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König Kardgar A, Doyle D, Warwas N, Hjelleset T, Sundh H, Carney Almroth B. Microplastics in aquaculture - Potential impacts on inflammatory processes in Nile tilapia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30403. [PMID: 38726173 PMCID: PMC11079099 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is essential for meeting the growing global demand for fish consumption. However, the widespread use of plastic and the presence of microplastics in aquaculture systems raise concerns about their impact on fish health and the safety of aquaculture products. This study focused on the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), one of the most important aquaculture fish species globally. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary exposure to a mixture of four conventional fossil fuel-based polymers (microplastics) on the health of adult and juvenile Nile tilapia. Two experiments were conducted, with 36 juvenile tilapia (10-40 g weight) exposed for 30 days and 24 adult tilapia (600-1000 g) exposed for 7 days, the former including a natural particle (kaolin) treatment. In the adult tilapia experiment, no significant effects on intestinal health (Ussing chamber method), oxidative stress, or inflammatory pathways (enzymatic and genetic biomarkers) were observed after exposure to the microplastic mixture. However, in the juvenile tilapia experiment, significant alterations in inflammatory pathways were observed following 30 days of exposure to the microplastic mixture, indicating potential adverse effects on fish health. These results highlight the potential negative impacts of microplastics on fish health and the economics and safety of aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azora König Kardgar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Darragh Doyle
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Warwas
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Terese Hjelleset
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Brunel S, Picarda G, Gupta A, Ghosh R, McDonald B, El Morabiti R, Jiang W, Greenbaum JA, Adler B, Seumois G, Croft M, Vijayanand P, Benedict CA. Late-rising CD4 T cells resolve mouse cytomegalovirus persistent replication in the salivary gland. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011852. [PMID: 38236791 PMCID: PMC10796040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional antiviral memory CD4 T cells typically arise during the first two weeks of acute infection. Unlike most viruses, cytomegalovirus (CMV) exhibits an extended persistent replication phase followed by lifelong latency accompanied with some gene expression. We show that during mouse CMV (MCMV) infection, CD4 T cells recognizing an epitope derived from the viral M09 protein only develop after conventional memory T cells have already peaked and contracted. Ablating these CD4 T cells by mutating the M09 genomic epitope in the MCMV Smith strain, or inducing them by introducing the epitope into the K181 strain, resulted in delayed or enhanced control of viral persistence, respectively. These cells were shown to be unique compared to their conventional memory counterparts; producing higher IFNγ and IL-2 and lower IL-10 levels. RNAseq analyses revealed them to express distinct subsets of effector genes as compared to classical CD4 T cells. Additionally, when M09 cells were induced by epitope vaccination they significantly enhanced protection when compared to conventional CD4 T cells alone. These data show that late-rising CD4 T cells are a unique memory subset with excellent protective capacities that display a development program strongly differing from the majority of memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Brunel
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gaelle Picarda
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ankan Gupta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Raima Ghosh
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bryan McDonald
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rachid El Morabiti
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wenjin Jiang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Greenbaum
- LJI Bioinformatics Core, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara Adler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregory Seumois
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Croft
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Chris A. Benedict
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Lee YS, Cheng IT, Raquel GR, Weber DJ, Scalea JR. Initial exploration of a novel fusion protein, IL-4/IL-34/IL-10, which promotes cardiac allograft survival mice through alloregulation. Innate Immun 2023; 29:150-158. [PMID: 37800911 PMCID: PMC10559875 DOI: 10.1177/17534259231186239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune mediated graft loss still represents a major risk to transplant recipients. Creative approaches to immunosuppression that exploit the recipient's own alloregulatory mechanisms could reduce the need for pharmacologic immunosuppression and potentially induce immune tolerance. In the process of studying recipient derived myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), we identified key alloregulatory MDSC mechanisms, mediated by isolatable proteins IL-4, IL-34, and IL-10. We sought to purify these proteins and fuse them for subsequent infusion into transplant recipients as a means of inducing an alloregulatory response. In this introductory investigation, we leveraged molecular engineering technology to create a fusion protein (FP) of three cytokine coding sequences of IL-4, IL-34, and IL-10 and demonstrated their expressions by Western Blot analysis. Following purification, we tested whether FP IL-4/IL-34/IL-10 (FP1) can protect heart transplant allografts. Injection of FP1 significantly prolonged allogeneic cardiac graft survival in a dose-dependent fashion and the increase of graft survival time exceeded survival attributable to IL-34 alone. In vitro, MDSCs cells were expanded by FP1 treatment. However, FP1 did not directly inhibit T cell proliferation in vitro. In conclusion, newly developed FP1 improves the graft survival in cardiac transplantation mouse model. Significant additional work to optimize FP1 or include other novel proteins could supplement current treatment options for transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young S. Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - I-Ting Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, USA
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Godoy-Ruiz Raquel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, USA
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - David J. Weber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, USA
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Joseph R. Scalea
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Surgery and Immunology, Charleston, SC, USA
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Khan MA, Lau CL, Krupnick AS. Monitoring regulatory T cells as a prognostic marker in lung transplantation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1235889. [PMID: 37818354 PMCID: PMC10561299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1235889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung transplantation is the major surgical procedure, which restores normal lung functioning and provides years of life for patients suffering from major lung diseases. Lung transplant recipients are at high risk of primary graft dysfunction, and chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) in the form of bronchiolitis obliterative syndrome (BOS). Regulatory T cell (Treg) suppresses effector cells and clinical studies have demonstrated that Treg levels are altered in transplanted lung during BOS progression as compared to normal lung. Here, we discuss levels of Tregs/FOXP3 gene expression as a crucial prognostic biomarker of lung functions during CLAD progression in clinical lung transplant recipients. The review will also discuss Treg mediated immune tolerance, tissue repair, and therapeutic strategies for achieving in-vivo Treg expansion, which will be a potential therapeutic option to reduce inflammation-mediated graft injuries, taper the toxic side effects of ongoing immunosuppressants, and improve lung transplant survival rates.
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Targeting Interleukin-10 Restores Graft Microvascular Supply and Airway Epithelium in Rejecting Allografts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031269. [PMID: 35163192 PMCID: PMC8836023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a vital regulatory cytokine, which plays a constructive role in maintaining immune tolerance during an alloimmune inflammation. Our previous study highlighted that IL-10 mediated immunosuppression established the immune tolerance phase and thereby modulated both microvascular and epithelial integrity, which affected inflammation-associated graft malfunctioning and sub-epithelial fibrosis in rejecting allografts. Here, we further investigated the reparative effects of IL-10 on microvasculature and epithelium in a mouse model of airway transplantation. To investigate the IL-10 mediated microvascular and epithelial repair, we depleted and reconstituted IL-10, and monitored graft microvasculature, airway epithelium, and associated repair proteins. Our data demonstrated that both untreated control allografts and IL-10 (−) allografts showed a significant early (d6) increase in microvascular leakiness, drop-in tissue oxygenation, blood perfusion, and denuded airway epithelium, which is associated with loss of adhesion protein Fascin-1 and β-catenin on vascular endothelial cells at d10 post-transplantation. However, IL-10 (+) promotes early microvascular and airway epithelial repair, and a proportional increase in endothelial Fascin-1, and β-catenin at d10 post-transplantation. Moreover, airway epithelial cells also express a significantly higher expression of FOXJ1 and β-catenin in syngrafts and IL-10 (+) allografts as compared to IL-10 (−) and untreated controls at d10 post-transplantation. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that IL-10 mediated microvascular and epithelial changes are associated with the expression of FOXJ1, β-catenin, and Fascin-1 proteins on the airway epithelial and vascular endothelial cells, respectively. These findings establish a potential reparative modulation of IL-10 associated microvascular and epithelial repair, which could provide a vital therapeutic strategy to facilitate graft repair in clinical settings.
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Faber E, Tshilwane SI, Kleef MV, Pretorius A. Virulent African horse sickness virus serotype 4 interferes with the innate immune response in horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 91:104836. [PMID: 33798756 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness (AHS) is caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV), a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. For the development of new generation AHS vaccines or antiviral treatments, it is crucial to understand the host immune response against the virus and the immune evasion strategies the virus employs. To achieve this, the current study used transcriptome analysis of RNA sequences to characterize and compare the innate immune responses activated during the attenuated AHSV serotype 4 (attAHSV4) (in vivo) and the virulent AHSV4 (virAHSV4) (in vitro) primary and secondary immune responses in horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after 24 h. The pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses were negatively regulated by anti-inflammatory cytokines, whereas the parallel type I and type III IFN responses were maintained downstream of nucleic acid sensing pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signalling pathways during the attAHSV4 primary and secondary immune responses. It appeared that after translation, virAHSV4 proteins were able to interfere with the C-terminal IRF association domain (IAD)-type 1 (IAD1) containing IRFs, which inhibited the expression of type I and type III IFNs downstream of PRR signalling during the virAHSV4 primary and secondary immune responses. Viral interference resulted in an impaired innate immune response that was not able to eliminate virAHSV4-infected PBMC and gave rise to prolonged expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines during the virAHSV4 induced primary immune response. Indicating that virAHSV4 interference with the innate immune response may give rise to an excessive inflammatory response that causes immunopathology, which could be a major contributing factor to the pathogenesis of AHS in a naïve horse. Viral interference was overcome by the fast kinetics and increased effector responses of innate immune cells due to trained innate immunity and memory T cells and B cells during the virAHSV4 secondary immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Faber
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - Selaelo Ivy Tshilwane
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mirinda Van Kleef
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Alri Pretorius
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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7
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Baasch S, Ruzsics Z, Henneke P. Cytomegaloviruses and Macrophages-Friends and Foes From Early on? Front Immunol 2020; 11:793. [PMID: 32477336 PMCID: PMC7235172 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Starting at birth, newborn infants are exposed to numerous microorganisms. Adaptation of the innate immune system to them is a delicate process, with potentially advantageous and harmful implications for health development. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are highly adapted to their specific mammalian hosts, with which they share millions of years of co-evolution. Throughout the history of mankind, human CMV has infected most infants in the first months of life without overt implications for health. Thus, CMV infections are intertwined with normal immune development. Nonetheless, CMV has retained substantial pathogenicity following infection in utero or in situations of immunosuppression, leading to pathology in virtually any organ and particularly the central nervous system (CNS). CMVs enter the host through mucosal interfaces of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract, where macrophages (MACs) are the most abundant immune cell type. Tissue MACs and their potential progenitors, monocytes, are established target cells of CMVs. Recently, several discoveries have revolutionized our understanding on the pre- and postnatal development and site-specific adaptation of tissue MACs. In this review, we explore experimental evidences and concepts on how CMV infections may impact on MAC development and activation as part of host-virus co-adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Baasch
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Gawish R, Bulat T, Biaggio M, Lassnig C, Bago-Horvath Z, Macho-Maschler S, Poelzl A, Simonović N, Prchal-Murphy M, Rom R, Amenitsch L, Ferrarese L, Kornhoff J, Lederer T, Svinka J, Eferl R, Bosmann M, Kalinke U, Stoiber D, Sexl V, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S, Müller M, Strobl B. Myeloid Cells Restrict MCMV and Drive Stress-Induced Extramedullary Hematopoiesis through STAT1. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2394-2406.e5. [PMID: 30811989 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has a high prevalence worldwide, is often fatal for immunocompromised patients, and causes bone marrow suppression. Deficiency of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) results in severely impaired antiviral immunity. We have used cell-type restricted deletion of Stat1 to determine the importance of myeloid cell activity for the defense against murine CMV (MCMV). We show that myeloid STAT1 limits MCMV burden and infection-associated pathology in the spleen but does not affect ultimate clearance of infection. Unexpectedly, we found an essential role of myeloid STAT1 in the induction of extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH). The EMH-promoting function of STAT1 was not restricted to MCMV infection but was also observed during CpG oligodeoxynucleotide-induced sterile inflammation. Collectively, we provide genetic evidence that signaling through STAT1 in myeloid cells is required to restrict MCMV at early time points post-infection and to induce compensatory hematopoiesis in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riem Gawish
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Bulat
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Biaggio
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Lassnig
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Biomodels Austria, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sabine Macho-Maschler
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Biomodels Austria, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Poelzl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalija Simonović
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Prchal-Murphy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rita Rom
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Amenitsch
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luca Ferrarese
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliana Kornhoff
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Therese Lederer
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Svinka
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Eferl
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dagmar Stoiber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna and Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Biomodels Austria, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Ali AK, Komal AK, Almutairi SM, Lee SH. Natural Killer Cell-Derived IL-10 Prevents Liver Damage During Sustained Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2688. [PMID: 31803193 PMCID: PMC6873346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune response that play a vital role in controlling infections and cancer. Their pro-inflammatory role has been well-established; however, less is known about the regulatory functions of NK cells, in particular, their production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In this study, we investigated the immunoregulatory function of NK cells during MCMV infection and demonstrated that NK cells are major producers of IL-10 during the early stage of infection. To investigate the effect of NK cell-derived IL-10, we have generated NK cell-specific IL-10-deficient mice (NKp46-Cre-Il10fl/fl) displaying no signs of age-related spontaneous inflammation, with NK cells that show no detectable IL-10 production upon in vitro stimulation. In NKp46-Cre-Il10fl/fl mice, the levels of IL-10 and IFNγ, viral burdens and T cell activation were similar between NKp46-Cre-Il10fl/fl mice and their control littermates, suggesting that NK cell-derived IL-10 is dispensable during acute MCMV infection in immunocompetent hosts. In perforin-deficient mice that show a more sustained infection, NK cells produce more sustained levels of IL-10. By crossing NKp46-Cre-Il10fl/fl mice with perforin-deficient mice, we demonstrated that NK cell-derived IL-10 regulates T cell activation, prevents liver damage, and allows for better disease outcome. Taken together, NK cell-derived IL-10 can be critical in regulating the immune response during early phases of infection and therefore protecting the host from excessive immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Kassim Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amandeep Kaur Komal
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Saeedah Musaed Almutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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10
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Anzaghe M, Resch T, Schaser E, Kronhart S, Diez C, Niles MA, Korotkova E, Schülke S, Wolfheimer S, Kreuz D, Wingerter M, Bartolomé Rodríguez MM, Waibler Z. Organ-Specific Expression of IL-1 Receptor Results in Severe Liver Injury in Type I Interferon Receptor Deficient Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1009. [PMID: 31143178 PMCID: PMC6521796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon treatment with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], an artificial double-stranded RNA, type I interferon receptor-deficient (IFNAR−/−) mice develop severe liver injury seen by enhanced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in the serum that is not observed in their wildtype (WT) counterparts. Recently, we showed that liver injury is mediated by an imbalanced expression of interleukin (IL)-1β and its receptor antagonist (IL1-RA) in the absence of type I IFN. Here we show that despite comparable expression levels of IL-1β in livers and spleens, spleens of poly(I:C)-treated IFNAR−/− mice show no signs of injury. In vitro analyses of hepatocytes and splenocytes revealed that poly(I:C) had no direct toxic effect on hepatocytes. Furthermore, expression levels of cytokines involved in other models for liver damage or protection such as interferon (IFN)-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and IL-22 were comparable for both organs in WT and IFNAR−/− mice upon treatment. Moreover, flow cytometric analyses showed that the composition of different immune cells in livers and spleens were not altered upon injection of poly(I:C). Finally, we demonstrated that the receptor binding IL-1β, IL1R1, is specifically expressed in livers but not spleens of WT and IFNAR−/− mice. Accordingly, mice double-deficient for IFNAR and IL1R1 developed no liver injury upon poly(I:C) treatment and showed ALT activities comparable to those of WT mice. Collectively, liver injury is mediated by the organ-specific expression of IL1R1 in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Anzaghe
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Theresa Resch
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Elea Schaser
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kronhart
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Clara Diez
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Marc A Niles
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Eugenia Korotkova
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schülke
- Vice President's Research Group 1 "Molecular Allergology", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Sonja Wolfheimer
- Vice President's Research Group 1 "Molecular Allergology", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Dorothea Kreuz
- Section 3/3 "Morphology", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Marion Wingerter
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Zoe Waibler
- Section 3/1 "Product Testing of Immunological Biomedicines", Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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11
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Intracellular Pathogens: Host Immunity and Microbial Persistence Strategies. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1356540. [PMID: 31111075 PMCID: PMC6487120 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1356540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide by the World Health Organization. Despite tremendous improvements in global public health since 1950, a number of challenges remain to either prevent or eradicate infectious diseases. Many pathogens can cause acute infections that are effectively cleared by the host immunity, but a subcategory of these pathogens called "intracellular pathogens" can establish persistent and sometimes lifelong infections. Several of these intracellular pathogens manage to evade the host immune monitoring and cause disease by replicating inside the host cells. These pathogens have evolved diverse immune escape strategies and overcome immune responses by residing and multiplying inside host immune cells, primarily macrophages. While these intracellular pathogens that cause persistent infections are phylogenetically diverse and engage in diverse immune evasion and persistence strategies, they share common pathogen type-specific mechanisms during host-pathogen interaction inside host cells. Likewise, the host immune system is also equipped with a diverse range of effector functions to fight against the establishment of pathogen persistence and subsequent host damage. This article provides an overview of the immune effector functions used by the host to counter pathogens and various persistence strategies used by intracellular pathogens to counter host immunity, which enables their extended period of colonization in the host. The improved understanding of persistent intracellular pathogen-derived infections will contribute to develop improved disease diagnostics, therapeutics, and prophylactics.
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12
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Clement M, Humphreys IR. Cytokine-Mediated Induction and Regulation of Tissue Damage During Cytomegalovirus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:78. [PMID: 30761144 PMCID: PMC6362858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a β-herpesvirus with high sero-prevalence within the human population. Primary HCMV infection and life-long carriage are typically asymptomatic. However, HCMV is implicated in exacerbation of chronic conditions and associated damage in individuals with intact immune systems. Furthermore, HCMV is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunologically immature and immune-compromised where disease is associated with tissue damage. Infection-induced inflammation, including robust cytokine responses, is a key component of pathologies associated with many viruses. Despite encoding a large number of immune-evasion genes, HCMV also triggers the induction of inflammatory cytokine responses during infection. Thus, understanding how cytokines contribute to CMV-induced pathologies and the mechanisms through which they are regulated may inform clinical management of disease. Herein, we discuss our current understanding based on clinical observation and in vivo modeling of disease of the role that cytokines play in CMV pathogenesis. Specifically, in the context of the different tissues and organs in which CMV replicates, we give a broad overview of the beneficial and adverse effects that cytokines have during infection and describe how cytokine-mediated tissue damage is regulated. We discuss the implications of findings derived from mice and humans for therapeutic intervention strategies and our understanding of how host genetics may influence the outcome of CMV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Harbeson D, Ben-Othman R, Amenyogbe N, Kollmann TR. Outgrowing the Immaturity Myth: The Cost of Defending From Neonatal Infectious Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1077. [PMID: 29896192 PMCID: PMC5986917 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborns suffer high rates of mortality due to infectious disease-this has been generally regarded to be the result of an "immature" immune system with a diminished disease-fighting capacity. However, the immaturity dogma fails to explain (i) greater pro-inflammatory responses than adults in vivo and (ii) the ability of neonates to survive a significantly higher blood pathogen burden than of adults. To reconcile the apparent contradiction of clinical susceptibility to disease and the host immune response findings when contrasting newborn to adult, it will be essential to capture the entirety of available host-defense strategies at the newborn's disposal. Adults focus heavily on the disease resistance approach: pathogen reduction and elimination. Newborn hyperactive innate immunity, sensitivity to immunopathology, and the energetic requirements of growth and development (immune and energy costs), however, preclude them from having an adult-like resistance response. Instead, newborns also may avail themselves of disease tolerance (minimizing immunopathology without reducing pathogen load), as a disease tolerance approach provides a counterbalance to the dangers of a heightened innate immunity and has lower-associated immune costs. Further, disease tolerance allows for the establishment of a commensal bacterial community without mounting an unnecessarily dangerous immune resistance response. Since disease tolerance has its own associated costs (immune suppression leading to unchecked pathogen proliferation), it is the maintenance of homeostasis between disease tolerance and disease resistance that is critical to safe and effective defense against infections in early life. This paradigm is consistent with nearly all of the existing evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Harbeson
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rym Ben-Othman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nelly Amenyogbe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tobias R. Kollmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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14
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Ehlting C, Trilling M, Tiedje C, Le-Trilling VTK, Albrecht U, Kluge S, Zimmermann A, Graf D, Gaestel M, Hengel H, Häussinger D, Bode JG. MAPKAP kinase 2 regulates IL-10 expression and prevents formation of intrahepatic myeloid cell aggregates during cytomegalovirus infections. J Hepatol 2016; 64:380-389. [PMID: 26299622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The kinase p38(MAPK) and its downstream target MAPKAP kinase (MK) 2 are critical regulators of inflammatory responses towards pathogens. To date, the relevance of MK2 for regulating IL-10 expression and other cytokine responses towards cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and the impact of this pathway on viral replication in vitro and in vivo is unknown and the subject of this study. METHODS The effect of MK2, interferon-α receptor (IFNAR)1, tristetraprolin (TTP) and IL-10 on mouse (M)CMV virus titres, cytokine expression, signal transduction, transcript stability, liver enzymes release, immune cell recruitment and aggregation in response to MCMV infection were studied ex vivo in hepatocytes and macrophages, as well as in vivo. RESULTS MK2 is critical for MCMV-induced production of IL-10, IFN-α2 and 4, IFN-β, IL-6, and TNF-α but not for IFN-γ. The MCMV-induced IL-10 production requires activation of IFNAR1 and is further regulated by MK2 and TTP-dependent stabilization of IL-10 transcripts. MK2(-/-) mice are able to control acute MCMV replication, despite deregulated cytokine production. This may be related to the observation that MCMV-infected MK2(-/-) mice show enhanced formation of focal intrahepatic lymphocyte infiltrates resembling intrahepatic myeloid cell aggregates of T cell expansion (iMATEs), which were also observed in MCMV-infected IL-10(-/-) mice but are almost absent in MCMV-infected wild-type controls. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that MK2 is critical for regulating cytokine responses towards acute MCMV infection, including that of IL-10 via IFNARI-mediated circuits. MCMV stimulates expression of MK2-dependent cytokines, in particular IL-10 and thereby prevents enhanced formation of intrahepatic iMATE-like cellular aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ehlting
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Institute for Virology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christopher Tiedje
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vu Thuy Khanh Le-Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Institute for Virology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kluge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Albert Zimmermann
- Institute for Virology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Graf
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
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15
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Cytomegalovirus Antibody Elevation in Bipolar Disorder: Relation to Elevated Mood States. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:939780. [PMID: 26075105 PMCID: PMC4444593 DOI: 10.1155/2015/939780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurobiology of mood states is complicated by exposure to everyday stressors (e.g., psychosocial, ubiquitous environmental infections like CMV), each fluctuating between latency and reactivation. CMV reactivation induces proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α) associated with induction of neurotoxic metabolites and the presence of mood states in bipolar disorder (BD). Whether CMV reactivation is associated with bipolar diagnoses (trait) or specific mood states is unclear. We investigated 139 BD type I and 99 healthy controls to determine if concentrations of IgG antibodies to Herpesviridae (e.g., CMV, HSV-1, and HSV-2) were associated with BD-I diagnosis and specific mood states. We found higher CMV antibody concentration in BD-I than in healthy controls (T234 = 3.1, Puncorr = 0.002; Pcorr = 0.006) but no difference in HSV-1 (P > 0.10) or HSV-2 (P > 0.10). Compared to euthymic BD-I volunteers, CMV IgG was higher in BD-I volunteers with elevated moods (P < 0.03) but not different in depressed moods (P > 0.10). While relationships presented between BD-I diagnosis, mood states, and CMV antibodies are encouraging, they are limited by the study's cross sectional nature. Nevertheless, further testing is warranted to replicate findings and determine whether reactivation of CMV infection exacerbates elevated mood states in BD-I.
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Carey AJ, Tan CK, Ulett GC. Infection-induced IL-10 and JAK-STAT: A review of the molecular circuitry controlling immune hyperactivity in response to pathogenic microbes. JAKSTAT 2014; 1:159-67. [PMID: 24058765 PMCID: PMC3670239 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.19918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of effective immune responses against pathogenic microbes depends on a fine balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is essential in regulating this balance and has garnered renewed interest recently as a modulator of the response to infection at the JAK-STAT signaling axis of host responses. Here, we examine how IL-10 functions as the “master regulator” of immune responses through JAK-STAT, and provide a perspective from recent insights on bacterial, protozoan, and viral infection model systems. Pattern recognition and subsequent molecular events that drive activation of IL-10-associated JAK-STAT circuitry are reviewed and the implications for microbial pathogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Carey
- School of Medical Sciences; Centre for Medicine and Oral Health; Griffith University; Gold Coast, QLD Australia
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17
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Differential responses of disease-resistant and disease-susceptible primate macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells to simian hemorrhagic fever virus infection. J Virol 2013; 88:2095-106. [PMID: 24335289 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02633-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) causes a fatal hemorrhagic fever in macaques but an asymptomatic, persistent infection in baboons. To investigate factors contributing to this differential infection outcome, the targets of SHFV infection, macrophages (MΦs) and myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), were differentiated from macaque and baboon peripheral blood monocytes and used to compare viral replication and cell responses. SHFV replicated in >90% of macaque MΦs but in only ∼10% of baboon MΦs. Although SHFV infected ∼50% of macaque and baboon mDCs, virus replication was efficient in macaque but not in baboon mDCs. Both types of macaque cultures produced higher virus yields than baboon cultures. A more efficient type I interferon response and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-12/23(p40), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), in response to SHFV infection were observed in macaque but not baboon cultures, suggesting less efficient counteraction of these responses by viral proteins in macaque cells. Baboon cultures produced higher levels of IL-10 than macaque cultures both prior to and after SHFV infection. In baboon but not macaque cell cultures, SHFV infection upregulated IL-10R1, a subunit of the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R), and also SOCS3, a negative regulator of proinflammatory cytokine production. Incubation of macaque cultures with human IL-10 before and/or after SHFV infection decreased production of IL-6, IL-1β, and MIP-1α but not TNF-α, suggesting a role for IL-10 in suppressing SHFV-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in macaques.
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18
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Valera E, Ubhi K, Mante M, Rockenstein E, Masliah E. Antidepressants reduce neuroinflammatory responses and astroglial alpha-synuclein accumulation in a transgenic mouse model of multiple system atrophy. Glia 2013; 62:317-37. [PMID: 24310907 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) within oligodendroglial cells. This accumulation is accompanied by neuroinflammation with astrogliosis and microgliosis, that leads to neuronal death and subsequent parkinsonism and dysautonomia. Antidepressants have been explored as neuroprotective agents as they normalize neurotrophic factor levels, increase neurogenesis and reduce neurodegeneration, but their anti-inflammatory properties have not been fully characterized. We analyzed the anti-inflammatory profiles of three different antidepressants (fluoxetine, olanzapine and amitriptyline) in the MBP1-hα-syn transgenic (tg) mouse model of MSA. We observed that antidepressant treatment decreased the number of α-syn-positive cells in the basal ganglia of 11-month-old tg animals. This reduction was accompanied with a similar decrease in the colocalization of α-syn with astrocyte markers in this brain structure. Consistent with these results, antidepressants reduced astrogliosis in the hippocampus and basal ganglia of the MBP1-hα-syn tg mice, and modulated the expression levels of key cytokines that were dysregulated in the tg mouse model, such as IL-1β. In vitro experiments in the astroglial cell line C6 confirmed that antidepressants inhibited NF-κB translocation to the nucleus and reduced IL-1β protein levels. We conclude that the anti-inflammatory properties of antidepressants in the MBP1-hα-syn tg mouse model of MSA might be related to their ability to inhibit α-syn propagation from oligodendrocytes to astroglia and to regulate transcription factors involved in cytokine expression. Our results suggest that antidepressants might be of interest as anti-inflammatory and α-syn-reducing agents for MSA and other α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Valera
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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19
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Richter K, Perriard G, Behrendt R, Schwendener RA, Sexl V, Dunn R, Kamanaka M, Flavell RA, Roers A, Oxenius A. Macrophage and T cell produced IL-10 promotes viral chronicity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003735. [PMID: 24244162 PMCID: PMC3820745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections lead to CD8+ T cell exhaustion, characterized by impaired cytokine secretion. Presence of the immune-regulatory cytokine IL-10 promotes chronicity of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) Clone 13 infection, while absence of IL-10/IL-10R signaling early during infection results in viral clearance and higher percentages and numbers of antiviral, cytokine producing T cells. IL-10 is produced by several cell types during LCMV infection but it is currently unclear which cellular sources are responsible for induction of viral chronicity. Here, we demonstrate that although dendritic cells produce IL-10 and overall IL-10 mRNA levels decrease significantly in absence of CD11c+ cells, absence of IL-10 produced by CD11c+ cells failed to improve the LCMV-specific T cell response and control of LCMV infection. Similarly, NK cell specific IL-10 deficiency had no positive impact on the LCMV-specific T cell response or viral control, even though high percentages of NK cells produced IL-10 at early time points after infection. Interestingly, we found markedly improved T cell responses and clearance of normally chronic LCMV Clone 13 infection when either myeloid cells or T cells lacked IL-10 production and mice depleted of monocytes/macrophages or CD4+ T cells exhibited reduced overall levels of IL-10 mRNA. These data suggest that the decision whether LCMV infection becomes chronic or can be cleared critically depends on early CD4+ T cell and monocyte/macrophage produced IL-10. Chronic viral infections like Hepatitis B and C Virus (HBV and HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in humans affect more than 500 million people worldwide. While a robust T cell response is a hallmark of many acute infections one hurdle inhibiting the clearance of chronic viral infections is that the immune-suppressive cytokine IL-10 modulates the virus-host balance towards induction of T cell dysfunction. IL-10 is produced by several cell types during chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) infection but it is currently unclear which cellular sources are responsible to promote viral chronicity. Here, we demonstrate that T cell responses improved markedly, and that normally chronic LCMV Clone 13 infection could be cleared when either myeloid cells or T cells lacked IL-10 production. Furthermore, mice depleted of monocytes/macrophages or CD4+ T cells exhibited reduced overall levels of IL-10 mRNA. These data suggest that the decision whether LCMV infection becomes chronic or can be cleared critically depends on CD4+ T cell and monocyte/macrophage produced IL-10 early during the establishment of viral chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reto A. Schwendener
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna,Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Dunn
- Biogen Idec, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Masahito Kamanaka
- Department of Immunobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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20
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RNA helicase signaling is critical for type i interferon production and protection against Rift Valley fever virus during mucosal challenge. J Virol 2013; 87:4846-60. [PMID: 23408632 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01997-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging RNA virus with devastating economic and social consequences. Clinically, RVFV induces a gamut of symptoms ranging from febrile illness to retinitis, hepatic necrosis, hemorrhagic fever, and death. It is known that type I interferon (IFN) responses can be protective against severe pathology; however, it is unknown which innate immune receptor pathways are crucial for mounting this response. Using both in vitro assays and in vivo mucosal mouse challenge, we demonstrate here that RNA helicases are critical for IFN production by immune cells and that signaling through the helicase adaptor molecule MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling) is protective against mortality and more subtle pathology during RVFV infection. In addition, we demonstrate that Toll-like-receptor-mediated signaling is not involved in IFN production, further emphasizing the importance of the RNA cellular helicases in type I IFN responses to RVFV.
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21
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Gaddi PJ, Crane MJ, Kamanaka M, Flavell RA, Yap GS, Salazar-Mather TP. IL-10 mediated regulation of liver inflammation during acute murine cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42850. [PMID: 22880122 PMCID: PMC3411849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Various cell types in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues produce the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 during murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. The functions of IL-10 in the liver during acute infection and the cells that generate this cytokine at this site have not been extensively investigated. In this study, we demonstrate that the production of IL-10 in the liver is elevated in C57BL/6 mice during late acute MCMV infection. Using IL-10 green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter knock-in mice, designated IL-10-internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-GFP-enhanced reporter (tiger), NK cells are identified as major IL-10 expressing cells in the liver after infection, along with T cells and other leukocytes. In the absence of IL-10, mice exhibit marked elevations in proinflammatory cytokines and in the numbers of mononuclear cells and lymphocytes infiltrating the liver during this infection. IL-10-deficiency also enhances liver injury without improving viral clearance from this site. Collectively, the results indicate that IL-10-producing cells in the liver provide protection from collateral injury by modulating the inflammatory response associated with MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Gaddi
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Meredith J. Crane
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Masahito Kamanaka
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - George S. Yap
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Thais P. Salazar-Mather
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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IL-10 suppression of NK/DC crosstalk leads to poor priming of MCMV-specific CD4 T cells and prolonged MCMV persistence. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002846. [PMID: 22876184 PMCID: PMC3410900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that regulates the extent of host immunity to infection by exerting suppressive effects on different cell types. Herpes viruses induce IL-10 to modulate the virus-host balance towards their own benefit, resulting in prolonged virus persistence. To define the cellular and molecular players involved in IL-10 modulation of herpes virus-specific immunity, we studied mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Here we demonstrate that IL-10 specifically curtails the MCMV-specific CD4 T cell response by suppressing the bidirectional crosstalk between NK cells and myeloid dendritic cells (DCs). In absence of IL-10, NK cells licensed DCs to effectively prime MCMV-specific CD4 T cells and we defined the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α as well as NK cell activating receptors NKG2D and NCR-1 to regulate this bidirectional NK/DC interplay. Consequently, markedly enhanced priming of MCMV-specific CD4 T cells in Il10−/− mice led to faster control of lytic viral replication, but this came at the expense of TNF-α mediated immunopathology. Taken together, our data show that early induction of IL-10 during MCMV infection critically regulates the strength of the innate-adaptive immune cell crosstalk, thereby impacting beneficially on the ensuing virus-host balance for both the virus and the host. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are very widespread in mammalian hosts. Despite the fact that CMVs are usually well controlled by the immune system, they cause persistent life-long infection and have evolved a number of strategies to effectively modulate or hide from host immunity. Since the establishment of an immunosuppressive environment favors virus persistence, IL-10 is one of the host targets that CMVs actively use to tune the virus-host balance toward their own benefit, resulting in prolonged virus persistence and hence increased chance for horizontal transmission. Here, we delineate the mechanisms of how IL-10 exerts its powerful immune-suppressing function in the context of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. We found that IL-10 specifically restrains the priming of MCMV-specific CD4 T cell responses by suppressing dendritic cell (DC) - natural killer cell (NK) crosstalk during acute MCMV infection. Target molecules mediating this bi-directional crosstalk between DCs and NK cells were the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α as well as NK cell activating receptors NKG2D and NCR-1 and all of them were markedly suppressed by IL-10. A consequence resulting from this impeded DC-NK cross-talk by IL-10, leading to poor priming of MCMV-specific CD4 T cell responses was increased lytic CMV persistence and reduced development of host tissue damage. Our study indicates that early induction of IL-10 during MCMV infection critically regulates the strength of the innate-adaptive crosstalk, thereby imparting on the ensuing virus-host balance for the benefit of both the virus and the host.
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Stacey MA, Marsden M, Wang ECY, Wilkinson GWG, Humphreys IR. IL-10 restricts activation-induced death of NK cells during acute murine cytomegalovirus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2944-52. [PMID: 21849677 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is an immunomodulatory cytokine that acts to antagonize T cell responses elicited during acute and chronic infections. Thus, the IL-10R signaling pathway provides a potential therapeutic target in strategies aimed at combating infectious diseases. In this study, we set out to investigate whether IL-10 expression had an effect on NK cells. Murine CMV infection provides the best characterized in vivo system to evaluate the NK cell response, with NK cells being critical in the early control of acute infection. Blockade of IL-10R during acute murine CMV infection markedly reduced the accumulation of cytotoxic NK cells in the spleen and lung, a phenotype associated with a transient elevation of virus DNA load. Impaired NK cell responsiveness after IL-10R blockade was attributed to elevated levels of apoptosis observed in NK cells exhibiting an activated phenotype. Therefore, we conclude that IL-10 contributes to antiviral innate immunity during acute infection by restricting activation-induced death in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Stacey
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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