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Zheng X, Liu Q, Liang Y, Feng W, Yu H, Tong C, Song B. Advancement in the development of single chain antibodies using phage display technology. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17143. [PMID: 38618563 PMCID: PMC11015834 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Phage display technology has become an important research tool in biological research, fundamentally changing the traditional monoclonal antibody preparation process, and has been widely used in the establishment of antigen-antibody libraries, drug design, vaccine research, pathogen detection, gene therapy, antigenic epitope research, and cellular signal transduction research.The phage display is a powerful platform for technology development. Using phage display technology, single chain fragment variable (scFv) can be screened, replacing the disadvantage of the large size of traditional antibodies. Phage display single chain antibody libraries have significant biological implications. Here we describe the types of antibodies, including chimeric antibodies, bispecific antibodies, and scFvs. In addition, we describe the phage display system, phage display single chain antibody libraries, screening of specific antibodies by phage libraries and the application of phage libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yimin Liang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenzhi Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Honghao Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunyu Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bocui Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
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Moradbeygi F, Ghasemi Y, Farmani AR, Hemmati S. Glucarpidase (carboxypeptidase G2): Biotechnological production, clinical application as a methotrexate antidote, and placement in targeted cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115292. [PMID: 37579696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients receiving high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) for malignancies are exposed to diverse complications, including nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, mucositis, myelotoxicity, neurological symptoms, and death. Glucarpidase is a recombinant carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) that converts MTX into nontoxic metabolites. In this study, the role of vector type, gene optimization, orientation, and host on the expression of CPG2 is investigated. The effectiveness of various therapeutic regimens containing glucarpidase is classified and perspectives on the dose adjustment based on precision medicine are provided. Conjugation with cell-penetrating peptides, human serum albumin, and polymers such as PEG and dextran for delivery, higher stability, and production of the biobetter variants of CPG2 is highlighted. Conjugation of CPG2 to F(ab՜)2 or scFv antibody fragments against tumor-specific antigens and the corresponding prodrugs for tumor-targeted drug delivery using the antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) is communicated. Trials to reduce the off-target effects and the possibility of repeated ADEPT cycles by adding pro-domains sensitive to tumor-overexpressed proteases, antiCPG2 antibodies, CPG2 mutants with immune-system-unrecognizable epitopes, and protective polymers are reported. Intracellular cpg2 gene expression by gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) and the concerns regarding the safety and transfection efficacy of the GDEPT vectors are described. A novel bifunctional platform using engineered CAR-T cell micropharmacies, known as Synthetic Enzyme-Armed KillER (SEAKER) cells, expressing CPG2 to activate prodrugs at the tumor niche is introduced. Taken together, integrated data in this review and recruiting combinatorial strategies in novel drug delivery systems define the future directions of ADEPT, GDEPT, and SEAKER cell therapy and the placement of CPG2 therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moradbeygi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Farmani
- Tissue Engineering Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Shiva Hemmati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Meecham A, Marshall J. Harnessing the power of foot-and-mouth-disease virus for targeting integrin alpha-v beta-6 for the therapy of cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:737-744. [PMID: 33533659 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1878143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The integrin αvβ6 is a promising therapeutic target due to its limited expression in healthy tissue and significant overexpression in cancer and fibrosis. The peptide A20FMDV2, derived from the foot and mouth disease virus, is highly selective for αvβ6, and can be used therapeutically to target αvβ6 expressing cells.Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the logic that led to the discovery of A20FMDV2, the importance of its stereochemistry in receptor-binding, and the strategies employed to use it as a molecular-specific drug delivery system. These strategies include creating A20FMDV2-drug conjugates, genetically modifying oncolytic viruses to express A20FMDV2 and thus redirect their tropism to predominantly αvβ6 expressing cells, creation of A20FMDV2 expressing CAR T-cells, and modifying antibody tropism by inserting A20FMDV2 into the CDR3 loop.Expert opinion: αvβ6 is one of the most promising therapeutic targets in cancer and fibrosis discovered in the last few decades. The potential use of A20FMDV2 as a molecular-specific αvβ6-targeting agent is extremely promising, particularly when considering the success of the peptide and its variants in clinical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Meecham
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square London, UK
| | - John Marshall
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square London, UK
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Development of Human Monoclonal Antibody for Claudin-3 Overexpressing Carcinoma Targeting. Biomolecules 2019; 10:biom10010051. [PMID: 31905631 PMCID: PMC7022679 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Most malignant tumors originate from epithelial tissues in which tight junctions mediate cell-cell interactions. Tight junction proteins, especially claudin-3 (CLDN3), are overexpressed in various cancers. Claudin-3 is exposed externally during tumorigenesis making it a potential biomarker and therapeutic target. However, the development of antibodies against specific CLDN proteins is difficult, because CLDNs are four-transmembrane domain proteins with high homology among CLDN family members and species. Here, we developed a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody (h4G3) against CLDN3 through scFv phage display using CLDN3-overexpressing stable cells and CLDN3-embedded lipoparticles as antigens. The h4G3 recognized the native conformation of human and mouse CLDN3 without cross-reactivity to other CLDNs. The binding kinetics of h4G3 demonstrated a sub-nanomolar affinity for CLDN3 expressed on the cell surface. The h4G3 showed antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) according to CLDN3 expression levels in various cancer cells by the activation of FcγRIIIa (CD16a). The biodistribution of h4G3 was analyzed by intravenous injection of fluorescence-conjugated h4G3 which showed that it localized to the tumor site in xenograft mice bearing CLDN3-expressing tumors. These results indicate that h4G3 recognizes CLDN3 specifically, suggesting its value for cancer diagnosis, antibody-drug conjugates, and potentially as a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) for CLDN3-expressing pan-carcinoma.
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The Roles of Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Liver Metastasis and Therapeutic Approaches. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:7521987. [PMID: 28588612 PMCID: PMC5447280 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7521987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a highly complicated and sequential process in which primary cancer spreads to secondary organic sites. Liver is a well-known metastatic organ from colorectal cancer. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is expressed in most gastrointestinal, breast, and lung cancer cells. Overexpression of CEA is closely associated with liver metastasis, which is the main cause of death from colorectal cancer. CEA is widely used as a diagnostic and prognostic tumor marker in cancer patients. It affects many steps of liver metastasis from colorectal cancer cells. CEA inhibits circulating cancer cell death. CEA also binds to heterogeneous nuclear RNA binding protein M4 (hnRNP M4), a Kupffer cell receptor protein, and activates Kupffer cells to secrete various cytokines that change the microenvironments for the survival of colorectal cancer cells in the liver. CEA also activates cell adhesion-related molecules. The close correlation between CEA and cancer has spurred the exploration of many CEA-targeted approaches as anticancer therapeutics. Understanding the detailed functions and mechanisms of CEA in liver metastasis will provide great opportunities for the improvement of anticancer approaches against colorectal cancers. In this report, the roles of CEA in liver metastasis and CEA-targeting anticancer modalities are reviewed.
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Boonstra MC, Tolner B, Schaafsma BE, Boogerd LSF, Prevoo HAJM, Bhavsar G, Kuppen PJK, Sier CFM, Bonsing BA, Frangioni JV, van de Velde CJH, Chester KA, Vahrmeijer AL. Preclinical evaluation of a novel CEA-targeting near-infrared fluorescent tracer delineating colorectal and pancreatic tumors. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1910-20. [PMID: 25895046 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Surgery is the cornerstone of oncologic therapy with curative intent. However, identification of tumor cells in the resection margins is difficult, resulting in nonradical resections, increased cancer recurrence and subsequent decreased patient survival. Novel imaging techniques that aid in demarcating tumor margins during surgery are needed. Overexpression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is found in the majority of gastrointestinal carcinomas, including colorectal and pancreas. We developed ssSM3E/800CW, a novel CEA-targeted near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) tracer, based on a disulfide-stabilized single-chain antibody fragment (ssScFv), to visualize colorectal and pancreatic tumors in a clinically translatable setting. The applicability of the tracer was tested for cell and tissue binding characteristics and dosing using immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, cell-based plate assays and orthotopic colorectal (HT-29, well differentiated) and pancreatic (BXPC-3, poorly differentiated) xenogeneic human-mouse models. NIRF signals were visualized using the clinically compatible FLARE™ imaging system. Calculated clinically relevant doses of ssSM3E/800CW selectively accumulated in colorectal and pancreatic tumors/cells, with highest tumor-to-background ratios of 5.1 ± 0.6 at 72 hr postinjection, which proved suitable for intraoperative detection and delineation of tumor boarders and small (residual) tumor nodules in mice, between 8 and 96 hr postinjection. Ex vivo fluorescence imaging and pathologic examination confirmed tumor specificity and the distribution of the tracer. Our results indicate that ssSM3E/800CW shows promise as a diagnostic tool to recognize colorectal and pancreatic cancers for fluorescent-guided surgery applications. If successfully translated clinically, this tracer could help improve the completeness of surgery and thus survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Boonstra
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Tolner
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leonora S F Boogerd
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Guarav Bhavsar
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J K Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis F M Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A Bonsing
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John V Frangioni
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Curadel, LLC, Worcester, MA
| | | | - Kerry A Chester
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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Ayat H, Burrone OR, Sadghizadeh M, Jahanzad E, Rastgou N, Moghadasi S, Arbabi M. Isolation of scFv antibody fragments against HER2 and CEA tumor antigens from combinatorial antibody libraries derived from cancer patients. Biologicals 2013; 41:345-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Zheng C, Feng J, Lu D, Wang P, Xing S, Coll JL, Yang D, Yan X. A novel anti-CEACAM5 monoclonal antibody, CC4, suppresses colorectal tumor growth and enhances NK cells-mediated tumor immunity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21146. [PMID: 21731662 PMCID: PMC3120848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA, CEACAM5, and CD66e) has been found to be associated with various types of cancers, particularly colorectal carcinoma, and developed to be a molecular target for cancer diagnosis and therapy. In present study, we generated a novel anti-CEACAM5 monoclonal antibody, namely mAb CC4, by immunizing mice with living colorectal cancer LS174T cells. Immunohistochemical studies found that mAb CC4 specifically and strongly binds to tumor tissues, especially colorectal adenocarcinoma. In xenografted mice, mAb CC4 is specifically accumulated in tumor site and remarkably represses colorectal tumor growth. In vitro functional analysis showed that mAb CC4 significantly suppresses cell proliferation, migration and aggregation of colorectal cancer cells and also raises strong ADCC reaction. More interestingly, mAb CC4 is able to enhance NK cytotoxicity against MHC-I-deficient colorectal cancer cells by blocking intercellular interaction between epithelial CEACAM5 and NK inhibitory receptor CEACAM1. These data suggest that mAb CC4 has the potential to be developed as a novel tumor-targeting carrier and cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaogu Zheng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Feng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XY); (JF)
| | - Di Lu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Xing
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jean-Luc Coll
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Cancer du Poumon, Equipe INSERM 9924, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
| | - Dongling Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XY); (JF)
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Cuesta ÁM, Sánchez-Martín D, Sanz L, Bonet J, Compte M, Kremer L, Blanco FJ, Oliva B, Álvarez-Vallina L. In vivo tumor targeting and imaging with engineered trivalent antibody fragments containing collagen-derived sequences. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5381. [PMID: 19401768 PMCID: PMC2670539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop new and effective agents for cancer targeting. In this work, a multivalent antibody is characterized in vivo in living animals. The antibody, termed "trimerbody", comprises a single-chain antibody (scFv) fragment connected to the N-terminal trimerization subdomain of collagen XVIII NC1 by a flexible linker. As indicated by computer graphic modeling, the trimerbody has a tripod-shaped structure with three highly flexible scFv heads radially outward oriented. Trimerbodies are trimeric in solution and exhibited multivalent binding, which provides them with at least a 100-fold increase in functional affinity than the monovalent scFv. Our results also demonstrate the feasibility of producing functional bispecific trimerbodies, which concurrently bind two different ligands. A trimerbody specific for the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a classic tumor-associated antigen, showed efficient tumor targeting after systemic administration in mice bearing CEA-positive tumors. Importantly, a trimerbody that recognizes an angiogenesis-associated laminin epitope, showed excellent tumor localization in several cancer types, including fibrosarcomas and carcinomas. These results illustrate the potential of this new antibody format for imaging and therapeutic applications, and suggest that some laminin epitopes might be universal targets for cancer targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel M. Cuesta
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Martín
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sanz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Bonet
- Structural Bioinformatics' Lab, Biomedical Informatics Research Unit, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Compte
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Protein Tools Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Baldomero Oliva
- Structural Bioinformatics' Lab, Biomedical Informatics Research Unit, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez-Vallina
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Cai W, Kerner ZJ, Hong H, Sun J. Targeted Cancer Therapy with Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2008. [DOI: 10.4137/bci.s901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a member of the TNF superfamily, was the first cytokine to be evaluated for cancer biotherapy. However, the clinical use of TNF-α is severely limited by its toxicity. Currently, TNF-α is administered only through locoregional drug delivery systems such as isolated limb perfusion and isolated hepatic perfusion. To reduce the systemic toxicity of TNF-α, various strategies have been explored over the last several decades. This review summarizes current state-of-the-art targeted cancer therapy using TNF-α. Passive targeting, cell-based therapy, gene therapy with inducible or tissue-specific promoters, targeted polymer-DNA complexes, tumor pre-targeting, antibody-TNF-α conjugate, scFv/TNF-α fusion proteins, and peptide/TNF-α fusion proteins have all been investigated to combat cancer. Many of these agents are already in advanced clinical trials. Molecular imaging, which can significantly speed up the drug development process, and nanomedicine, which can integrate both imaging and therapeutic components, has the potential to revolutionize future cancer patient management. Cooperative efforts from scientists within multiple disciplines, as well as close partnerships among many organizations/entities, are needed to quickly translate novel TNF-α-based therapeutics into clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Zachary J. Kerner
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Hao Hong
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Jiangtao Sun
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
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Kogelberg H, Tolner B, Thomas GJ, Di Cara D, Minogue S, Ramesh B, Sodha S, Marsh D, Lowdell MW, Meyer T, Begent RHJ, Hart I, Marshall JF, Chester K. Engineering a single-chain Fv antibody to alpha v beta 6 integrin using the specificity-determining loop of a foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Mol Biol 2008; 382:385-401. [PMID: 18656482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The alpha v beta 6 integrin is a promising target for cancer therapy. Its expression is up-regulated de novo on many types of carcinoma where it may activate transforming growth factor-beta1 and transforming growth factor-beta 3, interact with the specific extracellular matrix proteins and promote migration and invasion of tumor cells. The viral protein 1 (VP1) coat protein of the O(1) British field strain serotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus is a high-affinity ligand for alpha v beta 6, and we recently reported that a peptide derived from VP1 exhibited alpha v beta 6-specific binding in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesized that this peptide could confer binding specificity of an antibody to alpha v beta 6. A 17-mer peptide of VP1 was inserted into the complementarity-determining region H3 loop of MFE-23, a murine single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody reactive with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The resultant scFv (B6-1) bound to alpha v beta 6 but retained residual reactivity with CEA. This was eliminated by point mutation (Y100bP) in the variable heavy-chain domain to create an scFv (B6-2) that was as structurally stable as MFE-23 and reacted specifically with alpha v beta 6 but not with alpha 5 beta 1, alpha v beta 3, alpha v beta 5, alpha v beta 8 or CEA. B6-2 was internalized into alpha v beta 6-expressing cells and inhibited alpha v beta 6-dependent migration of carcinoma cells. B6-2 was subsequently humanized. The humanized form (B6-3) was obtained as a non-covalent dimer from secretion in Pichia pastoris (115 mg/l) and was a potent inhibitor of alpha v beta 6-mediated cell adhesion. Thus, we have used a rational stepwise approach to create a humanized scFv with therapeutic potential to block alpha v beta 6-mediated cancer cell invasion or to deliver and internalize toxins specifically to alpha v beta 6-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide Kogelberg
- Cancer Research UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, Hampstead Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Li HJ, Everts M, Pereboeva L, Komarova S, Idan A, Curiel DT, Herschman HR. Adenovirus tumor targeting and hepatic untargeting by a coxsackie/adenovirus receptor ectodomain anti-carcinoembryonic antigen bispecific adapter. Cancer Res 2007; 67:5354-61. [PMID: 17545616 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus vectors have a number of advantages for gene therapy. However, because of their lack of tumor tropism and their preference for liver infection following systemic administration, they cannot be used for systemic attack on metastatic disease. Many epithelial tumors (e.g., colon, lung, and breast) express carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). To block the natural hepatic tropism of adenovirus and to "retarget" the virus to CEA-expressing tumors, we used a bispecific adapter protein (sCAR-MFE), which fuses the ectodomain of the coxsackie/adenovirus receptor (sCAR) with a single-chain anti-CEA antibody (MFE-23). sCAR-MFE untargets adenovirus-directed luciferase transgene expression in the liver by >90% following systemic vector administration. Moreover, sCAR-MFE can "retarget" adenovirus to CEA-positive epithelial tumor cells in cell culture, in s.c. tumor grafts, and in hepatic tumor grafts. The sCAR-MFE bispecific adapter should, therefore, be a powerful agent to retarget adenovirus vectors to epithelial tumor metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jung Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Natarajan A, Du W, Xiong CY, DeNardo GL, DeNardo SJ, Gervay-Hague J. Construction of di-scFv through a trivalent alkyne–azide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:695-7. [PMID: 17392953 DOI: 10.1039/b611636a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterofunctional azide and alkyne PEG-linkers have been synthesized and site specifically conjugated to scFv via a reactive thiol functionality; two scFv were coupled by copper catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to make divalent scFv (di-scFv) with an inter-scFv distance defined to provide divalent binding; antigen binding was maintained for the di-scFv construct and increased several times compared to that of the parent scFv; the cycloaddition reaction reported herein represents an important ligation strategy to covalently link macromolecular proteins and retain sensitive structural conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arutselvan Natarajan
- Radiodiagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Cancer Institute, University of California, Davis Medical Center, 1508 Alhambra Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
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Abstract
The specialised medical field of Nuclear Medicine is concerned with the use of unsealed sources of radioactivity either to diagnose or treat a range of diseases. In this regard it can be distinguished from the field of Radiotherapy which uses sealed radioactive sources for treatment. The range of diseases in which Nuclear Medicine plays a role is wide and includes, among others, the fields of microbiology, endocrinology, neurology, oncology and cardiovascular medicine. However, cancer probably represents the most important and growing area of application for this modality. Nuclear Medicine employs radiopharmaceuticals. These are radiolabelled ligands that have the ability to interact with molecular targets that are relevant in the aetiology or treatment of cancer and in many respects Nuclear Medicine can be considered the archetype for the application of 'Molecular Medicine'. An example of a Nuclear Medicine Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan is shown in Fig. 2. There is great interest in developing new radioligands that allow us to image the expression of the ever increasing range of biological pathways being discovered in the post-genomic area. Designing effective radiopharmaceuticals, however, requires an understanding of a number of radiopharmaceutical sciences including aspects of chemistry, physics, cell and molecular biology, and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Mather
- Centre for Cancer Imaging and Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, UK.
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15
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Poola I, Shokrani B, Bhatnagar R, DeWitty RL, Yue Q, Bonney G. Expression of Carcinoembryonic Antigen Cell Adhesion Molecule 6 Oncoprotein in Atypical Ductal Hyperplastic Tissues Is Associated with the Development of Invasive Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:4773-83. [PMID: 16899629 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have established that women with prior atypical ductal hyperplastic (ADH) lesions have a 5-fold increased risk of developing invasive breast cancer (IBC). However, there is currently no means of identifying a subclass of ADH from women who will most likely develop cancer. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether elevated expression of carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) in ADH tissues is associated with the development of IBC. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted with archival ADH tissues and clinical information on the development/nondevelopment of IBC. The control group was ADH from patients who had no prior history of IBC and did not develop cancer within 5 years after the diagnosis of ADH (n = 44). The test group was ADH from patients who either developed cancer concurrently or subsequently after diagnosis (ADHC; n = 44). The expression of CEACAM6 was studied by immunohistochemistry and the results were statistically analyzed for significant association to develop cancer (P value), specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. RESULTS Of the 44 control ADH tissues from patients with no history of cancer, 9 were positive for CEACAM6. Among the ADHC tissues, 40 of 44 samples were positive. Statistical analysis of CEACAM6 expression data showed a significant association between its expression and cancer development, high sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. CONCLUSIONS The expression of CEACAM6 in ADH lesions is strongly associated with the development of IBC, therefore, it can be applied as a diagnostic marker either singly or in combination with other marker(s) to predict IBC development in women with ADH lesions. It could also be a potential molecular therapeutic target for preventing IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Poola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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16
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de Pillis LG, Gu W, Fister KR, Head T, Maples K, Murugan A, Neal T, Yoshida K. Chemotherapy for tumors: an analysis of the dynamics and a study of quadratic and linear optimal controls. Math Biosci 2006; 209:292-315. [PMID: 17306310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigate a mathematical model of tumor-immune interactions with chemotherapy, and strategies for optimally administering treatment. In this paper we analyze the dynamics of this model, characterize the optimal controls related to drug therapy, and discuss numerical results of the optimal strategies. The form of the model allows us to test and compare various optimal control strategies, including a quadratic control, a linear control, and a state-constraint. We establish the existence of the optimal control, and solve for the control in both the quadratic and linear case. In the linear control case, we show that we cannot rule out the possibility of a singular control. An interesting aspect of this paper is that we provide a graphical representation of regions on which the singular control is optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G de Pillis
- Department of Mathematics, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711, United States.
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17
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de Pillis LG, Gu W, Radunskaya AE. Mixed immunotherapy and chemotherapy of tumors: modeling, applications and biological interpretations. J Theor Biol 2006; 238:841-62. [PMID: 16153659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We develop and analyze a mathematical model, in the form of a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), governing cancer growth on a cell population level with combination immune, vaccine and chemotherapy treatments. We characterize the ODE system dynamics by locating equilibrium points, determining stability properties, performing a bifurcation analysis, and identifying basins of attraction. These system characteristics are useful not only to gain a broad understanding of the specific system dynamics, but also to help guide the development of combination therapies. Numerical simulations of mixed chemo-immuno and vaccine therapy using both mouse and human parameters are presented. We illustrate situations for which neither chemotherapy nor immunotherapy alone are sufficient to control tumor growth, but in combination the therapies are able to eliminate the entire tumor.
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18
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Silacci M, Brack S, Schirru G, Mårlind J, Ettorre A, Merlo A, Viti F, Neri D. Design, construction, and characterization of a large synthetic human antibody phage display library. Proteomics 2005; 5:2340-50. [PMID: 15880779 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Advances in proteomic research allow the identification of several hundred protein components in complex biological specimens. Structural information is typically lost during proteomic investigations. For this reason, the rapid isolation of monoclonal antibodies specific to proteins of interest would allow the study of structurally intact biological specimens, thus providing complementary proteomic information. Here, we describe the design, construction, characterization, and use of a large synthetic human antibody phage display library (ETH-2-Gold) containing three billion individual antibody clones. A large repertoire of antibodies with similar biochemical properties was produced by appending short variable complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) onto three antibody germline segments (DP47, DPK22, and DPL16), which are frequently found in human antibodies. The ETH-2-Gold library exhibits efficient display of antibody fragments on filamentous phage, as assessed by immunoblot. Furthermore, the library is highly functional, since >90% of clones express soluble antibodies in bacteria and since good quality monoclonal antibodies have been isolated against 16 different antigens. The usefulness of the library as a tool for generating monoclonal antibodies for biomedical applications was tested using the C-domain of tenascin-C (a marker of angiogenesis) as antigen and showing that specific antibodies to this target were able to stain vascular structures in tumor sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Silacci
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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Ebihara C, Kondoh M, Hasuike N, Harada M, Mizuguchi H, Horiguchi Y, Fujii M, Watanabe Y. Preparation of a Claudin-Targeting Molecule Using a C-Terminal Fragment ofClostridium perfringensEnterotoxin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 316:255-60. [PMID: 16183701 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.093351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most malignant tumors are epithelia-derived carcinomas, methods for specific and effective delivery of antitumor agents to carcinomas have not been developed. Recent reports indicate that epithelia overexpress claudin-3 and -4, which are integral membrane proteins of epithelial tight junctions. This suggests that claudins can be targeted for tumor therapy, but there is not currently a method for delivering drugs to claudin-expressing cells. In the present study, we evaluated whether a potent claudin-4-binding C-terminal fragment of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (C-CPE) would allow targeting to claudin-4-expressing cells. We fused C-CPE to the protein synthesis inhibitory factor (PSIF), which lacks the cell binding domain of Pseudomonas exotoxin. This fusion protein, C-CPE-PSIF, was cytotoxic to MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, which express endogenous claudin-4, but it was not toxic to mouse fibroblast L cells, which lack endogenous claudin-4. The cytotoxicity of C-CPE-PSIF was attenuated by pretreating the MCF-7 cells with C-CPE but not bovine serum albumin. Also, deletion of the claudin-4-binding region of C-CPE reduced the cytotoxicity of C-CPE-PSIF. Finally, we found that C-CPE-PSIF is toxic to L cells expressing claudin-4 but not to normal L cells or cells expressing claudin-1, -2, or -5. These results indicate that use of the C-CPE peptide may provide a novel way to target drugs to claudin-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Ebihara
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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20
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Offner S, Hekele A, Teichmann U, Weinberger S, Gross S, Kufer P, Itin C, Baeuerle PA, Kohleisen B. Epithelial tight junction proteins as potential antibody targets for pancarcinoma therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:431-45. [PMID: 15750830 PMCID: PMC11036788 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies are beginning to revolutionize cancer therapy. In combination with standard chemotherapy, high response rates have been reported with antibodies of the human IgG1 isotype for treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and breast cancer. It is becoming apparent that targets for antibody-based therapies do not necessarily need to be absent from normal tissues but can be present there either in low copy numbers or with binding epitopes shielded from the therapeutic antibody. Here, we studied whether claudin proteins that form tight junctions in normal epithelia are still expressed on carcinoma cells and whether their extracellular domains can be recognized by antibodies. We show that mRNAs of claudins 1, 3, 4, and 7 are all expressed in different human carcinoma cell lines, while claudin 8 was selectively expressed in breast and pancreas cancer lines. Chicken polyclonal antibodies were raised against peptides contained within predicted extracellular domains of claudins 1, 3, and 4. Affinity-purified IgG fractions for claudins 3 and 4 were monospecific and bound to human breast and colon carcinoma lines, but not to a line of monocytic origin. Claudin 3 antibodies also homogeneously stained human renal cell carcinoma tissue and micrometastatic tumor cells as identified by cytokeratin staining in bone marrow biopsies of breast cancer patients. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting and immunocytochemistry indicated that claudin antibodies bound to the surface of tumor cells. By analogy to other tumor-associated antigens that are differentially accessible to antibodies on tumor vs normal tissue, we propose that certain claudin proteins have potential as targets for novel antibody-based therapies of carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Offner
- Micromet AG, Staffelseestr. 2, 81477 Munich, Germany
| | - Armin Hekele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Box 0414, San Francisco, California USA
| | | | | | - Susanne Gross
- Micromet AG, Staffelseestr. 2, 81477 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Kufer
- Micromet AG, Staffelseestr. 2, 81477 Munich, Germany
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Chan CHF, Stanners CP. Novel mouse model for carcinoembryonic antigen-based therapy. Mol Ther 2005; 9:775-85. [PMID: 15194045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many novel cancer therapies, including immunotherapy and gene therapy, are specifically targeted to tumor-associated molecules, among which carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) represents a popular example. Discrepancies between preclinical experimental data in animal models and clinical outcome in terms of therapeutic response and toxicity, however, often arise. Preclinical testing can be compromised by the lack of CEA and other closely related human CEA family members in rodents, which lack analogous genes for most human CEA family members. Here, we report the construction of a transgenic mouse with a 187-kb human bacterial artificial chromosome (CEABAC) that contains part of the human CEA family gene cluster including complete human CEA (CEACAM5), CEACAM3, CEACAM6, and CEACAM7 genes. The spatiotemporal expression pattern of these genes in the CEABAC mice was found to be remarkably similar to that of humans. This novel mouse will ensure better assessment than previously utilized models for the preclinical testing of CEA-targeted therapies and perhaps allow the testing of CEACAM6, which is overexpressed in many solid tumors and leukemias, as a therapeutic target. Moreover, expression of CEA family genes in gastrointestinal, breast, hematopoietic, urogenital, and respiratory systems could facilitate other clinical applications, such as the development of therapeutic agents against Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections, which use CEA family members as major receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H F Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and McGill Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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22
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Chauhan SC, Jain M, Moore ED, Wittel UA, Li J, Gwilt PR, Colcher D, Batra SK. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of 177Lu-labeled multivalent single-chain Fv construct of the pancarcinoma monoclonal antibody CC49. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 32:264-73. [PMID: 15791435 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-004-1664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lutetium-177 (177Lu) is a radionuclide of interest for radioimmunoimaging (RII) and radioimmunotherapy (RIT) on account of its short half-life (161 h) and the ability to emit both beta and gamma radiation. Single-chain Fv (scFv) constructs have shown advancement in cancer diagnosis and therapy due to the pharmacokinetics advantage and seem to be intriguing tools in oncology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution characteristics of the 177Lu-labeled tetravalent scFv of CC49 MAb and intact CC49 IgG in vivo. METHODS Conjugation and labeling conditions of multivalent scFv with 177Lu were optimized without affecting integrity and immunoreactivity. For this purpose, multivalent scFv constructs {dimer, sc(Fv)2; tetramer, [sc(Fv)2]2} of the MAb CC49 were expressed as secretory proteins in Pichia pastoris. The purified scFv constructs and IgG form of CC49 were conjugated with a bifunctional chelating agent, ITCB-DTPA, and labeled with 177Lu. The comparative biodistribution, blood clearance, and tumor-targeting characteristics of 177Lu-labeled tetravalent [sc(Fv)2]2 construct of CC49 MAb and intact CC49 IgG were investigated in the athymic mice bearing LS-174T xenografts. RESULTS Approximately, 90% of 177Lu incorporation was achieved using ITCB-DTPA chelator, and the labeled immunoconjugates maintained integrity and immunoreactivity. Blood clearance studies demonstrated an alpha half-life (t1/2alpha) of 177Lu-labeled [sc(Fv)2]2 and IgG of CC49 at 4.40 and 9.50 min and a beta half-life (t1/2beta) at 375 and 2,193 min, respectively. At 8 h post administration, the percent of the injected dose accumulated/gram (%ID/g) of the LS-174T tumor was 6.4+/-1.3 and 8.9+/-0.6 for 177Lu-labeled [sc(Fv)2]2 and IgG of CC49, respectively, in the absence of L-lysine. The corresponding values were 8.0+/-0.6 and 8.4+/-1.2 in the presence of L-lysine. Renal accumulation of [sc(Fv)2]2 was significantly (p<0.005) reduced in the presence of L-lysine. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that the ITCB-DTPA conjugation and 177Lu-labeling of scFvs are feasible without influencing the antibody characteristics. 177Lu-labeled [sc(Fv)2]2 showed faster clearance and equivalent tumor uptake at 8 h compared with its IgG form, with a markedly reduced renal uptake in the presence of L-lysine. Therefore, 177Lu-labeled [sc(Fv)2]2 may be a potential radiopharmaceutical for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
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Smith KA, Nelson PN, Warren P, Astley SJ, Murray PG, Greenman J. Demystified...recombinant antibodies. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:912-7. [PMID: 15333649 PMCID: PMC1770420 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2003.014407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies are important tools for biomedical research and are increasingly being used as clinical diagnostic/therapeutic reagents. In this article, a background to humanized antibodies is given, together with details of the generation of antibody fragments--for example, single chain Fv fragments. Phage antibody fragments are fast becoming popular and can be generated by simple established methods of affinity enrichment from libraries derived from immune cells. Phage display methodology can also be used for the affinity enrichment of existing antibody fragments to provide a reagent with a higher affinity. Here, phage antibodies are demystified to provide a greater understanding of the potential of these reagents and to engage clinicians and biomedical scientists alike to think about potential applications in pathology and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Smith
- Division of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
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24
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Penichet ML, Morrison SL. Design and engineering human forms of monoclonal antibodies. Drug Dev Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Imakiire T, Kuroki M, Shibaguchi H, Abe H, Yamauchi Y, Ueno A, Hirose Y, Yamada H, Yamashita Y, Shirakusa T, Ishida I, Kuroki M. Generation, immunologic characterization and antitumor effects of human monoclonal antibodies for carcinoembryonic antigen. Int J Cancer 2003; 108:564-70. [PMID: 14696121 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We generated fully human mAbs (HmAbs) to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) using the KM mouse, which carries a human chromosome 14 fragment containing the entire Ig H chain loci and human kappa L chain segments in the mouse genome. Forty-six hybridoma clones producing HmAbs to CEA were thus obtained by fusing the P3-U1 mouse myeloma cells with splenocytes of the KM mice immunized with CEA. Among them, 22 clones produced HmAbs that reacted with CEA but not with 3 other CEA-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) family members, CEACAM1, CEACAM6 and CEACAM8. In 12 HmAbs examined, 8 were IgG4, 2 were IgG3, 1 was IgG2, and the other was IgG1. The affinity constants for CEA of these HmAbs were comparable to those of the previously prepared mouse anti-CEA mAbs (MmAbs). BIAcore analyses revealed that 1 and 2 of the 22 HmAbs react with 2 epitopes defined by MmAbs on the domain N and the domain A1 or B1 of CEA, respectively. In the presence of human complement in vitro, 2 HmAbs tested showed substantial cytotoxicity, namely, 50-65%, against CEA-expressing tumor cells. With human lymphokine-activated killer cells in vitro, 3 HmAbs tested exhibited 40-65% Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against the tumor cells. Moreover, one of the HmAbs induced a significant inhibition of tumor growth when administered to mice xenografted with the CEA-expressing cells. Considering their lack of immunogenicity to humans, these CEA-specific HmAbs may be useful for immunotherapeutic approaches as well as for immunodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Imakiire
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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Kim SH. Expression and purification of recombinant immunotoxin--a fusion protein stabilizes a single-chain Fv (scFv) in denaturing condition. Protein Expr Purif 2003; 27:85-9. [PMID: 12509988 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(02)00539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is expressed at greatly increased levels in nearly all human colorectal carcinomas. Anti-CEA antibodies have been proved to be useful for targeting several cancer types known to express CEA. A recombinant immunotoxin was constructed, in which the cell-binding domain of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) was replaced with the single-chain Fv (scFv) of anti-CEA monoclonal antibody for targeting to colorectal carcinomas. This single-chain immunotoxin was expressed in E. coli and purified under denaturing condition of 6M guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). It was found that the immunotoxin maintains a binding activity in denaturing condition of 6M GuHCl and the fused PE contributes to the stability of immunotoxin in such condition. Dialysis against PBS buffer after purification under 6M GuHCl keeps the binding activity of immunotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ho Kim
- Antibody Engineering Lab., Central Research Center of the Korea Green Cross Corp., Gugal-Ri, Giheung-Eup, Yongin City, Kyunggi-Do 449-903, South Korea.
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Halin C, Niesner U, Villani ME, Zardi L, Neri D. Tumor-targeting properties of antibody-vascular endothelial growth factor fusion proteins. Int J Cancer 2002; 102:109-16. [PMID: 12385005 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A major problem of antibody-based targeting of solid tumors is the poor penetration of antibodies into tumor tissue. Vasoactive immunoconjugates have been proposed as a means of increasing antibody uptake in tumors. In principle, VEGF (also known as vascular permeability factor) could selectively alter vascular permeability, leading to improved tumor targeting. A possible role for VEGF in the targeting of tumor neovasculature has been postulated, based on the overexpression of VEGF receptors in tumor endothelial cells. However, quantitative biodistribution studies on this topic are not available. In this report, we describe the cloning, expression, characterization and biodistribution in tumor-bearing mice of antibodies fused to either VEGF(120) or VEGF(164) The MAb fragments chosen for analysis were scFv(L19), specific for the ED-B domain of fibronectin, a marker of angiogenesis, and scFv(HyHEL-10), a negative control antibody of irrelevant specificity in mice. Neither unconjugated VEGF nor scFv(HyHEL-10)-VEGF fusion proteins showed accumulation in the tumor (tumor:blood ratios approx. 1 at 4 hr and 24 hr postinjection). By contrast, scFv(L19)-VEGF(120) but not scFv(L19)-VEGF(164) showed significant accumulation in tumors (tumor:blood ratio = 9.3 at 24 hr) but was not superior to unconjugated scFv(L19). Preinjection of unlabeled scFv(L19)-VEGF(120) prior to administration of radiolabeled fusion protein led to increased accumulation of radiolabeled scFv(L19)-VEGF(120) in the tumor but only at very high concentrations (20 microg/mouse).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology-Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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De Pascalis R, Iwahashi M, Tamura M, Padlan EA, Gonzales NR, Santos AD, Giuliano M, Schuck P, Schlom J, Kashmiri SVS. Grafting of "abbreviated" complementarity-determining regions containing specificity-determining residues essential for ligand contact to engineer a less immunogenic humanized monoclonal antibody. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:3076-84. [PMID: 12218124 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Murine mAb COL-1 reacts with carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA), expressed on a wide range of human carcinomas. In preclinical studies in animals and clinical trials in patients, murine COL-1 showed excellent tumor localization. To circumvent the problem of immunogenicity of the murine Ab in patients, a humanized COL-1 (HuCOL-1) was generated by grafting the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of COL-1 onto the frameworks of the variable light and variable heavy regions of human mAbs. To minimize anti-V region responses, a variant of HuCOL-1 was generated by grafting onto the human frameworks only the "abbreviated" CDRs, the stretches of CDR residues that contain the specificity-determining residues that are essential for the surface complementarity of the Ab and its ligand. In competition RIAs, the recombinant variant completely inhibited the binding of radiolabeled murine and humanized COL-1 to CEA. The HuCOL-1 and its variant showed no difference in their binding ability to the CEA expressed on the surface of a CEA-transduced tumor cell line. Compared with HuCOL-1, the HuCOL-1 variant showed lower reactivity to patients' sera carrying anti-V region Abs to COL-1. The final variant of the HuCOL-1, which retains its Ag-binding reactivity and shows significantly lower serum reactivity than that of the parental Ab, can serve as a prototype for the development of a potentially useful clinical reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Pascalis
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kim SH, Chun JH, Park SY. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and expression in E. coli. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2001; 20:265-72. [PMID: 11604113 DOI: 10.1089/027245701753179857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Eight monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were characterized. Five clones are IgG(1), two clones are IgM and one clone is IgG(2b); all have kappa light chain. The affinities are in the range of 1.1 x 10(-7) approximately 2.4 x 10(-9) M; the affinities of two IgM clones could not be estimated because of their low enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) signal. Each clone was constructed as single-chain Fv (scFv) and expression was performed in E. coli. Four clones out of 8 could express scFv soluble to culture media and the expression was confirmed further by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of V(H) and V(L) of four scFvs were deduced and their family and subgroup were analyzed. We found that the clones that do not express the scFv have aberrant kappa chain (incorrect V/J recombination or stop codon); in contrast, their heavy chain sequences proved correct. The E. coli-expressed scFvs showed 1.5 x 3.4-fold lower affinities (2.8 x 10(-8) approximately 3.6 x 10(-9) M) than those of hybridoma-derived parental antibodies except the one clone (C5), which exhibited approximately 10(-6) M of affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Kim
- Antibody Engineering Lab., Central Research Center of the Korea Green Cross Corp., Kyunggi-Do, 449-903, Korea.
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