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Li C, Li T, Tian X, An W, Wang Z, Han B, Tao H, Wang J, Wang X. Research progress on the PEGylation of therapeutic proteins and peptides (TPPs). Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1353626. [PMID: 38523641 PMCID: PMC10960368 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1353626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of genetic and protein engineering, proteins and peptides have emerged as promising drug molecules for therapeutic applications. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in the field of chemical modification technology to address challenges associated with their clinical use, including rapid clearance from circulation, immunogenicity, physical and chemical instabilities (such as aggregation, adsorption, deamination, clipping, oxidation, etc.), and enzymatic degradation. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification offers an effective solution to these issues due to its favorable properties. This review presents recent progress in the development and application of PEGylated therapeutic proteins and peptides (TPPs). For this purpose, firstly, the physical and chemical properties as well as classification of PEG and its derivatives are described. Subsequently, a detailed summary is provided on the main sites of PEGylated TPPs and the factors that influence their PEGylation. Furthermore, notable instances of PEG-modified TPPs (including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), interferon, asparaginase and antibodies) are highlighted. Finally, we propose the chemical modification of TPPs with PEG, followed by an analysis of the current development status and future prospects of PEGylated TPPs. This work provides a comprehensive literature review in this promising field while facilitating researchers in utilizing PEG polymers to modify TPPs for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Li
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinya Tian
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Wei An
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Han
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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2
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Nguyen TTK, Pham KY, Yook S. Engineered therapeutic proteins for sustained-release drug delivery systems. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:131-154. [PMID: 37717712 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteins play a vital role in diverse biological processes in the human body, and protein therapeutics have been applied to treat different diseases such as cancers, genetic disorders, autoimmunity, and inflammation. Protein therapeutics have demonstrated their advantages, such as specific pharmaceutical effects, low toxicity, and strong solubility. However, several disadvantages arise in clinical applications, including short half-life, immunogenicity, and low permeation, leading to reduced drug effectiveness. The structure of protein therapeutics can be modified to increase molecular size, leading to prolonged stability and increased plasma half-life. Notably, the controlled-release delivery systems for the sustained release of protein drugs and preserving the stability of cargo proteins are envisioned as a potential approach to overcome these challenges. In this review, we summarize recent research progress related to structural modifications (PEGylation, glycosylation, poly amino acid modification, and molecular biology-based strategies) and promising long-term delivery systems, such as polymer-based systems (injectable gel/implants, microparticles, nanoparticles, micro/nanogels, functional polymers), lipid-based systems (liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers), and inorganic nanoparticles exploited for protein therapeutics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this review, we highlight recent advances concerning modifying proteins directly to enhance their stability and functionality and discuss state-of-the-art methods for the delivery and controlled long-term release of active protein therapeutics to their target site. In terms of drug modifications, four widely used strategies, including PEGylation, poly amino acid modification, glycosylation, and genetic, are discussed. As for drug delivery systems, we emphasize recent progress relating to polymer-based systems, lipid-based systems developed, and inorganic nanoparticles for protein sustained-release delivery. This review points out the areas requiring focused research attention before the full potential of protein therapeutics for human health and disease can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoa Thi Kim Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Khang-Yen Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
| | - Simmyung Yook
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Wang Y, Kim M, Buckley C, Maynard HD, Langley RJ, Perry JK. Growth hormone receptor agonists and antagonists: From protein expression and purification to long-acting formulations. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4727. [PMID: 37428391 PMCID: PMC10443362 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and GH receptor antagonists (GHAs) are used clinically to treat a range of disorders associated with GH deficiency or hypersecretion, respectively. However, these biotherapeutics can be difficult and expensive to manufacture with multiple challenges from recombinant protein generation through to the development of long-acting formulations required to improve the circulating half-life of the drug. In this review, we summarize methodologies and approaches used for making and purifying recombinant GH and GHA proteins, and strategies to improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, including PEGylation and fusion proteins. Therapeutics that are in clinical use or are currently under development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Liggins Institute, University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Minah Kim
- Liggins Institute, University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Chantal Buckley
- Liggins Institute, University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ries J. Langley
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and PathologyUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Jo K. Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryAucklandNew Zealand
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4
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Mohammadi Z, Alijanianzadeh M, Khalilzadeh R, Khodadadi S. Process Development for the Production and Purification of PEGylated
RhG-CSF Expressed in Escherichia coli. Protein Pept Lett 2022; 29:293-305. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866529666220126100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective:
Recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) and its PEGylated form (PEG-GCSF) are used in the cancer therapy. Thus the development of a more cost-effectively method for expressing rhG-CSF and the PEGylation optimization of rhG-CSF by reaction engineering and subsequent the purification strategy is necessary.
Methods:
RhG-CSF expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) was carried out by auto-induction batch fermentation and improved for maximizing rhG-CSF productivity. After that, purified rhG-CSF was PEGylated using methoxy polyethylene glycol propionaldehydes (mPEG20-ALD). The various conditions effect of extraction and purification of rhG-CSF and PEG-GCSF were assayed.
Results:
The assessment results revealed that auto-induction batch cultivation strategy had maximum productivity and rhG-CSF purity was more than 99%. The obtained Data of rhG-CSF PEGylation displayed that the optimized conditions of rhG-CSF PEGylation and purification enhanced hemogenisity PEG-GCSF and managed reaction toward optimal yield of PEG-GCSF (70%) and purity of 99.9%. Findings from FTIR, CD, and fluorescence spectroscopy and bioassay revealed that PEGylation was executed exactly in the rhG-CSF N-terminus, and products maintained their conformation properties.
Conclusion:
Overall, the developed approach expanded strategies for high yield rhG-CSF by simplified auto-induction batch fermentation system and rhG-CSF PEGylation, which are simple and time-saving, economical and high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mohammadi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Malek-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Alijanianzadeh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Malek-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of
Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul Khalilzadeh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Malek-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sirus Khodadadi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Malek-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:48. [PMID: 35165272 PMCID: PMC8844085 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 231.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide drug development has made great progress in the last decade thanks to new production, modification, and analytic technologies. Peptides have been produced and modified using both chemical and biological methods, together with novel design and delivery strategies, which have helped to overcome the inherent drawbacks of peptides and have allowed the continued advancement of this field. A wide variety of natural and modified peptides have been obtained and studied, covering multiple therapeutic areas. This review summarizes the efforts and achievements in peptide drug discovery, production, and modification, and their current applications. We also discuss the value and challenges associated with future developments in therapeutic peptides.
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6
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Torres-Obreque KM, Meneguetti GP, Muso-Cachumba JJ, Feitosa VA, Santos JHPM, Ventura SPM, Rangel-Yagui CO. Building better biobetters: From fundamentals to industrial application. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:65-81. [PMID: 34461236 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological drugs or biopharmaceuticals off patent open a large market for biosimilars and biobetters, follow-on biologics. Biobetters, in particular, are new drugs designed from existing ones with improved properties such as higher selectivity, stability, half-life and/or lower toxicity/immunogenicity. Glycosylation is one of the most used strategies to improve biological drugs, nonetheless bioconjugation is an additional alternative and refers to the covalent attachment of polymers to biological drugs. Extensive research on novel polymers is underway, nonetheless PEGylation is still the best alternative with the longest clinical track record. Innovative trends based on genetic engineering techniques such as fusion proteins and PASylation are also promising. In this review, all these alternatives wereexplored as well as current market trends, legislation and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Torres-Obreque
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanna P Meneguetti
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Bionanomanufacturing Center, Institute for Technological Research (IPT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge J Muso-Cachumba
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valker A Feitosa
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Bionanomanufacturing Center, Institute for Technological Research (IPT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João H P M Santos
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia P M Ventura
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlota O Rangel-Yagui
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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7
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Wang Y, Langley RJ, Tamshen K, Harms J, Middleditch MJ, Maynard HD, Jamieson SMF, Perry JK. Enhanced Bioactivity of a Human GHR Antagonist Generated by Solid-Phase Site-Specific PEGylation. Biomacromolecules 2020; 22:299-308. [PMID: 33295758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has been implicated in cancer progression andis a potential target for anticancer therapy. Currently, pegvisomant is the only GH receptor (GHR) antagonist approved for clinical use. Pegvisomant is a mutated GH molecule (B2036) which is PEGylated on amine groups to extend serum half-life. However, PEGylation significantly reduces the bioactivity of the antagonist in mice. To improve bioactivity, we generated a series of B2036 conjugates with the site-specific attachment of 20, 30, or 40 kDa methoxyPEG maleimide (mPEG maleimide) by introduction of a cysteine residue at amino acid 144 (S144C). Recombinant B2036-S144C was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and then PEGylated using cysteine-specific conjugation chemistry. To avoid issues with dimerization due to the introduced cysteine, B2036-S144C was PEGylated while immobilized on an Ni-nitrilotriacetic (Ni-NTA) acid column, which effectively reduced disulfide-mediated dimer formation and allowed efficient conjugation to mPEG maleimide. Following PEGylation, the IC50 values for the 20, 30, and 40 kDa mPEG maleimide B2036-S144C conjugates were 66.2 ± 3.8, 106.1 ± 7.1, and 127.4 ± 3.6 nM, respectively. The circulating half-life of the 40 kDa mPEG conjugate was 58.3 h in mice. Subcutaneous administration of the 40 kDa mPEG conjugate (10 mg/kg/day) reduced serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations by 50.6%. This in vivo reduction in serum IGF-I was at a considerably lower dose compared to the higher doses required to observe comparable activity in studies with pegvisomant. In conclusion, we have generated a novel PEGylated GHR antagonist by the solid-phase site-specific attachment of mPEG maleimide at an introduced cysteine residue, which effectively reduces serum IGF-I in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Ries J Langley
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Kyle Tamshen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90095-1569, California, United States
| | - Julia Harms
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.,Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Martin J Middleditch
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90095-1569, California, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90095-1569, California, United States
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.,Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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8
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Chang TC, Chen BM, Lin WW, Yu PH, Chiu YW, Chen YT, Wu JY, Cheng TL, Hwang DY, Roffler S. Both IgM and IgG Antibodies Against Polyethylene Glycol Can Alter the Biological Activity of Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-Epoetin Beta in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2019; 12:E15. [PMID: 31877813 PMCID: PMC7022322 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing antibodies that bind polyethylene glycol are present in about 40% of healthy individuals. It is currently unknown if pre-existing anti-polyethylene glycol (PEG) antibodies can alter the bioactivity of pegylated drugs with a single long PEG chain, which represents the majority of newly developed pegylated medicines. Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (PEG-EPO) contains a single 30 kDa PEG chain and is used to treat patients suffering from anemia. We find that the pre-existing human anti-PEG IgM and IgG antibodies from normal donors can bind to PEG-EPO. The prevalence and concentrations of anti-PEG IgM and IgG antibodies were also higher in patients that responded poorly to PEG-EPO. Monoclonal anti-PEG IgM and IgG antibodies at concentrations found in normal donors blocked the biological activity of PEG-EPO to stimulate the production of new erythrocytes in mice and accelerated the clearance of 125I-PEG-EPO, resulting in PEG-EPO accumulation primarily in the liver and spleen. Accelerated clearance by the anti-PEG IgG antibody was mediated by the Fc portion of the antibody. Importantly, infusing higher doses of PEG-EPO could compensate for the inhibitory effects of anti-PEG antibodies, suggesting that pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies can be "dosed through." Our study indicates that the bioactivity and therapeutic activity of PEG-EPO may be reduced in patients with elevated levels of pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies. New pegylated medicines with a single long PEG chain may also be affected in patients with high levels of anti-PEG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Ching Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.)
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.)
| | - Wen-Wei Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hua Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chiu
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tsong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.)
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.)
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Daw-Yang Hwang
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
| | - Steve Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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9
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Sun W, Sun J, Zhang H, Meng Y, Li L, Li G, Zhang X, Meng Y. Chemosynthesis and characterization of site-specific N-terminally PEGylated Alpha-momorcharin as apotential agent. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17729. [PMID: 30531997 PMCID: PMC6286350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-momorcharin (α-MC), a type I ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) isolated from Momordica charantia seeds, has been extensively studied for its antitumor, antiviral and antifungal activities. However, as an exogenous protein, problems associated with short half-life and strong immunogenicity have limited its clinical application. Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG), as a polyether compound, is a well established and efficient modifier to develop it as a potential agent. Nevertheless, conventional PEGylation is not site-controlled and the conjugates are often not homogenous due to the generation of multi-PEGylated derivatives. To obtain a homogenous mono-PEGylated α-MC, the PEGylation was carried out by coupling a 20 kDa mPEG-butyraldehyde (mPEG-ALD) with α-MC. The product was separated and purified by MacroCap SP chromatography. Results from SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF MS revealed that the PEGylated α-MC consisted of one molecule mPEG and α-MC. Edman degradation confirmed that the N-terminal residue of α-MC was successfully coupled with mPEG-ALD. The mono-PEGylated α-MC possessed an extremely similar secondary structure to native α-MC through spectral analyses. In addition, it also showed low immunogenicity by double immunodiffusion and preserved moderate antitumor activity to three kinds of tumor cell lines in vitro. Finally, trypsin resistance was also considerably improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkui Sun
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinghui Sun
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Haowen Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14260, United States
| | - Yanfa Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment Ministry of Education/Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Linli Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment Ministry of Education/Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Gangrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment Ministry of Education/Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Yao Meng
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14260, United States.
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10
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Santos JHPM, Torres-Obreque KM, Meneguetti GP, Amaro BP, Rangel-Yagui CO. Protein PEGylation for the design of biobetters: from reaction to purification processes. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000001009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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11
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Ramirez-Paz J, Saxena M, Delinois LJ, Joaquín-Ovalle FM, Lin S, Chen Z, Rojas-Nieves VA, Griebenow K. Thiol-maleimide poly(ethylene glycol) crosslinking of L-asparaginase subunits at recombinant cysteine residues introduced by mutagenesis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197643. [PMID: 30052638 PMCID: PMC6063399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Asparaginase is an enzyme successfully being used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. However, some disadvantages still limit its full application potential, e.g., allergic reactions, pancreatitis, and blood clotting impairment. Therefore, much effort has been directed at improving its performance. A popular strategy is to randomly conjugate L-asparaginase with mono-methoxy polyethylene glycol, which became a commercial FDA approved formulation widely used in recent years. To improve this formulation by PEGylation, herein we performed cysteine-directed conjugation of the L-asparaginase subunits to prevent dissociation-induced loss of activity. The recombinant cysteine conjugation sites were introduced by mutagenesis at surface-exposed positions on the protein to avoid affecting the catalytic activity. Three conjugates were obtained using different linear PEGs of 1000, 2000, and 5000 g/mol, with physical properties ranging from a semi-solid gel to a fully soluble state. The soluble-conjugate exhibited higher catalytic activity than the non-conjugated mutant, and the same activity than the native enzyme. The cysteine-directed crosslinking of the L-asparaginase subunits produced a higher molecular weight conjugate compared to the native tetrameric enzyme. This strategy might improve L-asparaginase efficiency for leukemia treatment by reducing glomerular filtration due to the increase in hydrodynamic size thus extending half-live, while at the same time retaining full catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josell Ramirez-Paz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Manoj Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Delinois
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Freisa M. Joaquín-Ovalle
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Shiru Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Virginia A. Rojas-Nieves
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Kai Griebenow
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Mills BJ, Laurence Chadwick JS. Effects of localized interactions and surface properties on stability of protein-based therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 70:609-624. [PMID: 27861887 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Protein-based therapeutics garner significant attention because of exquisite specificity and limited side effects and are now being used to accomplish targeted delivery of small-molecule drugs. This review identifies and highlights individual chemical attributes and categorizes how site-specific changes affect protein stability based on published high-resolution molecular analyses. KEY FINDINGS Because it is challenging to determine the mechanisms by which the stability of large, complex molecules is altered and data are sparse, smaller, therapeutic proteins (insulin, erythropoietin, interferons) are examined alongside antibody data. Integrating this large pool of information with the limited available studies on antibodies reveals common mechanisms by which specific alterations affect protein structure and stability. SUMMARY Physical and chemical stability of therapeutic proteins and antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) is of critical importance because insufficient stability prevents molecules from making it to market. Individual moieties on/near the surface of proteins have substantial influence on structure and stability. Seemingly small, superficial modification may have far-reaching consequences on structure, conformational dynamics, and solubility of the protein, and hence physical stability of the molecule. Chemical modifications, whether spontaneous (e.g. oxidation, deamidation) or intentional, as with ADCs, may adversely impact stability by disrupting local surface properties or higher order protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney J Mills
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Jennifer S Laurence Chadwick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,BioAnalytix Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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13
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Long-Acting Injections and Implants. Drug Deliv 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315382579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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14
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Herzberger J, Niederer K, Pohlit H, Seiwert J, Worm M, Wurm FR, Frey H. Polymerization of Ethylene Oxide, Propylene Oxide, and Other Alkylene Oxides: Synthesis, Novel Polymer Architectures, and Bioconjugation. Chem Rev 2015; 116:2170-243. [PMID: 26713458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes current trends and developments in the polymerization of alkylene oxides in the last two decades since 1995, with a particular focus on the most important epoxide monomers ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO), and butylene oxide (BO). Classical synthetic pathways, i.e., anionic polymerization, coordination polymerization, and cationic polymerization of epoxides (oxiranes), are briefly reviewed. The main focus of the review lies on more recent and in some cases metal-free methods for epoxide polymerization, i.e., the activated monomer strategy, the use of organocatalysts, such as N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) as well as phosphazene bases. In addition, the commercially relevant double-metal cyanide (DMC) catalyst systems are discussed. Besides the synthetic progress, new types of multifunctional linear PEG (mf-PEG) and PPO structures accessible by copolymerization of EO or PO with functional epoxide comonomers are presented as well as complex branched, hyperbranched, and dendrimer like polyethers. Amphiphilic block copolymers based on PEO and PPO (Poloxamers and Pluronics) and advances in the area of PEGylation as the most important bioconjugation strategy are also summarized. With the ever growing toolbox for epoxide polymerization, a "polyether universe" may be envisaged that in its structural diversity parallels the immense variety of structural options available for polymers based on vinyl monomers with a purely carbon-based backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Herzberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Niederer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hannah Pohlit
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center , Staudingerweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center , Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Seiwert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Worm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Max Planck Graduate Center , Staudingerweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max Planck Graduate Center , Staudingerweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz , Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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15
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Xiong H, Zhou Y, Zhou Q, He D, Wan S, Tan Q, Zhang M, Deng X, Zhang J. Nanosomal Microassemblies for Highly Efficient and Safe Delivery of Therapeutic Enzymes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:20255-20263. [PMID: 26325262 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme therapy has unique advantages over traditional chemotherapies for the treatment of hyperuricemia, but overcoming the delivery obstacles of therapeutic enzymes is still a significant challenge. Here, we report a novel and superior system to effectively and safely deliver therapeutic enzymes. Nanosomal microassemblies loaded with uricase (NSU-MAs) are assembled with many individual nanosomes. Each nanosome contains uricase within the alkaline environment, which is beneficial for its catalytic reactions and keeps the uricase separate from the bloodstream to retain its high activity. Compared to free uricase, NSU-MAs exhibited much higher catalytic activity under physiological conditions and when subjected to different temperatures, pH values and trypsin. NSU-MAs displayed increased circulation time, improved bioavailability, and enhanced uric acid-lowering efficacy, while decreasing the immunogenicity. We also described the possible favorable conformational changes occurring in NSU-MAs that result in favorable outcomes. Thus, nanosomal microassemblies could serve as a valuable tool in constructing delivery systems for therapeutic enzymes that treat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarong Xiong
- Medicine Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yunli Zhou
- Medicine Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qixin Zhou
- Medicine Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dan He
- Medicine Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shengli Wan
- Medicine Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qunyou Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Medicine Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xue Deng
- Medicine Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jingqing Zhang
- Medicine Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400016, China
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16
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Li L, Shang B, Hu L, Shao R, Zhen Y. Site-specific PEGylation of lidamycin and its antitumor activity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:264-9. [PMID: 26579455 PMCID: PMC4629235 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, N-terminal site-specific mono-PEGylation of the recombinant lidamycin apoprotein (rLDP) of lidamycin (LDM) was prepared using a polyethyleneglycol (PEG) derivative (Mw 20 kDa) through a reactive terminal aldehyde group under weak acidic conditions (pH 5.5). The biochemical properties of mPEG-rLDP-AE, an enediyne-integrated conjugate, were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC, SEC-HPLC and MALDI-TOF. Meanwhile, in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of mPEG-rLDP-AE was evaluated by MTT assays and in xenograft model. The results indicated that mPEG-rLDP-AE showed significant antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. After PEGylation, mPEG-rLDP still retained the binding capability to the enediyne AE and presented the physicochemical characteristics similar to that of native LDP. It is of interest that the PEGylation did not diminish the antitumor efficacy of LDM, implying the possibility that this derivative may function as a payload to deliver novel tumor-targeted drugs.
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Key Words
- ADCs, antibody drug conjugates
- AE, active enediyne
- Anti-TNF Fab′, anti-tumor necrosis factor Fab′
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- Enediyne antibiotic
- G-CSF, granulocyte colony stimulating factor
- IC50 values, half-inhibitory concentrations
- IFN, interferon
- IPTG, isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside
- LB, Luria-Bertani
- LDM, lidamycin
- Lidamycin
- PEG, polyethyleneglycol
- Polyethylene glycol
- SEC-HPLC, size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography
- Site-specific PEGylation
- mPEG-ALD, methoxy-PEG-propionaldehyde
- rLDP, recombinant lidamycin apoprotein
- rhG-CSF, recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rongguang Shao
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 10 63026956; fax: +86 10 63017302.
| | - Yongsu Zhen
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 10 63026956; fax: +86 10 63017302.
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17
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Lawrence PB, Gavrilov Y, Matthews SS, Langlois MI, Shental-Bechor D, Greenblatt HM, Pandey BK, Smith MS, Paxman R, Torgerson CD, Merrell JP, Ritz CC, Prigozhin MB, Levy Y, Price JL. Criteria for Selecting PEGylation Sites on Proteins for Higher Thermodynamic and Proteolytic Stability. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17547-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5095183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. Lawrence
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Yulian Gavrilov
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sam S. Matthews
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Minnie I. Langlois
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Dalit Shental-Bechor
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Harry M. Greenblatt
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Brijesh K. Pandey
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Mason S. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Ryan Paxman
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Chad D. Torgerson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jacob P. Merrell
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Cameron C. Ritz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Maxim B. Prigozhin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yaakov Levy
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Joshua L. Price
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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18
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Zhang C, Yang X, Gao A, Hu X, Pu J, Liu H, Feng J, Liao J, Li Y, Liao F. Comparison of modification of a bacterial uricase withN-hydroxysuccinimide esters of succinate and carbonate of monomethoxyl poly(ethylene glycol). Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 61:683-90. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Unit for Analytical Probes and Protein Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry; College of Laboratory Medicine; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Yang
- Unit for Analytical Probes and Protein Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry; College of Laboratory Medicine; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Gao
- Unit for Analytical Probes and Protein Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry; College of Laboratory Medicine; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Hu
- Unit for Analytical Probes and Protein Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry; College of Laboratory Medicine; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Pu
- Unit for Analytical Probes and Protein Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry; College of Laboratory Medicine; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Unit for Analytical Probes and Protein Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry; College of Laboratory Medicine; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Feng
- Unit for Analytical Probes and Protein Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry; College of Laboratory Medicine; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Liao
- Unit for Analytical Probes and Protein Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry; College of Laboratory Medicine; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanli Li
- Unit for Analytical Probes and Protein Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry; College of Laboratory Medicine; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liao
- Unit for Analytical Probes and Protein Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry; College of Laboratory Medicine; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing People's Republic of China
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19
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Sun C, Trevaskis JL, Jodka CM, Neravetla S, Griffin P, Xu K, Wang Y, Parkes DG, Forood B, Ghosh SS. Bifunctional PEGylated Exenatide-Amylinomimetic Hybrids to Treat Metabolic Disorders: An Example of Long-Acting Dual Hormonal Therapeutics. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9328-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401418s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengzao Sun
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 9625 Towne Centre
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James L. Trevaskis
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 9625 Towne Centre
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Carolyn M. Jodka
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 9625 Towne Centre
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Swetha Neravetla
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 9625 Towne Centre
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Pete Griffin
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 9625 Towne Centre
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kui Xu
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 9625 Towne Centre
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 9625 Towne Centre
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - David G. Parkes
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 9625 Towne Centre
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bruce Forood
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 9625 Towne Centre
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Soumitra S. Ghosh
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 9625 Towne Centre
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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20
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Belladonna ML, Grohmann U. Bioengineering heterodimeric cytokines: turning promiscuous proteins into therapeutic agents. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2013; 29:149-74. [PMID: 24568278 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2013.801228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin 12 (IL-12) family comprises a group of heterodimeric cytokines that can cope with a great variety of immune conditions as the microenvironment demands. By sharing cytokine and receptor subunits, IL-12 (comprised of p40/p35 subunits), IL-23 (p40/p19), IL-27 (p28/EBI3), and IL-35 (p35/EBI3) represent, as a whole, a highly versatile system participating in controlling the continuum from inflammation to tolerance. Promiscuity, a peculiar feature of those cytokines, is a powerful and economic means of producing individual factors with distinct activities via different combinations of a single set of subunits. Whereas IL-12 and IL-23 have a clearly dominant immunostimulatory functional profile and IL-35 is a potent immunosuppressive agent, IL-27 can exert both adjuvant and regulatory effects, depending on the cytokine milieu. Promiscuity itself, however, may significantly hamper the therapeutic use of heterodimeric cytokines. The subunits of a recombinant cytokine, when administered in its native form, will rapidly dissociate in vivo and reassociate with alternative partners, thus generating different heterodimeric or even homodimeric molecules (i.e., p40/p40) with unwanted effects. As in other areas, bioengineering has provided a formidable tool to overcome the constraints associated with the potential use of IL-12 family cytokines. The generation of several gene constructs expressing IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, or even the homodimer p40/p40, in their monomerized, single-chain form has allowed us to unveil the efficacy of those molecules in several experimental settings, including neoplasia, viral infection, chronic inflammation, allergy and autoimmunity. Although work is still needed to obtain an overall picture of therapeutic vs. adverse effects of individual molecules before any use in humans, the new frontiers of bioengineering are now driving the production of completely new combinations of cytokine subunits that may further extend the potential clinical use of such eclectic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Belladonna
- a Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences , University of Perugia , Italy
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21
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Feng J, Liu H, Yang X, Gao A, Liao J, Feng L, Pu J, Xie Y, Long G, Li Y, Liao F. Comparison of activity indexes for recognizing enzyme mutants of higher activity with uricase as model. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:69. [PMID: 23594729 PMCID: PMC3637054 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For screening a library of enzyme mutants, an efficient and cost-effective method for reliable assay of enzyme activity and a decision method for safe recognition of mutants of higher activity are needed. The comparison of activity concentrations of mutants in lysates of transformed Escherichia coli cells against a threshold is unsafe to recognize mutants of higher activity due to variations of both expression levels of mutant proteins and lysis efficiency of transformed cells. Hence, by a spectrophotometric method after verification to measure uricase activity, specific activity calculated from the level of total proteins in a lysate was tested for recognizing a mutant of higher activity. Results During uricase reaction, the intermediate 5-hydroxyisourate interferes with the assay of uric acid absorbance, but the measurement of absorbance at 293 nm in alkaline borate buffer was reliable for measuring uricase initial rates within a reasonable range. The level of total proteins in a lysate was determined by the Bradford assay. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis supported different relative abundance of uricase mutant proteins in their lysates; activity concentrations of uricase in such lysates positively correlated with levels of total proteins. Receiver-operation-curve analysis of activity concentration or specific activity yielded area-under-the-curve close to 1.00 for recognizing a mutant with > 200% improvement of activity. For a mutant with just about 80% improvement of activity, receiver-operation-curve analysis of specific activity gave area-under-the-curve close to 1.00 while the analysis of activity concentration gave smaller area-under-the-curve. With the mean plus 1.4-fold of the standard deviation of specific activity of a starting material as the threshold, uricase mutants whose activities were improved by more than 80% were recognized with higher sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion Specific activity calculated from the level of total proteins is a favorable index for recognizing an enzyme mutant with small improvement of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Feng
- Unit for Analytical Probes and Protein Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and site-directed disulfide cross-linking suggest an important dynamic interface between the two lysostaphin domains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:1872-81. [PMID: 23380729 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02348-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysostaphin is a peptidoglycan hydrolase secreted by Staphylococcus simulans. It can specifically lyse Staphylococcus aureus and is being tested as a novel antibacterial agent. The protein contains an N-terminal catalytic domain and a C-terminal cell wall targeting domain. Although the two domains from homologous enzymes were structurally determined, the structural organization of lysostaphin domains remains unknown. We used hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (H/DX-MS) and site-directed disulfide cross-linking to probe the interface between the lysostaphin catalytic and targeting domains. H/DX-MS-mediated comparison of peptides from full-length lysostaphin and the separated domains identified four peptides of lower solvent accessibility in the full-length protein. Cross-linking analysis using cysteine pair substitutions within those peptides showed that two pairs of cysteines can form disulfide bonds, supporting the domain association role of the targeted peptides. The cross-linked mutant exhibited a binding capacity to S. aureus that was similar to that of the wild-type protein but reduced bacteriolytic activity probably because of restraint in conformation. The diminished activity was further reduced with increasing NaCl concentrations that can cause contractions of bacterial peptidoglycan. The lytic activity, however, could be fully recovered by reducing the disulfide bonds. These results suggest that lysostaphin may require dynamic association of the two domains for coordinating substrate binding and target cleavage on the elastic peptidoglycan. Our study will help develop site-specific PEGylated lysostaphin to treat systemic S. aureus infections.
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Gao A, Yang X, Zhang C, Long G, Pu J, Yuan Y, Liu H, Li Y, Liao F. Facile spectrophotometric assay of molar equivalents of N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of monomethoxyl poly-(ethylene glycol) derivatives. Chem Cent J 2012. [PMID: 23176729 PMCID: PMC3542108 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A new method is developed to quantify molar equivalents of
N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters of derivatives of monomethoxyl
poly-(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) in their preparations with NHS acetate ester
as the reference. Results NHS ester of succinic monoester or carbonate of mPEG of 5,000 Da was
synthesized and reacted with excessive ethanolamine in dimethylformamide at
25°C for 15 min. Residual ethanolamine was subsequently quantified by
absorbance at 420 nm after reaction with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
(TNBS) at pH 9.2 for 15 min at 55°C followed by cooling with tap water.
Reaction products of ethanolamine and NHS esters of mPEG caused no
interference with TNBS assay of residual ethanolamine. Reaction between
ethanolamine and NHS acetate ester follows 1:1 stoichiometry. By the new
method, molar equivalents of NHS esters of carbonate and succinic monoester
of mPEG in their preparations were about 90% and 60% of their
theoretical values, respectively. During storage at 37°C in humid air,
the new method detected spontaneous hydrolyses of the two NHS esters of mPEG
more sensitively than the classical spectrophotometric method based on
absorbance at 260 nm of NHS released by reaction with ammonia in aqueous
solution. Conclusion The new method is favorable to quantify molar equivalents of NHS esters of
mPEG derivatives and thus control quality of their preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Gao
- Unit for Analytical Probes and Protein Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry of China, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Journal Watch. Pharmaceut Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03262379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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