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Duan Y, Gong K, Xu S, Zhang F, Meng X, Han J. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:265. [PMID: 35918332 PMCID: PMC9344793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed cholesterol homeostasis plays critical roles in the development of multiple diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, particularly the CVD in which the accumulation of lipids (mainly the cholesteryl esters) within macrophage/foam cells underneath the endothelial layer drives the formation of atherosclerotic lesions eventually. More and more studies have shown that lowering cholesterol level, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, protects cardiovascular system and prevents cardiovascular events effectively. Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis is determined by cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, efflux, transport, storage, utilization, and/or excretion. All the processes should be precisely controlled by the multiple regulatory pathways. Based on the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, many interventions have been developed to lower cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake or enhancing cholesterol utilization and excretion. Herein, we summarize the historical review and research events, the current understandings of the molecular pathways playing key roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, and the cholesterol-lowering interventions in clinics or in preclinical studies as well as new cholesterol-lowering targets and their clinical advances. More importantly, we review and discuss the benefits of those interventions for the treatment of multiple diseases including atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xianshe Meng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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2
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Potential Therapeutic Agents That Target ATP Binding Cassette A1 (ABCA1) Gene Expression. Drugs 2022; 82:1055-1075. [PMID: 35861923 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol efflux protein ATP binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA) and apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) are key constituents in the process of reverse-cholesterol transport (RCT), whereby excess cholesterol in the periphery is transported to the liver where it can be converted primarily to bile acids for either use in digestion or excreted. Due to their essential roles in RCT, numerous studies have been conducted in cells, mice, and humans to more thoroughly understand the pathways that regulate their expression and activity with the goal of developing therapeutics that enhance RCT to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Many of the drugs and natural compounds examined target several transcription factors critical for ABCA1 expression in both macrophages and the liver. Likewise, several miRNAs target not only ABCA1 but also the same transcription factors that are critical for its high expression. However, after years of research and many preclinical and clinical trials, only a few leads have proven beneficial in this regard. In this review we discuss the various transcription factors that serve as drug targets for ABCA1 and provide an update on some important leads.
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LXR activation ameliorates high glucose stress-induced aberrant mitochondrial dynamics via downregulation of Calpain1 expression in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 614:145-152. [PMID: 35597151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Liver-X-receptor (LXR) has previously been shown to exert a cardioprotective effect against the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) associated with a reduction in mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the underlying mechanism by which LXR activation attenuates the structural and functional mitochondrial impairments caused by high glucose (HG) stress remains unclear. We demonstrate here that LXR activation inhibits HG stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ameliorates aberrant mitochondrial dynamics. Furthermore, LXR activation regulates mitochondrial dynamics by inhibiting HG stress-induced upregulation of Calpain1 expression. These data indicate that amelioration of Calpain1-mediated aberrant mitochondrial dynamics may be at least part of the mechanism underlying the cardioprotective effects of LXR against HG stress. Therefore, LXR is a potentially attractive molecular target for treating cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in patients with diabetes.
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Atherogenesis, Transcytosis, and the Transmural Cholesterol Flux: A Critical Review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2253478. [PMID: 35464770 PMCID: PMC9023196 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2253478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The recently described phenomenon of cholesterol-loaded low-density lipoproteins (LDL) entering the arterial wall from the lumen by transcytosis has been accepted as an alternative for the long-held concept that atherogenesis involves only passive LDL movement across an injured or dysfunctional endothelial barrier. This active transport of LDL can now adequately explain why plaques (atheromas) appear under an intact, uninjured endothelium. However, the LDL transcytosis hypothesis is still questionable, mainly because the process serves no clear physiological purpose. Moreover, central components of the putative LDL transcytosis apparatus are shared by the counter process of cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and therefore can essentially create an energy-wasting futile cycle and paradoxically be pro- and antiatherogenic simultaneously. Hence, by critically reviewing the literature, we wish to put forward an alternative interpretation that, in our opinion, better fits the experimental evidence. We assert that most of the accumulating cholesterol (mainly as LDL) reaches the intima not from the lumen by transcytosis, but from the artery's inner layers: the adventitia and media. We have named this directional cholesterol transport transmural cholesterol flux (TCF). We suggest that excess cholesterol, diffusing from the avascular (i.e., devoid of blood and lymph vessels) media's smooth muscle cells, is cleared by the endothelium through its apical membrane. A plaque is formed when this cholesterol clearance rate lags behind its rate of arrival by TCF.
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Qiu X, Luo J, Fang L. AIBP, Angiogenesis, Hematopoiesis, and Atherogenesis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020; 23:1. [PMID: 33230630 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-020-00899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this manuscript is to summarize the current understanding of the secreted APOA1 binding protein (AIBP), encoded by NAXE, in angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, and inflammation. The studies on AIBP illustrate a critical connection between lipid metabolism and the aforementioned endothelial and immune cell biology. RECENT FINDINGS AIBP dictates both developmental processes such as angiogenesis and hematopoiesis, and pathological events such as inflammation, tumorigenesis, and atherosclerosis. Although cholesterol efflux dictates AIBP-mediated lipid raft disruption in many of the cell types, recent studies document cholesterol efflux-independent mechanism involving Cdc42-mediated cytoskeleton remodeling in macrophages. AIBP disrupts lipid rafts and impairs raft-associated VEGFR2 but facilitates non-raft-associated NOTCH1 signaling. Furthermore, AIBP can induce cholesterol biosynthesis gene SREBP2 activation, which in turn transactivates NOTCH1 and supports specification of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). In addition, AIBP also binds TLR4 and represses TLR4-mediated inflammation. In this review, we summarize the latest research on AIBP, focusing on its role in cholesterol metabolism and the attendant effects on lipid raft-regulated VEGFR2 and non-raft-associated NOTCH1 activation in angiogenesis, SREBP2-upregulated NOTCH1 signaling in hematopoiesis, and TLR4 signaling in inflammation and atherogenesis. We will discuss its potential therapeutic applications in angiogenesis and inflammation due to selective targeting of activated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Qiu
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jingmin Luo
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Longhou Fang
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Houston Methodist Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgeries, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Frambach SJCM, de Haas R, Smeitink JAM, Rongen GA, Russel FGM, Schirris TJJ. Brothers in Arms: ABCA1- and ABCG1-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux as Promising Targets in Cardiovascular Disease Treatment. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:152-190. [PMID: 31831519 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide, and hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor. Preventive treatments mainly focus on the effective reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but their therapeutic value is limited by the inability to completely normalize atherosclerotic risk, probably due to the disease complexity and multifactorial pathogenesis. Consequently, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol gained much interest, as it appeared to be cardioprotective due to its major role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). RCT facilitates removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues, including atherosclerotic plaques, and its subsequent hepatic clearance into bile. Therefore, RCT is expected to limit plaque formation and progression. Cellular cholesterol efflux is initiated and propagated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. Their expression and function are expected to be rate-limiting for cholesterol efflux, which makes them interesting targets to stimulate RCT and lower atherosclerotic risk. This systematic review discusses the molecular mechanisms relevant for RCT and ABCA1 and ABCG1 function, followed by a critical overview of potential pharmacological strategies with small molecules to enhance cellular cholesterol efflux and RCT. These strategies include regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression, degradation, and mRNA stability. Various small molecules have been demonstrated to increase RCT, but the underlying mechanisms are often not completely understood and are rather unspecific, potentially causing adverse effects. Better understanding of these mechanisms could enable the development of safer drugs to increase RCT and provide more insight into its relation with atherosclerotic risk. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor of atherosclerosis, which is a leading pathological mechanism underlying cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol is removed from atherosclerotic plaques and subsequently cleared by the liver into bile. This transport is mediated by high-density lipoprotein particles, to which cholesterol is transferred via ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. Small-molecule pharmacological strategies stimulating these transporters may provide promising options for cardiovascular disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne J C M Frambach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ria de Haas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Smeitink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard A Rongen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J J Schirris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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7
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Yu XH, Zhang DW, Zheng XL, Tang CK. Cholesterol transport system: An integrated cholesterol transport model involved in atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 73:65-91. [PMID: 30528667 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the pathological basis of most cardiovascular disease (CVD), is closely associated with cholesterol accumulation in the arterial intima. Excessive cholesterol is removed by the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, representing a major antiatherogenic mechanism. In addition to the RCT, other pathways are required for maintaining the whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. Thus, we propose a working model of integrated cholesterol transport, termed the cholesterol transport system (CTS), to describe body cholesterol metabolism. The novel model not only involves the classical view of RCT but also contains other steps, such as cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, low-density lipoprotein uptake by the liver, and transintestinal cholesterol excretion. Extensive studies have shown that dysfunctional CTS is one of the major causes for hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Currently, several drugs are available to improve the CTS efficiently. There are also several therapeutic approaches that have entered into clinical trials and shown considerable promise for decreasing the risk of CVD. In recent years, a variety of novel findings reveal the molecular mechanisms for the CTS and its role in the development of atherosclerosis, thereby providing novel insights into the understanding of whole-body cholesterol transport and metabolism. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in this area with an emphasis on the therapeutic potential of targeting the CTS in CVD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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8
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Jin P, Bian Y, Wang K, Cong G, Yan R, Sha Y, Ma X, Zhou J, Yuan Z, Jia S. Homocysteine accelerates atherosclerosis via inhibiting LXRα-mediated ABCA1/ABCG1-dependent cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Life Sci 2018; 214:41-50. [PMID: 30393020 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Macrophage-derived foam-cell formation plays a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis, and liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) is a key regulator of lipid metabolism in macrophages. Homocysteine (Hcy) is an independent risk factor of atherosclerosis; however, the regulation of lipid metabolism and role of LXRα induced by Hcy in macrophages is still unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the potential role of Hcy in disordered lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic lesions, especially the effects of Hcy on cholesterol efflux in macrophages and the possible mechanisms. MAIN METHODS In vitro, lipid accumulation and cholesterol efflux were evaluated in THP-1 macrophages with Hcy intervention. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analyses were used to assess mRNA and protein levels. In vivo, atherosclerotic lesions and lipid profiles were evaluated by methionine diet-induced hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in ApoE-/- mice. The LXRα agonist T0901317 was used to verify the role of LXRα in HHcy-accelerated atherosclerosis. KEY FINDINGS Hcy promoted lipid accumulation and inhibited cholesterol efflux in THP-1 macrophages. HHcy mice showed increased lesion area and lipid accumulation in plaque. Both studies in vitro and in vivo showed decreased expression of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1). T0901317 treatment increased ABCA1 and ABCG1 levels; reversed macrophage-derived foam-cell formation in THP-1 macrophages and reduced atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-/- mice. SIGNIFICANCE Inhibition of LXRα-mediated ABCA1/ABCG1-dependent cholesterol efflux from macrophages is a novel mechanism in Hcy-accelerated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Yitong Bian
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Heart Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Guangzhi Cong
- Heart Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Ru Yan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Yong Sha
- Heart Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Xueping Ma
- Heart Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Shaobin Jia
- Heart Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China.
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9
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Han S, Bal NB, Sadi G, Usanmaz SE, Uludag MO, Demirel-Yilmaz E. The effects of LXR agonist GW3965 on vascular reactivity and inflammation in hypertensive rat aorta. Life Sci 2018; 213:287-293. [PMID: 30366037 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Liver X receptors (LXRs) play an important role in the regulation of cholesterol, fatty acid and glucose metabolisms together with inflammatory processes. In the present study, the effects of LXR agonist GW3965 on vascular reactivity and expression of functional proteins in DOCA-Salt induced hypertension were examined. MAIN METHODS Hypertension was induced through unilateral nephrectomy and deoxycorticosterone-acetate (DOCA) injection (20 mg/kg, twice a week) for 6 weeks in male Wistar albino rats (8 weeks old). An LXR agonist GW3965 (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was administered to animals for last seven days. KEY FINDINGS GW3965 treatment reduced systolic blood pressures in hypertensive rats. Acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent and sodium nitroprusside-induced endothelium-independent vasorelaxations were decreased in hypertensive rats but not affected by GW3965. GW3965 treatment enhanced plasma nitrite levels in normotensive rats. KCl and phenylephrine (Phe)-induced vasocontractions were reduced in hypertensive groups and increased with GW3965 treatment. Decreased sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase2 (SERCA2) expression in the hypertensive aorta was not changed by GW3965 treatment. Expression of inositoltrisphosphate receptor1 (IP3R1) was increased by GW3965 in normotensive animals. The nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expressions were increased in hypertensive rats and reduced by GW3965 treatment. SIGNIFICANCE The results of study indicate that the LXR agonist, GW3965, exhibited a beneficial effect on increased blood pressure and improved hypertension-induced impairment in contractile activity of vessel and inflammatory markers in vascular tissue. Therefore, these effects of LXR agonists on vessel should be taken into account in experimental or therapeutic approaches to hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevtap Han
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Etiler, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nur Banu Bal
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Etiler, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Sadi
- Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, K.Ö. Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Suzan Emel Usanmaz
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Sıhhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mecit Orhan Uludag
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Etiler, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emine Demirel-Yilmaz
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Sıhhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Han D, Li X, Li S, Su T, Fan L, Fan WS, Qiao HY, Chen JW, Fan MM, Li XJ, Wang YB, Ma S, Qiu Y, Tian ZH, Cao F. Reduced silent information regulator 1 signaling exacerbates sepsis-induced myocardial injury and mitigates the protective effect of a liver X receptor agonist. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:291-303. [PMID: 28993270 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial injury and dysfunction are critical manifestations of sepsis. Previous studies have reported that liver X receptor (LXR) activation is protective during sepsis. However, whether LXR activation protects against septic heart injury and its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study was designed to determine the role of LXR activation in the septic heart with a focus on SIRT1 (silent information regulator 1) signaling. Male cardiac-specific SIRT1 knockout mice (SIRT1-/-) and their wild-type littermates were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in the presence or absence of LXR agonist T0901317. The survival rate of mice was recorded during the 7-day period post CLP. Our results demonstrated that SIRT1-/- mice suffered from exacerbated mortality and myocardial injury in comparison with their wild-type littermates. Meanwhile, T0901317 treatment improved mice survival, accompanied by significant ameliorations of myocardial injury and dysfunction in wild-type mice but not in SIRT1-/- mice. Furthermore, the levels of myocardial inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, MPO and HMGB1), oxidative stress (ROS generation, MDA), endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) stress (protein levels of CHOP, GRP78, GRP94, IRE1α, and ATF6), and cardiac apoptosis following CLP were inhibited by T0901317 treatment in wild-type mice but not in SIRT1-/- mice. Mechanistically, T0901317 enhanced SIRT1 signaling and the subsequent deacetylation and activation of antioxidative FoxO1 and anti-ER stress HSF1, as well as the deacetylation and inhibition of pro-inflammatory NF-ΚB and pro-apoptotic P53, thereby alleviating sepsis-induced myocardial injury and dysfunction. Our data support the promise of LXR activation as an effective strategy for relieving heart septic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiang Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China, 610083
| | - Tao Su
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Li Fan
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wen-Si Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Hong-Yu Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jiang-Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Miao-Miao Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Ya-Bin Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Sai Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Ya Qiu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zu-Hong Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Feng Cao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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11
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Sfyri P, Matsakas A. Crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis, western-type diet and skeletal muscle pathophysiology: emphasis on apolipoprotein E deficiency and peripheral arterial disease. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:42. [PMID: 28688452 PMCID: PMC5502081 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process that, in the presence of hyperlipidaemia, promotes the formation of atheromatous plaques in large vessels of the cardiovascular system. It also affects peripheral arteries with major implications for a number of other non-vascular tissues such as the skeletal muscle, the liver and the kidney. The aim of this review is to critically discuss and assimilate current knowledge on the impact of peripheral atherosclerosis and its implications on skeletal muscle homeostasis. Accumulating data suggests that manifestations of peripheral atherosclerosis in skeletal muscle originates in a combination of increased i)-oxidative stress, ii)-inflammation, iii)-mitochondrial deficits, iv)-altered myofibre morphology and fibrosis, v)-chronic ischemia followed by impaired oxygen supply, vi)-reduced capillary density, vii)- proteolysis and viii)-apoptosis. These structural, biochemical and pathophysiological alterations impact on skeletal muscle metabolic and physiologic homeostasis and its capacity to generate force, which further affects the individual's quality of life. Particular emphasis is given on two major areas representing basic and applied science respectively: a)-the abundant evidence from a well-recognised atherogenic model; the Apolipoprotein E deficient mouse and the role of a western-type diet and b)-on skeletal myopathy and oxidative stress-induced myofibre damage from human studies on peripheral arterial disease. A significant source of reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease is the family of NADPH oxidases that contribute to several pathologies. Finally, strategies targeting NADPH oxidases in skeletal muscle in an attempt to attenuate cellular oxidative stress are highlighted, providing a better understanding of the crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis and skeletal muscle pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Sfyri
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios Matsakas
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
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12
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Alaarg A, Zheng KH, van der Valk FM, da Silva AE, Versloot M, van Ufford LCQ, Schulte DM, Storm G, Metselaar JM, Stroes ESG, Hamers AAJ. Multiple pathway assessment to predict anti-atherogenic efficacy of drugs targeting macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 82:51-9. [PMID: 27189780 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play a central role in atherosclerosis development and progression, hence, targeting macrophage activity is considered an attractive therapeutic. Recently, we documented nanomedicinal delivery of the anti-inflammatory compound prednisolone to atherosclerotic plaque macrophages in patients, which did however not translate into therapeutic efficacy. This unanticipated finding calls for in-depth screening of drugs intended for targeting plaque macrophages. METHODS AND RESULTS We evaluated the effect of several candidate drugs on macrophage activity, rating overall performance with respect to changes in cytokine release, oxidative stress, lipid handling, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and proliferation of macrophages. Using this in vitro approach, we observed that the anti-inflammatory effect of prednisolone was counterbalanced by multiple adverse effects on other key pathways. Conversely, pterostilbene, T0901317 and simvastatin had an overall anti-atherogenic effect on multiple pathways, suggesting their potential for liposomal delivery. CONCLUSION This dedicated assay setup provides a framework for high-throughput assessment. Further in vivo studies are warranted to determine the predictive value of this macrophage-based screening approach and its potential value in nanomedicinal drug development for cardiovascular patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Alaarg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Targeted Therapeutics section, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Kang He Zheng
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Fleur M van der Valk
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Acarilia Eduardo da Silva
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Targeted Therapeutics section, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Miranda Versloot
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Linda C Quarles van Ufford
- Medicinal Chemistry & Chemical Biology - Biomolecular Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Dominik M Schulte
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine I, UKSH, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Targeted Therapeutics section, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Josbert M Metselaar
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Targeted Therapeutics section, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Erik S G Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anouk A J Hamers
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Emerging role of liver X receptors in cardiac pathophysiology and heart failure. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 111:3. [PMID: 26611207 PMCID: PMC4661180 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-015-0520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are master regulators of metabolism and have been studied for their pharmacological potential in vascular and metabolic disease. Besides their established role in metabolic homeostasis and disease, there is mounting evidence to suggest that LXRs may exert direct beneficial effects in the heart. Here, we aim to provide a conceptual framework to explain the broad mode of action of LXRs and how LXR signaling may be an important local and systemic target for the treatment of heart failure. We discuss the potential role of LXRs in systemic conditions associated with heart failure, such as hypertension, diabetes, and renal and vascular disease. Further, we expound on recent data that implicate a direct role for LXR activation in the heart, for its impact on cardiomyocyte damage and loss due to ischemia, and effects on cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and myocardial metabolism. Taken together, the accumulating evidence supports the notion that LXRs may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of heart failure.
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14
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Lin XL, Liu MH, Hu HJ, Feng HR, Fan XJ, Zou WW, Pan YQ, Hu XM, Wang Z. Curcumin Enhanced Cholesterol Efflux by Upregulating ABCA1 Expression Through AMPK-SIRT1-LXRα Signaling in THP-1 Macrophage-Derived Foam Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:561-72. [PMID: 26102194 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.2866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-long Lin
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hui Zhou Hospital (The Third People's Hospital of Huizhou), Guangzhou Medical University Huizhou City, Huizhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi-Hua Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Jun Hu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hui Zhou Hospital (The Third People's Hospital of Huizhou), Guangzhou Medical University Huizhou City, Huizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-ru Feng
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, Affiliated First Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shi Jiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Juan Fan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hui Zhou Hospital (The Third People's Hospital of Huizhou), Guangzhou Medical University Huizhou City, Huizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-wen Zou
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hui Zhou Hospital (The Third People's Hospital of Huizhou), Guangzhou Medical University Huizhou City, Huizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-quan Pan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hui Zhou Hospital (The Third People's Hospital of Huizhou), Guangzhou Medical University Huizhou City, Huizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-mei Hu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hui Zhou Hospital (The Third People's Hospital of Huizhou), Guangzhou Medical University Huizhou City, Huizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, People's Republic of China
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Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Promotes Macrophage Foam Cell Formation via Reduced Expression of ATP Binding Cassette Transporter-1 (ABCA1). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130587. [PMID: 26110874 PMCID: PMC4481410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the major pathology of cardiovascular disease, is caused by multiple factors involving psychological stress. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is released by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus, peripheral nerve terminals and epithelial cells, regulates various stress-related responses. Our current study aimed to verify the role of CRH in macrophage foam cell formation, the initial critical stage of atherosclerosis. Our quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR), semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, and Western blot results indicate that CRH down-regulates ATP-binding cassette transporter-1 (ABCA1) and liver X receptor (LXR)-α, a transcription factor for ABCA1, in murine peritoneal macrophages and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Oil-red O (ORO) staining and intracellular cholesterol measurement of macrophages treated with or without oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and with or without CRH (10 nM) in the presence of apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) revealed that CRH treatment promotes macrophage foam cell formation. The boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-conjugated cholesterol efflux assay showed that CRH treatment reduces macrophage cholesterol efflux. Western blot analysis showed that CRH-induced down-regulation of ABCA1 is dependent on phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) induced by interaction between CRH and CRH receptor 1(CRHR1). We conclude that activation of this pathway by CRH accelerates macrophage foam cell formation and may promote stress-related atherosclerosis.
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Du Y, Wang L, Hong B. High-density lipoprotein-based drug discovery for treatment of atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:841-55. [PMID: 26022101 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1051963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although there has been great progress achieved by the use of intensive statin therapy, the burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains high. This has initiated the search for novel high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-based therapeutics. Recent years have witnessed a shift from traditional raising HDL-C levels to enhancing HDL functionality, in which the process of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) has acquired much attention. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors describe the key factors involved in RCT process for potential drug targets to reduce the CVD risk. Furthermore, the review provides a summary of the effective screening methods that have been developed to target RCT and their applications. This review also introduces some new strategies currently being clinically developed, which have the potential to improve HDL function in the RCT process. EXPERT OPINION It is rational that the functionality of HDL is more important than the plasma HDL-C level in the evaluation of pharmacological treatment in atherosclerosis. HDL-based strategies designed to promote macrophage RCT are a major area of current drug discovery and development for atherosclerotic diseases. A better understanding of the functionality of HDL and its relationship with atherosclerosis will expand our knowledge of the role of HDL in lipid metabolism, holding promise for a future successful HDL-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050 , China
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van der Sluis RJ, Nahon JE, Reuwer AQ, Van Eck M, Hoekstra M. Haloperidol inhibits the development of atherosclerotic lesions in LDL receptor knockout mice. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2397-405. [PMID: 25572138 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Antipsychotic drugs have been shown to modulate the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), a key factor in the anti-atherogenic reverse cholesterol transport process, in vitro. Here we evaluated the potential of the typical antipsychotic drug haloperidol to modulate the cholesterol efflux function of macrophages in vitro and their susceptibility to atherosclerosis in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages were used for in vitro studies. Hyperlipidaemic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor knockout mice were implanted with a haloperidol-containing pellet and subsequently fed a Western-type diet for 5 weeks to induce the development of atherosclerotic lesions in vivo. KEY RESULTS Haloperidol induced a 54% decrease in the mRNA expression of ABCA1 in peritoneal macrophages. This coincided with a 30% decrease in the capacity of macrophages to efflux cholesterol to apolipoprotein A1. Haloperidol treatment stimulated the expression of ABCA1 (+51%) and other genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport, that is, CYP7A1 (+98%) in livers of LDL receptor knockout mice. No change in splenic ABCA1 expression was noted. However, the average size of the atherosclerotic size was significantly smaller (-31%) in the context of a mildly more atherogenic metabolic phenotype upon haloperidol treatment. More importantly, haloperidol markedly lowered MCP-1 expression (-70%) and secretion (-28%) by peritoneal macrophages. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Haloperidol treatment lowered the susceptibility of hyperlipidaemic LDL receptor knockout mice to develop atherosclerotic lesions. Our findings suggest that the beneficial effect of haloperidol on atherosclerosis susceptibility can be attributed to its ability to inhibit macrophage chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J van der Sluis
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Cluster of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
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LXR agonism improves TNF-α-induced endothelial dysfunction in the absence of its cholesterol-modulating effects. Atherosclerosis 2014; 232:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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