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Howell A, Arsic N, Griebel P. Resting and activated bovine neutrophils and eosinophils differ in their responses to adrenergic agonists. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 272:110758. [PMID: 38669937 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) provide a rapid response to infection and tissue damage and stress can modify these critical innate immune defences. The study of adrenergic receptor (AR) expression and function in bovine PMNs is limited but both neutrophils and eosinophils express numerous AR genes but differ significantly in their expression of individual AR genes. A flow cytometric technique was developed to differentiate between bovine neutrophils and eosinophils so both neutrophil and eosinophil responses to adrenergic agonists could be analysed. Neutrophils and eosinophils displayed significantly different changes in CD11b, L-selectin, and CD44 expression when activated by bovine serum opsonized zymosan and recombinant bovine interferon gamma. The responses of activated and resting neutrophils and eosinophils were then compared following stimulation with endogenous adrenergic agonists, epinephrine (E) norepinephrine (NE), and synthetic agonists targeting α1-, α2-, or β-ARs. Both resting and activated neutrophils and eosinophils displayed differences in iROS, CD44, and L-selectin expression following stimulation with E and NE. Resting neutrophils displayed pro-inflammatory responses to both E and NE, while resting eosinophils displayed a pro-inflammatory response to only NE. No single synthetic adrenergic agonist fully recapitulated responses observed with either E or NE and responses to adrenergic agonists were dose-dependent. In conclusion, bovine eosinophils and neutrophils responded to multiple adrenergic agonists by altering expression of proteins involved in immune surveillance and pro-inflammatory responses. Significant differences in neutrophil and eosinophil responses to adrenergic agonists are consistent with their differences in AR gene expression. This highlights the importance of analysing separately these two PMN subpopulations when investigating the effects of either endogenous or synthetic AR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Howell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120-Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Global Institute for Food Security (GIFS), University of Saskatchewan, 421 Downey Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8, Canada
| | - Natasa Arsic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120-Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Philip Griebel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120-Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; School of Public Health, 104 Clinic Place, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada.
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2
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Xu X, Xu S, Zhang Y, Wang L, Yan C, Xu Z, Zhao Q, Qi X. Neutrophil extracellular traps formation may be involved in the association of propranolol with the development of portal vein thrombosis. Thromb Res 2024; 238:208-221. [PMID: 38733693 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonselective β blockers (NSBBs) facilitate the development of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in liver cirrhosis. Considering the potential effect of NSBBs on neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), we speculated that NSBBs might promote the development of PVT by stimulating neutrophils to release NETs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum NETs biomarkers were measured, use of NSBBs was recorded, and PVT was evaluated in cirrhotic patients. Carbon tetrachloride and ferric chloride (FeCl3) were used to induce liver fibrosis and PVT in mice, respectively. After treatment with propranolol and DNase I, neutrophils in peripheral blood, colocalization and expression of NETs in PVT specimens, and NETs biomarkers in serum were measured. Ex vivo clots lysis analysis was performed and portal vein velocity and coagulation parameters were tested. RESULTS Serum MPO-DNA level was significantly higher in cirrhotic patients treated with NSBBs, and serum H3Cit and MPO-DNA levels were significantly higher in those with PVT. In fibrotic mice, following treatment with propranolol, DNase I significantly shortened the time of FeCl3-induced PVT formation, lowered the peripheral blood neutrophils labelled by CD11b/Ly6G, inhibited the positive staining of H3Cit and the expression of H3Cit and MPO proteins in PVT tissues, and reduced serum nucleosome level. Furthermore, the addition of DNase I to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) significantly accelerated clots lysis as compared with tPA alone. Propranolol reduced portal vein velocity in fibrotic mice, but did not influence coagulation parameters. CONCLUSION Our study provides a clue to the potential impact of NETs formation on the association of NSBBs with the development of PVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbo Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shixue Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiyan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenghui Yan
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute of PLA, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Zihua Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingchun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Xingshun Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
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Zhang H, Yang Y, Cao Y, Guan J. Effects of chronic stress on cancer development and the therapeutic prospects of adrenergic signaling regulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116609. [PMID: 38678960 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term chronic stress is an important factor in the poor prognosis of cancer patients. Chronic stress reduces the tissue infiltration of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) by continuously activating the adrenergic signaling, inhibits antitumor immune response and tumor cell apoptosis while also inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor angiogenesis, promoting tumor invasion and metastasis. This review first summarizes how adrenergic signaling activates intracellular signaling by binding different adrenergic receptor (AR) heterodimers. Then, we focused on reviewing adrenergic signaling to regulate multiple functions of immune cells, including cell differentiation, migration, and cytokine secretion. In addition, the article discusses the mechanisms by which adrenergic signaling exerts pro-tumorigenic effects by acting directly on the tumor itself. It also highlights the use of adrenergic receptor modulators in cancer therapy, with particular emphasis on their potential role in immunotherapy. Finally, the article reviews the beneficial effects of stress intervention measures on cancer treatment. We think that enhancing the body's antitumor response by adjusting adrenergic signaling can enhance the efficacy of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China; Department of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Yuwei Yang
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of OTIR, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Yan Cao
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of OTIR, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Jingzhi Guan
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China.
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4
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Thoppil J, Mehta P, Bartels B, Sharma D, Farrar JD. Impact of norepinephrine on immunity and oxidative metabolism in sepsis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1271098. [PMID: 38022663 PMCID: PMC10662053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1271098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a major health problem in the United States (US), constituting a leading contributor to mortality among critically ill patients. Despite advances in treatment the underlying pathophysiology of sepsis remains elusive. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a significant role in antimicrobial host defense and inflammation and its dysregulation leads to maladaptive responses because of excessive inflammation. There is growing evidence for crosstalk between the central nervous system and the immune system in response to infection. The hypothalamic-pituitary and adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system are the two major pathways that mediate this interaction. Epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE), respectively are the effectors of these interactions. Upon stimulation, NE is released from sympathetic nerve terminals locally within lymphoid organs and activate adrenoreceptors expressed on immune cells. Similarly, epinephrine secreted from the adrenal gland which is released systemically also exerts influence on immune cells. However, understanding the specific impact of neuroimmunity is still in its infancy. In this review, we focus on the sympathetic nervous system, specifically the role the neurotransmitter norepinephrine has on immune cells. Norepinephrine has been shown to modulate immune cell responses leading to increased anti-inflammatory and blunting of pro-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that norepinephrine is involved in regulating oxidative metabolism in immune cells. This review attempts to summarize the known effects of norepinephrine on immune cell response and oxidative metabolism in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joby Thoppil
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Prayag Mehta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Brett Bartels
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Drashya Sharma
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - J. David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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5
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Bourcier CH, Michel-Flutot P, Emam L, Adam L, Gasser A, Vinit S, Mansart A. ß1-adrenergic blockers preserve neuromuscular function by inhibiting the production of extracellular traps during systemic inflammation in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1228374. [PMID: 37809074 PMCID: PMC10556451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1228374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe inflammation via innate immune system activation causes organ dysfunction. Among these, the central nervous system (CNS) is particularly affected by encephalopathies. These symptoms are associated with the activation of microglia and a potential infiltration of leukocytes. These immune cells have recently been discovered to have the ability to produce extracellular traps (ETs). While these components capture and destroy pathogens, deleterious effects occur such as reduced neuronal excitability correlated with excessive ETs production. In this study, the objectives were to determine (1) whether immune cells form ETs in the CNS during acute inflammation (2) whether ETs produce neuromuscular disorders and (3) whether an immunomodulatory treatment such as β1-adrenergic blockers limits these effects. We observed an infiltration of neutrophils in the CNS, an activation of microglia and a production of ETs following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Atenolol, a β1-adrenergic blocker, significantly decreased the production of ETs in both microglia and neutrophils. This treatment also preserved the gastrocnemius motoneuron excitability. Similar results were observed when the production of ETs was prevented by sivelestat, an inhibitor of ET formation. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that LPS administration increases neutrophils infiltration into the CNS, activates immune cells and produces ETs that directly impair neuromuscular function. Prevention of ETs formation by β1-adrenergic blockers partly restores this function and could be a good target in order to reduce adverse effects in severe inflammation such as sepsis but also in other motor related pathologies linked to ETs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille H. Bourcier
- END-ICAP, INSERM U1179, UVSQ-Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- Infection et Inflammation (2I), INSERM U1173, UVSQ-Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | | | - Laila Emam
- Infection et Inflammation (2I), INSERM U1173, UVSQ-Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Lucille Adam
- Infection et Inflammation (2I), INSERM U1173, UVSQ-Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Adeline Gasser
- Infection et Inflammation (2I), INSERM U1173, UVSQ-Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Stéphane Vinit
- END-ICAP, INSERM U1179, UVSQ-Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Arnaud Mansart
- Infection et Inflammation (2I), INSERM U1173, UVSQ-Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
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6
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Perez DM. α 1-Adrenergic Receptors: Insights into Potential Therapeutic Opportunities for COVID-19, Heart Failure, and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4188. [PMID: 36835598 PMCID: PMC9963459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
α1-Adrenergic receptors (ARs) are members of the G-Protein Coupled Receptor superfamily and with other related receptors (β and α2), they are involved in regulating the sympathetic nervous system through binding and activation by norepinephrine and epinephrine. Traditionally, α1-AR antagonists were first used as anti-hypertensives, as α1-AR activation increases vasoconstriction, but they are not a first-line use at present. The current usage of α1-AR antagonists increases urinary flow in benign prostatic hyperplasia. α1-AR agonists are used in septic shock, but the increased blood pressure response limits use for other conditions. However, with the advent of genetic-based animal models of the subtypes, drug design of highly selective ligands, scientists have discovered potentially newer uses for both agonists and antagonists of the α1-AR. In this review, we highlight newer treatment potential for α1A-AR agonists (heart failure, ischemia, and Alzheimer's disease) and non-selective α1-AR antagonists (COVID-19/SARS, Parkinson's disease, and posttraumatic stress disorder). While the studies reviewed here are still preclinical in cell lines and rodent disease models or have undergone initial clinical trials, potential therapeutics discussed here should not be used for non-approved conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne M Perez
- The Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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7
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Cremin M, Schreiber S, Murray K, Tay EXY, Reardon C. The diversity of neuroimmune circuits controlling lung inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L53-L63. [PMID: 36410021 PMCID: PMC9829467 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00179.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly appreciated that the nervous and immune systems communicate bidirectionally to regulate immunological outcomes in a variety of organs including the lung. Activation of neuronal signaling can be induced by inflammation, tissue damage, or pathogens to evoke or reduce immune cell activation in what has been termed a neuroimmune reflex. In the periphery, these reflexes include the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, sympathetic reflex, and sensory nociceptor-immune cell pathways. Continual advances in neuroimmunology in peripheral organ systems have fueled small-scale clinical trials that have yielded encouraging results for a range of immunopathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis. Despite these successes, several limitations should give clinical investigators pause in the application of neural stimulation as a therapeutic for lung inflammation, especially if inflammation arises from a novel pathogen. In this review, the general mechanisms of each reflex, the evidence for these circuits in the control of lung inflammation, and the key knowledge gaps in our understanding of these neuroimmune circuits will be discussed. These limitations can be overcome not only through a better understanding of neuroanatomy but also through a systematic evaluation of stimulation parameters using immune activation in lung tissues as primary readouts. Our rapidly evolving understanding of the nervous and immune systems highlights the importance of communication between these cells in health and disease. This integrative approach has tremendous potential in the development of targeted therapeutics if specific challenges can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cremin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Sierra Schreiber
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Kaitlin Murray
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Emmy Xue Yun Tay
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Colin Reardon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
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8
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Caimi G, Lo Presti R, Carollo C, Montana M, Carlisi M. Polymorphonuclear phenotypical expression of CD18, at baseline and after in vitro activation, in several clinical disorders: Revision of our case series. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2023; 85:41-58. [PMID: 37482987 DOI: 10.3233/ch-231771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In relation to the different and important roles of the beta2 integrins, we have revisited the expression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte CD18 in several clinical disorders, at baseline and after in vitro activation. SUBJECTS we have examined subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus, vascular atherosclerotic disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus without and with macrovascular complications, chronic renal failure on conservative treatment, essential hypertension, deep venous thrombosis, acute ischemic stroke and subjects with venous leg ulcers. METHODS unfractioned leukocyte suspension was prepared according to the Mikita's method, while the leukocyte were separated into mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells with a Ficoll-Hypaque medium. Using specific monoclonal antibody, the CD18 expression was evaluated with cytofluorimetric analysis, using FACScan (Becton Dickinson) be Cellquest software; the activation in vitro with PMA was effected according to modified Yasui and Masuda methods. RESULTS in type 1 diabetes mellitus, at baseline CD18 is under expressed in comparison with normal control, and not changes after PMA activation were observed; in subjects with vascular atherosclerotic disease, in type 2 diabetes mellitus CD18 is over expressed at baseline but does not vary after activation; in subjects with chronic renal failure, essential hypertension and in subjects with acute ischemic stroke the CD18 up-regulate at baseline compared to normal control, and it increases further after activation; in subjects with deep venous thrombosis the CD18 expression is not different from control group at baseline, but it increases after activation; finally, in subjects with venous leg ulcers the CD18 is normally expressed at baseline, and it does not change after PMA activation. CONCLUSIONS in the different clinical disorders, the trend of this integrin subunit provides some specific information, useful to select the best therapeutic strategy in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Caimi
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia Lo Presti
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Carollo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Montana
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Melania Carlisi
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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9
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Pathophysiology of Sepsis and Genesis of Septic Shock: The Critical Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169274. [PMID: 36012544 PMCID: PMC9409099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of sepsis and septic shock remains a major public health issue due to the associated morbidity and mortality. Despite an improvement in the understanding of the physiological and pathological mechanisms underlying its genesis and a growing number of studies exploring an even higher range of targeted therapies, no significant clinical progress has emerged in the past decade. In this context, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) appear more and more as an attractive approach for cell therapy both in experimental and clinical models. Pre-clinical data suggest a cornerstone role of these cells and their secretome in the control of the host immune response. Host-derived factors released from infected cells (i.e., alarmins, HMGB1, ATP, DNA) as well as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (e.g., LPS, peptidoglycans) can activate MSCs located in the parenchyma and around vessels to upregulate the expression of cytokines/chemokines and growth factors that influence, respectively, immune cell recruitment and stem cell mobilization. However, the way in which MSCs exert their beneficial effects in terms of survival and control of inflammation in septic states remains unclear. This review presents the interactions identified between MSCs and mediators of immunity and tissue repair in sepsis. We also propose paradigms related to the plausible roles of MSCs in the process of sepsis and septic shock. Finally, we offer a presentation of experimental and clinical studies and open the way to innovative avenues of research involving MSCs from a prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic point of view in sepsis.
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10
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Marino F, Pinoli M, Rasini E, Martini S, Luini A, Pulze L, Dalla Gasperina D, Grossi P, Legnaro M, Ferrari M, Congiu T, Pacheco R, Osorio-Barrios F, de Eguileor M, Cosentino M. Dopaminergic Inhibition of Human Neutrophils is Exerted Through D1-Like Receptors and Affected By Bacterial Infection. Immunol Suppl 2022; 167:508-527. [PMID: 35897164 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine (DA) affects immune functions in healthy subjects and during disease by acting on D1-like (D1 and D5) and D2-like (D2, D3 and D4) dopaminergic receptors (DR), however its effects on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are still poorly defined. METHODS We investigated DR expression in human PMN and the ability of DA to affect cell migration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Experiments were performed on cells from healthy subjects (HS) and from patients (Pts) with bacterial infections as well, during the acute phase and after recovery. Some experiments were also performed in mice KO for the DRD5 gene. RESULTS PMN from HS express both D1-like and D2-like DR, and exposure to DA results in inhibition of activation-induced morphological changes, migration and ROS production which depend on the activation of D1-like DR. In agreement with these findings, DA inhibited migration of PMN obtained from wild-type mice, but not from DR D5 KO mice. In Pts with bacterial infections, during the febrile phase D1-like DR D5 on PMN were downregulated and DA failed to affect PMN migration. Both D1-like DR D5 expression and DA-induced inhibition of PMN migration were however restored after recovery. CONCLUSION Dopaminergic inhibition of human PMN is a novel mechanism which is likely to play a key role in the regulation of innate immunity. Evidence obtained in Pts with bacterial infections provides novel clues for the therapeutic modulation of PMN during infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology; University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Monica Pinoli
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology; University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rasini
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Stefano Martini
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology; University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessandra Luini
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology; University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Pulze
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Grossi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Legnaro
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology; University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology; University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Terenzio Congiu
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Magda de Eguileor
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology; University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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11
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Nishioka R, Nishi Y, Choudhury ME, Miyaike R, Shinnishi A, Umakoshi K, Takada Y, Sato N, Aibiki M, Yano H, Tanaka J. Surgical stress quickly affects the numbers of circulating B-cells and neutrophils in murine septic and aseptic models through a β 2 adrenergic receptor. J Immunotoxicol 2022; 19:8-16. [PMID: 35232327 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2022.2029630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a pathology accompanied by increases in myeloid cells and decreases in lymphoid cells in circulation. In a murine sepsis model induced by cecum ligation and puncture (CLP), increasing numbers of neutrophils and decreasing levels of B-cells in circulation are among the earliest changes in the immune system. However, to date, the mechanisms for these changes remain to be elucidated. The study here sought to elucidate mechanisms underlying the changes in the leukocyte levels after CLP and also to determine what, if any, role for an involvement of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Here, male C57/BL6 mice were subjected to CLP or sham-CLP (abdominal wall incised, but cecum was not punctured). The changes in the number of circulating leukocytes over time were then investigated using flow cytometry. The results showed that a sham-CLP led to increased polymorphonuclear cells (PMN; most of which are neutrophils) and decreased B-cells in the circulation to an extent similar to that induced by CLP. Effects of adrenergic agonists and antagonists, as well as of adrenalectomy, were also examined in mice that underwent CLP or sham-CLP. Administering adrenaline or a β2 adrenergic receptor agonist (clenbuterol) to mice 3 h before sacrifice produced almost identical changes to as what was seen 2 h after performing a sham-CLP. In contrast, giving a β2 adrenergic receptor antagonist ICI118,551 1 h before a CLP or sham-CLP suppressed the expected changes 2 h after the operations. Noradrenaline and an α1 adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine did not exert significant effects. Adrenalectomy 24 h before a sham-CLP significantly abolished the expected sham-CLP-induced changes seen earlier. Clenbuterol increased splenocyte expression of Cxcr4 (a chemokine receptor gene); adrenalectomy abolished sham-CLP-induced Cxcr4 expression. A CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 repressed the sham-CLP-induced changes. From these results, it may be concluded that sepsis-induced activation of the SNS may be one cause for immune dysfunction in sepsis - regardless of the pathogenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Nishioka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan.,Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nishi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan.,Department of Hepato-biliary Pancreatic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Mohammed E Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Riko Miyaike
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Ayataka Shinnishi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Kensuke Umakoshi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan.,Advanced Emergency and Critical Care Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Yasutsugu Takada
- Department of Hepato-biliary Pancreatic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Norio Sato
- Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Mayuki Aibiki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
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12
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Dahdah A, Johnson J, Gopalkrishna S, Jaggers RM, Webb D, Murphy AJ, Hanssen NMJ, Hanaoka BY, Nagareddy PR. Neutrophil Migratory Patterns: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:795784. [PMID: 35309915 PMCID: PMC8924299 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.795784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The body's inflammatory response involves a series of processes that are necessary for the immune system to mitigate threats from invading pathogens. Leukocyte migration is a crucial process in both homeostatic and inflammatory states. The mechanisms involved in immune cell recruitment to the site of inflammation are numerous and require several cascades and cues of activation. Immune cells have multiple origins and can be recruited from primary and secondary lymphoid, as well as reservoir organs within the body to generate an immune response to certain stimuli. However, no matter the origin, an important aspect of any inflammatory response is the web of networks that facilitates immune cell trafficking. The vasculature is an important organ for this trafficking, especially during an inflammatory response, mainly because it allows cells to migrate towards the source of insult/injury and serves as a reservoir for leukocytes and granulocytes under steady state conditions. One of the most active and vital leukocytes in the immune system's arsenal are neutrophils. Neutrophils exist under two forms in the vasculature: a marginated pool that is attached to the vessel walls, and a demarginated pool that freely circulates within the blood stream. In this review, we seek to present the current consensus on the mechanisms involved in leukocyte margination and demargination, with a focus on the role of neutrophil migration patterns during physio-pathological conditions, in particular diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Dahdah
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jillian Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sreejit Gopalkrishna
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Robert M. Jaggers
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Darren Webb
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Andrew J. Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nordin M. J. Hanssen
- Amsterdam Diabetes Centrum, Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Y. Hanaoka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Prabhakara R. Nagareddy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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13
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Howell A, Arsic N, Brownlie R, Griebel P. Adrenergic receptor gene expression in bovine leukocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104271. [PMID: 34600023 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The α- and β-adrenergic receptors (ARs) bind the stress hormones epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine and activate diverse physiological responses. A lack of information on AR gene expression in leukocytes limits our understanding of how stress alters immune function. Quantitative analyses of AR gene expression was completed for bovine leukocytes. Individual leukocyte lineages and subpopulations within lineages were isolated with high-speed cell sorting to facilitate a targeted analysis of AR gene expression. These analyses confirmed all 9 AR genes were expressed in bovine leukocytes with marked differences in AR gene expression when comparing among leukocyte lineages. Furthermore, separation of polymorphonuclear cells into neutrophils and eosinophils revealed these key innate immune cells also differ significantly in AR gene expression. This study provides the first comprehensive survey of AR gene expression in immune cells of any mammalian species and provides insight into conflicting reports that stress can either activate or suppress immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Howell
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120-Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7K 3J8, Canada
| | - Natasa Arsic
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120-Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7K 3J8, Canada
| | - Robert Brownlie
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120-Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7K 3J8, Canada
| | - Philip Griebel
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120-Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7K 3J8, Canada; School of Public Health, 104 Clinic Place, University of Saskatchewan, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada.
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14
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Role of β-Adrenergic Receptors and Estrogen in Cardiac Repair after Myocardial Infarction: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168957. [PMID: 34445662 PMCID: PMC8396463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with an intense inflammatory response that is critical for cardiac repair but is also involved in the pathogenesis of adverse cardiac remodeling, i.e., the set of size, geometry, and structure changes that represent the structural substrate for the development of post-MI heart failure. Deciphering the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiac repair after MI is, therefore, critical to favorably regulate cardiac wound repair and to prevent development of heart failure. Catecholamines and estrogen play an active role in regulating the inflammatory response in the infarcted area. For example, stress-induced catecholamines alter recruitment and trafficking of leukocytes to the heart. Additionally, estrogen affects rate of cardiac rupture during the acute phase of MI, as well as infarct size and survival in animal models of MI. In this review, we will summarize the role of β-adrenergic receptors and estrogen in cardiac repair after infarction in preclinical studies.
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15
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Ostadkarampour M, Putnins EE. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: A Review of Their Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Potential and Mechanisms of Action. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:676239. [PMID: 33995107 PMCID: PMC8120032 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.676239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases are debilitating, affect patients' quality of life, and are a significant financial burden on health care. Inflammation is regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are expressed by immune and non-immune cells, and their expression is highly controlled, both spatially and temporally. Their dysregulation is a hallmark of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Significant evidence supports that monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor drugs have anti-inflammatory effects. MAO inhibitors are principally prescribed for the management of a variety of central nervous system (CNS)-associated diseases such as depression, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's; however, they also have anti-inflammatory effects in the CNS and a variety of non-CNS tissues. To bolster support for their development as anti-inflammatories, it is critical to elucidate their mechanism(s) of action. MAO inhibitors decrease the generation of end products such as hydrogen peroxide, aldehyde, and ammonium. They also inhibit biogenic amine degradation, and this increases cellular and pericellular catecholamines in a variety of immune and some non-immune cells. This decrease in end product metabolites and increase in catecholamines can play a significant role in the anti-inflammatory effects of MAO inhibitors. This review examines MAO inhibitor effects on inflammation in a variety of in vitro and in vivo CNS and non-CNS disease models, as well as their anti-inflammatory mechanism(s) of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Ostadkarampour
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Edward E Putnins
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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Yuki K. The immunomodulatory mechanism of dexmedetomidine. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107709. [PMID: 33933842 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine has been increasingly introduced into the perioperative care of surgical patients. Because a subset of anesthetics/sedatives are immunomodulatory, it is critical to understand the role of dexmedetomidine in our host immune functions. Here we reviewed the role of dexmedetomidine in different immune cells. We also reviewed published clinical articles that described the role of dexmedetomidine in organ injury, cancer surgery, and infection. In animal studies, dexmedetomidine attenuated organ injury. In clinical studies, dexmedetomidine was associated with an improvement in outcomes in cardiac surgery and transplant surgery. However, there is a paucity in research examining how dexmedetomidine is associated with these outcomes. Further studies are needed to understand its clinical application from immunological standpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, USA.
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17
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Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Pingwara R, Szczepaniak J, Winnicka A. The Effect of the Clenbuterol-β2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist on the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Proliferation, Phenotype, Functions, and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Race Horses In Vitro. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040936. [PMID: 33920705 PMCID: PMC8072563 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clenbuterol, the β2-adrenoceptor agonist, is gaining growing popularity because of its effects on weight loss (i.e., chemical liposuction). It is also popular in bodybuilding and professional sports, due to its effects that are similar to anabolic steroids. However, it is prohibited by anti-doping control. On the other hand, it is suggested that clenbuterol can inhibit the inflammatory process. The cells from 14 untrained and 14 well-trained race horses were collected after acute exercise and cultured with clenbuterol. The expressions of CD4, CD8, FoxP3, CD14, MHCII, and CD5 in PBMC, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as cell proliferation, were evaluated by flow cytometry. In addition, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, INF-γ and TNF-α concentrations were evaluated by ELISA. β2-adrenoceptor stimulation leads to enhanced anti-inflammatory properties in well-trained horses, as do low doses in untrained animals. In contrast, higher clenbuterol doses create a pro-inflammatory environment in inexperienced horses. In conclusion, β2-adrenoceptor stimulation leads to a biphasic response. In addition, the immune cells are more sensitive to drug abuse in inexperienced individuals under physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Science—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Rafał Pingwara
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Szczepaniak
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Winnicka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Science—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
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18
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Cao M, Huang W, Chen Y, Li G, Liu N, Wu Y, Wang G, Li Q, Kong D, Xue T, Yang N, Liu Y. Chronic restraint stress promotes the mobilization and recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells through β-adrenergic-activated CXCL5-CXCR2-Erk signaling cascades. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:460-472. [PMID: 33751565 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play an important role in tumor immune escape. Recent studies have shown that MDSCs contribute to tumor progression under psychological stress, but the underlying mechanism of MDSCs mobilization and recruitment remains largely unknown. In the present study, a chronic restraint stress paradigm was applied to the H22 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) bearing mice to mimic the psychological stress. We observed that chronic restraint stress significantly promoted HCC growth, as well as the mobilization of MDSCs to spleen and tumor sites from bone marrow. Meanwhile, chronic restraint stress enhanced the expression of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) and pErk1/2 in bone marrow MDSCs, together with elevated chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5 (CXCL5) expression in tumor tissues. In vitro, the treatments of MDSCs with epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) but not corticosterone (CORT)-treated H22 conditioned medium obviously inhibited T-cell proliferation, as well as enhanced CXCR2 expression and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) phosphorylation. In vivo, β-adrenergic blockade with propranolol almost completely reversed the accelerated tumor growth induced by chronic restraint stress and inactivated CXCL5-CXCR2-Erk signaling pathway. Our findings support the crucial role of β-adrenergic signaling cascade in the mobilization and recruitment of MDSCs under chronic restraint stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gaoxiang Li
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Nasi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Youming Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guiping Wang
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qian Li
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Dexin Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tongtong Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
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19
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Stolk RF, Reinema F, van der Pasch E, Schouwstra J, Bressers S, van Herwaarden AE, Gerretsen J, Schambergen R, Ruth M, van der Hoeven HG, van Leeuwen HJ, Pickkers P, Kox M. Phenylephrine impairs host defence mechanisms to infection: a combined laboratory study in mice and translational human study. Br J Anaesth 2021; 126:652-664. [PMID: 33483132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppression after surgery is associated with postoperative complications, mediated in part by catecholamines that exert anti-inflammatory effects via the β-adrenergic receptor. Phenylephrine, generally regarded as a selective α-adrenergic agonist, is frequently used to treat perioperative hypotension. However, phenylephrine may impair host defence through β-adrenergic affinity. METHODS Human leukocytes were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of phenylephrine and α- and β-adrenergic antagonists. C57BL/6J male mice received continuous infusion of phenylephrine (30-50 μg kg-1 min-1 i.v.) or saline via micro-osmotic pumps, before LPS administration (5 mg kg-1 i.v.) or caecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Twenty healthy males were randomised to a 5 h infusion of phenylephrine (0.5 μg kg-1 min-1) or saline before receiving LPS (2 ng kg-1 i.v.). RESULTS In vitro, phenylephrine enhanced LPS-induced production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 (maximum augmentation of 93%) while attenuating the release of pro-inflammatory mediators. These effects were reversed by pre-incubation with β-antagonists, but not α-antagonists. Plasma IL-10 levels were higher in LPS-challenged mice infused with phenylephrine, whereas pro-inflammatory mediators were reduced. Phenylephrine infusion increased bacterial counts after CLP in peritoneal fluid (+42%, P=0.0069), spleen (+59%, P=0.04), and liver (+35%, P=0.09). In healthy volunteers, phenylephrine enhanced the LPS-induced IL-10 response (+76%, P=0.0008) while attenuating plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators including IL-8 (-15%, P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Phenylephrine exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects, possibly involving the β-adrenoreceptor. Phenylephrine promotes bacterial outgrowth after surgical peritonitis. Phenylephrine may therefore compromise host defence in surgical patients and increase susceptibility towards infection. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02675868 (Clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland F Stolk
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Rijnstate, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Flavia Reinema
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva van der Pasch
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schouwstra
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Steffi Bressers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jelle Gerretsen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Schambergen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Ruth
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans G van der Hoeven
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J van Leeuwen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Rijnstate, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Yang P, Tian H, Zou YR, Chambon P, Ichinose H, Honig G, Diamond B, Kim SJ. Epinephrine Production in Th17 Cells and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:616583. [PMID: 33692790 PMCID: PMC7937652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.616583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epinephrine is a hormone secreted primarily by medullary cells of the adrenal glands which regulates permeability of blood–brain barrier (BBB). Recent studies showed signaling by epinephrine/epinephrine receptor in T cells is involved in autoimmune diseases. Nevertheless, the production of epinephrine by T cells and its pathogenic function in T cells are not well investigated. Our results show that phenylethanol N-methyltransferase (PNMT), a rate-limiting enzyme of epinephrine synthesis, is specifically expressed in vitro in differentiated TH17 cells and in tissue-resident TH17 cells. Indeed, expression levels of enzymes involved in epinephrine production are higher in TH17 cells from animals after EAE induction. The induction of PNMT was not observed in other effector T cell subsets or regulatory T cells. Epinephrine producing TH17 cells exhibit co-expression of GM-CSF, suggesting they are pathogenic TH17 cells. To delineate the function of epinephrine-production in TH17 cells, we generated a TH17-specific knockout of tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) by breeding a Th-flox and a ROR-gt-CRE mouse (Th-CKO). Th-CKO mice are developmentally normal with an equivalent T lymphocyte number in peripheral lymphoid organs. Th-CKO mice also show an equivalent number of TH17 cells in vivo and following in vitro differentiation. To test whether epinephrine-producing TH17 cells are key for breaching the BBB, migration of T cells through mouse brain endothelial cells was investigated in vitro. Both epi+ wild-type and epi- TH17 cells migrate through an endothelial cell barrier. Mice were immunized with MOG peptide to induce experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) and disease progression was monitored. Although there is a reduced infiltration of CD4+ T cells in Th-CKO mice, no difference in clinical score was observed between Th-CKO and wild-type control mice. Increased neutrophils were observed in the central nervous system of Th-CKO mice, suggesting an alternative pathway to EAE progression in the absence of TH17 derived epinephrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinguang Yang
- Center of Autoimmune and Hematopoietic and Musculoskeletal diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Hong Tian
- Center of Autoimmune and Hematopoietic and Musculoskeletal diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Yong-Rui Zou
- Center of Autoimmune and Hematopoietic and Musculoskeletal diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Institute for Genetics and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Advanced Study of the University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hiroshi Ichinose
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gerard Honig
- Crohn's & Colitis Foundation, National Headquarters, New York, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune and Hematopoietic and Musculoskeletal diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Sun Jung Kim
- Center of Autoimmune and Hematopoietic and Musculoskeletal diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
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21
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Chhatar S, Lal G. Role of adrenergic receptor signalling in neuroimmune communication. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:202-217. [PMID: 35492402 PMCID: PMC9040148 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune communication plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and promptly responding to any foreign insults. Sympathetic nerve fibres are innervated into all the lymphoid organs (bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes) and provide a communication link between the central nervous system (CNS) and ongoing immune response in the tissue microenvironment. Neurotransmitters such as catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) bind to adrenergic receptors present on most immune and non-immune cells, establish a local neuroimmune-communication system, and help regulate the ongoing immune response. The activation of these receptors varies with the type of receptor-activated, target cell, the activation status of the cells, and timing of activation. Activating adrenergic receptors, specifically β-adrenergic signalling in immune cells leads to activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway or other non-canonical pathways. It predominantly leads to immune suppression such as inhibition of IL-2 secretion and a decrease in macrophages phagocytosis. This review discusses the expression of different adrenergic receptors in various immune cells, signalling, and how it modulates immune cell function and contributes to health and diseases. Understanding the neuroimmune communication through adrenergic receptor signalling in immune cells could help to design better strategies to control inflammation and autoimmunity. Primary and secondary lymphoid organs are innervated with sympathetic nerve fibres. Adrenergic receptor expression on immune and non-immune cells establishes a local neuroimmune communication system. Adrenergic receptor signalling in immune cells controls the differentiation and function of various immune cells. Modulating adrenergic receptor signalling with a specific agonist or antagonist also affect the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Girdhari Lal
- Corresponding author. National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune, MH-411007, India.
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22
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Araos P, Figueroa S, Amador CA. The Role of Neutrophils in Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228536. [PMID: 33198361 PMCID: PMC7697449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well accepted that the immune system and some cells from adaptive and innate immunity are necessary for the initiation/perpetuation of arterial hypertension (AH). However, whether neutrophils are part of this group remains debatable. There is evidence showing that the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio correlates with AH and is higher in non-dipper patients. On the other hand, the experimental neutrophil depletion in mice reduces basal blood pressure. Nevertheless, their participation in AH is still controversial. Apparently, neutrophils may modulate the microenvironment in blood vessels by increasing oxidative stress, favoring endothelial disfunction. In addition, neutrophils may contribute to the tissue infiltration of immune cells, secreting chemoattractant chemokines/cytokines and promoting the proinflammatory phenotype, leading to AH development. In this work, we discuss the potential role of neutrophils in AH by analyzing different mechanisms proposed from clinical and basic studies, with a perspective on cardiovascular and renal damages relating to the hypertensive phenotype.
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Lisowska B, Jakubiak J, Siewruk K, Sady M, Kosson D. Which idea is better with regard to immune response? Opioid anesthesia or opioid free anesthesia. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:859-869. [PMID: 33177861 PMCID: PMC7652233 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s275986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress of surgery is characterized by an inflammatory response with immune suppression resulting from many factors, including the type of surgery and the kind of anesthesia, linked with the drugs that are used and the underlying disease of the patient. The trauma of surgery triggers a cascade of reactions involving the immune response and nociception. As strong analgesics, opioids provide the analgesic component of general anesthesia with bi-directional effect on the immune system. Opioids influence almost all aspects of the immune response in regards to leukocytes, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, and NK cells. The suppressive effect of opioids on the immune system is limiting their use, especially in patients with impaired immune response, so the possibility of using multimodal anesthesia without opioids, known as opioid-free anesthesia (OFA), is gaining more and more sympathizers. The idea of OFA is to eliminate opioid analgesia in the treatment of acute pain and to replace it with drugs from other groups that are assumed to have a comparable analgesic effect without affecting the immune system. Here, we present a review on the impact of anesthesia, with and without the use of opioids, on the immune response to surgical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lisowska
- Department Anesthesiology and Intensive Medical Care, National Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Institute, Warsaw 02-637, Poland
| | - Jakub Jakubiak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, John Paul II Western Hospital, Grodzisk Mazowiecki 05-825, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Siewruk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw 02-797, Poland
| | - Maria Sady
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw 02-797, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kosson
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Division of Teaching, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-005, Poland
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24
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Priyanka HP, Nair RS. Neuroimmunomodulation by estrogen in health and disease. AIMS Neurosci 2020; 7:401-417. [PMID: 33263078 PMCID: PMC7701372 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic homeostasis is maintained by the robust bidirectional regulation of the neuroendocrine-immune network by the active involvement of neural, endocrine and immune mediators. Throughout female reproductive life, gonadal hormones undergo cyclic variations and mediate concomitant modulations of the neuroendocrine-immune network. Dysregulation of the neuroendocrine-immune network occurs during aging as a cumulative effect of declining neural, endocrine and immune functions and loss of compensatory mechanisms including antioxidant enzymes, growth factors and co-factors. This leads to disruption of homeostasis and sets the stage for the development of female-specific age-associated diseases such as autoimmunity, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and hormone-dependent cancers. Ovarian hormones especially estrogen, play a key role in the maintenance of health and homeostasis by modulating the nervous, endocrine and immune functions and thereby altering neuroendocrine-immune homeostasis. Immunologically estrogen's role in the modulation of Th1/Th2 immune functions and contributing to pro-inflammatory conditions and autoimmunity has been widely studied. Centrally, hypothalamic and pituitary hormones influence gonadal hormone secretion in murine models during onset of estrous cycles and are implicated in reproductive aging-associated acyclicity. Loss of estrogen affects neuronal plasticity and the ensuing decline in cognitive functions during reproductive aging in females implicates estrogen in the incidence and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Peripherally, sympathetic noradrenergic (NA) innervations of lymphoid organs and the presence of both adrenergic (AR) and estrogen receptors (ER) on lymphocytes poise estrogen as a potent neuroimmunomodulator during health and disease. Cyclic variations in estrogen levels throughout reproductive life, perimenopausal surge in estrogen levels followed by its precipitous decline, concomitant with decline in central hypothalamic catecholaminergic activity, peripheral sympathetic NA innervation and associated immunosuppression present an interesting study to explore female-specific age-associated diseases in a new light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Priyanka
- Inspire Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Research in Health Sciences, Tamil Nadu Government Multi Super Speciality Hospital, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai-600002, India
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25
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Petrillo F, Trotta MC, Bucolo C, Hermenean A, Petrillo A, Maisto R, Pieretti G, Pietropaolo M, Ferraraccio F, Gagliano C, Galdiero M, D'Amico M. Resolvin D1 attenuates the inflammatory process in mouse model of LPS-induced keratitis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12298-12307. [PMID: 33058526 PMCID: PMC7686975 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the lipid mediator Resolvin D1 in experimental keratitis. C57BL/6J mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (2 µg/eye), and after 24 hours, the corneal damage was assessed. Clinical score was quantified, and corneal inflammatory biomarkers were detected by immunohistochemistry. A robust accumulation of sub‐epithelial macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes, chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 1 (also known as keratinocyte‐derived chemokine), interleukin‐10 and promoters of apoptosis was also observed in lipopolysaccharide‐treated mice. Formyl peptide receptor 2 corneal expression was also assessed. The corneal stroma treated with lipopolysaccharide was characterized by presence of macrophages of M1‐like subtype and immature fibroblastic cells, marked with Ki67, not fully differentiated in fibroblasts. Indeed, the staining of the cornea with anti‐vimentin antibodies, a marker of differentiated myofibroblasts, was very faint. Resolvin D1 attenuated all the inflammatory parameters assessed in the present study, except for IL‐10. In conclusion, the data presented here seem to be consistent with the hypothesis that Resolvin D1 protected the cornea from the lipopolysaccharide‐induced keratitis by acting on several inflammatory components of this damage, pivoted by Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) activation and macrophages‐leucocytes activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Consiglia Trotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania 'L.Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Anca Hermenean
- Institute of Life Science, Vasile Goldis Western University, Arad, Romania
| | - Arianna Petrillo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania 'L.Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Maisto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania 'L.Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Gorizio Pieretti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania'L. Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Pietropaolo
- General Directorate of the University Polyclinic 'L. Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Franca Ferraraccio
- Department of Clinical, Public and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Gagliano
- Eye Clinic, University of Catania and Santa Marta Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania 'L.Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Michele D'Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania 'L.Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
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26
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Marino F, Cosentino M, Legnaro M, Luini A, Sigova J, Mocchi R, Lotti T, Zerbinati N. Immune profile of hyaluronic acid hydrogel polyethylene glycol crosslinked: An in vitro evaluation in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13388. [PMID: 32277559 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neauvia hydrogel (N-Gel) is a hyaluronic acid-based dermal filler, cross-linked with polyethylene glycol. This filler contains sodium hyaluronate at different concentrations, poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether cross-linked, glycine, and l-prolyne. Assessing any effects of N-Gel on immunity and inflammation is of crucial importance. The aim of the study was to characterize the ability of N-Gel to modulate human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) functions, including migration, oxidative metabolism, and production of proinflammatory mediators. N-Gel was tested on isolated human PMN. Spontaneous and N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-stimulated migration were examined using the Boyden Chamber technique, whereas the oxidative metabolism was assessed through spectrofluorometric measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production under resting conditions and after stimulation with fMLP. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-8 mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR after stimulation with fMLP or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. This study showed that N-Gel reduced fMLP-induced migration and ROS production without affecting these functions in resting cells. In addition, incubation of PMN with N-Gel effectively reduced both TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA levels. N-Gel modulates critical functions of human PMN such as migration and oxidative metabolism, indicating its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Luini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Julia Sigova
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Continued Medical Education of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roberto Mocchi
- UB-CARE, Laboratories of the University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Torello Lotti
- Department of Dermatology, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Zerbinati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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27
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Kanashiro A, Leoncio TODL, Schneider AH, Alves HR, Bassi GS, Dutra SGV, Cunha FDQ, Ulloa L, Malvar DDC. Regulation of murine arthritis by systemic, spinal, and intra-articular adrenoceptors. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:1095-1103. [PMID: 31629939 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of the immune system by the sympathetic nervous system is allowing the design of novel treatments for inflammatory disorders such as arthritis. In this study, we have analyzed the effects of α- and β-adrenoceptor agonists injected subcutaneously, intrathecally, or intra-articularly in zymosan-induced arthritis. METHODS Murine arthritis was induced by intra-articular (knee joint) injection of zymosan. α1 (phenylephrine), α2 (clonidine), β1 (dobutamine), or β2 (salbutamol)-adrenoceptor agonists were injected subcutaneously (sc), intrathecally (it), or intra-articularly (ia) to activate peripheral, spinal, or intra-articular adrenoceptors and to study their effects on articular edema formation and neutrophil migration into the synovial cavity. RESULTS Treatments with phenylephrine did not affect the edema formation, but it increased neutrophil migration when injected subcutaneously (155.3%) or intra-articularly (187.7%). Treatments with clonidine inhibited neutrophil migration (59.9% sc, 68.7% it, 42.8% ia) regardless of the route of administration, but it inhibited edema formation only when injected intrathecally (66.7%) or intra-articularly (36%) but not subcutaneously. Treatments with dobutamine inhibited both edema (42.0% sc, 69.5% it, 61.6% ia) and neutrophil migration (28.4% sc, 70.3% it, 82.4% ia) in a concentration dependent manner. Likewise, all the treatments with salbutamol also inhibited edema formation (89.9% sc, 62.4% it, 69.8% ia) and neutrophil migration (76.6% sc, 39.1% it, 71.7% ia). CONCLUSION Whereas the β-adrenoceptor agonists induced anti-inflammatory effects regardless of their route of administration, α1- and α2-adrenoceptor agonists induced either pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Ayda Henriques Schneider
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hélio Rocha Alves
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Shimizu Bassi
- Department of Surgery, Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Fernando de Queiróz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Department of Surgery, Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - David do Carmo Malvar
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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28
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Kanashiro A, Hiroki CH, da Fonseca DM, Birbrair A, Ferreira RG, Bassi GS, Fonseca MD, Kusuda R, Cebinelli GCM, da Silva KP, Wanderley CW, Menezes GB, Alves-Fiho JC, Oliveira AG, Cunha TM, Pupo AS, Ulloa L, Cunha FQ. The role of neutrophils in neuro-immune modulation. Pharmacol Res 2019; 151:104580. [PMID: 31786317 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are peripheral immune cells that represent the first recruited innate immune defense against infections and tissue injury. However, these cells can also induce overzealous responses and cause tissue damage. Although the role of neutrophils activating the immune system is well established, only recently their critical implications in neuro-immune interactions are becoming more relevant. Here, we review several aspects of neutrophils in the bidirectional regulation between the nervous and immune systems. First, the role of neutrophils as a diffuse source of acetylcholine and catecholamines is controversial as well as the effects of these neurotransmitters in neutrophil's functions. Second, neutrophils contribute for the activation and sensitization of sensory neurons, and thereby, in events of nociception and pain. In addition, nociceptor activation promotes an axon reflex triggering a local release of neural mediators and provoking neutrophil activation. Third, the recruitment of neutrophils in inflammatory responses in the nervous system suggests these immune cells as innovative targets in the treatment of central infectious, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Multidisciplinary studies involving immunologists and neuroscientists are required to define the role of the neurons-neutrophils communication in the pathophysiology of infectious, inflammatory, and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Hiroji Hiroki
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Morais da Fonseca
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Raphael Gomes Ferreira
- Araguaína Medical School, Federal University of Tocantins, Avenida Paraguai s/n, 77824-838, Araguaína, TO, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Shimizu Bassi
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Mirian D Fonseca
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Kusuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Katiussia Pinho da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Wagner Wanderley
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - José Carlos Alves-Fiho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - André Gustavo Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - André Sampaio Pupo
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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29
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Coelho M, Imperatori A, Chiaravalli AM, Franzi F, Castiglioni M, Rasini E, Luini A, Legnaro M, Marino F, Ribeiro L, Cosentino M. Beta1- and Beta2-Adrenoceptors Expression Patterns in Human Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Relationship with Cancer Histology. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:697-708. [PMID: 31620969 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of Beta-AR protein expression on tumour tissues might be a plausible strategy to select cancer patients who can benefit from Beta-blockers therapy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the differences between resected tissue specimens from primary lung cancer (adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)) in terms of expression pattern of Beta1- and Beta2-AR in both tumour and adjacent surrounding non-tumour tissue. This retrospective study was based on the analysis of 80 patients with histologically confirmed diagnosis of primary Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) who received surgical treatment. The cases were carefully selected in order to obtain the most homogeneous sample in terms of histologic subtype (40 ADCs and 40 SCCs) and clinical stage (10 each). Beta1- and Beta2-AR expression was determined by immunohistochemistry and the staining evaluated by semi-quantitative scoring using the H-score method. In our NSCLC series, Beta1- and Beta2-AR are differentially expressed. Beta1-AR expression is present at low levels in both SCC and ADC. Likewise, when compared with the matched surrounding non-tumour tissues, Beta1-AR expression level was significantly lower in both histologic subtypes. Conversely, Beta2-AR is highly expressed in both histologic subtypes, but clearly highly expressed in ADC when compared with SCC and with their matched surrounding non-tumour tissue. Overall, this clinicopathological study highlights the differential expression of Beta1- and Beta2-AR in ADC and SCC. Repurposing non-selective Beta-blockers in oncologic setting might be a suitable therapeutic strategy for lung ADC. Graphical abstract.
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MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Retrospective Studies
- S Phase/drug effects
- S Phase/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Coelho
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Monte Generoso 71, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Andrea Imperatori
- Center for Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, ASST Sette Laghi, University of Insubria, via Guicciardini 9, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Chiaravalli
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, ASST Sette Laghi, University of Insubria, via Rossi 9, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesca Franzi
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, ASST Sette Laghi, University of Insubria, via Rossi 9, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Massimo Castiglioni
- Center for Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, ASST Sette Laghi, University of Insubria, via Guicciardini 9, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rasini
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Monte Generoso 71, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessandra Luini
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Monte Generoso 71, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Legnaro
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Monte Generoso 71, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Monte Generoso 71, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Ribeiro
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Monte Generoso 71, 21100, Varese, Italy
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30
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A Novel Standardized Cannabis sativa L. Extract and Its Constituent Cannabidiol Inhibit Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081833. [PMID: 31013912 PMCID: PMC6515348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis and cannabinoids offer significant therapeutic benefits for a wide scope of pathological conditions. Among them, the clinical issues rooted in inflammation stand out, nonetheless, the underlying mechanisms are not yet plainly understood. Circumstantial evidence points to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) as targets for the anti-inflammatory effects of cannabis. Therefore, we conducted this study to assess the effects of CM5, a novel Cannabis sativa L. extract standardized in 5% cannabidiol (CBD), on human PMN functions, including cell migration, oxidative metabolism and production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. We then sought to investigate whether such effects could be ascribed to its content in CBD. Cell migration was assessed by the Boyden chamber assay, oxidative metabolism by means of spectrofluorimetric measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and TNF-α was measured by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results show that both CM5 and CBD inhibit PMN migration, ROS and TNF-α production, indicating that CBD may be the main item responsible for the effects of CM5. CM5 is however more potent than CBD on cell migration and TNF-α production, and less effective on ROS production, suggesting that beyond CBD, other components of the cannabis plant may contribute to the biological effects of the extract. As a whole, such results support the use of cannabis standardized extract and CBD to stem inflammation; however, they also warrant in-depth investigation of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms to better exploit their therapeutic potential.
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31
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Buchheim JI, Hoskyns S, Moser D, Han B, Deindl E, Hörl M, Biere K, Feuerecker M, Schelling G, Choukèr A. Oxidative burst and Dectin-1-triggered phagocytosis affected by norepinephrine and endocannabinoids: implications for fungal clearance under stress. Int Immunol 2019; 30:79-89. [PMID: 29329391 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A prolonged stress burden is known to hamper the efficiency of both the innate and the adaptive immune systems and to attenuate the stress responses by the catecholaminergic and endocannabinoid (EC) systems. Key mechanisms of innate immunity are the eradication of pathogens through phagocytosis and the respiratory burst. We tested the concentration-dependent, spontaneous and stimulated (via TNFα and N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine) release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in vitro in response to norepinephrine (NE) and AM1241, a pharmacological ligand for the EC receptor CB2. We evaluated phagocytosis of Dectin-1 ligating zymosan particles and tested the cytokine response against Candida antigen in an in vitro cytokine release assay. Increasing concentrations of NE did not affect phagocytosis, yet stimulated ROS release was attenuated gradually reaching maximum suppression at 500 nM. Adrenergic receptor (AR) mechanisms using non-AR-selective (labetalol) as well as specific α-(prazosin) and β-(propranolol) receptor antagonists were tested. Results show that only labetalol and propranolol were able to recuperate cytotoxicity in the presence of NE, evidencing a β-receptor-mediated effect. The CB2 agonist, AM1241, inhibited phagocytosis at 10 µM and spontaneous peroxide release by PMNs. Use of the inverse CB2 receptor agonist SR144528 led to partial recuperation of ROS production, confirming the functional role of CB2. Additionally, AM1241 delayed early activation of monocytes and induced suppression of IL-2 and IL-6 levels in response to Candida via lower activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). These findings provide new insights into key mechanisms of innate immunity under stressful conditions where ligands to the sympatho-adrenergic and EC system are released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith-Irina Buchheim
- Laboratory of Translational Research 'Stress and Immunity', Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Germany
| | - Spencer Hoskyns
- Laboratory of Translational Research 'Stress and Immunity', Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Germany.,Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, Kings College London, UK
| | - Dominique Moser
- Laboratory of Translational Research 'Stress and Immunity', Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Germany
| | - Bing Han
- Laboratory of Translational Research 'Stress and Immunity', Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Germany
| | | | - Marion Hörl
- Laboratory of Translational Research 'Stress and Immunity', Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Germany
| | - Katharina Biere
- Laboratory of Translational Research 'Stress and Immunity', Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Germany
| | - Matthias Feuerecker
- Laboratory of Translational Research 'Stress and Immunity', Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Germany
| | - Gustav Schelling
- Laboratory of Translational Research 'Stress and Immunity', Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Germany
| | - Alexander Choukèr
- Laboratory of Translational Research 'Stress and Immunity', Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Germany.,Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, Kings College London, UK
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32
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Ince LM, Weber J, Scheiermann C. Control of Leukocyte Trafficking by Stress-Associated Hormones. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3143. [PMID: 30687335 PMCID: PMC6336915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte migration is a crucial process in both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. The spatiotemporal distribution of immune cells is balanced between processes of cellular mobilization into the bloodstream, their adhesion to vascular beds and trafficking into tissues. Systemic regulation of leukocyte mobility is achieved by different signals including neuronal and hormonal cues, of which the catecholamines and glucocorticoids have been most extensively studied. These hormones are often associated with a stress response, however they regulate immune cell trafficking also in steady state, with effects dependent upon cell type, location, time-of-day, concentration, and duration of signal. Systemic administration of catecholamines, such as the sympathetic neurotransmitters adrenaline and noradrenaline, increases neutrophil numbers in the bloodstream but has different effects on other leukocyte populations. In contrast, local, endogenous sympathetic tone has been shown to be crucial for dynamic daily changes in adhesion molecule expression in the bone marrow and skeletal muscle, acting as a key signal to the endothelium and stromal cells to regulate immune cell trafficking. Conversely, glucocorticoids are often reported as anti-inflammatory, although recent data shows a more complex role, particularly under steady-state conditions. Endogenous changes in circulating glucocorticoid concentration induce redistribution of cells and potentiate inflammatory responses, and in many paradigms glucocorticoid action is strongly influenced by time of day. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of catecholamine and glucocorticoid regulation of leukocyte migration under homeostatic and stimulated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Ince
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Weber
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, BioMedical Centre, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christoph Scheiermann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, BioMedical Centre, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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33
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Beta2-Adrenoceptor Agonists in Parkinson’s Disease and Other Synucleinopathies. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 15:74-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-09831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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34
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Amaya CN, Perkins M, Belmont A, Herrera C, Nasrazadani A, Vargas A, Khayou T, Montoya A, Ballou Y, Galvan D, Rivas A, Rains S, Patel L, Ortega V, Lopez C, Chow W, Dickerson EB, Bryan BA. Non-selective beta blockers inhibit angiosarcoma cell viability and increase progression free- and overall-survival in patients diagnosed with metastatic angiosarcoma. Oncoscience 2018; 5:109-119. [PMID: 29854879 PMCID: PMC5978448 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with metastatic angiosarcoma undergoing chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery experience a median progression free survival of less than 6 months and a median overall survival of less than 12 months. Given the aggressive nature of this cancer, angiosarcoma clinical responses to chemotherapy or targeted therapeutics are generally very poor. Inhibition of beta adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling has recently been shown to decrease angiosarcoma tumor cell viability, abrogate tumor growth in mouse models, and decrease proliferation rates in preclinical and clinical settings. In the current study we used cell and animal tumor models to show that β-AR antagonism abrogates mitogenic signaling and reduces angiosarcoma tumor cell viability, and these molecular alterations translated into patient tumors. We demonstrated that non-selective β-AR antagonists are superior to selective β-AR antagonists at inhibiting angiosarcoma cell viability. A prospective analysis of non- selective β-AR antagonists in a single arm clinical study of metastatic angiosarcoma patients revealed that incorporation of either propranolol or carvedilol into patients' treatment regimens leads to a median progression free and overall survival of 9 and 36 months, respectively. These data suggest that incorporation of non-selective β-AR antagonists into existing therapies against metastatic angiosarcoma can enhance clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa N Amaya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Mariah Perkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Andres Belmont
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Connie Herrera
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Arezo Nasrazadani
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Alejandro Vargas
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Thuraieh Khayou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Alexa Montoya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Texas, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Yessenia Ballou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Dana Galvan
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Alexandria Rivas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Steven Rains
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Luv Patel
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Vanessa Ortega
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Lopez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - William Chow
- Mohs Micrographic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology, San Leandro, CA, USA
| | - Erin B Dickerson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brad A Bryan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA.,Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
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35
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The role of catecholamines in HIV neuropathogenesis. Brain Res 2018; 1702:54-73. [PMID: 29705605 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The success of anti-retroviral therapy has improved the quality of life and lifespan of HIV + individuals, transforming HIV infection into a chronic condition. These improvements have come with a cost, as chronic HIV infection and long-term therapy have resulted in the emergence of a number of new pathologies. This includes a variety of the neuropathological and neurocognitive effects collectively known as HIVassociated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) or NeuroHIV. These effects persist even in the absence of viral replication, suggesting that they are mediated the long-term changes in the CNS induced by HIV infection rather than by active replication. Among these effects are significant changes in catecholaminergic neurotransmission, especially in dopaminergic brain regions. In HIV-infected individuals not treated with ARV show prominent neuropathology is common in dopamine-rich brain regions and altered autonomic nervous system activity. Even infected individuals on therapy, there is significant dopaminergic neuropathology, and elevated stress and norepinephrine levels correlate with a decreased effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs. As catecholamines function as immunomodulatory factors, the resultant dysregulation of catecholaminergic tone could substantially alter the development of HIVassociated neuroinflammation and neuropathology. In this review, we discuss the role of catecholamines in the etiology of HIV neuropathogenesis. Providing a comprehensive examination of what is known about these molecules in the context of HIV-associated disease demonstrates the importance of further studies in this area, and may open the door to new therapeutic strategies that specifically ameliorate the effects of catecholaminergic dysregulation on NeuroHIV.
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36
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Marino F, Scanzano A, Pulze L, Pinoli M, Rasini E, Luini A, Bombelli R, Legnaro M, de Eguileor M, Cosentino M. β 2 -Adrenoceptors inhibit neutrophil extracellular traps in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:603-614. [PMID: 29668114 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a1017-398rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tests the hypothesis that in isolated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) adrenergic ligands can affect neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. We have previously shown that, in PMN, adrenaline (A), through the activation of adrenergic receptors (AR), reduces stimulus-dependent cell activation; we have, therefore, planned to investigate if AR are involved in NET production. PMN were obtained from venous blood of healthy subject. The ability of adrenergic ligands to affect reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, NET production, and cell migration was investigated in cells cultured under resting conditions or after activation with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), LPS, or IL-8. Stimuli-induced NET production measured as ROS, microscopic evaluation, and elastase production was reverted by A and this effect was blocked by the selective β2 -AR antagonist ICI-118,551. The stimulus-induced ROS generation and migration was prevented by A and by isoprenaline (ISO), and these effects were counteracted only by ICI-118,551 and not by the other two selective ligands for the β1 and β3 -AR. Finally, the presence of the β-ARs on PMN was confirmed, by means of microscopy and flow cytometry. The data of the present study suggest that adrenergic compounds, through the interaction of mainly β2 -AR, are able to affect neutrophil functions. These data are suggestive of a possible therapeutic role of β2 -AR ligands (in addition to their classical use), promoting the possible therapeutic relevance of adrenergic system in the modulation of innate immunity proposing their possible use as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Laura Pulze
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Monica Pinoli
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, Varese, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Magda de Eguileor
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Qiao G, Chen M, Bucsek MJ, Repasky EA, Hylander BL. Adrenergic Signaling: A Targetable Checkpoint Limiting Development of the Antitumor Immune Response. Front Immunol 2018; 9:164. [PMID: 29479349 PMCID: PMC5812031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An immune response must be tightly controlled so that it will be commensurate with the level of response needed to protect the organism without damaging normal tissue. The roles of cytokines and chemokines in orchestrating these processes are well known, but although stress has long been thought to also affect immune responses, the underlying mechanisms were not as well understood. Recently, the role of nerves and, specifically, the sympathetic nervous system, in regulating immune responses is being revealed. Generally, an acute stress response is beneficial but chronic stress is detrimental because it suppresses the activities of effector immune cells while increasing the activities of immunosuppressive cells. In this review, we first discuss the underlying biology of adrenergic signaling in cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system. We then focus on the effects of chronic adrenergic stress in promoting tumor growth, giving examples of effects on tumor cells and immune cells, explaining the methods commonly used to induce stress in preclinical mouse models. We highlight how this relates to our observations that mandated housing conditions impose baseline chronic stress on mouse models, which is sufficient to cause chronic immunosuppression. This problem is not commonly recognized, but it has been shown to impact conclusions of several studies of mouse physiology and mouse models of disease. Moreover, the fact that preclinical mouse models are chronically immunosuppressed has critical ramifications for analysis of any experiments with an immune component. Our group has found that reducing adrenergic stress by housing mice at thermoneutrality or treating mice housed at cooler temperatures with β-blockers reverses immunosuppression and significantly improves responses to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. These observations are clinically relevant because there are numerous retrospective epidemiological studies concluding that cancer patients who were taking β-blockers have better outcomes. Clinical trials testing whether β-blockers can be repurposed to improve the efficacy of traditional and immunotherapies in patients are on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxi Qiao
- Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Minhui Chen
- Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Mark J. Bucsek
- Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Repasky
- Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Bonnie L. Hylander
- Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
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38
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Cao W, Wu X, Jia G, Zhao H, Chen X, Wu C, Tang J, Wang J, Cai J, Liu G. New insights into the role of dietary spermine on inflammation, immune function and related-signalling molecules in the thymus and spleen of piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 2017; 71:175-191. [PMID: 28429995 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2017.1314610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of dietary spermine supplementation on the inflammatory response and immune function of the thymus and spleen in piglets. Eighty suckling piglets were randomly assigned to receive adequate nutrients supplemented with spermine (0.4 mmol/kg body weight) or restricted nutrient intake supplemented with normal saline for 7 h or 3, 6 and 9 days in pairs. Regardless of treatment time, spermine supplementation decreased (p < 0.05, compared with the controls) the following: (1) tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, 2 and 6, and interferon (IFN)-γ levels in serum; (2) gene expression of cluster of differentiation 8 and integrin beta-2 in the thymus and spleen and the lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 in the thymus; (3) mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL 1β, 2, 6, and 12, IFN-γ and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the thymus and spleen, as well as IL-8 in the spleen; and (4) eukaryotic IF4E-binding protein 1, Janus kinase 2, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and nuclear factor-kappa B P65 gene transcriptions in the thymus and spleen. By contrast, spermine supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the following: (1) immunoglobulin M, IL-10, and transforming growth factor β1 gene expression, as well as (2) relative mRNA levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 in the thymus and spleen. These effects were also observed upon prolonged spermine administration (p < 0.05). In summary, dietary spermine supplementation can alleviate inflammatory response, enhance the immune function and regulate the gene expression of signalling molecules related to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,b Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Xianjian Wu
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,b Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Gang Jia
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,b Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Hua Zhao
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,b Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,b Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Caimei Wu
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,b Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Jiayong Tang
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,b Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Jing Wang
- c Maize Research Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,b Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China.,b Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , China
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39
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García-Prieto J, Villena-Gutiérrez R, Gómez M, Bernardo E, Pun-García A, García-Lunar I, Crainiciuc G, Fernández-Jiménez R, Sreeramkumar V, Bourio-Martínez R, García-Ruiz JM, Del Valle AS, Sanz-Rosa D, Pizarro G, Fernández-Ortiz A, Hidalgo A, Fuster V, Ibanez B. Neutrophil stunning by metoprolol reduces infarct size. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14780. [PMID: 28416795 PMCID: PMC5399300 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The β1-adrenergic-receptor (ADRB1) antagonist metoprolol reduces infarct size in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. The prevailing view has been that metoprolol acts mainly on cardiomyocytes. Here, we demonstrate that metoprolol reduces reperfusion injury by targeting the haematopoietic compartment. Metoprolol inhibits neutrophil migration in an ADRB1-dependent manner. Metoprolol acts during early phases of neutrophil recruitment by impairing structural and functional rearrangements needed for productive engagement of circulating platelets, resulting in erratic intravascular dynamics and blunted inflammation. Depletion of neutrophils, ablation of Adrb1 in haematopoietic cells, or blockade of PSGL-1, the receptor involved in neutrophil-platelet interactions, fully abrogated metoprolol's infarct-limiting effects. The association between neutrophil count and microvascular obstruction is abolished in metoprolol-treated AMI patients. Metoprolol inhibits neutrophil-platelet interactions in AMI patients by targeting neutrophils. Identification of the relevant role of ADRB1 in haematopoietic cells during acute injury and the protective role upon its modulation offers potential for developing new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime García-Prieto
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de enfermedades CardioVasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mónica Gómez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andrés Pun-García
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés García-Lunar
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de enfermedades CardioVasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Clinical Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea, 28670 Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Quirón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgiana Crainiciuc
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Fernández-Jiménez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de enfermedades CardioVasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vinatha Sreeramkumar
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Clinical Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Bourio-Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Hospital de Basurto, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José M García-Ruiz
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de enfermedades CardioVasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - David Sanz-Rosa
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de enfermedades CardioVasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Clinical Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Pizarro
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de enfermedades CardioVasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Clinical Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea, 28670 Madrid, Spain.,Complejo Hospitalario Ruber Juan Bravo-UEM, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Ortiz
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de enfermedades CardioVasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Valentín Fuster
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Borja Ibanez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de enfermedades CardioVasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cardiology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS)-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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40
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Marino F, Schembri L, Rasini E, Pinoli M, Scanzano A, Luini A, Congiu T, Cosentino M. Characterization of human leukocyte-HUVEC adhesion: Effect of cell preparation methods. J Immunol Methods 2017; 443:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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41
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Silva RL, Castanheira FV, Figueiredo JG, Bassi GS, Ferreira SH, Cunha FQ, Cunha TM, Kanashiro A. Pharmacological Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Activation Attenuates Neutrophil Recruitment by a Mechanism Dependent on Nicotinic Receptor and the Spleen. Inflammation 2016; 39:1405-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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42
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Scanzano A, Cosentino M. Adrenergic regulation of innate immunity: a review. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:171. [PMID: 26321956 PMCID: PMC4534859 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system has a major role in the brain-immune cross-talk, but few information exist on the sympathoadrenergic regulation of innate immune system. The aim of this review is to summarize available knowledge regarding the sympathetic modulation of the innate immune response, providing a rational background for the possible repurposing of adrenergic drugs as immunomodulating agents. The cells of immune system express adrenoceptors (AR), which represent the target for noradrenaline and adrenaline. In human neutrophils, adrenaline and noradrenaline inhibit migration, CD11b/CD18 expression, and oxidative metabolism, possibly through β-AR, although the role of α1- and α2-AR requires further investigation. Natural Killer express β-AR, which are usually inhibitory. Monocytes express β-AR and their activation is usually antiinflammatory. On murine Dentritic cells (DC), β-AR mediate sympathetic influence on DC-T cells interactions. In human DC β2-AR may affect Th1/2 differentiation of CD4+ T cells. In microglia and in astrocytes, β2-AR dysregulation may contribute to neuroinflammation in autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease. In conclusion, extensive evidence supports a critical role for adrenergic mechanisms in the regulation of innate immunity, in peripheral tissues as well as in the CNS. Sympathoadrenergic pathways in the innate immune system may represent novel antiinflammatory and immunomodulating targets with significant therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Scanzano
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria Varese, Italy
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