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Sørensen J, Cuenca A, Schmidt JG, Madsen SB, Iburg TM, Madsen L, Vendramin N. A novel high-throughput qPCR chip for solving co-infections in RAS farmed rainbow trout. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16802. [PMID: 39039114 PMCID: PMC11263403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) have become more attractive due to reduced water consumption and effluent discharge. However, intensification of production increases the risk of introducing pathogens at farming sites. The emergence of uncultivable pathogens and RAS pathobiome diversity shifts the traditional disease paradigm from "one pathogen, one disease" to complex multiple-pathogen disease cases. Piscine orthoreovirus genotype 3 (PRV-3) is an excellent example, as it is capable of inducing anemia and heart pathology resembling heart and skeletal muscle inflammation under experimental conditions, and is associated with increased mortality in association with other pathogens in the field. The aim of this study was to develop a method for detection of multiple pathogens and putative pathogens, as co-infections are common in aquaculture. To do this, in the pilot study, we mapped the pathobiome of RAS-farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (commercial RAS, farm A) using both standard diagnostic methods and metabarcording (16S rRNA) to investigate the gill microbiome. During this study, we observed infections with multiple pathogens, and detected two putative gill pathogens Candidatus Branchiomonas cysticola and Candidatus Piscichlamydia salmonis, both of which have been linked with complex gill disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Based on the pilot study, we developed and tested a high throughput qPCR (HT-qPCR) chip targeting 22 viral and bacterial pathogens and putative pathogens, followed by a surveillance of a fish cohort in a commercial RAS farm during production (farm B). Co-infection with PRV-3 and Ca. B. cysticola combined with stress inducing management practices may explain the severe disease outbreak observed (37% mortality). The time course study sets the base for a future screening scheme for disease prediction and addresses limitations of the method when testing environmental DNA/RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Sørensen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources DTU Aqua, Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Argelia Cuenca
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources DTU Aqua, Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Jacob Günther Schmidt
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources DTU Aqua, Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | | | - Tine Moesgaard Iburg
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources DTU Aqua, Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Lone Madsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources DTU Aqua, Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Niccoló Vendramin
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources DTU Aqua, Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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Liu YL, Chen XW, Tian SQ, Tan XH, Peng B. Edwardsiella tarda Attenuates Virulence upon Oxytetracycline Resistance. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:2576-2586. [PMID: 38860290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between antibiotic resistance and bacterial virulence has not yet been fully explored. Here, we use Edwardsiella tarda as the research model to investigate the proteomic change upon oxytetracycline resistance (LTB4-ROTC). Compared to oxytetracycline-sensitive E. tarda (LTB4-S), LTB4-ROTC has 234 differentially expressed proteins, of which the abundance of 84 proteins is downregulated and 15 proteins are enriched to the Type III secretion system, Type VI secretion system, and flagellum pathways. Functional analysis confirms virulent phenotypes, including autoaggregation, biofilm formation, hemolysis, swimming, and swarming, are impaired in LTB4-ROTC. Furthermore, the in vivo bacterial challenge in both tilapia and zebrafish infection models suggests that the virulence of LTB4-ROTC is attenuated. Analysis of immune gene expression shows that LTB4-ROTC induces a stronger immune response in the spleen but a weaker response in the head kidney than that induced by LTB4-S, suggesting it's a potential vaccine candidate. Zebrafish and tilapia were challenged with a sublethal dose of LTB4-ROTC as a live vaccine followed by LTB4-S challenge. The relative percentage of survival of zebrafish is 60% and that of tilapia is 75% after vaccination. Thus, our study suggests that bacteria that acquire antibiotic resistance may attenuate virulence, which can be explored as a potential live vaccine to tackle bacterial infection in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Qi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266071, China
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Kumar MS, Singh VK, Mishra AK, Kushwaha B, Kumar R, Lal KK. Fish cell line: depositories, web resources and future applications. Cytotechnology 2024; 76:1-25. [PMID: 38304629 PMCID: PMC10828409 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-023-00601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell lines are important bioresources to study the key biological processes in the areas like virology, pathology, immunology, toxicology, biotechnology, endocrinology and developmental biology. Cell lines developed from fish organs are utilized as a model in vitro system in disease surveillance programs, pharmacology, drug screening and resolving cases of metabolic abnormalities. During last decade, there were consistent efforts made globally to develop new fish cell lines from different organs like brain, eye muscles, fin, gill, heart, kidney, liver, skin, spleen, swim bladder, testes, vertebra etc. This increased use and development of cell lines necessitated the establishment of cell line depositories to store/preserve them and assure their availability to the researchers. These depositories are a source of authenticated and characterized cell lines with set protocols for material transfer agreements, maintenance and shipping as well as logistics enabling cellular research. Hence, it is important to cryopreserve and maintain cell lines in depositories and make them available to the research community. The present article reviews the current status of the fish cell lines available in different depositories across the world, along with the prominent role of cell lines in conservation of life on land or below water. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-023-00601-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali S. Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 002 India
| | - Vijay Kumar Singh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 002 India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Mishra
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 002 India
| | - Basdeo Kushwaha
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 002 India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 002 India
| | - Kuldeep Kumar Lal
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 002 India
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Liao XJ, He TT, Liu LY, Jiang XL, Sun SS, Deng YH, Zhang LQ, Xie HX, Nie P. Unraveling and characterization of novel T3SS effectors in Edwardsiella piscicida. mSphere 2023; 8:e0034623. [PMID: 37642418 PMCID: PMC10597406 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00346-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Type III secretion system (T3SS) facilitates survival and replication of Edwardsiella piscicida in vivo. Identifying novel T3SS effectors and elucidating their functions are critical in understanding the pathogenesis of E. piscicida. E. piscicida T3SS effector EseG and EseJ was highly secreted when T3SS gatekeeper-containing protein complex EsaB-EsaL-EsaM was disrupted by EsaB deficiency. Based on this observation, concentrated secretomes of ΔesaB strain and ΔesaBΔesaN strain were purified by loading them into SDS-PAGE gel for a short electrophoresis to remove impurities prior to the in-the gel digestion and mass spectrometry. Four reported T3SS effectors and two novel T3SS effector candidates EseQ (ETAE_2009) and Trx2 (ETAE_0559) were unraveled by quantitative comparison of the identified peptides. EseQ and Trx2 were revealed to be secreted and translocated in a T3SS-dependent manner through CyaA-based translocation assay and immunofluorescent staining, demonstrating that EseQ and Trx2 are the novel T3SS effectors of E. piscicida. Trx2 was found to suppress macrophage apoptosis as revealed by TUNEL staining and cleaved caspase-3 of infected J774A.1 monolayers. Moreover, Trx2 has been shown to inhibit the p65 phosphorylation and p65 translocation into the nucleus, thus blocking the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, depletion of Trx2 slightly but significantly attenuates E. piscicida virulence in a fish infection model. Taken together, an efficient method was established in unraveling T3SS effectors in E. piscicida, and Trx2, one of the novel T3SS effectors identified in this study, was demonstrated to suppress apoptosis and block NF- κB pathway during E. piscicida infection. IMPORTANCE Edwardsiella piscicida is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes intestinal inflammation and hemorrhagic sepsis in fish and human. Virulence depends on the Edwardsiella type III secretion system (T3SS). Identifying the bacterial effector proteins secreted by T3SS and defining their role is key to understanding Edwardsiella pathogenesis. EsaB depletion disrupts the T3SS gatekeeper-containing protein complex, resulting in increased secretion of T3SS effectors EseG and EseJ. EseQ and Trx2 were shown to be the novel T3SS effectors of E. piscicida by a secretome comparison between ∆esaB strain and ∆esaB∆esaN strain (T3SS mutant), together with CyaA-based translocation assay. In addition, Trx2 has been shown to suppress macrophage apoptosis and block the NF-κB pathway. Together, this work expands the known repertoire of T3SS effectors and sheds light on the pathogenic mechanism of E. piscicida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jian Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Tian He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Fisheries Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiu Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Shan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Qiang Zhang
- Fisheries Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai Xia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Bols NC, Lee LEJ, Dowd GC. Distinguishing between ante factum and post factum properties of animal cell lines and demonstrating their use in grouping ray-finned fish cell lines into invitromes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2023; 59:41-62. [PMID: 36719554 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this review, animal cell lines are considered to have two classes of attributes: "before-the-fact" (ante factum) and "after-the-fact" (post factum) properties. Fish cell lines from Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) are used to illustrate this distinction and to demonstrate how these properties can be used in various ways to categorize cell lines into groups or invitromes. Before-the-fact properties are set at initiation and are properties of the sample and species from which the cell line arose and of the scientist(s) who developed the cell line. On the basis of the Actinopterygii sample, invitromes exist for embryos, larvae, juveniles, adults, and spawning fish, and for most solid organs but rarely for biological fluids. For species, invitromes exist for only a small fraction of the Actinopterygii total. As to their development, scientists from around the world have contributed to invitromes. By contrast, after-the-fact properties are limitless and become apparent during development, characterization, use, and storage of the cell line. For ray-finned invitromes, cell lines appear to acquire immortality during development, are characterized poorly for differentiation potential, have numerous uses, and are stored formally only sporadically. As an example of applying these principles to a specific organ, the skeletal muscle invitrome is used. For ante factum properties, the cell lines are mainly from trunk muscle of economically important fish from 11 orders, 15 families, 19 genera, and 21 species of ray-finned fishes. For post factum properties, fibroblast-like and myogenic cell lines have been described but epithelial-like FHM is most widely used and curated. Considering cell lines by their before- and after-the-fact properties should facilitate integration of new cell lines into the literature and help incorporate the discipline of cell biology into other research areas, particularly the natural history of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Lucy E J Lee
- Faculty of Science, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, V2S 7M8, Canada
| | - Georgina C Dowd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Nelson Research Centre, 293 Akersten Street, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
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Liu YL, He TT, Jiang XL, Sun SS, Wang LK, Nie P, Xie HX. Development of a hyper-adhesive and attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri strain as a novel immersion vaccine candidate in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Microb Pathog 2022; 167:105577. [PMID: 35561979 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Edwardsiella ictaluri, a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen, is the causative agent of enteric septicemia in channel catfish, and catfish aquaculture in China suffers heavy economic losses due to E. ictaluri infection. Vaccination is an effective control measure for this disease. In this study, an attenuated E. ictaluri strain was acquired through deletion mutation of the T3SS protein eseJei, and the ΔeseJei strain fails to replicate in the epithelioma papillosum of carp cells. The type 1 fimbria plays a pivotal role in the adhesion of E. ictaluri, and it was found in this study that deletion of -245 to -50 nt upstream of fimA increases its adhesion to around five times that of the WT strain. A hyper-adhesive and highly attenuated double mutant (ΔeseJeiΔfimA-245--50 strain) was constructed, and it was used as a vaccine candidate in yellow catfish via bath immersion at a dosage of 1 × 105 CFU/mL. It was found that this vaccine candidate can stimulate protection when challenged with E. ictaluri HSN-1 at 5 × 107 CFU/mL (∼20 × LD50). The survival rate was 83.61% for the vaccinated group and 33.33% for the sham-vaccinated group. The RPS (relative percent of survival) of the vaccination trial reached 75.41%. In conclusion, the ΔeseJeiΔfimA-245--50 strain developed in this study can be used as a vaccine candidate. It excels in terms of ease of delivery (via bath immersion) and is highly efficient in stimulating protection against E. ictaluri infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Tian Tian He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiu Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Shan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Long Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hai Xia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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Li DY, Liu YL, Liao XJ, He TT, Sun SS, Nie P, Xie HX. Identification and Characterization of EvpQ, a Novel T6SS Effector Encoded on a Mobile Genetic Element in Edwardsiella piscicida. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:643498. [PMID: 33776977 PMCID: PMC7991086 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.643498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a hypothetical protein (ORF02740) secreted by Edwardsiella piscicida was identified. We renamed the ORF02740 protein as EvpQ, which is encoded by a mobile genetic element (MGE) in E. piscicida genome. The evpQ gene is spaced by 513 genes from type VI secretion system (T6SS) gene cluster. Low GC content, three tRNA, and three transposase genes nearby evpQ define this MGE that evpQ localizes as a genomic island. Sequence analysis reveals that EvpQ shares a conserved domain of C70 family cysteine protease and shares 23.91% identity with T3SS effector AvrRpt2 of phytopathogenic Erwinia amylovora. Instead, EvpQ of E. piscicida is proved to be secreted at a T6SS-dependent manner, and it can be translocated into host cells. EvpQ is thereof a novel T6SS effector. Significantly decreased competitive index of ΔevpQ strain in blue gourami fish (0.53 ± 0.27 in head kidney and 0.44 ± 0.19 in spleen) indicates that EvpQ contributes to the pathogenesis of E. piscicida. At 8-, 18-, and 24-h post-subculture into DMEM, the transcription of evpQ was found to be negatively regulated by Fur and positively regulated by EsrC, and the steady-state protein levels of EvpQ are negatively controlled by RpoS. Our study lays a foundation for further understanding the pathogenic role of T6SS in edwardsiellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan You Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Jian Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Tian He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Shan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hai Xia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Explants are three-dimensional tissue fragments maintained outside the organism. The goals of this article are to review the history of fish explant culture and discuss applications of this technique that may assist the modern zebrafish laboratory. Because most zebrafish workers do not have a background in tissue culture, the key variables of this method are deliberately explained in a general way. This is followed by a review of fish-specific explantation approaches, including presurgical husbandry, aseptic dissection technique, choice of media and additives, incubation conditions, viability assays, and imaging studies. Relevant articles since 1970 are organized in a table grouped by organ system. From these, I highlight several recent studies using explant culture to study physiological and embryological processes in teleosts, including circadian rhythms, hormonal regulation, and cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E. LeClair
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Health, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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9
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Babich H, Borenfreund E. Applications of the Neutral Red Cytotoxicity Assay to In Vitro Toxicology. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299001800116.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A concerted effort is currently in progress to develop alternatives to the use of live animals for the acute toxicity testing of xenobiotics. To this end, the neutral red in vitro cytotoxicity assay was developed which, although initially based on the use of mammalian cells in culture, has also been adapted for ecotoxicity studies using fish cells in culture. The neutral red assay is based on the binding of neutral red, a weakly cationic supravital dye, to the lysosomal matrix of viable cells after their incubation with toxic agents. Spectrophotometric quantitation of the extracted dye with a scanning microtitre well reader at 540nm was found to be linear with the number of surviving, viable cells. The assay has been used to determine the relative acute cytotoxicities of a broad spectrum of chemical test agents, to establish structure-toxicity relationships for series of related chemicals, to study metabolism-mediated cytotoxicity, to evaluate interactions between combinations of test agents, to evaluate differential and selective toxicities of cancer chemotherapeutics and other pharmaceuticals, and to study temperature-toxicity interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Babich
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stern College, Yeshiva University, 245 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ellen Borenfreund
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Rubio N, Datar I, Stachura D, Kaplan D, Krueger K. Cell-Based Fish: A Novel Approach to Seafood Production and an Opportunity for Cellular Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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11
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Bols NC, Pham PH, Dayeh VR, Lee LEJ. Invitromatics, invitrome, and invitroomics: introduction of three new terms for in vitro biology and illustration of their use with the cell lines from rainbow trout. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:383-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-017-0142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Fichi G, Susini F, Cocumelli C, Cersini A, Salvadori M, Guarducci M, Cardeti G. New detection of Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in mass mortality event of Carassius carassius (L.), in Italy. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1523-1527. [PMID: 27307189 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Fichi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy.
| | - F Susini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - C Cocumelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - A Cersini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | | | - M Guarducci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
| | - G Cardeti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana 'M. Aleandri', Rome, Italy
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13
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Pham PH, Vo NTK, Tan EJH, Russell S, Jones G, Lumsden JS, Bols NC. Development of an Atlantic salmon heart endothelial cell line (ASHe) that responds to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 53:20-32. [PMID: 27586265 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As diseases and abnormalities of the heart can interfere with the aquaculture of Atlantic salmon, the heart was investigated as a source of cell lines that could be used to study the cellular basis of these conditions. An Atlantic salmon heart endothelial cell line, ASHe, was developed and characterized for growth properties, endothelial cell characteristics, and responsiveness to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). AHSe cells stained negative for senescence associated ß-galactosidase and grew well in 10 and 20% FBS/L15 at high cell density, but not in L15 medium supplemented with calf serum. It displayed many endothelial cell-like characteristics including a cobblestone morphology, capillary-like structures formation on Matrigel, and expression of von Willebrand factor and endothelial cell-related tight junction proteins ZO-1, claudin 3, and claudin 5. ASHe cells responded to the cardiovascular modulator, LPA, in two contrasting ways. LPA at 5 and 25 μM inhibited the ability of ASHe cells to heal a wound but stimulated their proliferation, especially as evaluated by colony formation in low-density cultures. The enhancement of proliferation by LPA parallels what has been observed previously in mammalian endothelial cell cultures exposed to LPA, whereas the LPA slowing of ASHe cell migration contrasted with the LPA-enhanced migration of some mammalian cells. Therefore, this cell line is a potentially useful model for future comparative studies on piscine and mammalian cardiovascular cell biology and for studies on diseases of Atlantic salmon in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc H Pham
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Spencer Russell
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | | | - John S Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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14
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Evaluation of Various Tissues of the Caerulean Damsel, Pomacentrus caeruleus for Initiating In Vitro Cell Culture Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-016-0751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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Pushchina EV, Shukla S, Varaksin AA, Obukhov DK. Cell proliferation and apoptosis in optic nerve and brain integration centers of adult trout Oncorhynchus mykiss after optic nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:578-90. [PMID: 27212918 PMCID: PMC4870914 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.180742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fishes have remarkable ability to effectively rebuild the structure of nerve cells and nerve fibers after central nervous system injury. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In order to address this issue, we investigated the proliferation and apoptosis of cells in contralateral and ipsilateral optic nerves, after stab wound injury to the eye of an adult trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Heterogenous population of proliferating cells was investigated at 1 week after injury. TUNEL labeling gave a qualitative and quantitative assessment of apoptosis in the cells of optic nerve of trout 2 days after injury. After optic nerve injury, apoptotic response was investigated, and mass patterns of cell migration were found. The maximal concentration of apoptotic bodies was detected in the areas of mass clumps of cells. It is probably indicative of massive cell death in the area of high phagocytic activity of macrophages/microglia. At 1 week after optic nerve injury, we observed nerve cell proliferation in the trout brain integration centers: the cerebellum and the optic tectum. In the optic tectum, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-immunopositive radial glia-like cells were identified. Proliferative activity of nerve cells was detected in the dorsal proliferative (matrix) area of the cerebellum and in parenchymal cells of the molecular and granular layers whereas local clusters of undifferentiated cells which formed neurogenic niches were observed in both the optic tectum and cerebellum after optic nerve injury. In vitro analysis of brain cells of trout showed that suspension cells compared with monolayer cells retain higher proliferative activity, as evidenced by PCNA immunolabeling. Phase contrast observation showed mitosis in individual cells and the formation of neurospheres which gradually increased during 1-4 days of culture. The present findings suggest that trout can be used as a novel model for studying neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V. Pushchina
- Laboratory of Cytophysiology, A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sachin Shukla
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anatoly A. Varaksin
- Laboratory of Cytophysiology, A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Dmitry K. Obukhov
- St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
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16
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Higaki S, Shimada M, Koyama Y, Fujioka Y, Sakai N, Takada T. Development and characterization of an embryonic cell line from endangered endemic cyprinid Honmoroko Gnathopogon caerulescens (Sauvage, 1883). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:763-8. [PMID: 25832766 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Establishing a cell line from endemic species facilitates the cell biological research of these species in the laboratory. In this study, an epithelium-like cell line RME1 was established from the blastula-stage embryos of the critically endangered cyprinid Honmoroko Gnathopogon caerulescens, which is endemic to ancient Lake Biwa in Japan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first embryonic cell line from an endangered fish species. This cell line is well adapted to grow at 28°C in the culture medium, which was successfully used for establishing testicular and ovarian cell lines of G. caerulescens, and has displayed stable growth over 60 passages since its initiation in June 2011. Although RME1 did not express the genes detected in blastula-stage embryos, such as oct4, sox2, nanog, and klf4, it showed a high euploidy rate (2n = 50; 67.2%) with normal diploid karyotype morphology, suggesting that RME1 retains the genomic organization of G. caerulescens and can prove to be a useful tool to investigate the unique properties of endangered endemic fishes at cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Higaki
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Manami Shimada
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Yoshie Koyama
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Fujioka
- Lake Biwa Museum, Oroshimo 1091, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-0001, Japan.
| | - Noriyoshi Sakai
- Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
| | - Tatsuyuki Takada
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan. .,Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan. .,Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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17
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Identification and functional characterization of the novel Edwardsiella tarda effector EseJ. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1650-60. [PMID: 25667268 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02566-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is a Gram-negative enteric pathogen that causes hemorrhagic septicemia in fish and gastro- and extraintestinal infections in humans. The type III secretion system (T3SS) of E. tarda has been identified as a key virulence factor that contributes to pathogenesis in fish. However, little is known about the associated effectors translocated by this T3SS. In this study, by comparing the profile of secreted proteins of the wild-type PPD130/91 and its T3SS ATPase ΔesaN mutant, we identified a new effector by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. This effector consists of 1,359 amino acids, sharing high sequence similarity with Orf29/30 of E. tarda strain EIB202, and is renamed EseJ. The secretion and translocation of EseJ depend on the T3SS. A ΔeseJ mutant strain adheres to epithelioma papillosum of carp (EPC) cells 3 to 5 times more extensively than the wild-type strain does. EseJ inhibits bacterial adhesion to EPC cells from within bacterial cells. Importantly, the ΔeseJ mutant strain does not replicate efficiently in EPC cells and fails to replicate in J774A.1 macrophages. In infected J774A.1 macrophages, the ΔeseJ mutant elicits higher production of reactive oxygen species than wild-type E. tarda. The replication defect is consistent with the attenuation of the ΔeseJ mutant in the blue gourami fish model: the 50% lethal dose (LD50) of the ΔeseJ mutant is 2.34 times greater than that of the wild type, and the ΔeseJ mutant is less competitive than the wild type in mixed infection. Thus, EseJ represents a novel effector that contributes to virulence by reducing bacterial adhesion to EPC cells and facilitating intracellular bacterial replication.
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18
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Vo NTK, Bender AW, Lee LEJ, Lumsden JS, Lorenzen N, Dixon B, Bols NC. Development of a walleye cell line and use to study the effects of temperature on infection by viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus group IVb. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:121-136. [PMID: 25589167 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A cell line, WE-cfin11f, with a fibroblast-like morphology was developed from a walleye caudal fin and used to study the intersection of thermobiology of walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill), with the thermal requirements for replication of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) IVb. WE-cfin11f proliferated from 10 to 32 °C and endured as a monolayer for at least a week at 1-34 °C. WE-cfin11f adopted an epithelial shape and did not proliferate at 4 °C. Adding VHSV IVb to cultures at 4 and 14 °C but not 26 °C led to cytopathic effects (CPE) and virus production. At 4 °C, virus production developed more slowly, but Western blotting showed more N protein accumulation. Infecting monolayer cultures at 4 °C for 7 days and then shifting them to 26 °C resulted in the monolayers being broken in small areas by CPE, but with time at 26 °C, the monolayers were restored. These results suggest that at 26 °C, the VHSV IVb life cycle stages responsible for CPE can be completed, but the production of virus and the initiation of infections cannot be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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19
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Salvo LM, Malucelli MIC, da Silva JRMC, Alberton GC, Silva De Assis HC. Toxicity assessment of 2,4-D and MCPA herbicides in primary culture of fish hepatic cells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2015; 50:449-455. [PMID: 25996808 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1018754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used primary cultures of fish hepatic cells as a tool for evaluating the effects of environmental contamination. Primary hepatic cell cultures derived from the subtropical fish Metynnis roosevelti were exposed to different concentrations (0.275, 2.75 and 27.5 μg L(-1)) of the herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA). Cellular respiratory activity was evaluated by polarography using three substrates: 0.5 M glucose, 0.5 M succinate and 0.5 M α-ketoglutarate. Significant changes were observed in cellular oxygen consumption with 0.5 M α-ketoglutarate. Even at low concentrations, 2,4-D and MCPA were potent uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. Primary cultures of M. roosevelti liver cells may provide a useful tool for the evaluation of environmental contaminant effects. A review of regulations regarding permitted concentrations of these herbicides is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia M Salvo
- a Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Goswami M, Sharma BS, Yadav K, Bahuguna SN, Lakra WS. Establishment and characterization of a piscean PCF cell line for toxicity and gene expression studies as in vitro model. Tissue Cell 2014; 46:206-12. [PMID: 24852132 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new piscean fibroblastic cell line termed as PCF derived from the caudal fin tissue of dark mahseer, Puntius (Tor) chelynoides was established and characterized in the present study which was found to be suitable for toxicity and gene expression studies as in vitro model. The cell line grew well in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The cells were able to grow at a temperature ranging from 20 to 28 °C with an optimal growth at 24 °C and the cell line have been expanded in culture for more than 70 passages. Authentication of the cell line was carried out using mitochondrial DNA markers (Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I and 16S ribosomal RNA). Presence of vimentin in the cells confirmed the fibroblastic origin of cell line. Significant cytopathic effects were observed upon exposure of PCF cell line to bacterial extracellular products and the study also validated the suitability of cell line in transgenic applications as well as in genotoxicity assessment as an in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goswami
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Canal Ring Road, PO Dilkusha, Lucknow 226002, India.
| | - B S Sharma
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Canal Ring Road, PO Dilkusha, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Kamalendra Yadav
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Canal Ring Road, PO Dilkusha, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - S N Bahuguna
- HNB Garhwal University, PO Box 70, Srinagar/Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - W S Lakra
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India
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21
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Schaeck M, Van den Broeck W, Hermans K, Decostere A. Fish as research tools: alternatives to in vivo experiments. Altern Lab Anim 2013; 41:219-29. [PMID: 23971702 DOI: 10.1177/026119291304100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of fish in scientific research is increasing worldwide, due to both the rapid expansion of the fish farming industry and growing awareness of questions concerning the humane use of mammalian models in basic research and chemical testing. As fish are lower on the evolutionary scale than mammals, they are considered to be less sentient. Fish models are providing researchers, and those concerned with animal welfare, with opportunities for adhering to the Three Rs principles of refinement, reduction and replacement. However, it should be kept in mind that fish should also be covered by the principles of the Three Rs. Indeed, various studies have shown that fish are capable of nociception, and of experiencing pain in a manner analogous to that in mammals. Thus, emphasis needs to be placed on the development of alternatives that replace, as much as possible, the use of all living vertebrate animals, including fish. This review gives the first comprehensive and critical overview of the existing alternatives for live fish experimental studies. The alternative methods described range from cell and tissue cultures, organ and perfusion models, and embryonic models, to in silico computer and mathematical models. This article aspires to guide scientists in the adoption of the correct alternative methods in their research, and, whenever possible, to reduce the use of live fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlien Schaeck
- Department of Morphology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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22
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Suitability of invertebrate and vertebrate cells in a portable impedance-based toxicity sensor: Temperature mediated impacts on long-term survival. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2061-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Fichi G, Cardeti G, Cocumelli C, Vendramin N, Toffan A, Eleni C, Siemoni N, Fischetti R, Susini F. Detection of Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in association with an Aeromonas sobria infection of Carassius carassius (L.), in Italy. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:823-830. [PMID: 23488630 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen specimens of female crucian carp, Carassius carassius (L.), during the breeding season, were investigated for post-mortem and full diagnostic examination during a mortality outbreak in a tributary stream of the Arno River in Tuscany in 2011. Necropsy highlighted the presence of a swollen anus and widespread haemorrhages in the body, fins, gills and eyes. Haemorrhages in internal organs and spleen granulomas were also observed. Bacteria isolated from the brain, kidney and spleen of affected fish were identified as A. sobria. Microscopic lesions observed in gills were characterized by necrosis of the secondary lamellae, congestion and multifocal lamellar fusion. The kidney showed necrosis, oedema, fibrin exudation and areas of haemorrhages, while in the spleen the main lesions were by multifocal necrosis of the lymphoid tissue. In the gills, transmission electron microscopy revealed herpesvirus-like particles, subsequently identified as Cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2) with a nested PCR protocol. Although it was not possible to attribute a pathogenic role to CyHV-2 in this mortality event, the identification of this herpesvirus in crucian carp increases the concern about its potential role in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fichi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy
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24
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Ma J, Sun S, Zeng L, Lu Y. Establishment, characterization and viral susceptibility of two cell lines derived from leopard wrasse Macropharyngodon geoffroy. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 83:560-573. [PMID: 23991874 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two new fish cell lines were established from skin (LWSK) and fin (LWFN) of leopard wrasse Macropharyngodon geoffroy. These cells grew optimally at 25° C in Leibovitz-15 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum. Proliferation of M. geoffroy cells remained serum dependent up to cell passage 16, and cell-plating efficiency ranged from 12 to 16%. Karyotypic analysis of these new cell lines at cell passage 8 indicated that both cell lines remained diploid with a peak chromosomal count of 144. PCR amplification of 16S mitochondrial DNA and the subsequent analysis confirmed that these cell lines were indeed derived from M. geoffroy. Results of viral challenge assays revealed that both LWSK and LWFN shared patterns of viral susceptibility similar to that of six fish viruses tested: LWSK and LWFN cells were highly permissive to channel catfish virus, spring viremia carp virus and snakehead rhabdovirus with high-yield virus production ranging from 10(7·18±0·17) to 10(8·37±0·16) TCID50 ml(-1) (mean ± s.d.). These newly established cell lines would be useful in attempts to isolate and study aquatic viruses, particularly the viral aetiology of green turtle fibropapilloma as M. geoffroy is known to be one of the common cleaner fish of green sea turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ma
- Department of Public Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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25
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Zhou J, Wang H, Zhu X, Li X, Lv W, Zhang D. The primary culture of mirror carp snout and caudal fin tissues and the isolation of Koi herpesvirus. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:734-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Establishment and characterization of a fibroblast-like cell line from Anabarilius grahami (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013; 33:E89-97. [PMID: 23266987 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1141.2012.e05-06e89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Though Yunnan province contains some 562 known species of fish, no cell lines from any of these have been made available to date. To protect germplasm resources and provide an effective tool in solving problems at cellular level of Anabarilius grahami, a fish endemic to Fuxian Lake, Yunnan, China, we established and characterized the major features of a continuous cell line (AGF II) from the caudal fin tissue of A. grahami. This AGF II cell line consists of fibroblast-like cells and has been subcultured more than 60 times over the course of a year. The cell line was maintained in DMEM/F12 supplemented with 10% FBS, with a cellular doubling time of 51.1 h. We continued with more experiments to optimize the culture and storage conditions, and found a variety of interesting results: cells could grow at temperature between 24 Degrees Celsius and 28 Degrees Celsius, with the optimal temperature of 28 Degrees Celsius. Likewise, the growth rate of A. grahami fin cells increased when the FBS proportion increased from 5% to 20%, with the optimal growth at the concentrations of 20% FBS; cells were able to grow in L-15 and DMEM/F12 with optimal growth at L-15; DMSO is a better cryoprotectant than Glycerol, EG and MeOH for AGFII cells with optimal concentration of 5% DMSO. Chromosome analysis also showed that the distribution of chromosome number varies from 38 to 52, with a modal peak at 48 chromosomes, accounting for 39.8% of all cells. Using the same primer pairs specific to mtDNA, the AGF II cell sequences obtained by PCR were identical to those from muscle tissues of A. grahami. Both chromosome analysis and PCR amplification confirmed the AGF II cells were from A. grahami, also indicating that that current long-term artificial propagation of A. grahami has been successful. Finally, we noted that when cells were transfected with pEYFP-N1 and pECFP-N1 plasmid, bright fluorescent signals were observed, suggesting that this cell line may be suitable for use in transfection and future gene expression studies.
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27
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Teng Z, Kuang X, Wang J, Zhang X. Real-time cell analysis--a new method for dynamic, quantitative measurement of infectious viruses and antiserum neutralizing activity. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:364-70. [PMID: 23835032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed electronic cell sensor array--the xCELLigence real-time cell analysis (RTCA) system is tested currently for dynamic monitoring of cell attachment, proliferation, damage, and death. In this study, human enterovirus (HEV71) infection of human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) was used as an in vitro model to validate the application of this novel system as a straightforward and efficient assay for quantitative measurement of infectious viruses based on virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). Several experimental tests were performed including the determination of optimal seeding density of the RD cells in 96-well E-plates, RTCA real-time monitoring of the virus induced CPE and virus titer calculation, and viral neutralization test to determine HEV71 antibody titer. Traditional 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) assay was also conducted for methodology comparison and validation, which indicated a consistent result between the two assays. These findings indicate that the xCELLigence RTCA system can be a valuable addition to current viral assays for quantitative measurement of infectious viruses and quantitation of neutralization antibody titer in real-time, warranting for future research and exploration of applications to many other animal and human viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Teng
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
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28
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Higaki S, Koyama Y, Shirai E, Yokota T, Fujioka Y, Sakai N, Takada T. Establishment of testicular and ovarian cell lines from Honmoroko (Gnathopogon caerulescens). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:701-711. [PMID: 23076971 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We succeeded to establish cell lines from endemic fish species Honmoroko Gnathopogon caerulescens, which inhabits Lake Biwa, the third oldest lake in the world. Two cell lines designated as RMT1 and RMO1 were established from testis and ovary of G. caerulescens, respectively. These cell lines were initially cultured in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS), fish embryo extract, epidermal growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. Further addition of forskolin and β-mercaptoethanol was required to establish and maintain these cell lines for more than 60 passages. RMT1 and RMO1 cells showed fibroblast- and epithelial-like morphology, respectively. From immunocytochemical staining and gene expression patterns, RMT1 cells showed a characteristic of testicular Sertoli cells and RMO1 cells did that of ovarian theca cells. Both RMT1 and RMO1 cells multiplied well in the medium supplemented with 10 % FBS at 28 °C and their minimum population doubling times were 24.4 and 28.8 h, respectively. At the 45th passage, most of the RMT1 and RMO1 cells had a hyperploid set of chromosomes (67.3 and 96.1 %, respectively). Cells with normal diploid chromosome set were not observed. RMT1 cells were transfected with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression vector and human elongation factor 1 α promoter worked efficiently to express EGFP. In addition, EGFP-expressing cell lines were also established, suggesting that the cell lines could be utilized as an in vitro monitor system (biosensor) for the evaluation of endocrine disruptors which might affect gonadal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Higaki
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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Sansom B, Vo NTK, Kavanagh R, Hanner R, MacKinnon M, Dixon DG, Lee LEJ. Rapid assessment of the toxicity of oil sands process-affected waters using fish cell lines. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2012; 49:52-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-012-9570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Long-term storage and impedance-based water toxicity testing capabilities of fluidic biochips seeded with RTgill-W1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:736-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Development of an in vitro system for functional studies of ovarian follicular cells in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Cytotechnology 2012; 65:273-86. [PMID: 22760552 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The layers of follicular cells surrounding the oocyte and the interactions among them and the germ cells are critical for the successful maintenance of the ovarian functions. We have set up the isolation procedure and culture conditions of sea bass ovarian follicular cells. Their behaviour at three different physiological temperatures (25, 18 and 15 °C) was evaluated by verifying their steroidogenic capacity along time together with the expression of follicular specific genes (cyp19a1, fshr, lhr and star). These characteristics revealed this culture as a good in vitro alternative to short term in vivo studies at the level of the ovarian follicle. Moreover, to evaluate the suitability of this system for gene function studies conditions for transient transfection of plasmid DNA were optimized. Finally, the characteristics of the follicular culture were not affected by freezing and thawing cycles what facilitates the performance of experiments independently of the reproductive season. In conclusion, we have developed an in vitro homologous system that enables functional and gene expression studies and resembles the in vivo situation in the ovarian follicle.
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Abstract
The genus Alphavirus comprises a diverse group of viruses, including some that cause severe disease. Using full-length sequences of all known alphaviruses, we produced a robust and comprehensive phylogeny of the Alphavirus genus, presenting a more complete evolutionary history of these viruses compared to previous studies based on partial sequences. Our phylogeny suggests the origin of the alphaviruses occurred in the southern oceans and spread equally through the Old and New World. Since lice appear to be involved in aquatic alphavirus transmission, it is possible that we are missing a louse-borne branch of the alphaviruses. Complete genome sequencing of all members of the genus also revealed conserved residues forming the structural basis of the E1 and E2 protein dimers.
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Babu VS, Nambi KSN, Chandra V, Ishaq Ahmed VP, Bhonde R, Sahul Hameed AS. Establishment and characterization of a fin cell line from Indian walking catfish, Clarias batrachus (L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2011; 34:355-364. [PMID: 21401643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new cell line, Indian Catfish Fin, derived from the fin tissue of Indian walking catfish, Clarias batrachus, was established and characterized. The cell line grew well in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 15% foetal bovine serum (FBS) and has been subcultured more than 110 times since its initiation in 2007. The cells were able to grow at a range of temperature from 28 to 37 °C with optimal growth at 28 °C. The cell line predominantly consists of fibroblast-like cells. The growth rate of fin cells increased as the FBS concentration increased from 2% to 20% at 28 °C with optimum growth at a concentration of 15% or 20% and poor growth at a concentration of 5%. The cells were found to be susceptible to fish nodavirus and IPNV-ab and infection was confirmed by cytopathic effect and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. PCR amplification of mitochondrial 12S rRNA using primers specific to C. batrachus confirmed the catfish origin of the cell line. The cell line was characterized further by immunocytochemistry, transfection efficiency with pEGFP-N1 and cell cycle analysis by fluorescent-activated cell sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Babu
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Division, OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD, Department of Zoology, C.Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamilnadu, India
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Establishment of glass catfish (Kryptopterus bicirrhis) fin-derived cells. CELL BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL REPORTS 2011; 18:e00008. [PMID: 23119145 PMCID: PMC3475438 DOI: 10.1042/cbr20110002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetically manipulated transparent animals were already explored in many species for in vivo study of gene expression, transplantation analysis and cancer biology. However, there are no reports about transparent animals as in vitro genetic resources. In the present study, fin-derived cells from glass catfish (Krytopterus bicirrhis), naturally transparent fish with a visible skeleton and internal organs, were isolated after culturing fin explants and characterized using cryopreservation and cell cycle analysis. The cells grew well in DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium) containing 1% (v/v) P/S (penicillin–streptomycin) and 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum at 26°C and showed increased cryopreservation efficiency with the slow-freezing method in the presence of 15% dimethyl sulfoxide. In addition, cell cycle analysis was evaluated based on flow cytometric analysis, and culturing to confluence (>85%) was more effective for synchronizing cells at the G0/G1 stages than roscovitine treatment (<75%). This is the first report about cell isolation from transparent animals. The results from testing the cell's viability following cryopreservation and subjecting the cells to cycle analysis can be useful tools for genetic resource management.
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35
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Lakra WS, Swaminathan TR, Joy KP. Development, characterization, conservation and storage of fish cell lines: a review. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 37:1-20. [PMID: 20607393 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-010-9411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell lines provide an important biological tool for carrying out investigations into physiology, virology, toxicology, carcinogenesis and transgenics. Teleost fish cell lines have been developed from a broad range of tissues such as ovary, fin, swim bladder, heart, spleen, liver, eye muscle, vertebrae, brain, skin. One hundred and twenty-four new fish cell lines from different fish species ranging from grouper to eel have been reported since the last review by Fryer and Lannan (J Tissue Culture Methods 16: 87-94, 1994). Among the cell lines listed, more than 60% were established from species from Asia, which contributes more than 80% of total fish production. This includes 59 cell lines from 19 freshwater, 54 from 22 marine and 11 from 3 brackish water fishes. Presently, about 283 cell lines have been established from finfish around the world. In addition to the listing and a scientific update on new cell lines, the importance of authentication, applications, cross-contamination and implications of overpassaged cell lines has also been discussed in this comprehensive review. The authors feel that the review will serve an updated database for beginners and established researchers in the field of fish cell line research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Lakra
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, Lucknow, UP, India.
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36
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Vidal MC, Williams G, Hoole D. Characterisation of a carp cell line for analysis of apoptosis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:801-805. [PMID: 19428480 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Teleost fish in general, and common carp in particular, are excellent genetic models for bridging the gap in knowledge between invertebrate models such as C. elegans and D. melanogaster, on one hand, and higher vertebrates on the other hand, although, until now, there have been few well characterised fish cell lines shown to be suitable for studies on apoptosis. The present study describes the suitability of a permanent, nonleukemic, nonvirally infected carp cell line for apoptotic studies. A traditional approach using known apoptotic inducers such as UV-light combined with RNA interference, the latest ready-to-use technology widely used in higher vertebrates, was tested in the carp leucocyte cell line (CLC). This study was designed as a first step towards a better knowledge of fish macrophages and their fate after different types of apoptotic insults.
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37
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ISHIKAWA Y, ISHII R, HATAKEYAMA S, KASAI M, HYODO M. Characterization of three cell lines established from medaka embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2978/jsas.20.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Marques CL, Rafael MS, Cancela ML, Laizé V. Establishment of primary cell cultures from fish calcified tissues. Cytotechnology 2007; 55:9-13. [PMID: 19002990 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishes have been recently recognized as a suitable model organism to study vertebrate physiological processes, in particular skeletal development and tissue mineralization. However, there is a lack of well characterized in vitro cell systems derived from fish calcified tissues. We describe here a protocol that was successfully used to develop the first calcified tissue-derived cell cultures of fish origin. Vertebra and branchial arches collected from young gilthead seabreams were fragmented then submitted to the combined action of collagenase and trypsin to efficiently release cells embedded in the collagenous extracellular matrix. Primary cultures were maintained under standard conditions and spontaneously transformed to form continuous cell lines suitable for studying mechanisms of tissue mineralization in seabream. This simple and inexpensive protocol is also applicable to other calcified tissues and species by adjusting parameters to each particular case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia L Marques
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
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39
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Tan YP, Zheng J, Tung SL, Rosenshine I, Leung KY. Role of type III secretion in Edwardsiella tarda virulence. Microbiology (Reading) 2005; 151:2301-2313. [PMID: 16000720 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is a Gram-negative enteric bacterium affecting both animals and humans. Recently, a type III secretion system (TTSS) was found in Ed. tarda. Such systems are generally used by bacterial pathogens to deliver virulence factors into host cells to subvert normal cell functions. Genome-walking was performed from the eseB and esrB genes (homologues of Salmonella sseB and ssrB, respectively) identified in previous studies, to determine the sequences of the TTSS. Thirty-five ORFs were identified which encode the TTSS apparatus, chaperones, effectors and regulators. Mutants affected in genes representing each category were generated and found to have decreased survival and growth in fish phagocytes. LD50 values of the mutants were increased by at least 10-fold in comparison to those of the wild-type strain. The adherence and invasion rates of the esrA and esrB mutants were enhanced while those of the other mutants remained similar to the wild-type. The eseC and eseD mutants showed slight autoaggregation in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, whereas the rest of the mutants failed to autoaggregate. Regulation of the TTSS was found to involve the two-component regulatory system esrA–esrB. This study showed that the TTSS is important for Ed. tarda pathogenesis. An understanding of this system will provide greater insight into the virulence mechanisms of this bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - J Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - S L Tung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - I Rosenshine
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, PO Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - K Y Leung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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40
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Yu HB, Rao PSS, Lee HC, Vilches S, Merino S, Tomas JM, Leung KY. A type III secretion system is required for Aeromonas hydrophila AH-1 pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:1248-56. [PMID: 14977925 PMCID: PMC356039 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.3.1248-1256.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a gram-negative opportunistic pathogen in fish and humans. Many bacterial pathogens of animals and plants have been shown to inject anti-host virulence determinants into the hosts via a type III secretion system (TTSS). Degenerate primers based on lcrD family genes that are present in every known TTSS allowed us to locate the TTSS gene cluster in A. hydrophila AH-1. A series of genome walking steps helped in the identification of 25 open reading frames that encode proteins homologous to those in TTSSs in other bacteria. PCR-based analysis showed the presence of lcrD homologs (ascV) in all of the 33 strains of A. hydrophila isolated from various sources. Insertional inactivation of two of the TTSS genes (aopB and aopD) led to decreased cytotoxicity in carp epithelial cells, increased phagocytosis, and reduced virulence in blue gourami. These results show that a TTSS is required for A. hydrophila pathogenesis. This is the first report of sequencing and characterization of TTSS gene clusters from A. hydrophila. The TTSS identified here may help in developing suitable vaccines as well as in further understanding of the pathogenesis of A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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41
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Shimizu C, Shike H, Malicki DM, Breisch E, Westerman M, Buchanan J, Ligman HR, Phillips RB, Carlberg JM, Van Olst J, Burns JC. Characterization of a white bass (Morone chrysops) embryonic cell line with epithelial features. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2003; 39:29-35. [PMID: 12892524 DOI: 10.1290/1543-706x(2003)039<0029:coawbm>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The genus Morone is an important one for U.S. aquaculture, but there has been no available cell line from this genus. We report here a cell line (the WBE line) derived from white bass embryos that has been grown for more than 80 passages over 21 mo in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum. The WBE line showed epithelial features with positive immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin and intercellular junctions when observed by electron microscopy. The doubling time, transformation characteristics, response to cryopreservation, and karyotype were determined. The WBE line was also tested by polymerase chain reaction to verify the species of origin and to screen for mycoplasma infection. This epithelial cell line may prove useful for the study of host-pathogen interactions that occur at the epithelial surface in this commercially important fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0830, USA
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42
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Rovnak J, Quackenbush SL. Walleye dermal sarcoma virus cyclin interacts with components of the mediator complex and the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. J Virol 2002; 76:8031-9. [PMID: 12134008 PMCID: PMC155167 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.16.8031-8039.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV) encodes an accessory protein, OrfA, with sequence homology to cyclins (retrovirus cyclin). In cells transfected with an expression construct, OrfA was localized to the nucleus and was concentrated in interchromatin granule clusters (IGCs), sites where splicing factors are concentrated. Other proteins identified in IGCs include transcription factors, the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II), and cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (cdk8). cdk8 is the kinase partner of cyclin C and a component of the mediator complex, associated with the Pol II holoenzyme. cdk8 and cyclin C can regulate transcription via phosphorylation of cyclin H and the carboxy-terminal domain of Pol II. OrfA in transfected HeLa cells was found to colocalize and copurify with hyperphosphorylated forms of Pol II (Pol IIO) in IGCs, and OrfA was coimmunoprecipitated from lysates of transfected cells with an antibody against Pol IIO. Likewise, Pol IIO could be coprecipitated with an antibody against OrfA. A survey with antibodies against several different cdks resulted in coimmunoprecipitation of OrfA with anti-cdk8, and antiserum against OrfA was able to coprecipitate cdk8 from lysates of cells that express OrfA. Coprecipitation of OrfA with anti-cyclin C demonstrated that it was included in complexes with OrfA and cdk8. OrfA has sequence and structural similarities to cyclin C, and, functionally, OrfA appears to have the capacity to both enhance and inhibit the activity of promoters in a cell-specific manner, similar to functions of the mediator complex. These data suggest that WDSV OrfA functions through its interactions with these large, transcription complexes. Further investigations will clarify the role of the retrovirus cyclin in control of virus expression and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Rovnak
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA
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43
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Abstract
The epizootic hematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) is a strain of the Iridovirus genus, which includes viruses seriously affecting native and aquacultured fish and amphibians. Despite its growing importance as a threat to fish farming, very little information is available on the biochemical and immunological nature of this virus. To identify and characterize the main antigenic determinants of EHNV, a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies was produced upon parenteral inoculation with live virus. A total of 124 primary hybridoma cultures from two fusions was found to produce antibodies reacting with EHNV by ELISA, but no neutralizing monoclonal antibody was detected. Twenty hybridoma cultures were randomly chosen for further study, and the antibodies secreted were analyzed by Western blotting, radioimmunoprecipitation, and immunostaining of infected cells. Only three MAbs immunoprecipitated the 50-kDa EHNV major capsid protein (MCP) from infected cell lysates, but they did not stain this protein in Western blotting. Eight and five further MAbs recognized peptides of approximately 15 and 18 kDa, respectively. Four antibodies could not be mapped into any viral protein, although they specifically immunostained virus-infected cells and reacted with purified EHNV virions by ELISA. These latter MAbs and the three antibodies directed at the MCP are likely to recognize conformation-dependent epitopes on the virus capsid proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Monini
- Laboratorio di Ultrastrutture, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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44
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Abstract
Fish represent the oldest and most diverse classes of vertebrates, comprising around the 48% of the known member species in the subphylum Vertebrata. There are many scientific fields that use fish as models in research, including respiratory and cardiovascular research, cell culture, ecotoxicology, ageing, pharmacological and genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Bolis
- Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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45
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Abstract
Can studying cultured cells inform us about the biology of aging? The idea that this may be was stimulated by the first formal description of replicative senescence. Replicative senescence limits the proliferation of normal human cells in culture, causing them to irreversibly arrest growth and adopt striking changes in cell function. We now know that telomere shortening, which occurs in most somatic cells as a consequence of DNA replication, drives replicative senescence in human cells. However, rodent cells also undergo replicative senescence, despite very long telomeres, and DNA damage, the action of certain oncogenes and changes in chromatin induce a phenotype similar to that of replicatively senescent cells. Thus, replicative senescence is an example of the more general process of cellular senescence, indicating that the telomere hypothesis of aging is a misnomer, Cellular senescence appears to be a response to potentially oncogenic insults, including oxidative stress. The growth arrest almost certainly suppresses tumorigenesis, at least in young organisms, whereas the functional changes may contribute to aging, although this has yet to be critically tested. Thus, cellular senescence may be an example of antagonistic pleiotropy. Cross-species comparisons suggest there is a relationship between the senescence of cells in culture and organismal life span, but the relationship is neither quantitative nor direct.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Campisi
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Mailstop 84-171, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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46
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Méndez E, Planas JV, Castillo J, Navarro I, Gutiérrez J. Identification of a type II insulin-like growth factor receptor in fish embryos. Endocrinology 2001; 142:1090-7. [PMID: 11181523 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.3.7999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether fish have an insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6-P) receptor similar to that of mammals, we have performed binding, cross-linking, and immunoprecipitation experiments with wheat-germ-agglutinin- and mannose 6-phosphate (M6-P)-affinity-purified receptor preparations from fish embryos. In both receptor preparations, IGF-II binding was specific, because labeled IGF-II could only be completely displaced by cold IGF-II but not by IGF-I or insulin. Labeled IGF-II bound to a protein with a molecular mass of approximately 250 kDa, which could be immunoprecipitated with an antibody against the rat IGF-II receptor. IGF-II stimulated tyrosine kinase activity in wheat germ agglutinin preparations and was more potent than insulin or IGF-I, but neither peptide stimulated tyrosine kinase activity in M6-P preparations. Two fish cell lines (CHSE-214 and EPC) were used to confirm the IGF-II binding data obtained in the receptor preparations, revealing the presence of highly specific IGF-II binding and the absence of insulin binding. Furthermore, a decrease of the IGF-I receptors on the cell surface did not alter IGF-II binding in EPC cells. In conclusion, we have detected the presence of IGF-II/M6-P receptors in fish embryos that are similar in structure and specificity for their ligand to those found in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Méndez
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Biologia, D. III Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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47
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Mathew JA, Tan YP, Srinivasa Rao PS, Lim TM, Leung KY. Edwardsiella tarda mutants defective in siderophore production, motility, serum resistance and catalase activity. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:449-457. [PMID: 11158362 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-2-449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes a systemic infection, edwardsiellosis, in fish. The virulence factors of this pathogen and its genetic determinants have not been systematically examined. In this study, TnphoA transposon mutagenesis was used to construct a library of 440 alkaline phosphatase (PhoA(+)) fusion mutants from a total of 400000 transconjugants derived from Ed. tarda PPD130/91. This library included genes for secreted and membrane-associated proteins normally involved in virulence. The library was screened for four virulence factors: siderophore production, motility, serum resistance and catalase production. Eight mutants deficient in one or more of these phenotypes were grouped into four classes. They were further characterized for their stimulation of reactive oxygen intermediate production by fish phagocytes, for their adhesion to and internalization into EPC (epithelioma papillosum of carp) cells, and for attenuation of virulence in blue gourami. Mutants 2A and 34 were highly attenuated in fish, with LD(50) values about 10 times higher than for the wild-type. These strains had mutations in the genes encoding arylsulfate sulfotransferase (mutant 2A) and a catalase precursor protein (mutant 34). One hyperinvasive/adhesive mutant and four pst mutants that were pleiotropic and slightly attenuated in fish were also isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Mathew
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore1192601
| | - Y P Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore1192601
| | - P S Srinivasa Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore1192601
| | - T M Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore1192601
| | - K Y Leung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore1192601
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48
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Visoottiviseth P, Chanwanna N. A newly established cell culture from hybrid catfish (Clarias gariepinus?�?Clarias macrocephalus) for screening toxicity of triphenyltin hydroxide. Appl Organomet Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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49
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Wang XH, Leung KY. Biochemical characterization of different types of adherence of Vibrio species to fish epithelial cells. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 ( Pt 4):989-998. [PMID: 10784057 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-4-989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio species are Gram-negative bacteria that cause a systemic infection in fish called vibriosis. The authors previously demonstrated that internalization and cytotoxicity are important virulence mechanisms in vibrio-fish epithelial cell interactions. Adherence is a prerequisite for successful internalization. In this study, the adherence capability of two invasive strains [V. anguillarum 811218-5W and G/Virus/5(3)] was compared with that of two non-invasive strains [V. damselae ATCC 33539 and V. anguillarum S2/5/93(2)] using adherence assays in three different types of fish cells (epithelial papillosum of carp, EPC; grunt-fin tissue, GF; and fat-head minnow epithelial cells, FHM). For all four strains there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the adherence to the different cell lines. V. anguillarum 811218-5W exhibited the highest adherence, followed by G/Virus/5(3) and S2/5/93(2); V. damselae ATCC 33539 showed the lowest adherence. The super-adherence characteristic of V. anguillarum 811218-5W on EPC cells was not affected by inhibitors, sugars, low temperature (4 degrees C) incubation, or non-biological surfaces such as glass coverslips. The galactose-linked adherence characteristic of V. anguillarum G/Virus/5(3) to the EPC cells was partially inhibited by peptidase treatment of the fish cells, low-temperature incubation, and addition of sugars that contained galactose (such as lactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine). De novo synthesis of bacterial protein, viable bacteria and intact carbohydrate structure of vibrios were required for both super-adherence and galactose-linked adherence. These adherence characteristics were also found in ten other invasive vibrios, and galactose-linked adherence was found in nine invasive vibrios.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 1192601
| | - K Y Leung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 1192601
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Takeo J, Yamashita S. Rainbow trout androgen receptor-alpha fails to distinguish between any of the natural androgens tested in transactivation assay, not just 11-ketotestosterone and testosterone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2000; 117:200-6. [PMID: 10642442 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.1999.7398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have recently isolated two androgen receptor cDNA clones from the rainbow trout testis. To investigate the functions of the rainbow trout androgen receptor-alpha (rtAR-alpha), we investigated the ligand binding ability and transcriptional activity of rtAR-alpha. Interestingly, in ligand-competition experiments, testosterone (T) (IC(50) 3 x 10(-9) M) competed with [(3)H]mibolerone binding for rtAR-alpha slightly more potently than the teleost fish-specific natural androgen 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) (IC(50) 8 x 10(-9) M), which is thought to be the functional spermatogenesis inducer. In contrast, T (EC(50) 5 x 10(-9) M) and 11KT (EC(50) 6 x 10(-9) M) showed similar efficiency upon cotransfection into EPC cells with a rtAR-alpha expression vector and an androgen-responsive element-based reporter gene. These results indicated that activation of rtAR-alpha does not distinguish between 11KT and T and suggested that a specific system, which is mediated only by 11KT, may exist in the rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Takeo
- Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha Ltd., 559-6 Kitanomachi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0906, Japan
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