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Feng Y, Chen X, Zhang XD, Huang C. Metabolic Pathway Pairwise-Based Signature as a Potential Non-Invasive Diagnostic Marker in Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1285. [PMID: 37372465 PMCID: PMC10298314 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder. Early screening, particularly in blood plasma, has been demonstrated as a promising approach to the diagnosis and prevention of AD. In addition, metabolic dysfunction has been demonstrated to be closely related to AD, which might be reflected in the whole blood transcriptome. Hence, we hypothesized that the establishment of a diagnostic model based on the metabolic signatures of blood is a workable strategy. To that end, we initially constructed metabolic pathway pairwise (MPP) signatures to characterize the interplay among metabolic pathways. Then, a series of bioinformatic methodologies, e.g., differential expression analysis, functional enrichment analysis, network analysis, etc., were used to investigate the molecular mechanism behind AD. Moreover, an unsupervised clustering analysis based on the MPP signature profile via the Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) algorithm was utilized to stratify AD patients. Finally, aimed at distinguishing AD patients from non-AD groups, a metabolic pathway-pairwise scoring system (MPPSS) was established using multi-machine learning methods. As a result, many metabolic pathways correlated to AD were disclosed, including oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid biosynthesis, etc. NMF clustering analysis divided AD patients into two subgroups (S1 and S2), which exhibit distinct activities of metabolism and immunity. Typically, oxidative phosphorylation in S2 exhibits a lower activity than that in S1 and non-AD group, suggesting the patients in S2 might possess a more compromised brain metabolism. Additionally, immune infiltration analysis showed that the patients in S2 might have phenomena of immune suppression compared with S1 and the non-AD group. These findings indicated that S2 probably has a more severe progression of AD. Finally, MPPSS could achieve an AUC of 0.73 (95%CI: 0.70, 0.77) in the training dataset, 0.71 (95%CI: 0.65, 0.77) in the testing dataset, and an AUC of 0.99 (95%CI: 0.96, 1.00) in one external validation dataset. Overall, our study successfully established a novel metabolism-based scoring system for AD diagnosis using the blood transcriptome and provided new insight into the molecular mechanism of metabolic dysfunction implicated in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwen Feng
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China; (Y.F.); (X.C.)
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China; (Y.F.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiaohua Douglas Zhang
- Department of Biostatitics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Chen Huang
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China; (Y.F.); (X.C.)
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Wang H, Zhang L, Xia Z, Cui JY. Effect of Chronic Cadmium Exposure on Brain and Liver Transporters and Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Male and Female Mice Genetically Predisposed to Alzheimer's Disease. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1414-1428. [PMID: 35878927 PMCID: PMC9513859 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) exposure is associated with increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risks. The human Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene encodes a lipid-transporting protein that is critical for brain functions. Compared with ApoE2 and E3, ApoE4 is associated with increased AD risk. Xenobiotic biotransformation-related genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. However, little is known about the effects of Cd, ApoE, and sex on drug-processing genes. We investigated the Cd-ApoE interaction on the transcriptomic changes in the brains and livers of ApoE3/ApoE4 transgenic mice. Cd disrupts the transcriptomes of transporter and drug-processing genes in brain and liver in a sex- and ApoE-genotype-specific manner. Proinflammation related genes were enriched in livers of Cd-exposed ApoE4 males, whereas circadian rhythm and lipid metabolism related genes were enriched in livers of Cd-exposed ApoE3 females. In brains, Cd up-regulated the arachidonic acid-metabolizing Cyp2j isoforms only in the brains of ApoE3 mice, whereas the dysregulation of cation transporters was male-specific. In livers, several direct target genes of the major xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor were uniquely upregulated in Cd-exposed ApoE4 males. There was a female-specific hepatic upregulation of the steroid hormone-metabolizing Cyp2 isoforms and the bile acid synthetic enzyme Cyp7a1 by Cd exposure. The dysregulated liver transporters were mostly involved in intermediary metabolism, with the most significant response observed in ApoE3 females. In conclusion, Cd dysregulated the brain and liver drug-processing genes in a sex- and ApoE-genotype specific manner, and this may serve as a contributing factor for the variance in the susceptibility to Cd neurotoxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Xenobiotic biotransformation plays an important role in modulating the toxicity of environmental pollutants. The human ApoE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for AD, and cadmium (Cd) is increasingly recognized as an environmental factor of AD. Very little is known regarding the interactions between Cd exposure, sex, and the genes involved in xenobiotic biotransformation in brain and liver. The present study has addressed this critical knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Zhengui Xia
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Zhang A, Matsushita M, Zhang L, Wang H, Shi X, Gu H, Xia Z, Cui JY. Cadmium exposure modulates the gut-liver axis in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1398. [PMID: 34912029 PMCID: PMC8674298 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) variant is the strongest known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cadmium (Cd) has been shown to impair learning and memory at a greater extent in humanized ApoE4 knock-in (ApoE4-KI) mice as compared to ApoE3 (common allele)-KI mice. Here, we determined how cadmium interacts with ApoE4 gene variants to modify the gut-liver axis. Large intestinal content bacterial 16S rDNA sequencing, serum lipid metabolomics, and hepatic transcriptomics were analyzed in ApoE3- and ApoE4-KI mice orally exposed to vehicle, a low dose, or a high dose of Cd in drinking water. ApoE4-KI males had the most prominent changes in their gut microbiota, as well as a predicted down-regulation of many essential microbial pathways involved in nutrient and energy homeostasis. In the host liver, cadmium-exposed ApoE4-KI males had the most differentially regulated pathways; specifically, there was enrichment in several pathways involved in platelet activation and drug metabolism. In conclusion, Cd exposure profoundly modified the gut-liver axis in the most susceptible mouse strain to neurological damage namely the ApoE4-KI males, evidenced by an increase in microbial AD biomarkers, reduction in energy supply-related pathways in gut and blood, and an increase in hepatic pathways involved in inflammation and xenobiotic biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megumi Matsushita
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaojian Shi
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Zhengui Xia
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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4
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Sarangi SC, Sopory P, Reeta KH. Chronic Neurological Disorders: Genetic and Epigenetic Markers for Monitoring of Pharmacotherapy. Neurol India 2021; 69:252-259. [PMID: 33904433 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.314522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Chronic neurological diseases are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. With increasing life expectancy in the developing world, the incidence and prevalence of these diseases are predicted to rise even further. This has also contributed to an increase in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for noncommunicable diseases. Treatment for such diseases also poses a challenge with multiple genetic and epigenetic factors leading to a varied outcome. Personalization of treatment is one way that treatment outcome/prognosis of disease can be improved, and pharmacogenomics plays a significant role in this context. Methodology This article reviewed the evidence pertaining to the association of genetic and epigenetic markers with major neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), which are a major source of burden among neurological disorders. Types of studies included are peer-reviewed original research articles from the PubMed database (1999-2018). Results This study compiled data regarding specific genetic and epigenetic markers with a significant correlation between the clinical diagnosis of the disease and prognosis of therapy from 65 studies. In a single platform, this review highlights the clues to some vital questions, such as why interferon beta (IFN-β) therapy fails to improve symptoms in all MS patients? why cholinesterase inhibitors fail to improve cognitive impairment in a subset of people suffering from AD? or why some individuals on levodopa (L-DOPA) for PD suffer from side-effects ranging from dyskinesia to hallucination while others do not? Conclusion This article summarizes the genetic and epigenetic factors that may either require monitoring or help in deciding future pharmacotherapy in a patient suffering from MS, AD, and PD. As the health care system develops and reaches newer heights, we expect more and more of these biomarkers to be used as pharmacotherapeutic outcome indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pranav Sopory
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - K H Reeta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Teijido O, Cacabelos R. Pharmacoepigenomic Interventions as Novel Potential Treatments for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3199. [PMID: 30332838 PMCID: PMC6213964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders affect one billion people around the world and result from a combination of genomic, epigenomic, metabolic, and environmental factors. Diagnosis at late stages of disease progression, limited knowledge of gene biomarkers and molecular mechanisms of the pathology, and conventional compounds based on symptomatic rather than mechanistic features, determine the lack of success of current treatments, including current FDA-approved conventional drugs. The epigenetic approach opens new avenues for the detection of early presymptomatic pathological events that would allow the implementation of novel strategies in order to stop or delay the pathological process. The reversibility and potential restoring of epigenetic aberrations along with their potential use as targets for pharmacological and dietary interventions sited the use of epidrugs as potential novel candidates for successful treatments of multifactorial disorders involving neurodegeneration. This manuscript includes a description of the most relevant epigenetic mechanisms involved in the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders worldwide, as well as the main potential epigenetic-based compounds under investigation for treatment of those disorders and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Teijido
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, 15165 La Coruña, Spain.
| | - Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, 15165 La Coruña, Spain.
- Chair of Genomic Medicine, Continental University Medical School, Huancayo 12000, Peru.
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Cacabelos R, Lombardi V, Fernández-Novoa L, Carrera I, Cacabelos P, Corzo L, Carril JC, Teijido O. Basic and Clinical Studies With Marine LipoFishins and Vegetal Favalins in Neurodegeneration and Age-Related Disorders. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64179-3.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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7
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Šimić G, Babić Leko M, Wray S, Harrington CR, Delalle I, Jovanov-Milošević N, Bažadona D, Buée L, de Silva R, Di Giovanni G, Wischik CM, Hof PR. Monoaminergic neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 151:101-138. [PMID: 27084356 PMCID: PMC5061605 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
None of the proposed mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) fully explains the distribution patterns of the neuropathological changes at the cellular and regional levels, and their clinical correlates. One aspect of this problem lies in the complex genetic, epigenetic, and environmental landscape of AD: early-onset AD is often familial with autosomal dominant inheritance, while the vast majority of AD cases are late-onset, with the ε4 variant of the gene encoding apolipoprotein E (APOE) known to confer a 5-20 fold increased risk with partial penetrance. Mechanisms by which genetic variants and environmental factors influence the development of AD pathological changes, especially neurofibrillary degeneration, are not yet known. Here we review current knowledge of the involvement of the monoaminergic systems in AD. The changes in the serotonergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, histaminergic, and melatonergic systems in AD are briefly described. We also summarize the possibilities for monoamine-based treatment in AD. Besides neuropathologic AD criteria that include the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), special emphasis is given to the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Both of these brainstem nuclei are among the first to be affected by tau protein abnormalities in the course of sporadic AD, causing behavioral and cognitive symptoms of variable severity. The possibility that most of the tangle-bearing neurons of the LC and DRN may release amyloid β as well as soluble monomeric or oligomeric tau protein trans-synaptically by their diffuse projections to the cerebral cortex emphasizes their selective vulnerability and warrants further investigations of the monoaminergic systems in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Selina Wray
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Ivana Delalle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nataša Jovanov-Milošević
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danira Bažadona
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luc Buée
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Rohan de Silva
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Claude M Wischik
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Miranda LF, Gomes KB, Tito PA, Silveira JN, Pianetti GA, Byrro RM, Peles PR, Pereira FH, Santos TR, Assini AG, Ribeiro VV, Moraes EN, Caramelli P. Clinical Response to Donepezil in Mild and Moderate Dementia: Relationship to Drug Plasma Concentration and CYP2D6 and APOE Genetic Polymorphisms. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 55:539-549. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luís F.J.R. Miranda
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Karina B. Gomes
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Pedro A.L. Tito
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Josianne N. Silveira
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Gerson A. Pianetti
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Ricardo M.D. Byrro
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Patrícia R.H. Peles
- Serviço de Neurologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Fernando H. Pereira
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Thiago R. Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Arthur G. Assini
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Valéria V. Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Edgar N. Moraes
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
- Serviço de Geriatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
- Serviço de Neurologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
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9
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Šimić G, Babić Leko M, Wray S, Harrington C, Delalle I, Jovanov-Milošević N, Bažadona D, Buée L, de Silva R, Di Giovanni G, Wischik C, Hof PR. Tau Protein Hyperphosphorylation and Aggregation in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Tauopathies, and Possible Neuroprotective Strategies. Biomolecules 2016; 6:6. [PMID: 26751493 PMCID: PMC4808800 DOI: 10.3390/biom6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal deposition of misprocessed and aggregated proteins is a common final pathway of most neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is characterized by the extraneuronal deposition of the amyloid β (Aβ) protein in the form of plaques and the intraneuronal aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau in the form of filaments. Based on the biochemically diverse range of pathological tau proteins, a number of approaches have been proposed to develop new potential therapeutics. Here we discuss some of the most promising ones: inhibition of tau phosphorylation, proteolysis and aggregation, promotion of intra- and extracellular tau clearance, and stabilization of microtubules. We also emphasize the need to achieve a full understanding of the biological roles and post-translational modifications of normal tau, as well as the molecular events responsible for selective neuronal vulnerability to tau pathology and its propagation. It is concluded that answering key questions on the relationship between Aβ and tau pathology should lead to a better understanding of the nature of secondary tauopathies, especially AD, and open new therapeutic targets and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Selina Wray
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Charles Harrington
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Ivana Delalle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston 02118, MA, USA.
| | - Nataša Jovanov-Milošević
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Danira Bažadona
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Luc Buée
- Laboratory Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Université Lille and INSERM U1172, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Lille 59045, France.
| | - Rohan de Silva
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta.
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - Claude Wischik
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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10
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Lardenoije R, Iatrou A, Kenis G, Kompotis K, Steinbusch HWM, Mastroeni D, Coleman P, Lemere CA, Hof PR, van den Hove DLA, Rutten BPF. The epigenetics of aging and neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:21-64. [PMID: 26072273 PMCID: PMC6477921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is a quickly growing field encompassing mechanisms regulating gene expression that do not involve changes in the genotype. Epigenetics is of increasing relevance to neuroscience, with epigenetic mechanisms being implicated in brain development and neuronal differentiation, as well as in more dynamic processes related to cognition. Epigenetic regulation covers multiple levels of gene expression; from direct modifications of the DNA and histone tails, regulating the level of transcription, to interactions with messenger RNAs, regulating the level of translation. Importantly, epigenetic dysregulation currently garners much attention as a pivotal player in aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, where it may mediate interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors, or directly interact with disease-specific pathological factors. We review current knowledge about the major epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and DNA demethylation, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs, as well as the involvement of these mechanisms in normal aging and in the pathophysiology of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we examine the current state of epigenetics-based therapeutic strategies for these diseases, which either aim to restore the epigenetic homeostasis or skew it to a favorable direction to counter disease pathology. Finally, methodological challenges of epigenetic investigations and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lardenoije
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Artemis Iatrou
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos Kompotis
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Mastroeni
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Paul Coleman
- L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel L A van den Hove
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Fuechsleinstrasse 15, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Cacabelos R, Torrellas C, Carrera I. Opportunities in pharmacogenomics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.15.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In Alzheimer's disease (AD), approximately 10–20% of direct costs are associated with pharmacological treatment. Pharmacogenomics account for 30–90% variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Genes potentially involved in the pharmacogenomics outcome include pathogenic, mechanistic, metabolic, transporter and pleiotropic genes. Over 75% of the Caucasian population is defective for the CYP2D6+2C9+2C19 cluster. Polymorphic variants in the APOE-TOMM40 region influence AD pharmacogenomics. APOE-4 carriers are the worst responders and APOE-3 carriers are the best responders to conventional treatments. TOMM40 poly T-S/S carriers are the best responders, VL/VL and S/VL carriers are intermediate responders and L/L carriers are the worst responders. The haplotype 4/4-L/L is probably responsible for early onset of the disease, a faster cognitive decline and a poor response to different treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Camilo José Cela University, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692-Madrid, Spain
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science & Genomic Medicine, Corunna, Spain
| | - Clara Torrellas
- Camilo José Cela University, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692-Madrid, Spain
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science & Genomic Medicine, Corunna, Spain
| | - Iván Carrera
- Camilo José Cela University, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692-Madrid, Spain
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science & Genomic Medicine, Corunna, Spain
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12
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Pharmacogenetics of Neurodegenerative Disorders. ADVANCES IN PREDICTIVE, PREVENTIVE AND PERSONALISED MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15344-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Alzheimer's disease and epigenetic diet. Neurochem Int 2014; 78:105-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is assumed that epigenetic modifications are reversible and could potentially be targeted by pharmacological and dietary interventions. Epigenetic drugs are gaining particular interest as potential candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AREAS COVERED This article covers relevant information from over 50 different epigenetic drugs including: DNA methyltransferase inhibitors; histone deacetylase inhibitors; histone acetyltransferase modulators; histone methyltransferase inhibitors; histone demethylase inhibitors; non-coding RNAs (microRNAs) and dietary regimes. The authors also review the pharmacoepigenomics and the pharmacogenomics of epigenetic drugs. The readers will gain insight into i) the classification of epigenetic drugs; ii) the mechanisms by which these drugs might be useful in AD; iii) the pharmacological properties of selected epigenetic drugs; iv) pharmacoepigenomics and the influence of epigenetic drugs on genes encoding CYP enzymes, transporters and nuclear receptors; and v) the genes associated with the pharmacogenomics of anti-dementia drugs. EXPERT OPINION Epigenetic drugs reverse epigenetic changes in gene expression and might open future avenues in AD therapeutics. Unfortunately, clinical trials with this category of drugs are lacking in AD. The authors highlight the need for pharmacogenetic and pharmacoepigenetic studies to properly evaluate any efficacy and safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Professor,Camilo José Cela University, Chair of Genomic Medicine , Madrid , Spain
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15
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Cacabelos R, Cacabelos P, Torrellas C, Tellado I, Carril JC. Pharmacogenomics of Alzheimer's disease: novel therapeutic strategies for drug development. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1175:323-556. [PMID: 25150875 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major problem of health and disability, with a relevant economic impact on our society. Despite important advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, its primary causes still remain elusive, accurate biomarkers are not well characterized, and the available pharmacological treatments are not cost-effective. As a complex disorder, AD is a polygenic and multifactorial clinical entity in which hundreds of defective genes distributed across the human genome may contribute to its pathogenesis. Diverse environmental factors, cerebrovascular dysfunction, and epigenetic phenomena, together with structural and functional genomic dysfunctions, lead to amyloid deposition, neurofibrillary tangle formation, and premature neuronal death, the major neuropathological hallmarks of AD. Future perspectives for the global management of AD predict that genomics and proteomics may help in the search for reliable biomarkers. In practical terms, the therapeutic response to conventional drugs (cholinesterase inhibitors, multifactorial strategies) is genotype-specific. Genomic factors potentially involved in AD pharmacogenomics include at least five categories of gene clusters: (1) genes associated with disease pathogenesis; (2) genes associated with the mechanism of action of drugs; (3) genes associated with drug metabolism (phase I and II reactions); (4) genes associated with drug transporters; and (5) pleiotropic genes involved in multifaceted cascades and metabolic reactions. The implementation of pharmacogenomic strategies will contribute to optimize drug development and therapeutics in AD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain,
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16
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Cacabelos R, Cacabelos P, Torrellas C. Personalized Medicine of Alzheimer’s Disease. HANDBOOK OF PHARMACOGENOMICS AND STRATIFIED MEDICINE 2014. [PMCID: PMC7149555 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386882-4.00027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major problem of health and disability, with a relevant economic impact on society (e.g., €177 billion in Europe). Despite important advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, The primary causes of AD remain elusive, accurate biomarkers are not well characterized, and available pharmacological treatments are not cost-effective. As a complex disorder, AD is polygenic and multifactorial: hundreds of defective genes distributed across the human genome may contribute to its pathogenesis (with the participation of diverse environmental factors, cerebrovascular dysfunction, and epigenetic phenomena) and lead to amyloid deposition, neurofibrillary tangle formation, and premature neuronal death. Future perspectives for the global management of AD predict that structural and functional genomics and proteomics may help in the search for reliable biomarkers, and that pharmacogenomics may be an option in optimizing drug development and therapeutics.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave C. Anderson
- Center for Advanced Drug Research; SRI International; 140 Research Drive; Harrisonburg; Virginia; 22802; USA
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18
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Cacabelos R, Cacabelos P, Aliev G. Genomics of schizophrenia and pharmacogenomics of antipsychotic drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpsych.2013.31008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Barber RC. The genetics of Alzheimer's disease. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:246210. [PMID: 24278680 PMCID: PMC3820554 DOI: 10.6064/2012/246210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease that represents a growing global health crisis. Two major forms of the disease exist: early onset (familial) and late onset (sporadic). Early onset Alzheimer's is rare, accounting for less than 5% of disease burden. It is inherited in Mendelian dominant fashion and is caused by mutations in three genes (APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2). Late onset Alzheimer's is common among individuals over 65 years of age. Heritability of this form of the disease is high (79%), but the etiology is driven by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. A large number of genes have been implicated in the development of late onset Alzheimer's. Examples that have been confirmed by multiple studies include ABCA7, APOE, BIN1, CD2AP, CD33, CLU, CR1, EPHA1, MS4A4A/MS4A4E/MS4A6E, PICALM, and SORL1. Despite tremendous progress over the past three decades, roughly half of the heritability for the late onset of the disease remains unidentified. Finding the remaining genetic factors that contribute to the development of late onset Alzheimer's disease holds the potential to provide novel targets for treatment and prevention, leading to the development of effective strategies to combat this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Barber
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center; Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine; EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University; Bergondo; Corunna; Spain
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21
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Cacabelos R, Martínez R, Fernández-Novoa L, Carril JC, Lombardi V, Carrera I, Corzo L, Tellado I, Leszek J, McKay A, Takeda M. Genomics of Dementia: APOE- and CYP2D6-Related Pharmacogenetics. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:518901. [PMID: 22482072 PMCID: PMC3312254 DOI: 10.1155/2012/518901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a major problem of health in developed societies. Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia, and mixed dementia account for over 90% of the most prevalent forms of dementia. Both genetic and environmental factors are determinant for the phenotypic expression of dementia. AD is a complex disorder in which many different gene clusters may be involved. Most genes screened to date belong to different proteomic and metabolomic pathways potentially affecting AD pathogenesis. The ε4 variant of the APOE gene seems to be a major risk factor for both degenerative and vascular dementia. Metabolic factors, cerebrovascular disorders, and epigenetic phenomena also contribute to neurodegeneration. Five categories of genes are mainly involved in pharmacogenomics: genes associated with disease pathogenesis, genes associated with the mechanism of action of a particular drug, genes associated with phase I and phase II metabolic reactions, genes associated with transporters, and pleiotropic genes and/or genes associated with concomitant pathologies. The APOE and CYP2D6 genes have been extensively studied in AD. The therapeutic response to conventional drugs in patients with AD is genotype specific, with CYP2D6-PMs, CYP2D6-UMs, and APOE-4/4 carriers acting as the worst responders. APOE and CYP2D6 may cooperate, as pleiotropic genes, in the metabolism of drugs and hepatic function. The introduction of pharmacogenetic procedures into AD pharmacological treatment may help to optimize therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Rocío Martínez
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández-Novoa
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Juan C. Carril
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Valter Lombardi
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Iván Carrera
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Lola Corzo
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Iván Tellado
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Wroclaw, Pasteura 10, 50-229 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam McKay
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Chair of Biotechnology and Genomics, Camilo José Cela University, 15165 Bergondo, Spain
| | - Masatoshi Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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22
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Epigenetic programming of neurodegenerative diseases by an adverse environment. Brain Res 2012; 1444:96-111. [PMID: 22330722 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Experience and environment can critically influence the risk and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as miRNA expression, DNA methylation, and histone modifications, readily respond to experience and environmental factors. Here we propose that epigenetic regulation of gene expression and environmental modulation thereof may play a key role in the onset and course of common neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. For example, epigenetic mechanisms may mediate long-term responses to adverse experience, such as stress, to affect disease susceptibility and the course of neurodegenerative events. This review introduces the epigenetic components and their possible role in mediating neuropathological processes in response to stress. We argue that epigenetic modifications will affect neurodegenerative events through altered gene function. The study of epigenetic states in neurodegenerative diseases presents an opportunity to gain new insights into risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms. Moreover, research into epigenetic regulation of disease may revolutionize health care by opening new avenues of personalized, preventive and curative medicine.
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23
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Muliyala KP, Varghese M. The complex relationship between depression and dementia. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2011; 13:S69-73. [PMID: 21369421 PMCID: PMC3039168 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.74248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia and depression are mental health problems that are commonly encountered in neuropsychiatric practice in the elderly. Approximately, half of the patients with late-onset depression have cognitive impairment. The prevalence of depression in dementias has been reported to be between 9 and 68%. Depression has been both proposed to be a risk factor for dementia as well as a prodrome of dementia. This article is a selective literature review of the complex relationship between the two conditions covering definitions, epidemiology, related concepts, treatment, and emerging biomarkers. The methodological issues and the mechanisms underlying the relationship are also highlighted. The relationship between the two disorders is far from conclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Prasad Muliyala
- Geriatric Clinic and Services, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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24
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Future Trends in the Pharmacogenomics of Brain Disorders and Dementia: Influence of APOE and CYP2D6 Variants. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010. [PMCID: PMC4034082 DOI: 10.3390/ph3103040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
About 80% of functional genes in the human genome are expressed in the brain and over 1,200 different genes have been associated with the pathogenesis of CNS disorders and dementia. Pharmacogenetic studies of psychotropic drug response have focused on determining the relationship between variations in specific candidate genes and the positive and adverse effects of drug treatment. Approximately, 18% of neuroleptics are substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 40% of CYP2D6, and 23% of CYP3A4; 24% of antidepressants are substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 5% of CYP2B6, 38% of CYP2C19, 85% of CYP2D6, and 38% of CYP3A4; 7% of benzodiazepines are substrates of CYP2C19 enzymes, 20% of CYP2D6, and 95% of CYP3A4. 10-20% of Western populations are defective in genes of the CYP superfamily; and the pharmacogenomic response of psychotropic drugs also depends on genetic variants associated with dementia. Prospective studies with anti-dementia drugs or with multifactorial strategies have revealed that the therapeutic response to conventional drugs in Alzheimer’s disease is genotype-specific. The disease-modifying effects (cognitive performance, biomarker modification) of therapeutic intervention are APOE-dependent, with APOE-4 carriers acting as the worst responders (APOE-3/3 > APOE-3/4 > APOE-4/4). APOE-CYP2D6 interactions also influence the therapeutic outcome in patients with dementia.
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Abstract
Dementia is a major problem of health in developed countries, and a prototypical paradigm of chronic disability, high cost, and social-family burden. Approximately, 10-20% of direct costs in this kind of neuropathology are related to pharmacological treatment, with a moderate responder rate below 30% and questionable cost-effectiveness. Over 200 different genes have been associated with the pathogenesis of dementia. Studies on structural and functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics have revealed the paramount importance of these novel technologies for the understanding of pathogenic cascades and the prediction of therapeutic outcomes in dementia. About 10-30% of Western populations are defective in genes of the CYP superfamily. The most frequent CYP2D6 variants in the Iberian peninsula are the *1/*1 (57.84%), *1/*4 (22.78%), *1×N/*1 (6.10%), *4/*4 (2.56%), and *1/*3 (2.01%) genotypes, accounting for more than 80% of the population. The frequency of extensive (EMs), intermediate (IMs), poor (PMs), and ultra-rapid metabolizers (UMs) is about 59.51%, 29,78%, 4.46%, and 6.23%, respectively, in the general population, and 57.76, 31.05%, 5.27%, and 5.90%, respectively, in AD cases. The construction of a genetic map integrating the most prevalent CYP2D6+CYP2C19+CYP2C9 polymorphic variants in a trigenic cluster yields 82 different haplotype-like profiles, with *1*1-*1*1-*1*1 (25.70%), *1*1-*1*2-*1*2 (10.66%), *1*1-*1*1-*1*1 (10.45%), *1*4-*1*1-*1*1 (8.09%), *1*4-*1*2-*1*1 (4.91%), *1*4-*1*1-*1*2 (4.65%), and *1*1-*1*3-*1*3 (4.33%), as the most frequent genotypes. Only 26.51% of AD patients show a pure 3EM phenotype, 15.29% are 2EM1IM, 2.04% are pure 3IM, 0% are pure 3PM, and 0% are 1UM2PM. EMs and IMs are the best responders, and PMs and UMs are the worst responders to a combination therapy with cholinesterase inhibitors, neuroprotectants, and vasoactive substances. The pharmacogenetic response in AD appears to be dependent upon the networking activity of genes involved in drug metabolism and genes involved in AD pathogenesis (e.g., APOE). AD patients harboring the APOE-4/4 genotypes are the worst responders to conventional antidementia drugs. To achieve a mature discipline of pharmacogenomics in CNS disorders and dementia it would be convenient to accelerate the following processes: (i) to educate physicians and the public on the use of genetic/genomic screening in daily clinical practice; (ii) to standardize genetic testing for major categories of drugs; (iii) to validate pharmacogenomic information according to drug category and pathology; (iv) to regulate ethical, social, and economic issues; and (v) to incorporate pharmacogenomic procedures both to drugs in development and drugs on the market in order to optimize therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Coruña, Spain.
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26
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Cacabelos R. Pharmacogenomics and therapeutic strategies for dementia. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:567-611. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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27
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Harrill AH, Rusyn I. Systems biology and functional genomics approaches for the identification of cellular responses to drug toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 4:1379-89. [PMID: 18950280 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.11.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Extensive growth in the field of molecular biology in recent decades has led to the development of new and powerful experimental and computational tools that enable the analysis of complex biological responses to chemical exposure on both a functional and structural genetic level. The ability to profile global responses on a transcriptional level has become a valuable resource in the science of toxicology and attempts are now being made to further understand toxicity mechanisms by incorporating metabolomics and proteomics approaches. In addition, recent progress in understanding the extent of the genetic diversity within and between species allows us to take a fresh look at research on genetic polymorphisms that may influence an individual's susceptibility to toxicity. Whereas new technologies have the potential to make a sizeable impact on our understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity, considerable challenges remain to be addressed, especially with regard to the regulatory acceptance and successful integration of omics data. This review highlights recent advancements in the application of functional and structural genomics techniques to chemical hazard identification and characterization, and to the understanding of the interindividual differences in susceptibility to adverse drug reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Hege Harrill
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 0031 Michael Hooker Research Center, Curriculum in Toxicology, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Ritsner MS. Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatry: The Path to Personalized Medicine in Mental Disorders. THE HANDBOOK OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC BIOMARKERS, ENDOPHENOTYPES AND GENES 2009. [PMCID: PMC7115027 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2298-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders and dementia represent a major cause of disability and high cost in developed societies. Most disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) share some common features, such as a genomic background in which hundreds of genes might be involved, genome-environment interactions, complex pathogenic pathways, poor therapeutic outcomes, and chronic disability. Recent advances in genomic medicine can contribute to accelerate our understanding on the pathogenesis of CNS disorders, improve diagnostic accuracy with the introduction of novel biomarkers, and personalize therapeutics with the incorporation of pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic procedures to drug development and clinical practice. The pharmacological treatment of CNS disorders, in general, accounts for 10–20% of direct costs, and less than 30–40% of the patients are moderate responders to conventional drugs, some of which may cause important adverse drugs reactions (ADRs). Pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic factors may account for 60–90% of drug variability in drug disposition and pharmacodynamics. Approximately 60–80% of CNS drugs are metabolized via enzymes of the CYP gene superfamily; 18% of neuroleptics are major substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 40% of CYP2D6, and 23% of CYP3A4; 24% of antidepressants are major substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 5% of CYP2B6, 38% of CYP2C19, 85% of CYP2D6, and 38% of CYP3A4; 7% of benzodiazepines are major substrates of CYP2C19 enzymes, 20% of CYP2D6, and 95% of CYP3A4. About 10–20% of Caucasians are carriers of defective CYP2D6 polymorphic variants that alter the metabolism of many psychotropic agents. Other 100 genes participate in the efficacy and safety of psychotropic drugs. The incorporation of pharmacogenetic/ pharmacogenomic protocols to CNS research and clinical practice can foster therapeutics optimization by helping to develop cost-effective pharmaceuticals and improving drug efficacy and safety. To achieve this goal several measures have to be taken, including: (a) educate physicians and the public on the use of genetic/ genomic screening in the daily clinical practice; (b) standardize genetic testing for major categories of drugs; (c) validate pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic procedures according to drug category and pathology; (d) regulate ethical, social, and economic issues; and (e) incorporate pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic procedures to both drugs in development and drugs in the market to optimize therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Ritsner
- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, ,Sha'ar Menashe Mental Health Center, Hadera, Israel
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Gupta M, Kaur H, Grover S, Kukreti R. Pharmacogenomics and treatment for dementia induced by Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 9:895-903. [DOI: 10.2217/14622416.9.7.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics is the study of interindividual genetic variability, which plays a significant role in defining drug response and toxicity. As research has graduated from studying single candidate genes to whole-genome scans, pharmacogenomics is beginning to make its impact on the therapeutics of complex CNS disorders, such as schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive complex disorder, where genetic predisposition interacts with environmental factors. With conventional therapeutics only providing symptomatic treatment, the current focus of the pharmaceutical industry is on novel strategies with an etiopathogenic orientation. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge of pathogenetic mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease, with a focus on the known relevant molecules and the potential of pharmacogenomics in translating this knowledge of human genome variability into efficacious and safer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenal Gupta
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Mall Road, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Mall Road, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Mall Road, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Mall Road, Delhi 110 007, India
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