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Song JS, Seffrin A, Yamada Y, Kataoka R, Hammert WB, Spitz RW, Wong V, Kang A, Loenneke JP. Can we improve exercise-induced hypoalgesia with exercise training? An overview and suggestions for future studies. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 63:67-72. [PMID: 37527566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-induced hypoalgesia refers to a reduction in pain sensitivity following a single bout of exercise, which has been shown to be diminished or impaired with aging and chronic pain. Exercise training (repeated bouts of exercise over time) is often recommended as a non-pharmacological treatment for chronic pain and age-related functional declines. However, whether exercise training can augment the exercise-induced hypoalgesia has not been well studied. The purpose of this paper is to 1) provide an overview of the existing literature investigating the effect of exercise training on the magnitude of exercise-induced hypoalgesia, and 2) discuss potential underlying mechanisms as well as considerations for future research. Given the paucity of randomized controlled trials in this area, the effects of exercise training on exercise-induced hypoalgesia are still unclear. Several potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain the impaired exercise-induced hypoalgesia in chronic pain and older individuals (e.g., endogenous opioid, cardiovascular, and immune system). Exercise training appears to induce physiological changes in those systems, however, further investigations are necessary to test whether this will lead to improved exercise-induced hypoalgesia. Future research should consider including a time- and age-matched non-training group and utilizing the same exercise protocol for testing exercise-induced hypoalgesia across intervention groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Anna Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.
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Saanijoki T, Kantonen T, Pekkarinen L, Kalliokoski K, Hirvonen J, Malén T, Tuominen L, Tuulari JJ, Arponen E, Nuutila P, Nummenmaa L. Aerobic Fitness Is Associated with Cerebral μ-Opioid Receptor Activation in Healthy Humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1076-1084. [PMID: 35195103 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Central μ-opioid receptors (MORs) modulate affective responses to physical exercise. Individuals with higher aerobic fitness report greater exercise-induced mood improvements than those with lower fitness, but the link between cardiorespiratory fitness and the MOR system remains unresolved. Here we tested whether maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) and physical activity level are associated with cerebral MOR availability and whether these phenotypes predict endogenous opioid release after a session of exercise. METHODS We studied 64 healthy lean men who performed a maximal incremental cycling test for V̇O2peak determination, completed a questionnaire assessing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; in minutes per week), and underwent positron emission tomography with [11C]carfentanil, a specific radioligand for MOR. A subset of 24 subjects underwent additional positron emission tomography scan also after a 1-h session of moderate-intensity exercise and 12 of them also after a bout of high-intensity interval training. RESULTS Higher self-reported MVPA level predicted greater opioid release after high-intensity interval training, and both V̇O2peak and MVPA level were associated with a larger decrease in cerebral MOR binding after aerobic exercise in the ventral striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula. That is, more trained individuals showed greater opioid release acutely after exercise in brain regions especially relevant for reward and cognitive processing. Fitness was not associated with MOR availability. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that regular exercise training and higher aerobic fitness may induce neuroadaptation within the MOR system, which might contribute to improved emotional and behavioral responses associated with long-term exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tuulia Malén
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND
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Popovic D, Popovic B, Seman S, Labudovic D, Lasica R, Jakovljevic DG, Arena R, Damjanovic SS. The alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone is related to heart rate during exercise recovery. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05380. [PMID: 33210000 PMCID: PMC7658700 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) is a part of the hormonal stress system with proven cardiovascular effects. Heart rate recovery (HRR) following exercise is strongly correlated to overall fitness and future adverse cardiovascular events. The current study examined the predictive value of alpha-MSH for HRR following exercise testing.Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on a treadmill was used to measure HR and oxygen consumption (V̇O2) in 16 elite male wrestlers (W), 21 water polo player (WP) and 20 sedentary subjects (C) matched for age. Plasma levels of alpha-MSH were measured by radioimmunoassay technique in four phases of CPET: 1) 10 min pre-CPET at rest; 2) at the initation of CPET; 3) at peak CPET; and 4) at the third minute of recovery. The WP group had significantly higher HRR compared to than W and C groups, who did not have significantly different values. Significant difference in alpha-MSH measurements and patterns during CPET between groups was not observed (p > 0.05). When combining all three groups, we observed a significant correlation between V̇O2 recovery and alpha-MSH recovery/peak (r = -0.3, p = 0.022). HRR and ΔHRR/peak significantly correlated with alpha-MSH at all four measurment points (r = -0.4; p < 0.01 for all). On multiple regression analysis, which included anthropometric and hormonal measures, the best independent predictor of HRR and ΔHRR/peak was alpha-MSH during recovery (B = -1.0, -0.5; SE = 0.3, 0.1; CI = -1.5 to -0.4, -0.7 to -0.2; p = 0.001 respectively). In conclusion, alpha-MSH measured during exercise recovery holds predictive value for HRR and ΔHRR/peak, suggesting a contributing role to integrative regulation of overall cardiopulmonary performance. CONDENSED ABSTRACT Present study examined the predictive value of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) for heart rate recovery (HRR) in elite male wrestlers, water polo players and sedentary subjects matched for age. Alpha-MSH measured during exercise recovery holds predictive value for HRR and ΔHRR/peak, suggesting a contributing role to integrative regulation of overall cardiopulmonary performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejana Popovic
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojana Popovic
- Divison of Endocrinology, Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefan Seman
- Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Blagoja Parovica 156, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Labudovic
- Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Blagoja Parovica 156, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ratko Lasica
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djordje G. Jakovljevic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Svetozar S. Damjanovic
- Divison of Endocrinology, Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Roelfsema F, Yang RJ, Olson TP, Joyner MJ, Takahashi PY, Veldhuis JD. Enhanced Coupling Within Gonadotropic and Adrenocorticotropic Axes by Moderate Exercise in Healthy Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2482-2490. [PMID: 28453740 PMCID: PMC5505190 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exercise elicits incompletely defined adaptations of metabolic and endocrine milieu, including the gonadotropic and corticotropic axes. OBJECTIVE To quantify the impact of acute exercise on coordinate luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol secretion in healthy men in relation to age. PARTICIPANTS AND DESIGN Prospectively randomized, within-subject crossover study in 23 men aged 19 to 77 years old. Subjects underwent rest and 30 minutes of mixed exercise at 65% of maximal aerobic capacity with 10-minute blood sampling between 7:00 am and 1:00 pm, 2 weeks apart. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incremental changes in LH, T, ACTH, and cortisol concentrations, the feedforward and feedback strength between exercise and rest, quantified by approximate entropy (ApEn), and bihormonal synchrony, quantitated by cross-ApEn. RESULTS Mean hourly exercise-minus-rest LH and ACTH increments increased from -0.055 ± 0.187 to 0.755 ± 0.245 IU/L (P = 0.003) and from 2.9 ± 2.2 to 71.2 ± 16.1 ng/L (P < 0.0001), respectively, during exercise. T and cortisol increments increased concurrently from -9.6 ± 16.7 to 47.6 ± 17.1 ng/dL (P < 0.0001) and 0.45 ± 0.76 to 7.27 ± 0.64 µg/dL (P < 0.0001), respectively. During exercise, feedforward and feedback LH-T and ACTH-cortisol cross-ApEn decreased markedly quantifying enhanced hormonal coupling. CONCLUSIONS Acute moderate mixed exercise in healthy men rapidly enhances feedforward LH-T and ACTH-cortisol coordination and reciprocal feedback within the gonadotropic and corticotropic axes. In principle, enhancement of both LH-T and ACTH-cortisol secretory synchrony by exercise could reflect augmented coupling between brain-testicular and brain-adrenal neural outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca J. Yang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Thomas P. Olson
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Michael J. Joyner
- Department of Anesthesia Research, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Paul Y. Takahashi
- Department of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Johannes D. Veldhuis
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Popovic D, Plecas-Solarovic B, Pesic V, Petrovic M, Vujisic-Tesic B, Popovic B, Ignjatovic S, Ristic A, Damjanovic SS. How does stress possibly affect cardiac remodeling? Peptides 2014; 57:20-30. [PMID: 24751938 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol and ACTH receptor polymorphism (ACTHRP) for left ventricular (LV) remodeling. Thirty-six elite male athletes, as chronic stress adaptation models, and twenty sedentary age and sex-mached subjects emabarked on standard and tissue Doppler echocardiography to assess cardiac parameters at rest. They performed maximal cardiopulmonary test, which was used as an acute stress model. ACTH and cortisol were measured at rest (10min before test), at beginning, at maximal effort, at 3rd min of recovery, using radioimmunometric and radioimmunoassey techniques, respectively. Promoter region of ACTHR gene (18p11.2) was analysed from blood samples using reverse polymerization reaction with the analysis of restriction fragment length polimorphisam by SacI restriction enzyme. Normal genotype was CTC/CTC, heterozygot for ACTHRP CTC/CCC and homozygot CCC/CCC. In all participants, ACTH and cortisol increased during acute stress, whereas in recovery ACTH increased and cortisol remained unchanged. 49/56 examiners manifested CTC/CTC, 7/56 CTC/CCC and 0/56 CCC/CCC. There was no difference in ACTHRP frequency between groups (χ(1)(2)=0.178, p=0.67). LV mass (LVM) and LV end-diastolic volume (LVVd) were higher in athletes than in controls (p<0.01) and lower in CTC/CTC than in CTC/CCC genotype (219.43±46.59(SD)g vs. 276.34±48.86(SD)g, p=0.004; 141.24±24.46(SD)ml vs. 175.29±37.07(SD)ml, p=0.002; respectively). In all participants, predictors of LVM and LVVd were ACTH at rest (B=-1.00,-0.44; β=-0.30,-0.31; p=0.026,0.012, respectively) and ACTHRP (B=56.63,34; β=0.37,0.40; p=0.003,0.001, respectively). These results demonstrate that ACTH and ACTHRP strongly predict cardiac morphology suggesting possible regulatory role of stress system activity and sensitivity in cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejana Popovic
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Bosiljka Plecas-Solarovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Pesic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Petrovic
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bosiljka Vujisic-Tesic
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojana Popovic
- Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Ignjatovic
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Arsen Ristic
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetozar S Damjanovic
- Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Popovic D, Popovic B, Plecas-Solarovic B, Pešić V, Markovic V, Stojiljkovic S, Vukcevic V, Petrovic I, Banovic M, Petrovic M, Vujisic-Tesic B, Ostojic MC, Ristic A, Damjanovic SS. The interface of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and circulating brain natriuretic peptide in prediction of cardiopulmonary performance during physical stress. Peptides 2013; 47:85-93. [PMID: 23876603 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) was implicated in the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) responses to psychological stressors. However, HPA axis activation in different physical stress models and its interface with NT-pro-BNP in the prediction of cardiopulmonary performance is unclear. Cardiopulmonary test on a treadmill was used to assess cardiopulmonary parameters in 16 elite male wrestlers (W), 21 water polo player (WP) and 20 sedentary age-matched subjects (C). Plasma levels of NT-pro-BNP, cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were measured using immunoassay sandwich technique, radioimmunoassay and radioimmunometric techniques, respectively, 10min before test (1), at beginning (2), at maximal effort (3), at 3rdmin of recovery (4). In all groups, NT-pro-BNP decreased between 1 and 2; increased from 2 to 3; and remained unchanged until 4. ACTH increased from 1 to 4, whereas cortisol increased from 1 to 3 and stayed elevated at 4. In all groups together, ΔNT-pro-BNP2/1 predicted peak oxygen consumption (B=37.40, r=0.38, p=0.007); cortisol at 3 predicted heart rate increase between 2 and 3 (r=-0.38,B=-0.06, p=0.005); cortisol at 2 predicted peak carbon-dioxide output (B=2.27, r=0.35, p<0.001); ΔACTH3/2 predicted peak ventilatory equivalent for carbon-dioxide (B=0.03, r=0.33, p=0.003). The relation of cortisol at 1 with NT-pro-BNP at 1 and 3 was demonstrated using logistic function in all the participants together (for 1/cortisol at 1 B=63.40, 58.52; r=0.41, 0.34; p=0.003, 0.013, respectively). ΔNT-pro-BNP2/1 linearly correlated with ΔACTH4/3 in WP and W (r=-0.45, -0.48; p=0.04, 0.04, respectively). These results demonstrate for the first time that HPA axis and NT-pro-BNP interface in physical stress probably contribute to integrative regulation of cardiopulmonary performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejana Popovic
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Labelle V, Bosquet L, Mekary S, Bherer L. Decline in executive control during acute bouts of exercise as a function of exercise intensity and fitness level. Brain Cogn 2013; 81:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Iranmanesh A, Rochester DF, Liu J, Veldhuis JD. Impaired adrenergic- and corticotropic-axis outflow during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Metabolism 2011; 60:1521-9. [PMID: 21632072 PMCID: PMC3181386 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Exercise stimulates coordinated release of the sympathoadrenal hormones adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (Epi). The study hypothesis was that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is marked by heightened sympathoadrenal outflow at comparable relative workloads. The location of the study was at a clinical research unit. Eight healthy men and 9 men with stable COPD (forced expiratory volume at 1 second <75% predicted) were studied. Volunteers rested (baseline) or exercised at individual submaximal (35% ± 5%) or maximal oxygen consumption. Blood was sampled every 2 minutes for 40 minutes concurrently. Two-way analysis of covariance was applied to examine group (healthy/COPD) and exercise (3 levels) effects on ACTH, cortisol, NE, and Epi release and regularity (estimable by approximate entropy). The timing of peak hormone concentrations was Epi, 14 minutes; NE, 16 minutes; ACTH, 22 minutes; and cortisol, 34 minutes in both cohorts. Type of exercise regimen influenced all 4 hormones (each P < .001), and subject group (control vs COPD) affected cortisol (P < .001) and Epi (P = .048) responses. Exercise regimen and group together controlled ACTH, cortisol, and Epi (each P < .001), but not NE, responses. In particular, endocrine responses were attenuated in COPD compared with control subjects. Approximate entropy analysis also identified loss of maximal exercise-induced ACTH-secretory regularity in COPD patients (P = .042). These outcomes demonstrate impaired rather than augmented exercise-associated sympathocorticotropic-axis outflow in patients with COPD even when outcomes are normalized to maximal oxygen consumption, suggesting that factors other than fitness are at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Iranmanesh
- Endocrine Service, Medical Section, Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salem, VA 24153
| | - Dudley F. Rochester
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22901
| | - Jing Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22901
| | - Johannes D. Veldhuis
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Corresponding author: Tel: (507) 255-0906, Fax: (507) 255-0901,
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Boecker H, Othman A, Mueckter S, Scheef L, Pensel M, Daamen M, Jankowski J, Schild H, Tölle T, Schreckenberger M. Advocating neuroimaging studies of transmitter release in human physical exercise challenges studies. Open Access J Sports Med 2010; 1:167-75. [PMID: 24198554 PMCID: PMC3781866 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective attempts to outline the emerging role of positron emission tomography (PET) ligand activation studies in human exercise research. By focusing on the endorphinergic system and its acclaimed role for exercise-induced antinociception and mood enhancement, we like to emphasize the unique potential of ligand PET applied to human athletes for uncovering the neurochemistry of exercise-induced psychophysiological phenomena. Compared with conventional approaches, in particular quantification of plasma beta-endorphin levels under exercise challenges, which are reviewed in this article, studying opioidergic effects directly in the central nervous system (CNS) with PET and relating opioidergic binding changes to neuropsychological assessments, provides a more refined and promising experimental strategy. Although a vast literature dating back to the 1980s of the last century has been able to reproducibly demonstrate peripheral increases of beta-endorphin levels after various exercise challenges, so far, these studies have failed to establish robust links between peripheral beta-endorphin levels and centrally mediated behavioral effects, ie, modulation of mood and/or pain perception. As the quantitative relation between endorphins in the peripheral blood and the CNS remains unknown, the question arises, to what extent conventional blood-based methods can inform researchers about central neurotransmitter effects. As previous studies using receptor blocking approaches have also revealed equivocal results regarding exercise effects on pain and mood processing, it is expected that PET and other functional neuroimaging applications in athletes may in future help uncover some of the hitherto unknown links between neurotransmission and psychophysiological effects related to physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Boecker
- Fe Klinische Funktionelle Neurobildgebung, radiologische Universitätsklinik, Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany
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Mossberg KA, Amonette WE, Masel BE. Endurance training and cardiorespiratory conditioning after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2010; 25:173-83. [PMID: 20473091 PMCID: PMC2885899 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0b013e3181dc98ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the importance of cardiorespiratory conditioning after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and provide recommendations for patients recovering from TBI. METHOD Review of literature assessing the effectiveness of endurance training programs. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS A sedentary lifestyle and lack of endurance are common characteristics of individuals with TBI who have a reduction in peak aerobic capacity of 25% to 30% compared with healthy sedentary persons. Increased physical activity and exercise training improves cardiorespiratory fitness in many populations with physical and cognitive impairments. Therefore, increasing the endurance and cardiorespiratory fitness of persons with TBI would seem to have important health implications. However, review of the TBI literature reveals that there have been few well-designed, well-controlled studies of physiologic and psychological adaptations of fitness training. Also lacking are long-term follow-up studies of persons with TBI. CONCLUSIONS Assessing endurance capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness early in the TBI rehabilitation process merits consideration as a standard of care by professional rehabilitation societies. Also, providing effective, safe, and accessible training modalities would seem to be an important consideration for persons with TBI, given the mobility impairments many possess. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of cardiorespiratory training programs on overall morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Mossberg
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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Cinar V, Cakmakci O, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci AK. Effects of exhaustion and calcium supplementation on adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels in athletes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009; 127:1-5. [PMID: 18797825 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-008-8217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the effects of strenuous exercise and calcium supplementation on cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels in athletes at rest and exhaustion. Thirty male athletes, ages 17-21 years, were enrolled in the 4-week study. They were divided into three groups as follows: group 1 (n = 10): training without supplementation; group 2 (n = 10): training and calcium supplemented, and group 3 (n = 10): calcium supplemented without training. Venous blood samples were obtained for determination of the hormones. One-month supplementation with calcium does not influence the cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone in athletes, but strenuous exercise results in a significant increase in their levels with or without supplementation (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedat Cinar
- High School of Physical Education and Sport, Karaman, Turkey.
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12
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Bender T, Polner K, Barna I, Géher P, Boke M, Haris A. Effect of plasmapheresis on serum beta-endorphin levels. Blood Purif 2005; 23:141-3. [PMID: 15668524 DOI: 10.1159/000083587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the effects of plasmapheresis on serum beta-endorphin (BE) levels. METHOD The serum BE levels of 12 patients with various autoimmune or hematological disorders were monitored during plasmapheresis therapy. RESULTS BE levels increased after the initial session in 8 of 12 patients; in the remaining 4 patients no change (n = 2) or a decline (n = 2) in BE levels was found. However, no further changes were observed during subsequent therapy. During the last session, an elevation in the BE level was detected in 5 patients, with no change in 1 and a decrease in BE level in another 5 patients. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that although plasmapheresis results in an elevation in serum BE levels initially, this change does not persist during subsequent sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Bender
- Polyclinic, Hospitaller Brothers of St. John of God, Budapest, Hungary.
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Lindh-Astrand L, Nedstrand E, Wyon Y, Hammar M. Vasomotor symptoms and quality of life in previously sedentary postmenopausal women randomised to physical activity or estrogen therapy. Maturitas 2004; 48:97-105. [PMID: 15172083 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5122(03)00187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2002] [Revised: 04/03/2003] [Accepted: 04/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess if regular physical exercise or oral oestradiol therapy decreased vasomotor symptoms and increased quality of life in previously sedentary postmenopausal women. SETTING A prospective, randomised trial at a University Hospital. METHODS 75 postmenopausal, sedentary women with vasomotor symptoms were randomised to: exercise three-times weekly over 12 weeks (15 women), oral oestradiol therapy for 12 weeks (15 women) and 45 women to three other treatment arms. Results from the exercise and oestradiol groups are presented here. The effects on vasomotor symptoms and wellbeing were assessed with logbooks and validated questionnaires. RESULTS Ten women fulfilled 12 weeks of exercise. The number of flushes was rather unchanged in five women and decreased to 28% (range 18-42%) of baseline in the other five women. Five of the ten women continued to exercise another 24 weeks, thus in all 36 weeks. The mean number of flushes decreased by about 50% in these five women (from 6.2/24 to 3.2 flushes/24 h at 36 weeks). In the same group a score made as the product of reduction in number and severity of flushes decreased by 92% at 12 weeks, 75% at 24 weeks and 72% at 36 weeks compared with baseline. In the estrogen group flushes decreased from 8.4 to 0.8 (P<0.001) after 12 weeks of therapy and remained at this level after 36 weeks. Well-being according to different measurements improved significantly in both groups, albeit more markedly in the estrogen group. CONCLUSIONS Apart from many other health benefits regular physical exercise may decrease vasomotor symptoms and increase quality of life in postmenopausal women, but this has to be further evaluated scientifically. Exercise should be introduced gradually to ensure compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Lindh-Astrand
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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