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Li X, Zhao M, Li Y, Zhang A, Liu Y, Li J, Li D, Guo J, Ma L, Mu Q. Enhancing diagnostic accuracy in common human poxvirus infections during mpox outbreak: A dermoscopy review. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13489. [PMID: 37881051 PMCID: PMC10541801 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Poxviruses belong to the Poxviridae family, a group of pathogens known for their high infectivity in humans, posing significant health threats. One of the most well-known representatives of poxvirus infections is smallpox, which has been successfully eradicated. However, in recent years, there has been a resurgence in cases of mpox, another member of the Poxviridae family, raising concerns about the potential for a global pandemic or a worldwide health crisis. While the typical clinical presentation of mpox and other poxvirus infections often involves cutaneous lesions, there have been reports of various atypical and non-classic clinical manifestations. Dermoscopy has emerged as a crucial diagnostic tool, aiding dermatologists in clinical practice to make informed decisions. In this summary, we provide an overview of the clinical and dermoscopic features of representative cutaneous lesions associated with human poxvirus infections, including mpox, orf, milker's nodule, and molluscum contagiosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Department of DermatologyThe First Hospital of HohhotHohhotChina
- Department of AllergyThe First Hospital of HohhotHohhotChina
| | - Mutong Zhao
- Department of DermatologyBeijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children's HealthBeijingChina
| | - Yanfei Li
- Department of DermatologyThe First Hospital of HohhotHohhotChina
- Department of AllergyThe First Hospital of HohhotHohhotChina
| | - Anda Zhang
- Department of DermatologyInternational Mongolian Hospital of Inner MongoliaHohhotChina
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of DermatologyBeijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children's HealthBeijingChina
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Department of DermatologyThe First Hospital of HohhotHohhotChina
| | - Dan Li
- Department of DermatologyThe First Hospital of HohhotHohhotChina
| | - Jingxue Guo
- Department of DermatologyThe First Hospital of HohhotHohhotChina
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of DermatologyBeijing Children's HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children's HealthBeijingChina
| | - Qiri Mu
- Department of DermatologyInternational Mongolian Hospital of Inner MongoliaHohhotChina
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Arthi V, Parman J. Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19. EXPLORATIONS IN ECONOMIC HISTORY 2021; 79:101381. [PMID: 33162564 PMCID: PMC7606070 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2020.101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
How might COVID-19 affect human capital and wellbeing in the long run? The COVID-19 pandemic has already imposed a heavy human cost-taken together, this public health crisis and its attendant economic downturn appear poised to dwarf the scope, scale, and disruptiveness of most modern pandemics. What evidence we do have about other modern pandemics is largely limited to short-run impacts. Consequently, recent experience can do little to help us anticipate and respond to COVID-19's potential long-run impact on individuals over decades and even generations. History, however, offers a solution. Historical crises offer closer analogues to COVID-19 in each of its key dimensions-as a global pandemic, as a global recession-and offer the runway necessary to study the life-course and intergenerational outcomes. In this paper, we review the evidence on the long-run effects on health, labor, and human capital of both historical pandemics (with a focus on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic) and historical recessions (with a focus on the Great Depression). We conclude by discussing how past crises can inform our approach to COVID-19-helping tell us what to look for, what to prepare for, and what data we ought to collect now.
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Saad-Roy CM, Wagner CE, Baker RE, Morris SE, Farrar J, Graham AL, Levin SA, Mina MJ, Metcalf CJE, Grenfell BT. Immune life history, vaccination, and the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 over the next 5 years. Science 2020; 370:811-818. [PMID: 32958581 PMCID: PMC7857410 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd7343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The future trajectory of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic hinges on the dynamics of adaptive immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); however, salient features of the immune response elicited by natural infection or vaccination are still uncertain. We use simple epidemiological models to explore estimates for the magnitude and timing of future COVID-19 cases, given different assumptions regarding the protective efficacy and duration of the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2, as well as its interaction with vaccines and nonpharmaceutical interventions. We find that variations in the immune response to primary SARS-CoV-2 infections and a potential vaccine can lead to markedly different immune landscapes and burdens of critically severe cases, ranging from sustained epidemics to near elimination. Our findings illustrate likely complexities in future COVID-19 dynamics and highlight the importance of immunological characterization beyond the measurement of active infections for adequately projecting the immune landscape generated by SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadi M Saad-Roy
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Caroline E Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Rachel E Baker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sinead E Morris
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Simon A Levin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Michael J Mina
- Departments of Epidemiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Bryan T Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Marik PE, Bowles S. Analytic Reviews: Management of Patients Exposed to Biological and Chemical Warfare Agents. J Intensive Care Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0885066602017004001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological and chemical weapons have been used for waging war since the dawn of recorded history. Recently, these agents have been used on civilian populations by terrorist groups. Terrorist attacks using biological or chemical weapons have far-reaching implications, as they cause widespread fear, anxiety, and panic among the public. Biological agents have particular appeal for use in terrorist attacks because they are reasonably easy to acquire, are inexpensive to produce, and have the potential to affect large populations of people. Biological agents are selected based on their toxicity, ease of production and stability, and ability to be dispersed in respirable aerosols. The most common biological agents that have been weaponized include anthrax, plague, tularemia, botulism toxin, and smallpox. Chemical agents are more expensive and more difficult to manufacture and deploy and are therefore more likely to be used in conventional warfare. Mustard gas and nerve agents are the favored chemical agents of mass destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Marik
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, ,
| | - Stephen Bowles
- Trauma Life-Support Center, Mercy Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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5
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Replicating poxviruses for human cancer therapy. J Microbiol 2015; 53:209-18. [PMID: 25845536 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-5041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring oncolytic viruses are live, replication-proficient viruses that specifically infect human cancer cells while sparing normal cell counterparts. Since the eradication of smallpox in the 1970s with the aid of vaccinia viruses, the vaccinia viruses and other genera of poxviruses have shown various degrees of safety and efficacy in pre-clinical or clinical application for human anti-cancer therapeutics. Furthermore, we have recently discovered that cellular tumor suppressor genes are important in determining poxviral oncolytic tropism. Since carcinogenesis is a multi-step process involving accumulation of both oncogene and tumor suppressor gene abnormalities, it is interesting that poxvirus can exploit abnormal cellular tumor suppressor signaling for its oncolytic specificity and efficacy. Many tumor suppressor genes such as p53, ATM, and RB are known to play important roles in genomic fidelity/maintenance. Thus, tumor suppressor gene abnormality could affect host genomic integrity and likely disrupt intact antiviral networks due to accumulation of genetic defects, which would in turn result in oncolytic virus susceptibility. This review outlines the characteristics of oncolytic poxvirus strains, including vaccinia, myxoma, and squirrelpox virus, recent progress in elucidating the molecular connection between oncogene/tumor suppressor gene abnormalities and poxviral oncolytic tropism, and the associated preclinical/clinical implications. I would also like to propose future directions in the utility of poxviruses for oncolytic virotherapy.
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Hematopoietic cancer cell lines can support replication of Sabin poliovirus type 1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:358462. [PMID: 25815312 PMCID: PMC4359862 DOI: 10.1155/2015/358462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Viral vaccines can be produced in adherent or in suspension cells. The objective of this work was to screen human suspension cell lines for the capacity to support viral replication. As the first step, it was investigated whether poliovirus can replicate in such cell lines. Sabin poliovirus type 1 was serially passaged on five human cell lines, HL60, K562, KG1, THP-1, and U937. Sabin type 1 was capable of efficiently replicating in three cell lines (K562, KG1, and U937), yielding high viral titers after replication. Expression of CD155, the poliovirus receptor, did not explain susceptibility to replication, since all cell lines expressed CD155. Furthermore, we showed that passaged virus replicated more efficiently than parental virus in KG1 cells, yielding higher virus titers in the supernatant early after infection. Infection of cell lines at an MOI of 0.01 resulted in high viral titers in the supernatant at day 4. Infection of K562 with passaged Sabin type 1 in a bioreactor system yielded high viral titers in the supernatant. Altogether, these data suggest that K562, KG1, and U937 cell lines are useful for propagation of poliovirus.
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Abstract
The vast majority of human pathogens colonize and invade at the mucosal surfaces. Preventing infection at these sites via mucosally active vaccines is a promising and rational approach for vaccine development. However, it is only recently that the stimulation of local immunity at the mucosal surfaces has become a primary objective in addition to inducing systemic immunity. This review describes vaccine formulations designed for mucosal delivery to the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, via intranasal administration. The association of antigens with mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems is emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehfuz Zaman
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 QLD Australia
| | - Saranya Chandrudu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 QLD Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 QLD Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
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Naik S, Russell SJ. Engineering oncolytic viruses to exploit tumor specific defects in innate immune signaling pathways. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:1163-76. [PMID: 19637971 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903170653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of oncolytic viruses for treatment of cancer marks a significant alteration in the battle between host and virus. Viruses are confronted by cellular innate immune responses and contain an armamentarium of immunomodulatory proteins that suppress innate immunity. Tumorigenesis can result in impairment of innate immune responses. Viruses engineered to be vulnerable to normal responses may mediate tumor-specific killing with minimal off-target toxicity. OBJECTIVE To examine the mechanisms by which mammalian cells respond to viral infections in normal versus cancer cells and how viruses overcome these responses and to illustrate how this knowledge is used to develop physiologically targeted oncolytic viruses. METHODS Literature describing studies investigating innate responses to virus infections, cancer-specific molecular defects, immunosuppressive viral products and design of oncolytic viruses is extensively reviewed, and pertinent concepts are distilled and developed. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Innate responses to viral infections are complex involving i) viral detection; ii) induction of interferon and other cytokines; and iii) establishment of an antiviral state. Oncolytic viruses are engineered to be susceptible to antiviral responses in normal cells. Cancers can be partially vulnerable to these viruses because they have defective antiviral responses but the antitumor potency of physiologically targeted viruses may be significantly diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Naik
- Mayo Clinic, Department of molecular medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Prausnitz MR, Mikszta JA, Cormier M, Andrianov AK. Microneedle-based vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 333:369-93. [PMID: 19768415 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The threat of pandemic influenza and other public health needs motivate the development of better vaccine delivery systems. To address this need, microneedles have been developed as micron-scale needles fabricated using low-cost manufacturing methods that administer vaccine into the skin using a simple device that may be suitable for self-administration. Delivery using solid or hollow microneedles can be accomplished by (1) piercing the skin and then applying a vaccine formulation or patch onto the permeabilized skin, (2) coating or encapsulating vaccine onto or within microneedles for rapid, or delayed, dissolution and release in the skin, and (3) injection into the skin using a modified syringe or pump. Extensive clinical experience with smallpox, TB, and other vaccines has shown that vaccine delivery into the skin using conventional intradermal injection is generally safe and effective and often elicits the same immune responses at lower doses compared to intramuscular injection. Animal experiments using microneedles have shown similar benefits. Microneedles have been used to deliver whole, inactivated virus; trivalent split antigen vaccines; and DNA plasmids encoding the influenza hemagglutinin to rodents, and strong antibody responses were elicited. In addition, ChimeriVax-JE against yellow fever was administered to nonhuman primates by microneedles and generated protective levels of neutralizing antibodies that were more than seven times greater than those obtained with subcutaneous delivery; DNA plasmids encoding hepatitis B surface antigen were administered to mice and antibody and T cell responses at least as strong as hypodermic injections were generated; recombinant protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis was administered to rabbits and provided complete protection from lethal aerosol anthrax spore challenge at a lower dose than intramuscular injection; and DNA plasmids encoding four vaccinia virus genes administered to mice in combination with electroporation generated neutralizing antibodies that apparently included both Th1 and Th2 responses. Dose sparing with microneedles was specifically studied in mice with the model vaccine ovalbumin. At low dose (1 microg), specific antibody titers from microneedles were one order of magnitude greater than subcutaneous injection and two orders of magnitude greater than intramuscular injection. At higher doses, antibody responses increased for all delivery methods. At the highest levels (20-80 microg), the route of administration had no significant effect on the immune response. Concerning safety, no infections or other serious adverse events have been observed in well over 1,000 microneedle insertions in human and animal subjects. Bleeding generally does not occur for short microneedles (<1 mm). Highly localized, mild, and transient erythema is often observed. Microneedle pain has been reported as nonexistent to mild, and always much less than a hypodermic needle control. Overall, these studies suggest that microneedles may provide a safe and effective method of delivering vaccines with the possible added attributes of requiring lower vaccine doses, permitting low-cost manufacturing, and enabling simple distribution and administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA.
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Osorio JE, Frank RS, Moss K, Taraska T, Powell T, Stinchcomb DT. Raccoon poxvirus as a mucosal vaccine vector for domestic cats. J Drug Target 2004; 11:463-70. [PMID: 15203914 DOI: 10.1080/10611860410001670062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated both the immunogenicity and safety of recombinant raccoon poxvirus (RCN) as a mucosal vaccine vector for domestic cats. RCN is an orthopoxvirus that was isolated from healthy raccoons and has been used experimentally as a vaccine vector for rabies and other antigens in a variety of species, including raccoons, skunks, foxes, bobcats, rabbits, domestic cats, piglets, sheep and non-human primates. We evaluated the antibody response induced by a recombinant RCN vaccine expressing the rabies-G glycoprotein (RCN/rabies-G) administered to cats by the oral (PO), intranasal (IN), conjunctival (CO) or intranasal/conjunctival (IN/CO) route (dose: 10 plaque forming units or PFU). The IN route, either alone or combined with the CO route, induced the highest rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers. The RVNA titers remained high when measured at six months post-vaccination, demonstrating that the recombinant vaccine administered via these routes is very efficient at inducing long-lasting immunity. A dose-response was observed following IN vaccination in cats. Doses of 10 PFU induced strong antibody responses in 4 of 5 animals [geometric mean titer: 3.2 (log)]. None of the animals vaccinated with 10 PFU developed detectable RVNA titers. In this study, RCN/rabies-G viral shedding was below detectable levels. Nasal, oral and fecal swabs collected from these cats were negative for RCN by both virus isolation and by nested-PCR. In addition, no horizontal transmission of the virus could be detected. Gang-housed sentinel animals for each group did not develop detectable anti-RVNA or -RCN antibodies. To study tissue tropism of recombinant raccoon poxvirus vaccines, a RCN that can express the lacZ gene (RCN/lacZ) was constructed. Expression of beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) was validated in vitro and in mice in vivo. Cats were vaccinated IN with 10 PFU of RCN/lacZ. No histopathological lesions were detected in any of the tissues collected from these cats at 1, 4, 7 and 15 days post-vaccination. In addition, no virus or beta-gal expression was detected in any of these tissues. Controls demonstrated that virus could be reisolated from nasal swabs immediately after administration of 10 PFU to cats. These results suggest that recombinant RCN vaccines undergo limited replication after intranasal administration in cats that is sufficient to elicit strong, long-lasting systemic antibody responses.
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Abstract
Two cases of conjugal contact transfer vaccinia are described. Each patient had intimate contact after their respective partners, active-duty military personnel, received the smallpox vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Lorich
- Department of Family Medicine, Darnall Army Community Hospital, Fort Hood, TX 76544, USA
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Abstract
Smallpox was eradicated in 1977, but it remains a concern owing to the potential use of the causative agent variola virus in bioterrorism. This article provides an overview of the World Health Organization's spectacular success in achieving the eradication of smallpox. It discusses how variola virus could potentially re-emerge and how prepared we are to counter such a re-emergence. Finally, the potential threat from other orthopoxviruses that exist naturally or that have been genetically engineered is considered. In the words of Rep. Christopher Shay, 'Better to be scared by the improbable possibility than to be unprepared for the catastrophic reality'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Virology, The Wright Fleming Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1P6, UK.
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Azevedo AR, Ferreira VF, de Mello H, Leão-Ferreirab LR, Jabor AV, Frugulhetti IC, Pereira HS, Moussatche N, Bernardino AMR. SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF 1H-PYRAZOLO [3,4-b] PYRIDINE-5 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AGAINST VACCINIA VIRUS. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2002. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.2002.8.5.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Nemunaitis J, Khuri F, Ganly I, Arseneau J, Posner M, Vokes E, Kuhn J, McCarty T, Landers S, Blackburn A, Romel L, Randlev B, Kaye S, Kirn D. Phase II trial of intratumoral administration of ONYX-015, a replication-selective adenovirus, in patients with refractory head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:289-98. [PMID: 11208818 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2001.19.2.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the safety, humoral immune response replication, and activity of multiple intratumoral injections of ONYX-015 (replication selective adenovirus) in patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). PATIENTS AND METHODS This phase II trial enrolled patients with SCCHN who had recurrence/relapse after prior conventional treatment. Patients received ONYX-015 at a dose of 2 x 10(11) particles via intratumoral injection for either 5 consecutive days (standard) or twice daily for 2 consecutive weeks (hyperfractionated) during a 21-day cycle. Patients were monitored for tumor response, toxicity, and antibody formation. RESULTS Forty patients (30 standard and 10 hyperfractionated) received 533 injections of ONYX-015. Standard treatment resulted in 14% partial to complete regression, 41% stable disease, and 45% progressive disease rates. Hyperfractionated treatment resulted in 10% complete response, 62% stable disease, and 29% progressive disease rates. Treatment-related toxicity included mild to moderate fever (67% overall) and injection site pain (47% on the standard regimen, 80% on the hyperfractionated regimen). Detectable circulating ONYX-015 genome suggestive of intratumoral replication was identified in 41% of tested patients on days 5 and 6 of cycle 1; 9% of patients had evidence of viral replication 10 days after injection during cycle 1, and no patients had evidence of replication > or = 22 days after injection. CONCLUSION ONYX-015 can be safely administered via intratumoral injection to patients with recurrent/refractory SCCHN. ONYX-015 viremia is transient. Evidence of modest antitumoral activity is suggested.
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Abstract
Viruses capable of inducing lysis of malignant cells through their replication process are known as "oncolytic" viruses. Clinical trials in oncology have been performed with oncolytic viruses for nearly fifty years. Both systemic and intratumoral routes of administration have been explored. Toxicity has generally been limited to injection site pain, transient fever and tumor necrosis. Responses with early crude materials were usually short in duration; however, recent trials with gene attenuated viruses suggest more prolonged duration to responses observed.
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