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Reddy MK, Vasir JK, Hegde GV, Joshi SS, Labhasetwar V. Erythropoietin Induces Excessive Neointima Formation: A Study in a Rat Carotid Artery Model of Vascular Injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 12:237-47. [PMID: 17875952 DOI: 10.1177/1074248406297326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A therapeutic strategy that would mitigate the events leading to hyperplasia and facilitate re-endothelialization of an injured artery after balloon angioplasty could be effective for a long-term patency of the artery. It is hypothesized that erythropoietin (EPO), which has both anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties, will prevent hyperplasia, and its ability to proliferate and mobilize endothelial progenitor cells will re-endothelialize the injured artery. To test this hypothesis, EPO (5000 IU/kg) in solution was injected intraperitoneally 6 hours before vascular injury and then on every alternate day for a week or as a single dose (5000 IU/kg) in a sustained release gel formulation 1 week before the vascular injury. Morphometric analysis revealed nearly continuous re-endothelialization of the injured artery in EPO solution-treated animals (90% vs less than 20% in saline control); however, the treatment also caused excessive neointima formation (intima/media ratio, 2.10 ± 0.09 vs 1.60 ± 0.02 saline control, n = 5, P < .001). The EPO gel also induced similar excessive neointima formation. Immunohistochemical analysis of the injured arteries from the animals treated with EPO solution demonstrated a significant angiogenic response in adventitia and media, thus explaining the formation of excessive neointima. Although the results are in contrast to expectation, they explain a greater degree of stenosis seen in hemodialysis access fistulas in patients who are on EPO therapy for anemic condition. The results also caution the use of EPO, particularly in patients who are at a risk of vascular injury or are suffering from an atherosclerotic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram K Reddy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Tarumoto T, Imagawa S, Kobayashi M, Hirayama A, Ozawa K, Nagasawa T. L-arginine administration reverses anemia associated with renal disease. Int J Hematol 2007; 86:126-9. [PMID: 17875525 DOI: 10.1532/ijh97.06212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) has proved to be remarkably safe and effective for the treatment of anemia. Despite the use of rhEpo, concerns about its cost, the need for frequent parenteral administration, and the development of anti-Epo antibodies have prompted the development of improved agents to rescue anemia. Patients with anemia associated with renal disease are usually treated by intravenous or subcutaneous rhEpo administration; however, some patients do not respond well to rhEpo, because of the presence of Epo antibody or other unknown reasons. A new, orally administered drug is needed as an economical and effective method to treat such patients. We administered 1.3 g/day of L-arginine to 8 elderly patients with anemia associated with renal disease. All 8 patients responded to the treatment with increases in hemoglobin levels. Six of the patients showed improved renal function. There were no significant adverse effects. Our data show that oral administration of 1.3 g/day of L-arginine significantly improves Epo production and reverses anemia without adverse effects in elderly patients who have anemia associated with renal disease and are in the predialysis state of chronic renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Tarumoto
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Shimotsuke, Japan
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Klausen T, Ghisler U, Mohr T, Fogh-Andersen N. Erythropoietin, 2,3 diphosphoglycerate and plasma volume during moderate-altitude training. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1992.tb00312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jie KE, Verhaar MC, Cramer MJM, van der Putten K, Gaillard CAJM, Doevendans PA, Koomans HA, Joles JA, Braam B. Erythropoietin and the cardiorenal syndrome: cellular mechanisms on the cardiorenal connectors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291:F932-44. [PMID: 16885153 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00200.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently proposed severe cardiorenal syndrome (SCRS), in which cardiac and renal failure mutually amplify progressive failure of both organs. This frequent pathophysiological condition has an extremely poor prognosis. Interactions between inflammation, the renin-angiotensin system, the balance between the nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species and the sympathetic nervous system form the cardiorenal connectors and are cornerstones in the pathophysiology of SCRS. An absolute deficit of erythropoietin (Epo) and decreased sensitivity to Epo in this syndrome both contribute to the development of anemia, which is more pronounced than renal anemia in the absence of heart failure. Besides expression on erythroid progenitor cells, Epo receptors are present in the heart, kidney, and vascular system, in which activation results in antiapoptosis, proliferation, and possibly antioxidation and anti-inflammation. Interestingly, Epo can improve cardiac and renal function. We have therefore reviewed the literature with respect to Epo and the cardiorenal connectors. Indeed, there are indications that Epo can diminish inflammation, reduce renin-angiotensin system activity, and shift the nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species balance toward nitric oxide. Information about Epo and the sympathetic nervous system is scarce. This analysis underscores the relevance of a further understanding of clinical and cellular mechanisms underlying protective effects of Epo, because this will support better treatment of SCRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Jie
- Dept. of Nephrology and Hypertension, F03.223, Univ. Medical Ctr. Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jelkmann W, Wagner K. Beneficial and ominous aspects of the pleiotropic action of erythropoietin. Ann Hematol 2004; 83:673-86. [PMID: 15322761 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-004-0911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary function of the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (Epo) is to promote red cell production by inhibiting apoptosis of erythrocytic progenitors in hemopoietic tissues. However, functional Epo receptors (Epo-R) have recently been demonstrated in various nonhemopoietic tissues indicating that Epo is a more pleiotropic viability and growth factor. Herein, in vitro and in vivo effects of Epo in the brain and the cardiovascular system are reviewed. In addition, the therapeutic impact of Epo in oncology is considered, including the question of whether Epo might promote tumor growth. Convincing evidence is available that Epo acts as a neurotrophic and neuroprotective factor in the brain. Epo prevents neuronal cells from hypoxia-induced and glutamate-induced cell death. Epo-R is expressed by neurons and glia cells in specific regions of the brain. Epo supports the survival of neurons in the ischemic brain. The neuroprotective potential of Epo has already been confirmed in a clinical trial on patients with acute stroke. With respect to the vasculature, Epo acts on both endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Epo promotes angiogenesis and stimulates the production of endothelin and other vasoactive mediators. In addition, Epo-R is expressed by cardiomyocytes. The role of Epo as a myocardial protectant is at the focus of present research. Epo therapy in tumor patients is practiced primarily to maintain the hemoglobin concentration above the transfusion trigger and to reduce fatigue. In addition, increased tumor oxygenation may improve the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, tumor cells often express Epo-R. Therefore, careful studies are required to fully exclude that recombinant human Epo (rHuEpo) promotes tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jelkmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Luebeck, Germany.
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Bamba T, Kashiwakura I, Murakami M, Honda M, Hayase Y, Takagi Y. Colony-promoting activity in mice kidneys with phenylhydrazine hemolytic anemia. Ren Fail 1999; 21:615-25. [PMID: 10586424 DOI: 10.3109/08860229909094155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous anemic mice kidney extracts (MKE) were assessed colony-promoting activity (CPA) of hematopoietic progenitor cells in serum-free cultures stimulated by interleukin-3 and erythropoietin (Epo). Mice with hemolytic anemia followed by phenylhydorazine (PHZ) injection for 3 days showed a decrease in the hematocrit (25.4%) and an increase in serum Epo by 14-fold of the control on day 3 after the treatment. At 3 days, the total number of hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow of PHZ mice decreased by 67% of the control, while these cells in the spleen increased to 22-fold of the control on day 3 and 55-fold on day 6. A significant increase in CPA was observed in MKE prepared from PHZ mice kidneys. Additionally, bone marrow suppressive anemia induced by 5-fluorouracil resulted in enhanced CPA the same as for PHZ mice, but in contrast, anemia with suppression of Epo-production due to nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin caused a decrease in CPA. These results suggest that CPA in MKE correlates with hematopoietic conditions, and may have a definite role in hematopoiesis through the function of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bamba
- Laboratory of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido College of Pharmacy, Otaru, Japan
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Bodary PF, Pate RR, Wu QF, McMillan GS. Effects of acute exercise on plasma erythropoietin levels in trained runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31:543-6. [PMID: 10211849 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199904000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate further the influence of exercise on erythropoietin. METHODS We observed the effects of high intensity running on plasma erythropoietin concentration in competitive distance runners. A repeated measures design was used to compare the responses of intermittent high intensity (HIGH) exercise to continuous moderate intensity (MOD) exercise and rest (REST). The HIGH treatment consisted of 60 min of exercise alternating 5 min of running at approximately 90% of VO2max with 5 min of brisk walking. The MOD treatment consisted of a continuous 60-min run on the treadmill at 60% of VO2max. Blood samples were collected immediately before the exercise (PRE), immediately following the exercise (POST), and 4 (heart rate (4HR), 12 (12HR), 24 (24HR), and 48 (48HR)) h following the exercise. The variables examined included plasma erythropoietin concentration ([EPO]), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration ([Hb]), hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell count (RBC), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). RESULTS ANOVA revealed the expected treatment-by-time interaction for Hct and [Hb] suggesting a hemodilution at 24 and 48 h postexercise for the MOD and HIGH treatments. However, no significant treatment-by-time interactions were observed for [EPO], RBC, or MCV. CONCLUSION These results indicate that intermittent high intensity exercise does not have a significant effect on [EPO] in trained distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Bodary
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, USA.
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Ou LC, Salceda S, Schuster SJ, Dunnack LM, Brink-Johnsen T, Chen J, Leiter JC. Polycythemic responses to hypoxia: molecular and genetic mechanisms of chronic mountain sickness. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998; 84:1242-51. [PMID: 9516190 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1998.84.4.1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined erythropoietin (EPO) gene expression and EPO production during hypoxia in two Sprague-Dawley rat strains with divergent polycythemic responses to hypoxia. Hilltop (H) rats develop severe polycythemia, severe hypoxemia, and pulmonary artery hypertension. The H rats often die from a syndrome indistinguishable from chronic mountain sickness (CMS) in humans. Madison (M) rats develop polycythemia and pulmonary artery hypertension that is modest and suffer no excess mortality. We tested the hypothesis that these rat strains have different stimulus-response characteristics governing EPO production. Rats of each strain were exposed to hypoxia (0.5 atm, 73 Torr inspired PO2), and renal tissue EPO mRNA and EPO levels, plasma EPO, ventilation, arterial and renal venous blood gases, and indexes of renal function were measured at fixed times during a 30-day hypoxic exposure. During extended hypoxic exposure, H rats had significantly elevated renal EPO mRNA, renal EPO, and plasma EPO levels compared with M rats. Ventilatory responses and indexes of renal function were similar in the strains during the hypoxic exposure. H rats had greater arterial hypoxemia from the onset of hypoxia and more severe renal tissue hypoxemia and greater polycythemia after 14 days of hypoxic exposure. When EPO responses were expressed as functions of renal venous PO2, the two strains appeared to lie on the same dose-response curves, but the responses of H rats were shifted along the curve toward more hypoxic values. We conclude that H rats have significantly greater polycythemia secondary to poorer renal tissue oxygenation, but the stimulus-response characteristics governing EPO gene expression and EPO production do not seem to differ between M and H rats. Finally, the regulation of EPO levels during hypoxia occurs primarily at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Ou
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756-0001, USA
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Erslev AJ, Besarab A. Erythropoietin in the pathogenesis and treatment of the anemia of chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1997; 51:622-30. [PMID: 9067892 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1997.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Volpe M, Tritto C, Testa U, Rao MA, Martucci R, Mirante A, Enea I, Russo R, Rubattu S, Condorelli GL. Blood levels of erythropoietin in congestive heart failure and correlation with clinical, hemodynamic, and hormonal profiles. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74:468-73. [PMID: 8059727 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Plasma levels of erythropoietin (mU/ml) were measured in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) (n = 108) and in a control group of normal subjects (n = 45). In normal subjects, plasma levels of erythropoietin were 1.9 +/- 0.2. In patients with CHF, plasma levels of erythropoietin increased progressively according to New York Heart Association (NYHA) class (I: 1.4 +/- 0.2, n = 28; II: 5.4 +/- 0.8, n = 27; III: 9.6 +/- 2, n = 32; IV: 34 +/- 8, n = 21; F = 57.7, p < 0.001) and were significantly higher in NYHA classes II, III, and IV than in normal subjects. Plasma erythropoietin significantly decreased (from 43 +/- 14 to 12 +/- 3 mU/ml, p < 0.01) in patients with severe CHF (n = 9) when enalapril (20 mg/day administered orally) was added to long-term treatment for 3 weeks. Finally, in a subgroup of patients with NYHA class IV CHF (n = 9) and high plasma erythropoietin levels (37 +/- 9 mU/ml), packed red blood cell volume, assessed by the iodine-125-albumin dilution method, was higher than that in normal subjects (n = 11) (2,616 +/- 235 vs 2,028 +/- 119 ml, p < 0.05). The present study demonstrates that plasma erythropoietin levels are elevated in a large cohort of patients with CHF of varying etiology, and that this increase is related to the progression of the disease. The increase in circulating erythropoietin is associated with augmented packed red blood cell volume in patients with severe CHF. These results suggest a participation of erythropoietin in the complex neurohormonal response that occurs in CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Volpe
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Klausen T, Dela F, Hippe E, Galbo H. Diurnal variations of serum erythropoietin in trained and untrained subjects. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 67:545-8. [PMID: 8149935 DOI: 10.1007/bf00241652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The diurnal variations of serum-erythropoietin concentration ([s-EPO]) were investigated in six physically trained (T) and eight untrained (UT) men. The T subjects had a higher mean maximal oxygen uptake than UT subjects [75.7 (SEM 1.6) ml.min-1.kg-1 versus 48.3 (SEM 1.4) ml.min-1.kg-1, P < 0.0001] and a lower mean body mass index [BMI, 21.7 (SEM 0.7) kg.m-2 versus 24.4 (SEM 0.6) kg.m-2, P = 0.02]. Each subject was followed individually for 24 h as they performed their normal daily activities. Venous blood samples were collected from awakening (0 min) until the end of the 24-h period (1440 min). Both T and UT had a nadir of [s-EPO] 120 min after awakening [10.0 (SEM 0.3) U.l-1 versus 11.5 (SEM 2.1) U.l-1, P > 0.05]. The UT and T increased their [s-EPO] to peak values at 960 min and 960-1200 min, respectively (ANOVA P = 0.03) after awakening [UT: 18.4 (SEM 2.8) U.l-1; T: 16.2 (SEM 2.5) U.l-1, P > 0.05]. The mean 24-h [s-EPO] were 14.5 (SEM 1.0) U.l-1 and 14.9 (SEM 0.9) U.l-1 in T and UT, respectively (P > 0.05). The individual mean 24-h [s-EPO] were not correlated to body mass, BMI or maximal oxygen uptaken. Significant diurnal variations in [s-EPO] occurred in these healthy subjects irrespective of their levels of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Klausen
- Department of Rheumatology, Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark
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Klausen T, Breum L, Fogh-Andersen N, Bennett P, Hippe E. The effect of short and long duration exercise on serum erythropoietin concentrations. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 67:213-7. [PMID: 8223532 DOI: 10.1007/bf00864217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effects of short and long duration exercise on serum erythropoietin concentrations [EPO]s were studied in seven male cross-country skiers of national team standard and eight male marathon runners, respectively. The short duration exercise was performed as 60 min of cycling at an intensity of 80%-95% of maximal heart rate. Arterial blood oxygen saturations monitored by pulse-oximetry remained unchanged throughout exercise. The partial pressure of O2 at which haemoglobin was half-saturated with O2 calculated from forearm venous blood gas tension and blood O2 saturation, and the erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate did not change significantly during the exercise. Blood lactate concentrations were increased at the end of exercise [from 1.3 (SEM 0.1) to 3.6 (SEM 0.3) mmol.l-1]. The [EPO]s determined (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) pre-exercise, 5 min, 6 h, 19 h, and 30 h after the exercise were unchanged [from 16.1 (SEM 2.6) to 19.1 (SEM 3.2), 17.9 (SEM 3.0), 17.0 (SEM 2.5), and 18.6 (SEM 2.9) U.l-1, respectively]. The [EPO]s were not correlated to the earlier parameters. The long duration exercise consisted of habitual training, a 3 week break from training followed by 2 and 4 weeks of re-training. The [EPO]s, body fat (BF), and serum free-testosterone concentrations determined at the end of each period remained unchanged. The maximal oxygen uptakes were decreased after the break from training and increased during retraining (P = 0.04). Body mass (mb) increased after the break in training (P = 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T Klausen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Fredriksberg Hospital, Denmark
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Singh A, Eckardt KU, Zimmermann A, Götz KH, Hamann M, Ratcliffe PJ, Kurtz A, Reinhart WH. Increased plasma viscosity as a reason for inappropriate erythropoietin formation. J Clin Invest 1993; 91:251-6. [PMID: 8423222 PMCID: PMC330021 DOI: 10.1172/jci116178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether altered plasma viscosity could contribute to the inappropriately low production rate of erythropoietin (EPO) observed in patients suffering from hypergammaglobulinemias associated with multiple myeloma or Waldenström's disease. We found that the EPO formation in response to anemia in these patients was inversely related to plasma viscosity. A similar inverse relationship between plasma viscosity and EPO production was seen in rats in which EPO formation had been stimulated by exchange transfusion and the plasma viscosity of which was thereby altered by using exchange solutions of different composition to alter plasma viscosity and thus whole blood viscosity independently from hematocrit. Raising the gammaglobulin concentration to approximately 40 mg/ml plasma in the rats almost totally blunted the rise in serum EPO levels despite a fall of the hematocrit to 20%. Determination of renal EPO mRNA levels by RNase protection revealed that the reductions in serum EPO levels at higher plasma viscosities were paralleled by reductions in renal EPO mRNA levels. Taken together, our findings suggest that plasma viscosity may be a significant inhibitory modulator of anemia-induced EPO formation. The increased plasma viscosity in patients with hypergammaglobulinemias may therefore contribute to the inappropriate EPO production, which is a major reason for the anemia developing in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Fisher JW. Recent advances in erythropoietin research. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1993; 41:293-311. [PMID: 8108561 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7150-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J W Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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Fisher JW. Regulation of Erythropoietin Production. Compr Physiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp080251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ariad S, Clifford D, Penfold G, MacPhail AP, Bezwoda WR. Erythropoietin response in anaemic patients with multiple myeloma and other lymphoid malignancies infiltrating the bone marrow. Eur J Haematol 1992; 49:59-62. [PMID: 1397241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1992.tb00031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunoreactive erythropoietin levels were measured in 42 patients with lymphoid malignancies with anaemia and bone marrow involvement. Results were compared to a control group of 16 patients suffering from anaemia due to other causes. Significant inverse correlations between serum erythropoietin level and haemoglobin concentration were shown for the patients with lymphoid malignancies and also for the control subjects. Overall, the erythropoietin levels of patients with lymphoid malignancies with bone marrow infiltration and with normal renal function did not differ significantly from erythropoietin levels of the anaemic controls. We conclude that anaemia in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders with bone marrow infiltration and normal renal function is caused primarily by a diminished/inadequate response to erythropoietin at the level of the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ariad
- Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Kurtz A, Eckardt KU, Pugh C, Corvol P, Fabbro D, Ratcliffe P. Phorbol ester inhibits erythropoietin production in human hepatoma cells (Hep G2). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 262:C1204-10. [PMID: 1317101 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1992.262.5.c1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Using the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2, we have studied a possible role of protein kinase C (PKC) activity for regulation of erythropoietin (EPO) production. During a 72-h incubation, EPO production by the cells was stimulated sevenfold by exposure to low oxygen tension (1%) and threefold by exposure to cobaltous chloride (100 microM). The phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate-13 acetate (PMA) led to a concentration-dependent inhibition of basal and stimulated EPO formation (ED50 10 nM). This decrease of EPO production, which was apparent already after 1 h of incubation with PMA, reached its maximal effect after 24 h and held on for 72 h. It was paralleled by an inhibition of the increase of EPO mRNA levels in response to stimulation. A 24-h preincubation of the cells with PMA (100 nM) virtually blunted the effect of hypoxia on EPO formation. Recovery of EPO synthesis after removal of PMA took 48-72 h. The effect of PMA on EPO production was mimicked by phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (ED50 1 microM) but not by 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate. The synthetic diacylglycerol analogues oleolyl-acetylglycerol and dioctanoylglycerol (2-200 microM) also had no effect on either basal or stimulated EPO production. Treatment with PMA caused a translocation of the alpha-isoenzyme of PKC from the cytosol to the membrane after 1 h and a disappearance of the membrane-bound form after 24 h of incubation. Staurosporine and 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine, two structurally different inhibitors of PKC activity, inhibited basal and stimulated EPO production with ED50 values of 9 nM and 50 microM, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kurtz
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität Regensburg, Germany
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Sakata S, Enoki Y. Improved microbioassay for plasma erythropoietin based on CFU-E colony formation. Ann Hematol 1992; 64:224-30. [PMID: 1623057 DOI: 10.1007/bf01738301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined the conditions necessary for performing a reliable erythropoietin (EPO) assay based on CFU-E colony formation in fetal mouse liver cell (FMLC) microcultures using 96-well microtiter plates. Both linearity of colony numbers with the number of cells plated and comparison among the colony ratios at various densities of seeding cells indicated that the colonies originated from a single progenitor cell when 7500 or fewer cells were plated into individual microtiter wells. About a twofold CFU-E enrichment in 12- to 13-day FMLC was achieved by Ficoll-Paque centrifugation. Plasma treated with acid-boiling stimulated the colony formation most and contained no colony inhibitor. Dose-response curve for the plasma was parallel to the EPO standard curve. The "erythroid colony-stimulating activity" in the plasma was additive to that in the standard EPO, and was completely neutralized by a monoclonal antibody against recombinant human EPO. Using the assay procedure thus established, plasma EPO titer was determined in normal subjects, in patients with nonuremic anemia and polycythemia vera, and in dialysis patients with chronic renal failure. The use of different preparations of standard EPO resulted in a significant difference in the titers because their dose-response curves differed from one another. An inverse relationship was found between EPO titers and hemoglobin concentrations in the nonuremic anemic patients, but not in the dialysis patients with about one half the normal EPO level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sakata
- Second Department of Physiology, Nara Medical University, Japan
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20
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Sakata S, Enoki Y, Oki I, Morimoto T, Ueda M. Relationship between erythropoietin and erythroid colony-stimulating activity in mouse plasma. Eur J Haematol 1992; 48:177-8. [PMID: 1559575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1992.tb00593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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21
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Tsuchiya T, Ochiai H, Imajoh-Ohmi S, Ueda M, Suda T, Nakamura M, Kanegasaki S. In vitro reconstitution of an erythropoietin gene transcription system using its 5'-flanking sequence and a nuclear extract from anemic kidney. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 182:137-43. [PMID: 1731775 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an in vitro transcription system for the erythropoietin (Epo) gene. This system uses a plasmid carrying 0.2 kb of 5'-flanking sequence from the human Epo gene, rNTPs and a nuclear extract from mouse kidney. The transcribed RNA was assayed by primer extension with an end-labeled primer complementary to the sequence of the plasmid, dNTPs and reverse transcriptase. The primer extension product corresponding to the transcript was detected on a sequencing gel. The in vitro promoter activity of the Epo 5'-flanking sequence was observed with a nuclear extract from anemic kidney but not with that from normal kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsuchiya
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Pagel H, Engel A, Jelkmann W. Erythropoietin induction by hypoxia. A comparison of in vitro and in vivo experiments. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1992; 317:515-9. [PMID: 1288168 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3428-0_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Pagel
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Lübeck, Germany
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23
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Jelkmann W, Huwiler A, Fandrey J, Pfeilschifter J. Inhibition of erythropoietin production by phorbol ester is associated with down-regulation of protein kinase C-alpha isoenzyme in hepatoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 179:1441-8. [PMID: 1656952 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91734-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the control of erythropoietin (Epo) production was studied using the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Inhibition of PKC by staurosporine and the selective PKC inhibitor CGP 41251 significantly reduced Epo formation. No inhibition occurred with the inactive staurosporine derivative CGP 42700. Treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 24 h dose-dependently inhibited Epo formation, thus suggesting that down-regulation of PKC might be responsible for this inhibition. Immunoblotting experiments showed that incubation of HepG2 cells with PMA for 24 h resulted in a selective and almost complete down-regulation of PKC-alpha. Thus, PKC-alpha may play a permissive role in Epo synthesis in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jelkmann
- Department of Physiology, University of Bonn, Germany
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24
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Fandrey J, Jelkmann WE. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibit erythropoietin production in vitro. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 628:250-5. [PMID: 1712553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb17252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of several immunomodulatory peptides (recombinant, human) on the in vitro production of erythropoietin (Epo) were studied in cultures of the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2. A dose-dependent decrease of up to 60% in Epo production was induced by interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-1 alpha, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (in that order of potency). In contrast, moderately increased Epo levels resulted with interleukin-6 or interferon-gamma treatment at high concentrations. Concomitant measurements of the production of alpha-fetoprotein indicated that the observed effects were specific for Epo. Hence, we suspect a modulating role of the immune system in the in vivo control of Epo production and postulate that interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are involved in some of the cases of lowered blood Epo levels in association with renal diseases, chronic inflammation, and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fandrey
- Institut für Physiologie, Medizinische Universität, Lübeck, Federal Republic of Germany
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25
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Lacombe C, Chrétien S, Lemarchandel V, Mayeux P, Roméo PH, Gisselbrecht S, Cartron JP. Spleen focus-forming virus long terminal repeat insertional activation of the murine erythropoietin receptor gene in the T3Cl-2 friend leukemia cell line. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)89595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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26
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Piroso E, Erslev AJ, Flaharty KK, Caro J. Erythropoietin life span in rats with hypoplastic and hyperplastic bone marrows. Am J Hematol 1991; 36:105-10. [PMID: 2012061 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830360208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic fate of erythropoietin (EPO) remains unknown. Urinary excretion does not appear to play a major role and liver catabolism has been shown to occur only after terminal sugars on the hormone have been removed. However, it has been proposed that EPO is eliminated by consumption in the bone marrow. In order to examine the extent of such consumption we measured the half-life of radioidinated recombinant EPO injected intravenously (IV) to rats with bone marrows suppressed by cyclophosphamide or hypertransfusion and marrows stimulated by phenylhydrazine or bleeding. The mean half-life or erythropoietin in normal rats was 179 +/- 16 min, with similar half-lives found in the other rats regardless of decreased or increased bone marrow activity. The results indicate that it is unlikely that erythroid activity determines EPO life span and catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Piroso
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research Department of Internal Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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27
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Wolff M, Jelkmann W. Erythropoiesis and erythropoietin levels in renal transplant recipients. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1991; 69:53-8. [PMID: 2027270 DOI: 10.1007/bf01666817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Moderately increased blood levels of endogenous erythropoietin (Epo) usually induce complete restoration of renal anemia after successful kidney transplantation. With good graft function erythropoiesis is maintained by normal Epo serum levels. Persistent anemia can be related to iron deficiency, low excretory graft function, and high dosage of immunosuppressive agents leading to marrow suppression or nephrotoxicity. Acute early rejection is associated with a fall in serum Epo and abrogation of reticulocytosis. About 15% of recipients fail to exhibit the normal feedback regulation and develop a mostly transient posttransplant erythrocytosis. Both an increased sensitivity of erythrocytic progenitors to Epo and inappropriate Epo secretion by the native kidneys may account for this overshooting reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wolff
- Physiologisches Institut I, Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
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28
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Schwandt HJ, Heyduck B, Gunga HC, Röcker L. Influence of prolonged physical exercise on the erythropoietin concentration in blood. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 63:463-6. [PMID: 1765060 DOI: 10.1007/bf00868079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) and red blood cells were studied in 15 well-trained men before and several times after a marathon run. Changes in red blood cells reflected changes of plasma volume. Immediately after the run, red blood cells were increased due to haemoconcentration, whereas 31 h later the values were decreased due to haemodilution. The EPO concentration was increased 3 h, and more impressive 31 h, after the run. This long-lasting increase in EPO concentration after the marathon run would seem to be responsible for the increased red blood cell mass in long distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Schwandt
- Institut für Leistungsmedizin, Abteilung Sportphysiologie, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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29
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Klausen T, Mohr T, Ghisler U, Nielsen OJ. Maximal oxygen uptake and erythropoietic responses after training at moderate altitude. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 62:376-9. [PMID: 1874246 DOI: 10.1007/bf00634976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Six well-trained male cross-county skiers trained for 7 days at 2700 m above sea level, their accommodation being at 1695 m. Blood samples for haemoglobin concentration [Hb], erythropoietin concentration [EPO] and reticulocyte count were collected before, during and after altitude exposure. Packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), transferrin-iron saturation, mean red cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), maximal oxygen uptake, maximal achieved ventilation and heart rate were determined pre- and postaltitude exposure. The [EPO] increased significantly from pre-altitude (mean 36 mU.ml-1, SD 5) to maximal altitude values (mean 47 mU.ml-1, SD 3). The [Hb] had increased significantly above pre-altitude values (mean 8.8 mmol.l-1, SD 0.5) on day 2 (mean 9.1 mmol.l-1, SD 0.4) and day 7 (mean 9.4 mmol.l-1, SD 0.4) at altitude and on day 4 postaltitutde (mean 9.2 mmol.l-1, SD 0.4). The reticulocyte counts had increased significantly above pre-altitude values (mean 6%, SD 3%) on day 3 at altitude (mean 12%, SD 8%) and day 4 postaltitude (mean 10%, SD 5%). The RBC counts had increased on the 4th postaltitude day. The transferrin-iron saturation had decreased below pre-altitude values (mean 23%, SD 4%) on day 4 postaltitude (mean 14%, SD 5%) and had increased on day 11 postaltitude (mean 22%, SD 7%). There were no significant changes in MCV, MCHC, PCV, maximal oxygen uptake and maximal achieved ventilation, and heart rate pre- to postaltitude. These observations demonstrated an erythropoietic response to the altitude training which was not sufficient to increase the postaltitude maximal oxygen uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Klausen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Fredriksberg, Denmark
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30
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Mayeux P, Casadevall N, Lacombe C, Muller O, Tambourin P. Solubilization and hydrodynamic characteristics of the erythropoietin receptor. Evidence for a multimeric complex. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 194:271-8. [PMID: 2174776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the erythropoietin receptor in its native state, we solubilized erythropoietin-receptor complexes from spleen cell membranes of mice infected with the anemia strain of Friend virus using mild detergents. Among 11 tested detergents, Triton X-100 and Lubrol PX were the most effective. Triton X-100 was therefore selected for this study. The solubilized complexes appeared to be well representative of the total membrane receptor population as indicated by cross-linking experiments and affinity measurements. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the complexes were determined by gel filtration chromatography and ultracentrifugation through sucrose gradients prepared with H2O or D2O. Although erythropoietin-receptor-detergent complexes exhibited some heterogeneity, we determined the following minimal hydrodynamic values: sedimentation coefficient (s20,w): 11.7 +/- 0.8 S, Stokes radius: 7.7 +/- 0.2 nm, partial specific volume: 0.774 +/- 0.017 ml/g, giving a molecular mass of 458 +/- 66 kDa. The contribution of the detergent was estimated to be 28% from the measured partial specific volume, giving an estimated molecular mass of 330 +/- 48 kDa for the erythropoietin-receptor complex. The minimal molecular mass value was significantly greater than those obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, strongly suggesting that the erythropoietin receptors were present as multimeric complexes. The nature of these complexes is discussed. Beside this major component our results revealed the presence of higher-molecular-mass erythropoietin binding components. We also demonstrated that erythropoietin-receptor complexes could be precipitated with anti-erythropoietin antibodies. This property should greatly improve the purification of erythropoietin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mayeux
- Unite INSERM 152, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, Paris, France
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31
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Jelkmann W, Wiedemann G. High serum immunoreactive erythropoietin in leukaemic patients with bone marrow insufficiency of erythropoiesis. Eur J Haematol 1990; 45:271-2. [PMID: 2261954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1990.tb00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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33
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Im JH, Lee SJ, Kim HD. Partial purification and characterization of erythropoietin receptors from erythroid progenitor cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990; 278:486-91. [PMID: 2158283 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(90)90290-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have partially purified and characterized erythropoietin (Epo) receptors of erythroid progenitor cells which were obtained from the spleens of anemia-inducing Friend virus infected mice. Membrane proteins of splenic erythroid progenitor cells were solubilized with 1% Triton X-102. Upon chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel anion-exchange columns, two distinct Epo receptor peak fractions referred to as Peak I and Peak II were identified by 125I-Epo binding assays using the polyethylene glycol precipitation method. The Peak I and Peak II samples were then individually chromatographed on an S-Sepharose column. The S-Sepharose-purified Peak I and Peak II samples were crosslinked with 125I-Epo in the presence and absence of excess unlabeled Epo by disuccinimidyl suberate treatment, and then analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and autoradiography. Both Peak I and Peak II samples showed a radiolabeled peptide with a Mr 135K and the labeling was blocked by excess unlabeled Epo. Since the Mr of Epo is about 35K, Epo receptor peptide has a Mr approximately 100K. To determine whether Epo stimulates autophosphorylation of the receptors, the S-Sepharose-purified Peak I and Peak II samples were incubated with or without Epo, and then briefly incubated in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP and Mn2+. The tyrosine residue phosphorylated protein was isolated by an immunochemical technique, and then analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. The result showed that Epo stimulates phosphorylation of a 100-kDa peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Im
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65212
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34
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Jelkmann W, Wiedemann G. Serum erythropoietin level: relationships to blood hemoglobin concentration and erythrocytic activity of the bone marrow. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1990; 68:403-7. [PMID: 2348644 DOI: 10.1007/bf01648581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The question as to whether the serum concentration of erythropoietin is relatively high for the degree of anemia in patients with erythrocytic hypoplasia has regained interest, since recombinant human-like erythropoietin has become available as a drug for replacement therapy. We have compared the concentration of serum immunoreactive erythropoietin in nonrenal anemic patients with erythrocytic hypoplasia (22 cases) or active erythropoiesis (82 cases). In both groups a negative correlation was determined between the blood hemoglobin concentration and the logarithm of the erythropoietin concentration. However, the two regression lines were not identical, and the serum erythropoietin concentration was significantly higher for the degree of anemia in the patients with erythrocytic hypoplasia. Additional measurements in four patients suffering from acute leukemia with marrow failure showed that the erythropoietin concentration decreased towards the values observed in anemic patients with active erythropoiesis when the erythron recovered in the early phase of complete remission. These data support the idea that, independent of the O2 offer, the proliferating erythrocytic progenitors by negative feedback lower the blood level of erythropoietin.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jelkmann
- Institut für Physiologie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck
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35
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Fandrey J, Seydel FP, Siegers CP, Jelkmann W. Role of cytochrome P450 in the control of the production of erythropoietin. Life Sci 1990; 47:127-34. [PMID: 2167416 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(90)90225-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Effects of agents affecting cytochrome P450 were studied on the production of erythropoietin (Epo) in cultures of the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Epo was measured by radioimmunoassay of the culture media after 24 h of incubation. The addition of phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene, which induce cytochrome P450, significantly enhanced the formation of Epo. Likewise, the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 stimulated the rate of the production of Epo. On the other hand, the formation of Epo was lowered following the addition of diethyldithiocarbamate or cysteamine chloride, which inhibit cytochrome P450. These findings support the idea that O2 sensitive hemoproteins of the microsomal mixed-functional oxidases play a role in the control of the synthesis of Epo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fandrey
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Luebeck, FRG
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36
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Jelkmann W, Johannsen H, Wiedemann G, Otte M, Wagner T. Dependence of serum erythropoietin level on erythropoiesis in leukemia. HAEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD TRANSFUSION 1990; 33:83-6. [PMID: 2323676 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74643-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dependence of the serum erythropoietin (Epo) level on the blood hemoglobin concentration was compared in patients suffering from leukemia and ulcerative colitis. In leukemia, the level of immunoreactive and bioactive Epo was generally much higher than in ulcerative colitis at comparable degrees of anemia. The highest Epo values were found in patients with severe bone marrow insufficiency of erythropoiesis. These findings support the hypothesis that the plasma level of Epo depends not only on the hemoglobin concentration of the blood but is also influenced by the proliferative activity of the erythron.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jelkmann
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Luebeck, FRG
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37
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Jelkmann W, Wiedemann G. Lack of sex dependence of the serum level of immunoreactive erythropoietin in chronic anemia. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1989; 67:1218. [PMID: 2607750 DOI: 10.1007/bf01716210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Jelkmann
- Institut für Physiologie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck
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38
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Piroso E, Erslev AJ, Caro J. Inappropriate increase in erythropoietin titers during chemotherapy. Am J Hematol 1989; 32:248-54. [PMID: 2816921 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830320403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Serial erythropoietin measurements by RIA were performed in six patients with acute leukemia treated by intensive chemotherapy. In all cases erythropoietin titers increased after the onset of treatment, although the hemoglobin concentration remained at stable values. Subsequently the erythropoietin titers gradually returned to baseline levels. In same patients this reduction occurred at the end of chemotherapy, in others coincident with infections and antibiotic therapy. In four patients this decrease occurred at the time of bone marrow recovery. The explanation for this inappropriate increase in erythropoietin titers is not clear but may be related to a direct or indirect effect of a suppressed marrow on sites of erythropoietin production or catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Piroso
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
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39
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Fyhrquist F, Karppinen K, Honkanen T, Saijonmaa O, Rosenlöf K. High serum erythropoietin levels are normalized during treatment of congestive heart failure with enalapril. J Intern Med 1989; 226:257-60. [PMID: 2553845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1989.tb01390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (three female, mean age 57 years), were treated for 48 weeks with enalapril added to digoxin and diuretic therapy for congestive heart failure of New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II (three patients). III (eight patients) and IV (seven patients), respectively. Serum levels of erythropoietin (EPO) were raised at the start (37 +/- 12.8 pmol 1(-1); mean +/- SD) and were normalized during enalapril treatment (17.5 +/- 9.9 pmol 1(-1) at 48 weeks; P less than 0.001). Serum EPO correlated at the start with NYHA functional class (r = 0.68; P less than 0.05). Normalization of elevated serum EPO concentrations during treatment with enalapril paralleled clinical and haemodynamic improvement, and probably reflected relief from renal hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fyhrquist
- Minerva Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
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40
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Johannsen H, Jelkmann W, Wiedemann G, Otte M, Wagner T. Erythropoietin/haemoglobin relationship in leukaemia and ulcerative colitis. Eur J Haematol 1989; 43:201-6. [PMID: 2806474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1989.tb00283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The erythropoietin level was measured, by bioassay in polycythaemic mice, in the serum of anaemic patients suffering from different types of leukaemia. Comparative measurements were carried out in patients with ulcerative colitis. Serum erythropoietin was less well-correlated with the haemoglobin concentration in leukaemia than in ulcerative colitis. While serum erythropoietin did not exceed 200 mU/ml in patients with ulcerative colitis (lowest blood haemoglobin concentration 56 g/l), several of the leukaemic patients had serum erythropoietin levels above 500 mU/ml at comparable degrees of anaemia. Bone marrow biopsy showed that erythropoiesis was severely impaired in the leukaemic patients whose erythropoietin values were relatively high. These findings are in accord with the hypothesis that the plasma level of erythropoietin depends not only on the haemoglobin concentration of the blood but also on the bone marrow responsiveness to the hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Johannsen
- Institut für Physiologie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Fed. Rep. Germany
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41
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Eder H, Rosslenbroich B, Failing K. A dose-dependent effect of recombinant erythropoietin on the reticulocyte population of rats. BLUT 1989; 59:184-7. [PMID: 2475191 DOI: 10.1007/bf00320065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of human recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) on the reticulocyte count and the reticulocyte maturation distribution in rats was measured with an automatic reticulocyte analysis system (AURAS). The strongest reaction was found on the third day after a single application of rEPO with respect to reticulocyte count, maturation distribution, and the count of immature reticulocytes. At this time these parameters show a distinct dose dependency. The results indicate a possible basis for a simple rEPO bioassay using normocytemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Eder
- Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany
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42
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Pagel H, Jelkmann W, Weiss C. O2-supply to the kidneys and the production of erythropoietin. RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 77:111-7. [PMID: 2799104 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5687(89)90034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of erythropoietin (Ep) in blood increases little following a reduction of the renal blood flow (rbf). In the present study we examined whether a reduction of rbf in rats induces a lowering of the renal venous PO2. In addition, the combined effects of reduced rbf and hypobaric hypoxia on the production of Ep were studied. To lower rbf, silver clips with stepwisely reduced inner diameters were applied on both renal arteries. The PO2 of renal venous blood decreased gradually to values below 10 mm Hg, when rbf was reduced from 80 to 10% of normal. Under these conditions plasma Ep increased only moderately from 20 +/- 6 to 69 +/- 24 mU/ml within 18-20 h. However, plasma Ep of rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia (stimulated altitude of 6000 m for 18-20 h) was 431 +/- 68 mU/ml, when rbf was 100-80% of normal, compared to 931 +/- 91 mU/ml, when rbf was reduced to 40-10%. Thus, a reduction of the blood flow to the kidney appears to be no major stimulus for the production of Ep, even when the PO2 in the kidney becomes very low. However, plasma levels of Ep increase markedly, when the whole body O2 offer is lowered. These results support the view that Ep production is not only dependent on the PO2 in the kidney but also under the control of extrarenal O2 sensitive mechanisms. For example, the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system is thought to influence the production of Ep.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pagel
- Department of Physiology, Medical University, Lübeck, F.R.G
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43
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Seferynska I, Brookins J, Rice JC, Fisher JW. Erythropoietin production in exhypoxic polycythemic mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 256:C925-9. [PMID: 2705519 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1989.256.4.c925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Our present study was undertaken to determine the serum erythropoietin concentration (radioimmunoassay), hematocrit, red cell mass, and body weight of mice exposed to hypoxia in a hypobaric chamber (0.42 atm, 22 h/day) for 14 days and during the 10 posthypoxic days at ambient pressure to clarify the correlation of the red cell mass and erythropoietin production during hypoxia. The mean serum erythropoietin titer was 326.23 +/- 77.04 mU/ml after 2 days, reached the highest level after 3 days (452.2 +/- 114.5 mU/ml), then gradually declined to a level of 36.5 +/- 11.4 mU/ml after 14 days of hypoxia, and was undetectable during the 10-day posthypoxic period. The hematocrit values were significantly increased from 41.09 +/- 0.50% at day 0 to 51.65 +/- 1.08% after 3 days and to 72.20 +/- 1.53% after 14 days of hypoxia. The red cell mass (calculated from initial body weight) increased from 3.24 +/- 0.1 ml/100 g at day 0 to 7.32 +/- 0.46 ml/100 g after 14 days of hypoxia and declined to 6.66 +/- 0.53 ml/100 g at the end of the 10-day posthypoxic period. The mice lost weight while they were in the hypobaric chamber and showed a significant increase in body weight during the 10-day posthypoxic period. These studies support the concept that chronic intermittent hypoxia causes an early increase, followed by a rapid decline, in erythropoietin production, which is correlated with the gradual increase in red cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Seferynska
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
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Semenza GL, Traystman MD, Gearhart JD, Antonarakis SE. Polycythemia in transgenic mice expressing the human erythropoietin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:2301-5. [PMID: 2928334 PMCID: PMC286900 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.7.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that regulates mammalian erythropoiesis. To study the expression of the human erythropoietin gene, EPO, 4 kilobases of DNA encompassing the gene with 0.4 kilobase of 5' flanking sequence and 0.7 kilobase of 3' flanking sequence was microinjected into fertilized mouse eggs. Transgenic mice were generated that are polycythemic, with increased erythrocytic indices in peripheral blood, increased numbers of erythroid precursors in hematopoietic tissue, and increased serum erythropoietin levels. Transgenic homozygotes show a greater degree of polycythemia than do heterozygotes as well as striking extramedullary erythropoiesis. Human erythropoietin RNA was found not only in fetal liver, adult liver, and kidney but also in all other transgenic tissues analyzed. Anemia induced increased human erythropoietin RNA levels in liver but not kidney. These transgenic mice represent a unique model of polycythemia due to increased erythropoietin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Semenza
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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45
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Voutilainen PE, Widness JA, Clemons GK, Schwartz R, Teramo KA. Amniotic fluid erythropoietin predicts fetal distress in Rh-immunized pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160:429-34. [PMID: 2492765 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(89)90466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Repeated amniotic fluid erythropoietin measurements in 23 Rh-immunized pregnancies were done to evaluate erythropoietin levels of amniotic fluid as an indicator of fetal distress (umbilical artery, pH 7.14 or less, or 1-minute Apgar score of 4 or less). Amniotic fluid erythropoietin levels did not vary significantly between 168 and 273 gestational days in the pregnancies without fetal distress. Increasing levels of amniotic fluid erythropoietin predicted highly reliably severe fetal distress at birth. Whether erythropoietin levels of amniotic fluid can also predict fetal distress in other pathologic pregnancies needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Voutilainen
- Department I of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Goldberg MA, Dunning SP, Bunn HF. Regulation of the erythropoietin gene: evidence that the oxygen sensor is a heme protein. Science 1988; 242:1412-5. [PMID: 2849206 DOI: 10.1126/science.2849206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 713] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo), the hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, is synthesized in the kidney and liver in response to hypoxia. The human hepatoma cell line Hep3B regulates its production of Epo in a physiologic manner. Either hypoxia or cobalt chloride markedly increases expression of Epo mRNA as well as production of biologically active and immunologically distinct Epo protein. New protein synthesis is required before the induction of increased levels of hypoxia- or cobalt-induced Epo mRNA. Hypoxia, cobalt chloride, and nickel chloride appear to stimulate Epo production through a common pathway. The inhibition of Epo production at low partial pressures of oxygen by carbon monoxide provides evidence that a heme protein is integrally involved in the oxygen-sensing mechanism. This hypothesis is further supported by the finding that when heme synthesis is blocked, hypoxia-, cobalt-, and nickel-induced Epo production are all markedly inhibited. A model is proposed in which a ligand-dependent conformational change in a heme protein accounts for the mechanism by which hypoxia as well as cobalt and nickel stimulate the production of Epo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Goldberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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Pagel H, Jelkmann W, Weiss C. A comparison of the effects of renal artery constriction and anemia on the production of erythropoietin. Pflugers Arch 1988; 413:62-6. [PMID: 3217227 DOI: 10.1007/bf00581229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is generally assumed that the O2 supply to the kidneys is the major determinant of the synthesis of erythropoietin (Ep). In the present study, the O2 supply of the kidneys of rats was lowered by the reduction of renal blood flow (rbf). Plasma Ep was determined after about 18 h of bilateral application of Goldblatt clips with graded inner diameters. The results were compared to findings in anemic rats, in which the systemic O2 supply was lowered by exchange transfusion of blood with plasma. We found a linear correlation between Ep levels in plasma and the degree of reduction of rbf. However, there was an exponential relationship between Ep levels and the concentration of hemoglobin in blood. In addition, the elevation of plasma Ep was only moderate, when rbf was reduced (maximum 0.07 IU Ep/ml plasma). The increase in Ep concentration was much more pronounced in anemia (up to about 7 IU Ep/ml plasma). From these results it may be concluded that decreasing oxygen supply to the kidney through reduction in renal blood flow (ischemic hypoxia) is less effective in increasing erythropoietin production than reducing the hemoglobin concentration (anemic hypoxia). The possibility must be considered that the increase in renal production of erythropoietin due to anemic hypoxia is triggered by one or more extrarenal signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pagel
- Institut für Physiologie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Federal Republic of Germany
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48
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Jelkmann W, Marienhoff N, Giesselmann S, Busch L. Lowered plasma erythropoietin in hypoxic rats with kidney tubule lesions. BLUT 1988; 57:317-21. [PMID: 3196883 DOI: 10.1007/bf00320362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of the kidney tubules in the renal formation of erythropoietin is incompletely understood. Therefore, the capability to produce erythropoietin in response to hypoxia was studied in rats with tubular lesions. Nephron damage was induced in two different ways. First, rats were treated with the nephrotoxic aminoglycoside gentamicin (67.5 mg/kg and day) for 14 days. The animals were then subjected to simulated altitude (6,800 m) for 6 h. The resulting plasma erythropoietin concentration was significantly lower (0.5 IU/ml) than in saline treated control rats exposed to hypoxia (1.0 IU/ml). Second, unilateral hydronephrosis was induced by ureteral ligation. The contralateral kidney was removed immediately before the animals were exposed to simulated altitude for 6 h. The plasma erythropoietin concentration in the ureter-ligated rats did not increase above the value (0.3 IU/ml) in hypoxia exposed anephric rats. These results indicate that the production of erythropoietin is reduced following tubular injury. Tubule cells may directly produce the hormone or interfere with the O2-sensing mechanisms controlling its synthesis. The latter hypothesis would seem to be supported by our failure to demonstrate in vitro erythropoietin production by the two established kidney tubule cell lines, LLC-PK1 and PK-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jelkmann
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Lübeck, Federal Republic of Germany
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Physiological concentrations of atrial natriuretic factor stimulate human erythroid progenitors in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 156:15-21. [PMID: 2972281 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human alpha-ANF[1-28] potentiated erythroid colony formation up to four-fold in cultures containing erythropoietin. Both early and late erythroid precursor cells responded to alpha-ANF[1-28] [0.032 to 1 nM] in a dose dependent fashion. Removal of T lymphocytes and macrophages which have been shown to modulate erythropoiesis did not abolish the stimulatory effect. All major circulatory forms of ANF (alpha-ANF[1-28], alpha-ANF[4-28] and alpha-ANF[5-28]) had potent erythropoietic activity. These results indicate that concentrations of ANF reached during hypoxia stimulate erythroid progenitor cells in the presence of erythropoietin.
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50
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Hochberg MC, Arnold CM, Hogans BB, Spivak JL. Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin in rheumatoid arthritis: impaired response to anemia. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1988; 31:1318-21. [PMID: 3178910 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780311016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin (EP) levels were measured in 116 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 20 control patients with iron deficiency anemia. Serum EP levels were significantly higher in the 46 anemic RA patients than in the 70 nonanemic RA patients (mean +/- SD 31.0 +/- 19.8 mU/ml versus 16.8 +/- 12.4 mU/ml; P less than 0.0001). Furthermore, although a significant inverse correlation between the serum EP level and the hemoglobin value was present in the anemic RA patients (r = -0.57, P less than 0.0001), the regression coefficient describing the relationship between serum EP and hemoglobin was significantly lower for the anemic RA patients than for patients with iron deficiency anemia (F = 6.01, P less than 0.025).
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hochberg
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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