significantly inhibited DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis in human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene transgenic (Hras128) rats and in their non-transgenic counterparts. PCC and C3-G also inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in mammary tumor cells derived from Hras128 rat mammary carcinomas. At the molecular level, PCC and C3-G treatment resulted in a preferential activation of caspase-3 and reduction of Ras protein levels in tumor cells. It is proposed that C3-G could act as a chemopreventive and possibly chemotherapeutic agent for cancers with mutations in ras. Secondly, the in vitro-in vivo system used in this study can be utilized for screening for cancer preventive compounds that act via Ras down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Fukamachi
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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Abstract
Kiwifruit is the most well-known crop in the genus Actinidia. Although Actinidia fruit sales in the international market are dominated by a single kiwifruit cultivar Actinidia deliciosa "Hayward," there are a considerable number of cultivars and selections in the genus that have widely diverse shape, size, and hairiness. They also offer a wide variation in sensory attributes such as flesh color, flavor, and taste, and in nutritional attributes such as the vitamin C level and carotenoid content. The level of actinidin, which is a cysteine protease in kiwifruit, also varies greatly among cultivars. This chapter reviews available information related to several important components, allergenic properties, and health benefits of Actinidia fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Nishiyama
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Komazawa Women's Junior College, Inagi, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Tian Q, Konczak I, Schwartz SJ. Probing anthocyanin profiles in purple sweet potato cell line (Ipomoea batatas L. Cv. Ayamurasaki) by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:6503-9. [PMID: 16076141 DOI: 10.1021/jf050671m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A purple line cell line (PL) generated from the storage root of purple-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) cv. Ayamurasaki produces a complex mixture of anthocyanins, and seven major anthocyanins have been isolated and identified to date. All these anthocyanins are exclusively cyanidin or peonidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucosides and their acylated derivatives. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to photodiode array (PDA) detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) on a triple quadrupole instrument was employed to further investigate the anthocyanin composition of the PL extract. Precursor-ion analysis, product-ion analysis, and selected reaction monitoring (SRM) MS/MS experiments were conducted sequentially to screen and characterize anthocyanins in the aqueous extract of the PL cell line. Precursor-ion analysis specifically detected the molecular cations of each category of anthocyanins by scanning the precursors of anthocyanidins (cyanidin, peonidin, and pelargonidin). The detected molecular cation of each anthocyanin was fragmented using product-ion analysis by collisionally activated dissociation (CAD). MS/MS using SRM detection was conducted to further confirm the fragmentation observed during product-ion analysis. In comparison to the commonly used product-ion analysis technique, the combined use of precursor-ion analysis, product-ion analysis, and SRM is particularly useful for positive identification of anthocyanins in complex matrixes and provides important information to confirm the proposed structures. Twenty-six anthocyanins were detected and characterized in the aqueous extract of the PL cell line. Several anthocyanins, including two pelargonidin derivatives, were tentatively identified for the first time in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Tian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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McDougall GJ, Dobson P, Smith P, Blake A, Stewart D. Assessing potential bioavailability of raspberry anthocyanins using an in vitro digestion system. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:5896-904. [PMID: 16028971 DOI: 10.1021/jf050131p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability of anthocyanins from raspberry extracts was assessed using an in vitro digestion procedure that mimics the physiochemical and biochemical changes that occur in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Effectively all of the total phenol content of the raspberry extract survived gastric digestion and partitioned between the IN sample, which represents the serum available material, and the OUT sample, which represents the material that remains in the GIT and passes through to the colon. All of the anthocyanins also survived gastric digestion, but only approximately 5% entered the IN sample and approximately 70% of total anthocyanins were recovered in the IN and OUT samples. Codigestion of the raspberry extract with commonly combined foodstuffs such as bread, breakfast cereal, ice cream, and cooked minced beef gave a different pattern. The total phenol content of the IN samples was slightly reduced by codigestion with ice cream or breakfast cereal but unaffected by codigestion with bread or minced beef. In most cases, the phenol contents of the postgastric and OUT samples were reduced as compared with the expected values. However, the anthocyanin content of the IN samples was unaffected or increased by coincubation with the foodstuffs. This suggests that polyphenols transiently bind to food matrices during digestion, which protects the more labile anthocyanins from degradation, and they are free to diffuse into the IN sample. The anthocyanin composition of the bioavailability samples was monitored by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. All eight anthocyanins previously identified in raspberry were detected in the extract and the postgastric samples at similar yields. All eight anthocyanins could be discerned in the IN and OUT samples, but some such as cyanidin-3-O-glucoside were greatly reduced and others such as pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside were apparently increased in abundance. These differences in stability and their importance for the bioavailability of anthocyanins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J McDougall
- Quality, Health and Nutrition Program, Genes to Products Theme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
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Takahashi R, Ohmori R, Kiyose C, Momiyama Y, Ohsuzu F, Kondo K. Antioxidant activities of black and yellow soybeans against low density lipoprotein oxidation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:4578-82. [PMID: 15913328 DOI: 10.1021/jf048062m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that the daily intakes of soy foods were associated with a reduced cardiovascular risk. The aim of our study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of black soybeans on low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in comparison to yellow soybeans. The extract from black soybean had a longer LDL oxidation lag time than that from yellow soybean (205 +/- 16 and 65 +/- 3 min, respectively). When both soybeans were divided into the seed coat and the mixture of the germ and cotyledon, the diluted extract solution from the black soybean seed coat prolonged the lag time significantly more than the original extract of the yellow soybean seed coat. On the other hand, antioxidant effects of the extract from the mixture of germs and cotyledons were similar in both soybeans. Regarding total polyphenol contents, the seed coat of black soybean had a higher polyphenol content than that of yellow soybean (29.0 +/- 0.56 and 0.45 +/- 0.02 mg/g, respectively). Interestingly, the mixture of the germ and cotyledon hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidase in both soybeans showed a stronger inhibitory effect on LDL oxidation than that before being hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidase. These results suggest that black soybeans may be more effective in inhibiting LDL oxidation than yellow soybeans because of total polyphenols contents in its seed coat. In addition, aglycones, which are rich in soybeans fermented or hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidase, may play a crucial role in the prevention of oxidation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Takahashi
- Institute of Environmental Science for Human Life, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1, Otsuka, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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Valcheva-Kuzmanova S, Borisova P, Galunska B, Krasnaliev I, Belcheva A. Hepatoprotective effect of the natural fruit juice from Aronia melanocarpa on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 56:195-201. [PMID: 15625789 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2004.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The fruits of Aronia melanocarpa are rich in anthocyanins--plant pigments with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. We studied the effect of the natural fruit juice from A. melanocarpa (NFJAM) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver damage in rats. Histopathological changes such as necrosis, fatty change, ballooning degeneration and inflammatory infiltration of lymphocytes around the central veins occurred in rats following acute exposure to CCl4 (0.2 ml kg(-1), 2 days). The administration of CCl4 increased plasma aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities, induced lipid peroxidation (as measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) content in rat liver and plasma) and caused a depletion of liver reduced glutathione (GSH). NFJAM (5, 10 and 20 ml kg(-1), 4 days) dose-dependently reduced the necrotic changes in rat liver and inhibited the increase of plasma AST and ALT activities, induced by CCl4 (0.2ml kg(-1), 3rd and 4th days). NFJAM also prevented the CCl4-induced elevation of MDA formation and depletion of GSH content in rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Valcheva-Kuzmanova
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Medical University, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria.
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Galvano F, La Fauci L, Lazzarino G, Fogliano V, Ritieni A, Ciappellano S, Battistini NC, Tavazzi B, Galvano G. Cyanidins: metabolism and biological properties. J Nutr Biochem 2004; 15:2-11. [PMID: 14711454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyanidin and its glycosides belong to the anthocyanins, a widespread class of water-soluble plant compounds that are responsible for the brilliant color (red, orange, blue) of fruits and flowers. They are widely ingested by humans as it has been estimated a daily intake around 180 mg, mainly deriving from fruits and red wines. This paper reviews the literature on the biological activities, absorption and metabolism of cyanidins, with emphasis to the antioxidant, antimutagenic and other protective activities ascribed to these compounds. Their role in contrasting development of cancer and other pathologies is also reviewed. It is concluded that a great deal of work is still necessary to i) definitively clarify the metabolism of cyanidins in human beings; ii) assess the dietary burden and variations within and between populations; iii) evaluate the relationship between cyanidin glycosides-rich food consumption and incidence of given pathologies. The amount of work to be performed is even more significant when considering a possible therapeutic use of cyanidin glycosides-based drugs. With this aim, information on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of cyanidin-glycosides administered by main possible routes are largely insufficient. However, consisting findings allow looking at cyanidins as dietary compounds with a potential beneficial role for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Galvano
- Department of Agro-forestry and Environmental Science, University of Reggio Calabria, P.zza S. Francesco 7, 89061 Gallina di Reggio Calabria, Italy.
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Mukai R, Fukuda I, Nishiumi S, Hosokawa K, Kanazawa K, Ashida H. Anthocyan does not suppress transformation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor induced by dioxin. Biofactors 2004; 21:371-3. [PMID: 15630228 DOI: 10.1002/biof.552210171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dioxins cause a variety of toxic effects through transformation of a cytosolic aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). We have previously demonstrated that certain natural flavones and flavonols at the dietary levels suppress AhR transformation. In this study, we investigated whether 5 anthocyanidins, 15 anthocyanins, and protocatechuic acid suppress AhR transformation in mouse hepatoma Hepa-1c1c7 cells. All the compounds tested here at 5 microM unexpectedly failed to suppress the transformation induced by 0.1 nM TCDD, indicating that anthocyan does not have a potential to prevent dioxin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Mukai
- Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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Matsufuji H, Otsuki T, Takeda T, Chino M, Takeda M. Identification of reaction products of acylated anthocyanins from red radish with peroxyl radicals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:3157-3161. [PMID: 12720408 DOI: 10.1021/jf0210122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Red radish anthocyanin extract, which consists of 12 known acylated anthocyanins, was reacted with 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) to generate peroxyl radicals under acidic pH conditions at 37 degrees C. The reaction products were isolated using preparative HPLC, and their chemical structures were determined to be p-hydroxybenzoic acid (1), 6-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl-2-O-beta-d- glucopyranosyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside (3), p-coumaric acid (4), 6-O-(E)-feruloyl-2-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside (5), and ferulic acid (6). Some products were not identified. HPLC analyses of the mixture of acylated pelargonidin isolated from red radish and AAPH revealed that the acylated pelargonidins possess the radical scavenging ability on some common sites even if the characteristics of the intramolecular acyl units are different. Degradation rates of acylated pelargonidins and the formation rates of the resulting reaction products were found to be quite different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Matsufuji
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan.
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Terahara N, Matsui T, Fukui K, Matsugano K, Sugita K, Matsumoto K. Caffeoylsophorose in a red vinegar produced through fermentation with purple sweetpotato. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:2539-2543. [PMID: 12696933 DOI: 10.1021/jf026146u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a new red vinegar has been developed via fermentation with the storage root of purple-fleshed sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas L. cv. Ayamurasaki. The red vinegar had a higher antioxidative activity than white or black vinegars. The red vinegar contained some new components possibly derived from the original purple sweetpotato. A major component was isolated using preparative HPLC, and the chemical structure was determined to be 6-O-(E)-caffeoyl-(2-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-d-glucopyranose (caffeoylsophorose) by MS and NMR. Because the caffeoylsophorose showed a high antioxidative activity, it plays an important functional role in red vinegar as do anthocyanins and other components. Examination of the mechanism of formation is now in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Terahara
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Horticulture, Minami-Kyushu University, Takanabe, Miyazaki 884-0003, Japan.
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Hydroxyl Free Radical-Mediated Oxidative Degradation of Quercetin and Morin: A Preliminary Investigation. J Food Compost Anal 2002. [DOI: 10.1006/jfca.2001.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nakamura Y, Torikai K, Ohigashi H. Toxic dose of a simple phenolic antioxidant, protocatechuic acid, attenuates the glutathione level in ICR mouse liver and kidney. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:5674-5678. [PMID: 11714376 DOI: 10.1021/jf0106594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been reported that a toxic dose of protocatechuic acid (PA), a naturally occurring simple phenolic antioxidant in dietary plant foodstuff, has a potential to enhance tumorigenesis and induce contact hypersensitivity in mouse skin. In this study, the modifying effect of a toxic dose of PA on the glutathione (GSH) level in mouse liver and kidney was examined. Intraperitoneal administration of PA (500 mg/kg) caused significant hepatic and nephrotic GSH depletion. Interestingly, slight but significant hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, characterized by the enhancement of plasmic alanine aminotrasferase (ALT) activity and urea level, respectively, were also observed. The subchronic administration of PA (0.1% in drinking water) for 60 days showed not only a significant decrease in the GSH level in kidney but also a significant enhancement of ALT activity in plasma. The protective role of GSH for acute hepatotoxicity using GSH-depleted mice administered a GSH synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine was also demonstrated. Thus, it is suggested that overdoses of PA can disturb the detoxification of other electrophilic toxicants including ultimate carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakamura
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Seeram NP, Bourquin LD, Nair MG. Degradation products of cyanidin glycosides from tart cherries and their bioactivities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:4924-9. [PMID: 11600045 DOI: 10.1021/jf0107508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The bioactive anthocyanins present in tart cherries, Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae) cv. Balaton, are cyanidin 3-glucosylrutinoside (1), cyanidin 3-rutinoside (2), and cyanidin 3-glucoside (3). Cyanidin (4) is the major anthocyanidin in tart cherries. In our continued evaluation of the in vivo and in vitro efficacy of these anthocyanins to prevent inflammation and colon cancer, we have added these compounds to McCoy's 5A medium in an effort to identify their degradation products during in vitro cell culture studies. This resulted in the isolation and characterization of protocatechuic acid (5), the predominant degradation product. In addition, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (6) and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid (7) were identified as degradation products. However, these degradation products were not quantified. Compounds 5-7 were also identified as degradation products when anthocyanins were subjected to varying pH and thermal conditions. In cyclooxygenase (COX)-I and -II enzyme inhibitory assays, compounds 5-7 did not show significant activities when compared to the NSAIDs Naproxen, Celebrex, and Vioxx, or Ibuprofen, at 50 microM concentrations. However, at a test concentration of 50 microM, the antioxidant activity of protocatechuic acid (5) was comparable to those of the commercial antioxidants tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and superior to that of vitamin E at 10 microM concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Seeram
- Bioactive Natural Products and Phytoceuticals, Department of Horticulture and National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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Cartron E, Carbonneau MA, Fouret G, Descomps B, Léger CL. Specific antioxidant activity of caffeoyl derivatives and other natural phenolic compounds: LDL protection against oxidation and decrease in the proinflammatory lysophosphatidylcholine production. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2001; 64:480-486. [PMID: 11325231 DOI: 10.1021/np000421u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Specific antioxidant activity (SAA) (i.e., activity related to the molar or gallic acid equivalent amount of antioxidant) of natural polyphenolic mixtures or pure phenolic compounds was studied using their capacity to delay the conjugated diene production brought about by in vitro LDL copper-mediated or AAPH-mediated oxidation. The cinnamic acid series (caffeic, sinapic, ferulic acids) displayed a constant SAA over a large range of concentrations, whereas the benzoic acid series (gallic and protocatechuic acids) showed much higher SAA at low concentrations. The natural phenolic mixtures had a constant SAA. The highest SAA was obtained with caffeoyl esters (caffeoylquinic, rosmarinic, and caffeoyltartaric acids) and catechin for the copper-oxidation and the AAPH-oxidation system, respectively. Phenolic mixtures and acids delayed vitamin E depletion and decreased proinflammatory lysophosphatidylcholine production. As with polyphenols, probucol delayed lysophosphatidylcholine and conjugated dienes production, at higher concentrations, but was not effective at preventing vitamin E depletion. Polyphenols prevent the oxidation of LDL and its constituents (vitamin E, phosphatidylcholine), which is compatible with an antiinflammatory and antiatherosclerotic role in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cartron
- Laboratoire de Nutrition Humaine et Athérogenese, UPRES-EA 2993, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montpellier I, F-34060, France
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Abstract
Cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside (C3G) is included in anthocyanins, and expected to have a potency to scavenge active oxygen species in vivo. Rats were fed a diet containing C3G (2 g/kg diet) for 14 days, and then subjected to hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) as an oxidative stress model. I/R treatment elevated the liver thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance concentration and the serum activities of marker enzymes for liver injury, and lowered the liver reduced glutathione concentration. Feeding C3G significantly suppressed these changes caused by hepatic I/R. These results indicate that C3G functions as a potent antioxidant in vivo under oxidative stress. To clarify the mechanism of action of C3G, we investigated the absorption and metabolism of C3G in rats. C3G appeared in the plasma immediately after the oral administration of C3G. Protocatechuic acid, which seems to be produced by the degradation of cyanidin, was also present in the plasma. In the liver and kidneys, C3G was metabolized to methylated form.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsuda
- Tokaigakuen Women's College, Nagoya, Japan.
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Abstract
The oxidative break down of the membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids is known to be accompanied by the formation of a complex mixture of lipidhydroperoxides and secondary products. These compounds are highly reactive and are capable of rapid reaction with cellular nucleophiles such as phospholipids and proteins, and it was found that these reaction products are candidates as impotant biomarkers to evaluate antioxidative activity of dietary antioxidants. The author has been involved in developing immunochemical detection methods for oxidative stress by application of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. From the hypothesis that endogenous antioxidants in plants must play an important role for antioxidative defense systems from oxidative stress, an intensive search for novel type of natural antioxidants has been carried out from numerous plant materials, including those used as foods, and we have isolated and identified a number of lipid-soluble and water-soluble dietary antioxidants from crop seeds, sesame seeds and some spices. In this paper, the recent progress of research on functions of dietary antioxidants is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Osawa
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Japan.
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Tsuda T, Horio F, Kitoh J, Osawa T. Protective effects of dietary cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside on liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 368:361-6. [PMID: 10441388 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that feeding cyanidin 3-O-beta-d-glucoside (C3G), a typical anthocyanin pigment, lowered the serum thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) concentration and increased the oxidation resistance of the serum to lipid peroxidation in rats. These results suggest that C3G acts as a potent antioxidant in vivo when acute oxidative stress is encountered. In the present study, we evaluated whether feeding C3G suppresses oxidative injury to the liver caused by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), which was used as a model for oxidative stress. Rats were fed a diet containing C3G (2 g/kg diet) for 14 days and then subjected to hepatic I/R. I/R treatment elevated the liver TBARS concentration and the serum activities of marker enzymes (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase) for liver injury and lowered the liver reduced glutathione concentration. Feeding C3G significantly suppressed these changes caused by hepatic I/R. Although the liver ascorbic acid concentration was also lowered by hepatic I/R, feeding C3G restored this concentration more quickly compared to the control rats. These results indicate that orally administered C3G suppresses I/R-induced oxidative damage and suggest that C3G functions as a potent antioxidant in vivo under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsuda
- Tokaigakuen Women's College, 2-901 Nakahira, Nagoya, Tenpaku-ku, 468-8514, Japan.
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Abstract
We have clarified for the first time how cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside (C3G), which is a potent antioxidant anthocyanin, is absorbed and metabolized in vivo. Rats were orally administered C3G (0.9 mmol/kg body weight), and C3G rapidly appeared in the plasma. However, the aglycon of C3G (cyanidin; Cy) was not detected, although it was present in the jejunum. Protocatechuic acid (PC), which may be produced by degradation of Cy, was present in the plasma and the concentration was 8-fold higher than that of C3G. These results suggest that plasma PC and C3G may contribute to the antioxidant activity of the plasma. In the liver and kidney, C3G was metabolized to methylated C3G (methyl-C3G), suggesting that C3G and/or methyl-C3G act as antioxidants in the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsuda
- Tokaigakuen Women's College, Nagoya, Japan.
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Kang MH, Katsuzaki H, Osawa T. Inhibition of 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile)-induced lipid peroxidation by sesaminols. Lipids 1998; 33:1031-6. [PMID: 9832084 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-998-0302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We found that sesaminols, a mixture of sesaminol and its stereoisomers, are potent inhibitors of the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein induced by 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile). Although sesaminols strongly inhibit lipid peroxidation related to their ability to scavenge free radicals, their antioxidant effects have not been investigated. To confirm the involvement of the phenolic moiety in the sesaminol structure in antioxidant activity, sesaminols were reacted with 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile). The reaction products were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography and found to have a 1-cyano-1,3-dimethyl-butyl-peroxyl group in their structures. These chemical structures suggest that the sesaminols reacted with the alkylperoxyl radicals to form four major reaction products that are stereoisomers of each other, although the stereochemistry of each isomer has not yet been confirmed. Further instrumental analyses of the reaction products may increase our understanding of the antioxidant activity of sesaminols.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Kang
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Japan
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Tsuda T, Horio F, Osawa T. Dietary cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside increases ex vivo oxidation resistance of serum in rats. Lipids 1998; 33:583-8. [PMID: 9655373 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-998-0243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dietary cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside (C3G), a typical anthocyanin pigment, on the generation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) during serum formation ex vivo and susceptibility of serum to further lipid peroxidation was studied in rats. Rats were fed a diet containing C3G (2 g/kg) for 14 d. Feeding C3G resulted in a significant decrease in generation of TBARS during serum formation. The serum from the C3G-fed group showed a significantly lower susceptibility to further lipid peroxidation provoked by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)hydrochloride or Cu2+ than that of the control group. No significant differences were observed in serum phospholipid, triglyceride, esterified cholesterol, and free fatty acid concentrations between the control and the C3G-fed groups. Concentrations of endogenous antioxidants remaining in the serum after blood coagulation were not affected by the C3G feeding. These results demonstrate that feeding C3G increases the ex vivo oxidation resistance of the serum without affecting serum endogenous antioxidant levels, and reduces the TBARS generated during serum formation without changing the concentrations of serum lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsuda
- Tokaigakuen Women's College, Nagoya, Japan.
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