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Chérouvrier Hansson V, Cheng F, Georgolopoulos G, Mani K. Dichotomous Effects of Glypican-4 on Cancer Progression and Its Crosstalk with Oncogenes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3945. [PMID: 38612755 PMCID: PMC11012302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glypicans are linked to various aspects of neoplastic behavior, and their therapeutic value has been proposed in different cancers. Here, we have systematically assessed the impact of GPC4 on cancer progression through functional genomics and transcriptomic analyses across a broad range of cancers. Survival analysis using TCGA cancer patient data reveals divergent effects of GPC4 expression across various cancer types, revealing elevated GPC4 expression levels to be associated with both poor and favorable prognoses in a cancer-dependent manner. Detailed investigation of the role of GPC4 in glioblastoma and non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma by genetic perturbation studies displays opposing effects on these cancers, where the knockout of GPC4 with CRISPR/Cas9 attenuated proliferation of glioblastoma and augmented proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells and the overexpression of GPC4 exhibited a significant and opposite effect. Further, the overexpression of GPC4 in GPC4-knocked-down glioblastoma cells restored the proliferation, indicating its mitogenic effect in this cancer type. Additionally, a survival analysis of TCGA patient data substantiated these findings, revealing an association between elevated levels of GPC4 and a poor prognosis in glioblastoma, while indicating a favorable outcome in lung carcinoma patients. Finally, through transcriptomic analysis, we attempted to assign mechanisms of action to GPC4, as we find it implicated in cell cycle control and survival core pathways. The analysis revealed upregulation of oncogenes, including FGF5, TGF-β superfamily members, and ITGA-5 in glioblastoma, which were downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Our findings illuminate the pleiotropic effect of GPC4 in cancer, underscoring its potential as a putative prognostic biomarker and indicating its therapeutic implications in a cancer type dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Chérouvrier Hansson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Glycobiology Group, Lund University, Biomedical Center A13, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden; (V.C.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Fang Cheng
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Glycobiology Group, Lund University, Biomedical Center A13, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden; (V.C.H.); (F.C.)
| | | | - Katrin Mani
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Glycobiology Group, Lund University, Biomedical Center A13, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden; (V.C.H.); (F.C.)
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2
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Petersen SI, Okolicsanyi RK, Haupt LM. Exploring Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans as Mediators of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Neurogenesis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:30. [PMID: 38546765 PMCID: PMC10978659 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are major public health issues worldwide, with over 38 million people living with AD and approximately 48 million people (27-69 million) experiencing TBI annually. Neurodegenerative conditions are characterised by the accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) and microtubule-associated protein Tau (Tau) with current treatments focused on managing symptoms rather than addressing the underlying cause. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are a diverse family of macromolecules that interact with various proteins and ligands and promote neurogenesis, a process where new neural cells are formed from stem cells. The syndecan (SDC) and glypican (GPC) HSPGs have been implicated in AD pathogenesis, acting as drivers of disease, as well as potential therapeutic targets. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) provide an attractive therapeutic option for studying and potentially treating neurodegenerative diseases due to their relative ease of isolation and subsequent extensive in vitro expansive potential. Understanding how HSPGs regulate protein aggregation, a key feature of neurodegenerative disorders, is essential to unravelling the underlying disease processes of AD and TBI, as well as any link between these two neurological disorders. Further research may validate HSPG, specifically SDCs or GPCs, use as neurodegenerative disease targets, either via driving hMSC stem cell therapy or direct targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia I Petersen
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Rachel K Okolicsanyi
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
- Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Sciences of Extracellular Matrices, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia.
- Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Sciences of Extracellular Matrices, Kelvin Grove, Australia.
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3
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Tatenhorst L, Maass F, Paul H, Dambeck V, Bähr M, Dono R, Lingor P. Glypican-4 serum levels are associated with cognitive dysfunction and vascular risk factors in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5005. [PMID: 38424123 PMCID: PMC10904781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glypicans are biomarkers for various pathologies, including cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. Increasing evidence suggests that glypicans also play a role in the context of neurodegenerative disorders. Initially described as supporting functionality of synapses via glutamate receptors during CNS development, Glypican 4 (GPC-4) also plays a role in the context of dementia via tau hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease, which is also a co-pathology in Parkinson's disease dementia. However, clinical evidence of circulating GPC-4 in Parkinson's disease (PD) is missing so far. We therefore investigated GPC-4 in biofluids of PD patients. We analyzed GPC-4 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, n = 140), serum (n = 80), and tear fluid samples (n = 70) of PD patients and control subjects in a similar age range by ELISA (serum, CSF) and western blot (tear fluid). Expression of circulating GPC-4 was confirmed in all three biofluids, with highest levels in serum. Interestingly, GPC-4 levels were age-dependent, and multiple regression analysis revealed a significant association between GPC-4 serum levels and MoCA score, suggesting an involvement of GPC-4 in PD-associated cognitive decline. Furthermore, stratification of PD patients for vascular risk factors revealed a significant increase of GPC-4 serum levels in PD patients with vascular risk factors. Our results suggest GPC-4 as a clinical biomarker for vascular risk stratification in order to identify PD patients with increased risk of developing dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Maass
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannah Paul
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vivian Dambeck
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rosanna Dono
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, NeuroMarseille, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany.
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099, Göttingen, Germany.
- Clinical Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81679, Munich, Germany.
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Jiménez-Jiménez C, Grobe K, Guerrero I. Hedgehog on the Move: Glypican-Regulated Transport and Gradient Formation in Drosophila. Cells 2024; 13:418. [PMID: 38474382 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glypicans (Glps) are a family of heparan sulphate proteoglycans that are attached to the outer plasma membrane leaflet of the producing cell by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Glps are involved in the regulation of many signalling pathways, including those that regulate the activities of Wnts, Hedgehog (Hh), Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs), and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), among others. In the Hh-signalling pathway, Glps have been shown to be essential for ligand transport and the formation of Hh gradients over long distances, for the maintenance of Hh levels in the extracellular matrix, and for unimpaired ligand reception in distant recipient cells. Recently, two mechanistic models have been proposed to explain how Hh can form the signalling gradient and how Glps may contribute to it. In this review, we describe the structure, biochemistry, and metabolism of Glps and their interactions with different components of the Hh-signalling pathway that are important for the release, transport, and reception of Hh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jiménez-Jiménez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kay Grobe
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Isabel Guerrero
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Koltai T. Earlier Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer: Is It Possible? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4430. [PMID: 37760400 PMCID: PMC10526520 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has a very high mortality rate which has been only minimally improved in the last 30 years. This high mortality is closely related to late diagnosis, which is usually made when the tumor is large and has extensively infiltrated neighboring tissues or distant metastases are already present. This is a paradoxical situation for a tumor that requires nearly 15 years to develop since the first founding mutation. Response to chemotherapy under such late circumstances is poor, resistance is frequent, and prolongation of survival is almost negligible. Early surgery has been, and still is, the only approach with a slightly better outcome. Unfortunately, the relapse percentage after surgery is still very high. In fact, early surgery clearly requires early diagnosis. Despite all the advances in diagnostic methods, the available tools for improving these results are scarce. Serum tumor markers permit a late diagnosis, but their contribution to an improved therapeutic result is very limited. On the other hand, effective screening methods for high-risk populations have not been fully developed as yet. This paper discusses the difficulties of early diagnosis, evaluates whether the available diagnostic tools are adequate, and proposes some simple and not-so-simple measures to improve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Hospital del Centro Gallego de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1094, Argentina
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6
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Cengiz Winter N, Karakaya M, Mosen P, Brusius I, Anlar B, Haliloglu G, Winter D, Wirth B. Proteomic Investigation of Differential Interactomes of Glypican 1 and a Putative Disease-Modifying Variant of Ataxia. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:3081-3095. [PMID: 37585105 PMCID: PMC10476613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
In a currently 13-year-old girl of consanguineous Turkish parents, who developed unsteady gait and polyneuropathy at the ages of 3 and 6 years, respectively, we performed whole genome sequencing and identified a biallelic missense variant c.424C>T, p.R142W in glypican 1 (GPC1) as a putative disease-associated variant. Up to date, GPC1 has not been associated with a neuromuscular disorder, and we hypothesized that this variant, predicted as deleterious, may be causative for the disease. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we investigated the interactome of GPC1 WT and the missense variant. We identified 198 proteins interacting with GPC1, of which 16 were altered for the missense variant. This included CANX as well as vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) complex members, whose dysregulation could have a potential impact on disease severity in the patient. Importantly, these proteins are novel interaction partners of GPC1. At 10.5 years, the patient developed dilated cardiomyopathy and kyphoscoliosis, and Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) was suspected. Given the unusually severe phenotype in a patient with FRDA carrying only 104 biallelic GAA repeat expansions in FXN, we currently speculate that disturbed GPC1 function may have exacerbated the disease phenotype. LC-MS/MS data are accessible in the ProteomeXchange Consortium (PXD040023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Cengiz Winter
- Institute
of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mert Karakaya
- Institute
of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Mosen
- Institute
for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabell Brusius
- Institute
of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Banu Anlar
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Goknur Haliloglu
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dominic Winter
- Institute
for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute
of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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7
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Müller GA, Müller TD. (Patho)Physiology of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins I: Localization at Plasma Membranes and Extracellular Compartments. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050855. [PMID: 37238725 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (APs) are anchored at the outer leaflet of plasma membranes (PMs) of all eukaryotic organisms studied so far by covalent linkage to a highly conserved glycolipid rather than a transmembrane domain. Since their first description, experimental data have been accumulating for the capability of GPI-APs to be released from PMs into the surrounding milieu. It became evident that this release results in distinct arrangements of GPI-APs which are compatible with the aqueous milieu upon loss of their GPI anchor by (proteolytic or lipolytic) cleavage or in the course of shielding of the full-length GPI anchor by incorporation into extracellular vesicles, lipoprotein-like particles and (lyso)phospholipid- and cholesterol-harboring micelle-like complexes or by association with GPI-binding proteins or/and other full-length GPI-APs. In mammalian organisms, the (patho)physiological roles of the released GPI-APs in the extracellular environment, such as blood and tissue cells, depend on the molecular mechanisms of their release as well as the cell types and tissues involved, and are controlled by their removal from circulation. This is accomplished by endocytic uptake by liver cells and/or degradation by GPI-specific phospholipase D in order to bypass potential unwanted effects of the released GPI-APs or their transfer from the releasing donor to acceptor cells (which will be reviewed in a forthcoming manuscript).
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter A Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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8
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Tóthová Z, Šemeláková M, Bhide K, Bhide M, Kováč A, Majerová P, Kvaková M, Štofilová J, Solárová Z, Solár P. Differentially Expressed Genes Induced by Erythropoietin Receptor Overexpression in Rat Mammary Adenocarcinoma RAMA 37-28 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108482. [PMID: 37239828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) is a transmembrane type I receptor with an essential role in the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors. Besides its function during erythropoiesis, EPOR is expressed and has protective effect in various non-hematopoietic tissues, including tumors. Currently, the advantageous aspect of EPOR related to different cellular events is still under scientific investigation. Besides its well-known effect on cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, our integrative functional study revealed its possible associations with metabolic processes, transport of small molecules, signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Comparative transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) identified 233 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in EPOR overexpressed RAMA 37-28 cells compared to parental RAMA 37 cells, whereas 145 genes were downregulated and 88 upregulated. Of these, for example, GPC4, RAP2C, STK26, ZFP955A, KIT, GAS6, PTPRF and CXCR4 were downregulated and CDH13, NR0B1, OCM2, GPM6B, TM7SF3, PARVB, VEGFD and STAT5A were upregulated. Surprisingly, two ephrin receptors, EPHA4 and EPHB3, and EFNB1 ligand were found to be upregulated as well. Our study is the first demonstrating robust differentially expressed genes evoked by simple EPOR overexpression without the addition of erythropoietin ligand in a manner which remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Tóthová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martina Šemeláková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Kováč
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Majerová
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Kvaková
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Štofilová
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Solárová
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Solár
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
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9
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Yang H, Wang L. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in cancer: Pathogenesis and therapeutic potential. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 157:251-291. [PMID: 36725112 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are glycoproteins that consist of a proteoglycan "core" protein and covalently attached heparan sulfate (HS) chain. HSPGs are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and secretory vesicles. Within HSPGs, the protein cores determine when and where HSPG expression takes place, and the HS chains mediate most of HSPG's biological roles through binding various protein ligands, including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and receptors, morphogens, proteases, protease inhibitors, and ECM proteins. Through these interactions, HSPGs modulate cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis to display essential functions in physiology and pathology. Under physiological conditions, the expression and localization of HSPGs are finely regulated to orchestrate their physiological functions, and this is disrupted in cancer. The HSPG dysregulation elicits multiple oncogenic signaling, including growth factor signaling, ECM and Integrin signaling, chemokine and immune signaling, cancer stem cell, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence, to prompt cell transformation, proliferation, tumor invasion and metastasis, tumor angiogenesis and inflammation, and immunotolerance. These oncogenic roles make HSPGs an attractive pharmacological target for anti-cancer therapy. Several therapeutic strategies have been under development, including anti-HSPG antibodies, peptides and HS mimetics, synthetic xylosides, and heparinase inhibitors, and shown promising anti-cancer efficacy. Therefore, much progress has been made in this line of study. However, it needs to bear in mind that the roles of HSPGs in cancer can be either oncogenic or tumor-suppressive, depending on the HSPG and the cancer cell type with the underlying mechanisms that remain obscure. Further studies need to address these to fill the knowledge gap and rationalize more efficient therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Bryd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.
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10
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Legier T, Rattier D, Llewellyn J, Vannier T, Sorre B, Maina F, Dono R. Epithelial disruption drives mesendoderm differentiation in human pluripotent stem cells by enabling TGF-β protein sensing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:349. [PMID: 36681697 PMCID: PMC9867713 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The processes of primitive streak formation and fate specification in the mammalian epiblast rely on complex interactions between morphogens and tissue organization. Little is known about how these instructive cues functionally interact to regulate gastrulation. We interrogated the interplay between tissue organization and morphogens by using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) downregulated for the morphogen regulator GLYPICAN-4, in which defects in tight junctions result in areas of disrupted epithelial integrity. Remarkably, this phenotype does not affect hiPSC stemness, but impacts on cell fate acquisition. Strikingly, cells within disrupted areas become competent to perceive the gastrulation signals BMP4 and ACTIVIN A, an in vitro surrogate for NODAL, and thus differentiate into mesendoderm. Yet, disruption of epithelial integrity sustains activation of BMP4 and ACTIVIN A downstream effectors and correlates with enhanced hiPSC endoderm/mesoderm differentiation. Altogether, our results disclose epithelial integrity as a key determinant of TGF-β activity and highlight an additional mechanism guiding morphogen sensing and spatial cell fate change within an epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Legier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Diane Rattier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Jack Llewellyn
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Vannier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Benoit Sorre
- Institut Curie, Universite ́PSL, Sorbonne Universite ́, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Flavio Maina
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Rosanna Dono
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France.
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11
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Shi W, Filmus J. Glypican-6 and Glypican-4 stimulate embryonic stomach growth by regulating Hedgehog and noncanonical Wnt signaling. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:2015-2028. [PMID: 36057966 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glypicans are a family of proteoglycans that play important roles in embryonic morphogenesis. The mammalian genome contains six glypicans (GPC1 to GPC6). GPC6 and GPC4 are the pair of glypicans that show the highest degree of homology within the family. GPC6-null embryos display bone abnormalities and severely shortened intestines. RESULTS We show that GPC6-null embryos display significantly smaller stomachs, and that Hedgehog and noncanonical Wnt signaling are dysregulated in GPC6-null stomachs. Like GPC6, GPC4 is expressed by the developing stomach. However, GPC4-null embryos have normal stomachs. To investigate whether GPC6 and GPC4 display functional overlap in the developing stomach, we crossed GPC4-null mice with GPC6 conditional mutants in which the expression of this glypican is severely reduced in the stomach. Notably, we found that the compound mutants display stomachs that are smaller than those of the GPC6 conditional mutants. We also found that this functional overlap between GPC6 and GPC4 is mediated by the noncanonical Wnt pathway. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that GPC6 stimulates the growth of the embryonic stomach via Wnt and Hh signaling. In addition, we uncovered a Wnt-mediated functional overlap between GPC6 and GPC4 in the developing stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jorge Filmus
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Altered Extracellular Matrix as an Alternative Risk Factor for Epileptogenicity in Brain Tumors. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102475. [PMID: 36289737 PMCID: PMC9599244 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are one of the most common symptoms of brain tumors. The incidence of seizures differs among brain tumor type, grade, location and size, but paediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas/glioneuronal tumors are often highly epileptogenic. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is known to play a role in epileptogenesis and tumorigenesis because it is involved in the (re)modelling of neuronal connections and cell-cell signaling. In this review, we discuss the epileptogenicity of brain tumors with a focus on tumor type, location, genetics and the role of the extracellular matrix. In addition to functional problems, epileptogenic tumors can lead to increased morbidity and mortality, stigmatization and life-long care. The health advantages can be major if the epileptogenic properties of brain tumors are better understood. Surgical resection is the most common treatment of epilepsy-associated tumors, but post-surgery seizure-freedom is not always achieved. Therefore, we also discuss potential novel therapies aiming to restore ECM function.
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Ramarajan MG, Saraswat M, Budhraja R, Garapati K, Raymond K, Pandey A. Mass spectrometric analysis of chondroitin sulfate-linked peptides. JOURNAL OF PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2022; 13:187-203. [PMID: 36213313 PMCID: PMC9526814 DOI: 10.1007/s42485-022-00092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are extracellular matrix components composed of linear glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains attached to a core protein. CSPGs play a vital role in neurodevelopment, signal transduction, cellular proliferation and differentiation and tumor metastasis through interaction with growth factors and signaling proteins. These pleiotropic functions of proteoglycans are regulated spatiotemporally by the GAG chains attached to the core protein. There are over 70 chondroitin sulfate-linked proteoglycans reported in cells, cerebrospinal fluid and urine. A core glycan linker of 3-6 monosaccharides attached to specific serine residues can be extended by 20-200 disaccharide repeating units making intact CSPGs very large and impractical to analyze. The current paradigm of CSPG analysis involves digesting the GAG chains by chondroitinase enzymes and analyzing either the protein part, the disaccharide repeats, or both by mass spectrometry. This method, however, provides no information about the site of attachment or the composition of linker oligosaccharides and the degree of sulfation and/or phosphorylation. Further, the analysis by mass spectrometry and subsequent identification of novel CSPGs is hampered by technical challenges in their isolation, less optimal ionization and data analysis. Unknown identity of the linker oligosaccharide also makes it more difficult to identify the glycan composition using database searching approaches. Following chondroitinase digestion of long GAG chains linked to tryptic peptides, we identified intact GAG-linked peptides in clinically relevant samples including plasma, urine and dermal fibroblasts. These intact glycopeptides including their core linker glycans were identified by mass spectrometry using optimized stepped higher energy collision dissociation and electron-transfer/higher energy collision dissociation combined with hybrid database search/de novo glycan composition search. We identified 25 CSPGs including three novel CSPGs that have not been described earlier. Our findings demonstrate the utility of combining enrichment strategies and optimized high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis including alternative fragmentation methods for the characterization of CSPGs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42485-022-00092-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan Gopal Ramarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104 Karnataka India
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560 029 India
| | - Mayank Saraswat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104 Karnataka India
| | - Rohit Budhraja
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Kishore Garapati
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104 Karnataka India
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560 029 India
| | - Kimiyo Raymond
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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14
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FTO-mediated m6A modification alleviates autoimmune uveitis by regulating microglia phenotypes via the GPC4/TLR4/NF-κB signaling axis. Genes Dis 2022. [PMID: 37492748 PMCID: PMC10363593 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveitis, a vision-threatening inflammatory disease worldwide, is closely related to resident microglia. Retinal microglia are the main immune effector cells with strong plasticity, but their role in uveitis remains unclear. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification has been proven to be involved in the immune response. Therefore, we in this work aimed to identify the potentially crucial m6A regulators of microglia in uveitis. Through the single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis and experimental verification, we found a significant decrease in the expression of fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) in retinal microglia of uveitis mice and human microglia clone 3 (HMC3) cells with inflammation. Additionally, FTO knockdown was found to aggravate the secretion of inflammatory factors and the mobility/chemotaxis of microglia. Mechanistically, the RNA-seq data and rescue experiments showed that glypican 4 (GPC4) was the target of FTO, which regulated microglial inflammation mediated by the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Moreover, RNA stability assays indicated that GPC4 upregulation was mainly regulated by the downregulation of the m6A "reader" YTH domain family protein 3 (YTHDF3). Finally, the FTO inhibitor FB23-2 further exacerbated experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) inflammation by promoting the GPC4/TLR4/NF-κB signaling axis, and this could be attenuated by the TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242. Collectively, a decreased FTO could facilitate microglial inflammation in EAU, suggesting that the restoration or activation of FTO function may be a potential therapeutic strategy for uveitis.
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15
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Wang F, Li Y, Li Z, Zou Z, Lu Y, Xu C, Zhao Z, Wang H, Wang Y, Guo S, Jin L, Wang J, Li Q, Jiang G, Xia F, Shen B, Wu J. Prognostic value of GPC5 polymorphism rs2352028 and clinical characteristics in Chinese lung cancer patients. Future Oncol 2022; 18:3165-3177. [PMID: 36165234 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: GPC5 rs2352028 is associated with the risk of lung cancer, but its relationship with lung cancer prognosis is unclear. Materials & methods: The authors collected blood samples from 888 patients with lung cancer and used a Cox proportional hazards model to analyze the association between prognosis and GPC5 polymorphism rs2352028. Results: GPC5 rs2352028 C > T was associated with a better prognosis. Patients with CT genotype had longer overall survival than those with CC genotype. Additionally, older and early-stage patients with CT + TT genotype had a lower risk of death than those with CC genotype. Conclusion: GPC5 rs2352028 C > T may play a protective role in patients with lung cancer and GPC5 rs2352028 may be a potential genetic marker for lung cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Company 1 of Basic Medical Science, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yutao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics & Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhengxing Li
- Company 6 of Basic Medical Science, Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zixiu Zou
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yongming Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Clinical College of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - ZongXu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - HuaiZhou Wang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Navy Military Medical University Affiliated Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics & Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shicheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics & Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics & Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics & Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, TongJi University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - GengXi Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Navy Military Medical University Affiliated Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Navy 905 Hospital, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Junjie Wu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Geriatric Medical Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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16
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Abstract
Glypicans are proteoglycans that are bound to the outer surface of the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The mammalian genome contains six members of the glypican family (GPC1 to GPC6). Although the degree of sequence homology within the family is rather low, the three-dimensional structure of these proteoglycans is highly conserved. Glypicans are predominantly expressed during embryonic development. Genetic and biochemical studies have shown that glypicans can stimulate or inhibit the signaling pathways triggered by Wnts, Hedgehogs, Fibroblast Growth Factors, and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins. The study of mutant mouse strains demonstrated that glypicans have important functions in the developmental morphogenesis of various organs. In addition, a role of glypicans in synapsis formation has been established. Notably, glypican loss-of-function mutations are the cause of three human inherited syndromes. Recent analysis of glypican compound mutant mice have demonstrated that members of this protein family display redundant functions during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Filmus
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Hu B, Rodriguez JJ, Kakkerla Balaraju A, Gao Y, Nguyen NT, Steen H, Suhaib S, Chen S, Lin F. Glypican 4 mediates Wnt transport between germ layers via signaling filopodia. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212673. [PMID: 34591076 PMCID: PMC8488972 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202009082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypicans influence signaling pathways by regulating morphogen trafficking and reception. However, the underlying mechanisms in vertebrates are poorly understood. In zebrafish, Glypican 4 (Gpc4) is required for convergence and extension (C&E) of both the mesoderm and endoderm. Here, we show that transgenic expression of GFP-Gpc4 in the endoderm of gpc4 mutants rescued C&E defects in all germ layers. The rescue of mesoderm was likely mediated by Wnt5b and Wnt11f2 and depended on signaling filopodia rather than on cleavage of the Gpc4 GPI anchor. Gpc4 bound both Wnt5b and Wnt11f2 and regulated formation of the filopodia that transport Wnt5b and Wnt11f2 to neighboring cells. Moreover, this rescue was suppressed by blocking signaling filopodia that extend from endodermal cells. Thus, GFP-Gpc4–labeled protrusions that emanated from endodermal cells transported Wnt5b and Wnt11f2 to other germ layers, rescuing the C&E defects caused by a gpc4 deficiency. Our study reveals a new mechanism that could explain in vivo morphogen distribution involving Gpc4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Juan J Rodriguez
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Anurag Kakkerla Balaraju
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Nhan T Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Heston Steen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Saeb Suhaib
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Songhai Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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18
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Disease-specific glycosaminoglycan patterns in the extracellular matrix of human lung and brain. Carbohydr Res 2021; 511:108480. [PMID: 34837849 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of diseases throughout the mammalian organism is characterized by abnormal deposition of various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including the heterogeneous family of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which contribute considerably to the ECM architecture as part of the so-called proteoglycans. The GAG's unique sulfation pattern, derived from highly dynamic and specific modification processes, has a massive impact on critical mediators such as cytokines and growth factors. Due to the strong connection between the specific sulfation pattern and GAG function, slight alterations of this pattern are often associated with enormous changes at the cell as well as at the organ level. This review aims to investigate the connection between modifications of GAG sulfation patterns and the wide range of pathological conditions, mainly focusing on a range of chronic diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as the respiratory tract.
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19
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Wishart TFL, Lovicu FJ. An Atlas of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in the Postnatal Rat Lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:5. [PMID: 34730792 PMCID: PMC8572486 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.14.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The arrangement of lens cells is regulated by ocular growth factors. Although the effects of these inductive molecules on lens cell behavior (proliferation, survival, and fiber differentiation) are well-characterized, the precise mechanisms underlying the regulation of growth factor-mediated signaling in lens remains elusive. Increasing evidence highlights the importance of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) for the signaling regulation of growth factors; however, the identity of the different lens HSPGs and the specific roles they play in lens biology are still unknown. Methods Semiquantitative real-time (RT)‐PCR and immunolabeling were used to characterize the spatial distribution of all known HSPG core proteins and their associated glycosaminoglycans (heparan and chondroitin sulfate) in the postnatal rat lens. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2-treated lens epithelial explants, cultured in the presence of Surfen (an inhibitor of heparan sulfate [HS]-growth factor binding interactions) were used to investigate the requirement for HS in FGF-2-induced proliferation, fiber differentiation, and ERK1/2-signaling. Results The lens expresses all HSPGs. These HSPGs are differentially localized to distinct functional regions of the lens. In vitro, inhibition of HS-sulfation with Surfen blocked FGF-2-mediated ERK1/2-signaling associated with lens epithelial cell proliferation and fiber differentiation, highlighting that these cellular processes are dependent on HS. Conclusions These findings support a requirement for HSPGs in FGF-2 driven lens cell proliferation and fiber differentiation. The identification of specific HSPG core proteins in key functional lens regions, and the divergent expression patterns of closely related HSPGs, suggests that different HSPGs may differentially regulate growth factor signaling networks leading to specific biological events involved in lens growth and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayler F L Wishart
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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Chip-Based Sensing of the Intercellular Transfer of Cell Surface Proteins: Regulation by the Metabolic State. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101452. [PMID: 34680568 PMCID: PMC8533487 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are anchored at the surface of mammalian blood and tissue cells through a carboxy-terminal GPI glycolipid. Eventually, they are released into incubation medium in vitro and blood in vivo and subsequently inserted into neighboring cells, potentially leading to inappropriate surface expression or lysis. To obtain first insight into the potential (patho)physiological relevance of intercellular GPI-AP transfer and its biochemical characterization, a cell-free chip- and microfluidic channel-based sensing system was introduced. For this, rat or human adipocyte or erythrocyte plasma membranes (PM) were covalently captured by the TiO2 chip surface operating as the acceptor PM. To measure transfer between PM, donor erythrocyte or adipocyte PM were injected into the channels of a flow chamber, incubated, and washed out, and the type and amount of proteins which had been transferred to acceptor PM evaluated with specific antibodies. Antibody binding was detected as phase shift of horizontal surface acoustic waves propagating over the chip surface. Time- and temperature-dependent transfer, which did not rely on fusion of donor and acceptor PM, was detected for GPI-APs, but not typical transmembrane proteins. Transfer of GPI-APs was found to be prevented by α-toxin, which binds to the glycan core of GPI anchors, and serum proteins in concentration-dependent fashion. Blockade of transfer, which was restored by synthetic phosphoinositolglycans mimicking the glycan core of GPI anchors, led to accumulation in the chip channels of full-length GPI-APs in association with phospholipids and cholesterol in non-membrane structures. Strikingly, efficacy of transfer between adipocytes and erythrocytes was determined by the metabolic state (genotype and feeding state) of the rats, which were used as source for the PM and sera, with upregulation in obese and diabetic rats and counterbalance by serum proteins. The novel chip-based sensing system for GPI-AP transfer may be useful for the prediction and stratification of metabolic diseases as well as elucidation of the putative role of intercellular transfer of cell surface proteins, such as GPI-APs, in (patho)physiological mechanisms.
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21
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Functional Roles of FGF Signaling in Early Development of Vertebrate Embryos. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082148. [PMID: 34440915 PMCID: PMC8391977 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) comprise a large family of growth factors, regulating diverse biological processes including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Each FGF binds to a set of FGF receptors to initiate certain intracellular signaling molecules. Accumulated evidence suggests that in early development and adult state of vertebrates, FGFs also play exclusive and context dependent roles. Although FGFs have been the focus of research for therapeutic approaches in cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome, in this review, we mainly focused on their role in germ layer specification and axis patterning during early vertebrate embryogenesis. We discussed the functional roles of FGFs and their interacting partners as part of the gene regulatory network for germ layer specification, dorsal-ventral (DV), and anterior-posterior (AP) patterning. Finally, we briefly reviewed the regulatory molecules and pharmacological agents discovered that may allow modulation of FGF signaling in research.
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22
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Alshammari FOFO, Al-Saraireh YM, Youssef AMM, Al-Sarayra YM, Alrawashdeh HM. Glypican-1 Overexpression in Different Types of Breast Cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:4309-4318. [PMID: 34366675 PMCID: PMC8334627 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s315200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Treatment of metastatic breast cancer patients is challenging and remains a major underlying cause of female mortality. Understanding molecular alterations in tumor development is critical to identify novel biomarkers and targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy. One of the aberrant cancer expressions gaining recent research interest is glypican-1. Several studies reported strong glypican-1 expression in various types of human cancers. However, none of these investigated glypican-1 expression in a large cohort of breast cancer histopathological subtypes. Patients and Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to assess glypican-1 expression in 220 breast cancer patients and its relation to demographic and clinical features, as well as important prognostic immunohistochemical markers for breast cancer. Results Intense glypican-1 expression was recognized in all breast cancer histopathological subtypes. Normal, healthy breast tissue displayed a heterogeneous low expression (20%). Importantly, a strong differential in glypican-1 expression was determined between normal and malignant breast tissues. Moreover, there was a significantly high rate of glypican-1 expression in advanced grades of breast cancer patients and larger tumor sizes. Unfortunately, the glypican-1 expression demonstrated no obvious relationship with the expression of various biomarkers in breast cancer. Conclusion This study may establish glypican-1 as a promising new therapeutic target for the development of therapy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah O F O Alshammari
- Department of Medical Lab technology, Faculty of health sciences, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Yousef M Al-Saraireh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Al-karak, Jordan
| | - Ahmed M M Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-karak, Jordan
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Inhibition of glypican-1 expression induces an activated fibroblast phenotype in a human bone marrow-derived stromal cell-line. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9262. [PMID: 33927256 PMCID: PMC8084937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most abundant stromal cell type in the tumor microenvironment. CAFs orchestrate tumor-stromal interactions, and contribute to cancer cell growth, metastasis, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, angiogenesis, immunomodulation, and chemoresistance. However, CAFs have not been successfully targeted for the treatment of cancer. The current study elucidates the significance of glypican-1 (GPC-1), a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, in regulating the activation of human bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BSCs) of fibroblast lineage (HS-5). GPC-1 inhibition changed HS-5 cellular and nuclear morphology, and increased cell migration and contractility. GPC-1 inhibition also increased pro-inflammatory signaling and CAF marker expression. GPC-1 induced an activated fibroblast phenotype when HS-5 cells were exposed to prostate cancer cell conditioned media (CCM). Further, treatment of human bone-derived prostate cancer cells (PC-3) with CCM from HS-5 cells exhibiting GPC-1 loss increased prostate cancer cell aggressiveness. Finally, GPC-1 was expressed in mouse tibia bone cells and present during bone loss induced by mouse prostate cancer cells in a murine prostate cancer bone model. These data demonstrate that GPC-1 partially regulates the intrinsic and extrinsic phenotype of human BSCs and transformation into activated fibroblasts, identify novel functions of GPC-1, and suggest that GPC-1 expression in BSCs exerts inhibitory paracrine effects on the prostate cancer cells. This supports the hypothesis that GPC-1 may be a novel pharmacological target for developing anti-CAF therapeutics to control cancer.
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24
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Wang JY, Wang XK, Zhu GZ, Zhou X, Yao J, Ma XP, Wang B, Peng T. Distinct diagnostic and prognostic values of Glypicans gene expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:462. [PMID: 33902495 PMCID: PMC8073913 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud In our current work, we aimed to investigate the expressions of glypican (GPC) family genes at the mRNA level and assess their prognostic significances in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods The pathological roles of GPC family genes were examined using bioinformatics analysis. The diagnostic values of GPC genes were explored with the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis. Moreover, the mRNA expression and prognostic values of GPC genes were assessed via the KM plotter database. Results Our data showed that the expression of GPC-3 was dramatically increased in the liver tumor tissue. Moreover, the expressions of the other five GPC family members were not significantly different between the tumor and normal liver tissues (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the up-regulation of GPC-1 at the mRNA level was dramatically correlated to the reduced overall survival (OS) for all HCC patients (hazard ratio = 2.03, 95% confidence intervals =1.44–2.87, P = 4.1e-05) compared with its low-expression group. Besides, the prognosis of the Caucasians was related to most GPC family genes, while the prognosis of the Asian race was only related to the expression of GPC-2. Besides, for pathological factors, including stage, grade, AJCC, and vascular invasion, the higher the pathological grade and vascular invasiveness, the lower the expression levels of GPC family genes (P < 0.05). Finally, the expression levels of GPC-1, 2, and 3 in the hepatitis group were related to the poor prognosis of HCC in the risk factor (alcohol consumption and hepatitis) subgroup (P < 0.05). Conclusions Our findings indicated that GPC-3 was dysregulated in HCC compared with paracancerous tissues. The expression of GPC-1 could be used as a potent predictive index for the general prognosis of HCC. The pathology, patients, and risk factors might affect the prognostic value of GPC family genes in HCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08104-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuang Yong Road 6#, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Yi Tian Road 7019#, Shenzhen, 518026, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Kun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuang Yong Road 6#, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Zhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuang Yong Road 6#, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuang Yong Road 6#, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinan University of Second Clinical Medical Sciences, Shenzhen Municipal People's Hospital, Dong Men Bei Road 1017#, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Peng Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Yi Tian Road 7019#, Shenzhen, 518026, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Yi Tian Road 7019#, Shenzhen, 518026, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuang Yong Road 6#, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang K, Zhu H, Wang L, Yang H, Pan H, Gong F. Serum glypican4 and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D levels are associated with adipose tissue insulin resistance in obese subjects with different glucose metabolism status. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:781-790. [PMID: 32816247 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glypican4 (GPC4) is a novel adipokine associated with obesity and insulin resistance. GPC4 was cleaved by the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D (GPLD1) in an anchored site of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol, and then was released into the extracellular environment. Herein, we investigated the changes of serum GPC4 and GPLD1 levels in obese subjects with different glucose metabolism status and their relationship with adipose tissue insulin resistance index (Adipo-IR) in Chinese north populations. METHODS A total of 221 obese subjects and 37 normal controls (NC) were recruited in this study. Obese subjects were divided into normal insulin (NI) group, hyperinsulinemia (HI) group, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) group, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) group. Serum GPC4, GPLD1, and adiponectin were determined by commercially available ELISA kits. RESULTS Serum GPC4 levels in the HI, IGT, and DM groups were significantly higher than those in the NC and NI groups (2.27 ± 0.58 ng/mL, 2.21 ± 0.60 ng/mL, 2.49 ± 0.67 ng/mL vs. 1.70 ± 0.33 ng/mL, 1.93 ± 0.34 ng/mL, P < 0.05). GPC4 was positively correlated with GPLD1, which was the most important influencing factor of GPC4. Adipo-IR was independently and positively associated with serum GPC4 and GPLD1. For GPC4, after adjustment for confounders, the risk of adipose tissue insulin resistance in subjects with the highest tertile was 2.974-fold that of those with the lowest tertile (OR = 2.974, P = 0.013). For GPLD1, before adjustment for lipids, the increased probability still existed (Model 2, OR = 3.568, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION GPC4 is an adipokine associated with adipose tissue insulin resistance, and its activity may be regulated by GPLD1. GPC4 may be a marker for adipose tissue insulin resistance in Chinese north obese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - H Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - L Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - H Yang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - H Pan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - F Gong
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Karamanos NK, Theocharis AD, Piperigkou Z, Manou D, Passi A, Skandalis SS, Vynios DH, Orian-Rousseau V, Ricard-Blum S, Schmelzer CEH, Duca L, Durbeej M, Afratis NA, Troeberg L, Franchi M, Masola V, Onisto M. A guide to the composition and functions of the extracellular matrix. FEBS J 2021; 288:6850-6912. [PMID: 33605520 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic 3-dimensional network of macromolecules that provides structural support for the cells and tissues. Accumulated knowledge clearly demonstrated over the last decade that ECM plays key regulatory roles since it orchestrates cell signaling, functions, properties and morphology. Extracellularly secreted as well as cell-bound factors are among the major members of the ECM family. Proteins/glycoproteins, such as collagens, elastin, laminins and tenascins, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronan, and their cell receptors such as CD44 and integrins, responsible for cell adhesion, comprise a well-organized functional network with significant roles in health and disease. On the other hand, enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases and specific glycosidases including heparanase and hyaluronidases contribute to matrix remodeling and affect human health. Several cell processes and functions, among them cell proliferation and survival, migration, differentiation, autophagy, angiogenesis, and immunity regulation are affected by certain matrix components. Structural alterations have been also well associated with disease progression. This guide on the composition and functions of the ECM gives a broad overview of the matrisome, the major ECM macromolecules, and their interaction networks within the ECM and with the cell surface, summarizes their main structural features and their roles in tissue organization and cell functions, and emphasizes the importance of specific ECM constituents in disease development and progression as well as the advances in molecular targeting of ECM to design new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitra Manou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Demitrios H Vynios
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Véronique Orian-Rousseau
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems- Functional Molecular Systems, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University of Lyon, UMR 5246, ICBMS, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Christian E H Schmelzer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Laurent Duca
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2: Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France
| | - Madeleine Durbeej
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Unit of Muscle Biology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos A Afratis
- Department Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich, UK
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Study, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Onisto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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Corti S, Bonjean R, Legier T, Rattier D, Melon C, Salin P, Toso EA, Kyba M, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Maina F, Dono R. Enhanced differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells toward the midbrain dopaminergic neuron lineage through GLYPICAN-4 downregulation. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:725-742. [PMID: 33528918 PMCID: PMC8046045 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the differentiation potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) into disease‐relevant cell types is instrumental for their widespread application in medicine. Here, we show that hiPSCs downregulated for the signaling modulator GLYPICAN‐4 (GPC4) acquire a new biological state characterized by increased hiPSC differentiation capabilities toward ventral midbrain dopaminergic (VMDA) neuron progenitors. This biological trait emerges both in vitro, upon exposing cells to VMDA neuronal differentiation signals, and in vivo, even when transplanting hiPSCs at the extreme conditions of floor‐plate stage in rat brains. Moreover, it is compatible with the overall neuronal maturation process toward acquisition of substantia nigra neuron identity. HiPSCs with downregulated GPC4 also retain self‐renewal and pluripotency in stemness conditions, in vitro, while losing tumorigenesis in vivo as assessed by flank xenografts. In conclusion, our results highlight GPC4 downregulation as a powerful approach to enhance generation of VMDA neurons. Outcomes may contribute to establish hiPSC lines suitable for translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Corti
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Remi Bonjean
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Legier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Diane Rattier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Melon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Salin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Erik A Toso
- Lillehei Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael Kyba
- Lillehei Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lydia Kerkerian-Le Goff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Flavio Maina
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
| | - Rosanna Dono
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, NeuroMarseille, Marseille, France
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Glypican-1, -3, -5 (GPC1, GPC3, GPC5) and Hedgehog Pathway Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:345-351. [PMID: 33512817 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are involved in tumor development and may regulate the Hedgehog (HH) pathway. This study aimed to investigate the gene and protein expression of glypican-1 (GPC1), -3 (GPC3), and -5 (GPC5) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and tumor-free lateral margins (TM) and their association with the HH pathway. Quantitative PCR was performed for GPC1, GPC3, GPC5, SHH, PTCH1, SMO, and GLI1 genes in samples of OSCC (n=31), TM (n=12), and non-neoplastic oral mucosa (NNM) of healthy patients (n=6), alongside an immunohistochemical evaluation of GPC1, GPC3, and GPC5 proteins and HH proteins SHH and glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1). Double staining for GPC3/SHH, GPC5/SHH, GPC3/tubulin [ac Lys40], GPC5/Tubulin [ac Lys40], and GPC5/GLI1 was also performed. Overexpression of GPC1 and GPC5 in tumor samples and underexpressed levels of GPC3 gene transcripts were observed when compared with TM (standard sample). HH pathway mRNA aberrant expression in OSCC samples and a negative correlation between GPC1 and GPC5 at transcription levels were detected. GPC1 staining was rare in OSCC, but positive cells were found in NNM and TM. Otherwise positive immunostaining for GPC3 and GPC5 was observed in OSCCs, but not in NNM and TM. Blood vessels adjacent to tumor islands were positive for GPC1 and GPC5. Co-localization of GPC3-positive and GPC5-positive cells with SHH and Tubulin [ac Lys40] proteins was noted, as well as of GPC5 and GLI1. The absence of the GPC1 protein in neoplastic cells, underexpression of the GPC3 gene, and co-localization of GPCs and HH proteins may indicate the maintenance of aberrant HH pathway activation in OSCC.
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Houvast RD, Vankemmelbeke M, Durrant LG, Wuhrer M, Baart VM, Kuppen PJK, de Geus-Oei LF, Vahrmeijer AL, Sier CFM. Targeting Glycans and Heavily Glycosylated Proteins for Tumor Imaging. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123870. [PMID: 33371487 PMCID: PMC7767531 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Distinguishing malignancy from healthy tissue is essential for oncologic surgery. Targeted imaging during an operation aids the surgeon to operate better. The present tracers for detecting cancer are directed against proteins that are overexpressed on the membrane of tumor cells. This review evaluates the use of tumor-associated sugar molecules as an alternative for proteins to image cancer tissue. These sugar molecules are present as glycans on glycosylated membrane proteins and glycolipids. Due to their location and large numbers per cell, these sugar molecules might be better targets for tumor imaging than proteins. Abstract Real-time tumor imaging techniques are increasingly used in oncological surgery, but still need to be supplemented with novel targeted tracers, providing specific tumor tissue detection based on intra-tumoral processes or protein expression. To maximize tumor/non-tumor contrast, targets should be highly and homogenously expressed on tumor tissue only, preferably from the earliest developmental stage onward. Unfortunately, most evaluated tumor-associated proteins appear not to meet all of these criteria. Thus, the quest for ideal targets continues. Aberrant glycosylation of proteins and lipids is a fundamental hallmark of almost all cancer types and contributes to tumor progression. Additionally, overexpression of glycoproteins that carry aberrant glycans, such as mucins and proteoglycans, is observed. Selected tumor-associated glyco-antigens are abundantly expressed and could, thus, be ideal candidates for targeted tumor imaging. Nevertheless, glycan-based tumor imaging is still in its infancy. In this review, we highlight the potential of glycans, and heavily glycosylated proteoglycans and mucins as targets for multimodal tumor imaging by discussing the preclinical and clinical accomplishments within this field. Additionally, we describe the major advantages and limitations of targeting glycans compared to cancer-associated proteins. Lastly, by providing a brief overview of the most attractive tumor-associated glycans and glycosylated proteins in association with their respective tumor types, we set out the way for implementing glycan-based imaging in a clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben D. Houvast
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.D.H.); (V.M.B.); (P.J.K.K.); (A.L.V.)
| | - Mireille Vankemmelbeke
- Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.V.); (L.G.D.)
| | - Lindy G. Durrant
- Scancell Limited, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.V.); (L.G.D.)
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Victor M. Baart
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.D.H.); (V.M.B.); (P.J.K.K.); (A.L.V.)
| | - Peter J. K. Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.D.H.); (V.M.B.); (P.J.K.K.); (A.L.V.)
| | - Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei
- Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander L. Vahrmeijer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.D.H.); (V.M.B.); (P.J.K.K.); (A.L.V.)
| | - Cornelis F. M. Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (R.D.H.); (V.M.B.); (P.J.K.K.); (A.L.V.)
- Percuros BV, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-752662610
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Hassan N, Greve B, Espinoza-Sánchez NA, Götte M. Cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans as multifunctional integrators of signaling in cancer. Cell Signal 2020; 77:109822. [PMID: 33152440 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) represent a large proportion of the components that constitute the extracellular matrix (ECM). They are a diverse group of glycoproteins characterized by a covalent link to a specific glycosaminoglycan type. As part of the ECM, heparan sulfate (HS)PGs participate in both physiological and pathological processes including cell recruitment during inflammation and the promotion of cell proliferation, adhesion and motility during development, angiogenesis, wound repair and tumor progression. A key function of HSPGs is their ability to modulate the expression and function of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, morphogens, and adhesion molecules. This is due to their capacity to act as ligands or co-receptors for various signal-transducing receptors, affecting pathways such as FGF, VEGF, chemokines, integrins, Wnt, notch, IL-6/JAK-STAT3, and NF-κB. The activation of those pathways has been implicated in the induction, progression, and malignancy of a tumor. For many years, the study of signaling has allowed for designing specific drugs targeting these pathways for cancer treatment, with very positive results. Likewise, HSPGs have become the subject of cancer research and are increasingly recognized as important therapeutic targets. Although they have been studied in a variety of preclinical and experimental models, their mechanism of action in malignancy still needs to be more clearly defined. In this review, we discuss the role of cell-surface HSPGs as pleiotropic modulators of signaling in cancer and identify them as promising markers and targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan Hassan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany; Biotechnology Program, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, A1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nancy A Espinoza-Sánchez
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany; Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, A1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany.
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Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Biosynthesis and Post Synthesis Mechanisms Combine Few Enzymes and Few Core Proteins to Generate Extensive Structural and Functional Diversity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184215. [PMID: 32937952 PMCID: PMC7570499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a common and widespread post-translational modification that affects a large majority of proteins. Of these, a small minority, about 20, are specifically modified by the addition of heparan sulfate, a linear polysaccharide from the glycosaminoglycan family. The resulting molecules, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, nevertheless play a fundamental role in most biological functions by interacting with a myriad of proteins. This large functional repertoire stems from the ubiquitous presence of these molecules within the tissue and a tremendous structural variety of the heparan sulfate chains, generated through both biosynthesis and post synthesis mechanisms. The present review focusses on how proteoglycans are “gagosylated” and acquire structural complexity through the concerted action of Golgi-localized biosynthesis enzymes and extracellular modifying enzymes. It examines, in particular, the possibility that these enzymes form complexes of different modes of organization, leading to the synthesis of various oligosaccharide sequences.
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Abstract
Glypicans are a family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans that are attached to the cell membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Glypicans interact with multiple ligands, including morphogens, growth factors, chemokines, ligands, receptors, and components of the extracellular matrix through their heparan sulfate chains and core protein. Therefore, glypicans can function as coreceptors to regulate cell proliferation, cell motility, and morphogenesis. In addition, some glypicans are abnormally expressed in cancers, possibly involved in tumorigenesis, and have the potential to be cancer-specific biomarkers. Here, we provide a brief review focusing on the expression of glypicans in various cancers and their potential to be targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Madeline R Spetz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Oikari LE, Yu C, Okolicsanyi RK, Avgan N, Peall IW, Griffiths LR, Haupt LM. HSPGs glypican‐1 and glypican‐4 are human neuronal proteins characteristic of different neural phenotypes. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1619-1645. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lotta E. Oikari
- Genomics Research Centre Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove QLD Australia
| | - Chieh Yu
- Genomics Research Centre Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove QLD Australia
| | - Rachel K. Okolicsanyi
- Genomics Research Centre Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove QLD Australia
| | - Nesli Avgan
- Genomics Research Centre Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove QLD Australia
| | - Ian W. Peall
- Genomics Research Centre Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove QLD Australia
| | - Lyn R. Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove QLD Australia
| | - Larisa M. Haupt
- Genomics Research Centre Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove QLD Australia
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Zhang T, Liu Y, Ren X, Wang Z, Wang H. Glypican 2 regulates cell proliferation and metastasis in thyroid cancer cells. Mol Cell Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-020-00073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Levin G, Koga BAA, Belchior GG, Carreira ACO, Sogayar MC. Production, purification and characterization of recombinant human R-spondin1 (RSPO1) protein stably expressed in human HEK293 cells. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:5. [PMID: 31959207 PMCID: PMC6971977 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-0600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The R-Spondin proteins comprise a family of secreted proteins, known for their important roles in cell proliferation, differentiation and death, by inducing the Wnt pathway. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of RSPOs in regulation of a number of tissue-specific processes, namely: bone formation, skeletal muscle tissue development, proliferation of pancreatic β-cells and intestinal stem cells and even cancer. RSPO1 stands out among RSPOs molecules with respect to its potential therapeutic use, especially in the Regenerative Medicine field, due to its mitogenic activity in stem cells. Here, we generated a recombinant human RSPO1 (rhRSPO1) using the HEK293 cell line, obtaining a purified, characterized and biologically active protein product to be used in Cell Therapy. The hRSPO1 coding sequence was synthesized and subcloned into a mammalian cell expression vector. HEK293 cells were stably co-transfected with the recombinant expression vector containing the hRSPO1 coding sequence and a hygromycin resistance plasmid, selected for hygror and subjected to cell clones isolation. Results rhRSPO1 was obtained, in the absence of serum, from culture supernatants of transfected HEK293 cells and purified using a novel purification strategy, involving two sequential chromatographic steps, namely: heparin affinity chromatography, followed by a molecular exclusion chromatography, designed to yield a high purity product. The purified protein was characterized by Western blotting, mass spectrometry and in vitro (C2C12 cells) and in vivo (BALB/c mice) biological activity assays, confirming the structural integrity and biological efficacy of this human cell expression system. Furthermore, rhRSPO1 glycosylation analysis allowed us to describe, for the first time, the glycan composition of this oligosaccharide chain, confirming the presence of an N-glycosylation in residue Asn137 of the polypeptide chain, as previously described. In addition, this analysis revealing the presence of glycan structures such as terminal sialic acid, N-acetylglucosamine and/or galactose. Conclusion Therefore, a stable platform for the production and purification of recombinant hRSPO1 from HEK293 cells was generated, leading to the production of a purified, fully characterized and biologically active protein product to be applied in Tissue Engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levin
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), Medical School, University of São Paulo, Edifício NUCEL, Rua Pangaré, 100 (Cidade Universitária), São Paulo, SP, 05360-130, Brazil
| | - Bruna Andrade Aguiar Koga
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), Medical School, University of São Paulo, Edifício NUCEL, Rua Pangaré, 100 (Cidade Universitária), São Paulo, SP, 05360-130, Brazil.,Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gross Belchior
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), Medical School, University of São Paulo, Edifício NUCEL, Rua Pangaré, 100 (Cidade Universitária), São Paulo, SP, 05360-130, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Oliveira Carreira
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), Medical School, University of São Paulo, Edifício NUCEL, Rua Pangaré, 100 (Cidade Universitária), São Paulo, SP, 05360-130, Brazil. .,Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 13635-900, Brazil.
| | - Mari Cleide Sogayar
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), Medical School, University of São Paulo, Edifício NUCEL, Rua Pangaré, 100 (Cidade Universitária), São Paulo, SP, 05360-130, Brazil. .,Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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36
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Extracellular matrix and morphogenesis in cnidarians: a tightly knit relationship. Essays Biochem 2019; 63:407-416. [PMID: 31462530 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cnidarians, members of an early-branching metazoan phylum, possess an extracellular matrix (ECM) between their two epithelial cell layers, called the mesoglea. The cnidarian ECM, which is best studied in Hydra, contains matrix components reflective of both interstitial matrix and basement membrane. The identification of core matrisome components in cnidarian genomes has led to the notion that the basic composition of vertebrate ECM is of highly conserved nature and can be traced back to pre-bilaterians. While in vertebrate classes ECM factors have often diverged and acquired specialized functions in the context of organ development, cnidarians with their simple body plan retained direct links between ECM and morphogenesis. Recent advances in genetic manipulation techniques have provided tools for systematically studying cnidarian ECM function in body axis patterning and regeneration.
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37
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CD36 inhibits β-catenin/c-myc-mediated glycolysis through ubiquitination of GPC4 to repress colorectal tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3981. [PMID: 31484922 PMCID: PMC6726635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse expression pattern of CD36 reflects its multiple cellular functions. However, the roles of CD36 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unknown. Here, we discover that CD36 expression is progressively decreased from adenomas to carcinomas. CD36 loss predicts poor survival of CRC patients. In CRC cells, CD36 acts as a tumor suppressor and inhibits aerobic glycolysis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, CD36-Glypcian 4 (GPC4) interaction could promote the proteasome-dependent ubiquitination of GPC4, followed by inhibition of β-catenin/c-myc signaling and suppression of downstream glycolytic target genes GLUT1, HK2, PKM2 and LDHA. Moreover, disruption of CD36 in inflammation-induced CRC model as well as ApcMin/+ mice model significantly increased colorectal tumorigenesis. Our results reveal a CD36-GPC4-β-catenin-c-myc signaling axis that regulates glycolysis in CRC development and may provide an intervention strategy for CRC prevention.
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38
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Quach ND, Kaur SP, Eggert MW, Ingram L, Ghosh D, Sheth S, Nagy T, Dawson MR, Arnold RD, Cummings BS. Paradoxical Role of Glypican-1 in Prostate Cancer Cell and Tumor Growth. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11478. [PMID: 31391540 PMCID: PMC6685992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that glypican-1 (GPC-1) is a biomarker for prostate cancer, but there are few studies elucidating the role of GPC-1 in prostate cancer progression. We observed high expression of GPC-1 in more aggressive prostate cancer cell lines such as PC-3 and DU-145. While inhibition of GPC-1 expression in PC-3 cells decreased cell growth and migration in vitro, it surprisingly increased cell proliferation and migration in DU-145 cells, suggesting that the role of GPC-1 is cell type-dependent. Further, GPC-1 inhibition increased PC-3 tumor size in NCr nude mice xenografts. We hypothesized that the discrepancy between the in vitro and in vivo data is mediated by stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, we tested the effect of tumor conditioned media (TCM) on gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts. Treatment of stromal cells with TCM from PC-3 cells transfected with GPC-1 shRNA increased the expression of migration markers, endocrine/paracrine biomolecules, and extracellular matrix components. Additionally, the decreased cell growth in GPC-1 knockdown PC-3 cells was rescued by coculturing with stromal cells. These data demonstrate the paradoxical role that GPC-1 plays in prostate cancer cell growth by interacting with stromal cells and through ECM remodeling and endocrine/paracrine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhat D Quach
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, & Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sukhneeraj Pal Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Matthew W Eggert
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Lishann Ingram
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Deepraj Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, & Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sheela Sheth
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Tamas Nagy
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michelle R Dawson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, & Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Robert D Arnold
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brian S Cummings
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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39
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Wang S, Qiu Y, Bai B. The Expression, Regulation, and Biomarker Potential of Glypican-1 in Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:614. [PMID: 31355137 PMCID: PMC6640540 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-1 (GPC-1) and other glypicans are a family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. These proteins are highly expressed on the cell membrane and in the extracellular matrix, functioning mainly as modulators of growth factor signaling. Some of them are abnormally expressed in cancer, possibly involved in tumorigenesis, and detectable in blood as potential clinical biomarkers. GPC-1 is another glypican member that has been found to be associated with some cancers, and has increasingly interested the cancer field. Here we provide a brief review about GPC-1 in its expression, signaling and potential as a cancer biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yudong Qiu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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40
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Role of glypicans in regulation of the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:108-118. [PMID: 31251939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glypicans are evolutionary conserved, cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans that are attached to the cell membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Glypicans interact with a broad class of soluble and insoluble ligands, such as morphogens, growth factors, chemokines, receptors and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Such versatility comes from their ability to interact through both their HS chains and core protein. Glypicans are involved in cellular and tissue development, morphogenesis and cell motility. They exhibit differential expression in several cancers, acting as both tumor promoters and inhibitors in a cancer type-specific manner. They also influence tumor stroma by facilitating angiogenesis, ECM remodeling and alteration of immune cell functions. Glypicans have emerged as a new therapeutic moiety, whose functions can be exploited in the field of targeted therapies and precision medicine in cancer. This is demonstrated by the emergence of several anti-glypican antibody-based immunologics that have been recently developed and are being evaluated in clinical trials. This review will focus on glypican structure and function with an emphasis on their expression in various cancers. Discussion will also center on the potential of glypicans to be therapeutic targets for inhibition of cancer cell growth.
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41
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Cross-Talk between Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors and Other Cell Surface Proteins. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050455. [PMID: 31091809 PMCID: PMC6562592 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) constitute signaling circuits that transmit signals across the plasma membrane, regulating pivotal cellular processes like differentiation, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. The malfunction of FGFs/FGFRs signaling axis is observed in numerous developmental and metabolic disorders, and in various tumors. The large diversity of FGFs/FGFRs functions is attributed to a great complexity in the regulation of FGFs/FGFRs-dependent signaling cascades. The function of FGFRs is modulated at several levels, including gene expression, alternative splicing, posttranslational modifications, and protein trafficking. One of the emerging ways to adjust FGFRs activity is through formation of complexes with other integral proteins of the cell membrane. These proteins may act as coreceptors, modulating binding of FGFs to FGFRs and defining specificity of elicited cellular response. FGFRs may interact with other cell surface receptors, like G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The cross-talk between various receptors modulates the strength and specificity of intracellular signaling and cell fate. At the cell surface FGFRs can assemble into large complexes involving various cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). The interplay between FGFRs and CAMs affects cell–cell interaction and motility and is especially important for development of the central nervous system. This review summarizes current stage of knowledge about the regulation of FGFRs by the plasma membrane-embedded partner proteins and highlights the importance of FGFRs-containing membrane complexes in pathological conditions, including cancer.
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42
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Christensen G, Herum KM, Lunde IG. Sweet, yet underappreciated: Proteoglycans and extracellular matrix remodeling in heart disease. Matrix Biol 2019; 75-76:286-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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43
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Cao J, Ma J, Sun L, Li J, Qin T, Zhou C, Cheng L, Chen K, Qian W, Duan W, Wang F, Wu E, Wang Z, Ma Q, Han L. Targeting glypican-4 overcomes 5-FU resistance and attenuates stem cell-like properties via suppression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in pancreatic cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:9498-9512. [PMID: 30010221 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The existences of cancer stem cells in patients with pancreatic cancer are considered as pivotal factors contributing to chemoresistance and disease relapse. Glypican-4 (GPC4) is one of the members of the glypicans family, which underlies human congenital malformations and multiple diseases. However, its potential biological function in pancreatic cancer still remains elusive. In this study, we are the first to demonstrate that GPC4 was involved in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance and pancreatic cancer stemness through comprehensive bioinformatical analysis. Functional experiments showed that knockdown of GPC4 sensitized pancreatic cancer cells to 5-FU and attenuated stem cell-like properties. In terms of mechanism research, knockdown of GPC4 suppressed the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway and its downstream targets. Furthermore, the expression of GPC4 was significantly upregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues compared with normal tissues and remarkably correlated with patients' overall survival according to the data derived from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Taken together, our results suggest that GPC4 is a key regulator in chemoresistance and pancreatic cancer stemness. Thus, targeting GPC4 may serve as a promising strategy for pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiguang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liankang Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cancan Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weikun Qian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wanxing Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fengfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Surgery, Texas A & M University College of Medicine, College Station, Texas
- Department of Neurology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Surgery, Texas A & M University College of Medicine, College Station, Texas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University College of Pharmacy, College Station, Texas
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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44
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Hu B, Gao Y, Davies L, Woo S, Topczewski J, Jessen JR, Lin F. Glypican 4 and Mmp14 interact in regulating the migration of anterior endodermal cells by limiting extracellular matrix deposition. Development 2018; 145:dev.163303. [PMID: 30082271 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the germ layers, including the endoderm, undergo convergence and extension movements to narrow and elongate the body plan. In zebrafish, the dorsal migration of endodermal cells during gastrulation is controlled by chemokine signaling, but little is known about how they migrate during segmentation. Here, we show that glypican 4 (Gpc4), a member of the heparin sulfate proteoglycan family, is required for efficient migration of anterior endodermal cells during early segmentation, regulating Rac activation to maintain polarized actin-rich lamellipodia. An endoderm transplantation assay showed that Gpc4 regulates endoderm migration in a non-cell-autonomous fashion. Further analyses revealed that the impaired endoderm migration in gpc4 mutants results from increases in the expression and assembly of fibronectin and laminin, major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Notably, we found that matrix metalloproteinase 14 (Mmp14a/b) is required for the control of ECM expression during endoderm migration, with Gpc4 acting through Mmp14a/b to limit ECM expression. Our results suggest that Gpc4 is crucial for generating the environment required for efficient migration of endodermal cells, uncovering a novel function of Gpc4 during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lauren Davies
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Stephanie Woo
- School of Natural Sciences, Merced, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95340, USA
| | - Jacek Topczewski
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | - Jason R Jessen
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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45
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Pomin VH, Mulloy B. Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11010027. [PMID: 29495527 PMCID: PMC5874723 DOI: 10.3390/ph11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this editorial to MDPI Pharmaceuticals special issue “Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans” we describe in outline the common structural features of glycosaminoglycans and the characteristics of proteoglycans, including the intracellular proteoglycan, serglycin, cell-surface proteoglycans, like syndecans and glypicans, and the extracellular matrix proteoglycans, like aggrecan, perlecan, and small leucine-rich proteoglycans. The context in which the pharmaceutical uses of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans are presented in this special issue is given at the very end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis and University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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46
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Saad A, Liet B, Joucla G, Santarelli X, Charpentier J, Claverol S, Grosset CF, Trézéguet V. Role of Glycanation and Convertase Maturation of Soluble Glypican-3 in Inhibiting Proliferation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1201-1211. [PMID: 29345911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glypican 3 (GPC3) is a complex heparan sulfate proteoglycan associated with the outer surface of the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. It is also N-glycosylated and processed by a furin-like convertase. GPC3 has numerous biological functions. Although GPC3 is undetectable in normal liver tissue, it is abnormally and highly overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Interestingly, proliferation of HCC cells such as HepG2 and HuH7 is inhibited when they express a soluble form of GPC3 after lentiviral transduction. To obtain more insight into the role of some of its post-translational modifications, we designed a mutant GPC3, sGPC3m, without its GPI anchor, convertase cleavage site, and glycosaminoglycan chains. The highly pure sGPC3m protein strongly inhibited HuH7 and HepG2 cell proliferation in vitro and induced a significant increase in their cell doubling time. It changed the morphology of HuH7 cells but not that of HepG2. It induced the enlargement of HuH7 cell nuclear area and the restructuration of adherent cell junctions. Unexpectedly, for both cell types, the levels of apoptosis, cell division, and β-catenin were not altered by sGPC3m, although growth inhibition was very efficient. Overall, our data show that glycanation and convertase maturation are not required for sGPC3m to inhibit HCC cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Saad
- Univ. Bordeaux, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Benjamin Liet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Gilles Joucla
- Univ. Bordeaux, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France
| | - Xavier Santarelli
- Univ. Bordeaux, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France
| | | | - Stéphane Claverol
- Univ. Bordeaux, Plateforme Protéome, CGFB , F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe F Grosset
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, BMGIC, U1035 , 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, GREF, U1053 , 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique Trézéguet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248 , F-33615 Pessac, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, BMGIC, U1035 , 33076 Bordeaux, France
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47
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Derler R, Gesslbauer B, Weber C, Strutzmann E, Miller I, Kungl A. Glycosaminoglycan-Mediated Downstream Signaling of CXCL8 Binding to Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122605. [PMID: 29207576 PMCID: PMC5751208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of leukocytes, mediated by endothelium bound chemokine gradients, is a vital process in inflammation. The highly negatively charged, unbranched polysaccharide family of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate mediate chemokine immobilization. Specifically the binding of CXCL8 (interleukin 8) to GAGs on endothelial cell surfaces is known to regulate neutrophil recruitment. Currently, it is not clear if binding of CXCL8 to GAGs leads to endothelial downstream signaling in addition to the typical CXCR1/CXCR2 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1 and 2)-mediated signaling which activates neutrophils. Here we have investigated the changes in protein expression of human microvascular endothelial cells induced by CXCL8. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) stimulation was used to mimic an inflammatory state which allowed us to identify syndecan-4 (SDC4) as the potential proteoglycan co-receptor of CXCL8 by gene array, real-time PCR and flow cytometry experiments. Enzymatic GAG depolymerization via heparinase III and chondroitinase ABC was used to emulate the effect of glycocalyx remodeling on CXCL8-induced endothelial downstream signaling. Proteomic analyses showed changes in the expression pattern of a number of endothelial proteins such as Zyxin and Caldesmon involved in cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion and cell mobility. These results demonstrate for the first time a potential role of GAG-mediated endothelial downstream signaling in addition to the well-known CXCL8-CXCR1/CXCR2 signaling pathways in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Derler
- Antagonis Biotherapeutics GmbH, Strasserhofweg 77a, 8045 Graz, Austria.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Bernd Gesslbauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Corinna Weber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Elisabeth Strutzmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Ingrid Miller
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas Kungl
- Antagonis Biotherapeutics GmbH, Strasserhofweg 77a, 8045 Graz, Austria.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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48
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Yu C, Griffiths LR, Haupt LM. Exploiting Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Human Neurogenesis-Controlling Lineage Specification and Fate. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:28. [PMID: 29089873 PMCID: PMC5650988 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Unspecialized, self-renewing stem cells have extraordinary application to regenerative medicine due to their multilineage differentiation potential. Stem cell therapies through replenishing damaged or lost cells in the injured area is an attractive treatment of brain trauma and neurodegenerative neurological disorders. Several stem cell types have neurogenic potential including neural stem cells (NSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Currently, effective use of these cells is limited by our lack of understanding and ability to direct lineage commitment and differentiation of neural lineages. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are ubiquitous proteins within the stem cell microenvironment or niche and are found localized on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM), where they interact with numerous signaling molecules. The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains carried by HSPGs are heterogeneous carbohydrates comprised of repeating disaccharides with specific sulfation patterns that govern ligand interactions to numerous factors including the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and wingless-type MMTV integration site family (Wnts). As such, HSPGs are plausible targets for guiding and controlling neural stem cell lineage fate. In this review, we provide an overview of HSPG family members syndecans and glypicans, and perlecan and their role in neurogenesis. We summarize the structural changes and subsequent functional implications of heparan sulfate as cells undergo neural lineage differentiation as well as outline the role of HSPG core protein expression throughout mammalian neural development and their function as cell receptors and co-receptors. Finally, we highlight suitable biomimetic approaches for exploiting the role of HSPGs in mammalian neurogenesis to control and tailor cell differentiation into specific lineages. An improved ability to control stem cell specific neural lineage fate and produce abundant cells of lineage specificity will further advance stem cell therapy for the development of improved repair of neurological disorders. We propose a deeper understanding of HSPG-mediated neurogenesis can potentially provide novel therapeutic targets of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh Yu
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Romero R, Erez O, Maymon E, Chaemsaithong P, Xu Z, Pacora P, Chaiworapongsa T, Done B, Hassan SS, Tarca AL. The maternal plasma proteome changes as a function of gestational age in normal pregnancy: a longitudinal study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 217:67.e1-67.e21. [PMID: 28263753 PMCID: PMC5813489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pregnancy is accompanied by dramatic physiological changes in maternal plasma proteins. Characterization of the maternal plasma proteome in normal pregnancy is an essential step for understanding changes to predict pregnancy outcome. The objective of this study was to describe maternal plasma proteins that change in abundance with advancing gestational age and determine biological processes that are perturbed in normal pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN A longitudinal study included 43 normal pregnancies that had a term delivery of an infant who was appropriate for gestational age without maternal or neonatal complications. For each pregnancy, 3 to 6 maternal plasma samples (median, 5) were profiled to measure the abundance of 1125 proteins using multiplex assays. Linear mixed-effects models with polynomial splines were used to model protein abundance as a function of gestational age, and the significance of the association was inferred via likelihood ratio tests. Proteins considered to be significantly changed were defined as having the following: (1) >1.5-fold change between 8 and 40 weeks of gestation; and (2) a false discovery rate-adjusted value of P < .1. Gene ontology enrichment analysis was used to identify biological processes overrepresented among the proteins that changed with advancing gestation. RESULTS The following results were found: (1) Ten percent (112 of 1125) of the profiled proteins changed in abundance as a function of gestational age; (2) of the 1125 proteins analyzed, glypican-3, sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin-6, placental growth factor, C-C motif-28, carbonic anhydrase 6, prolactin, interleukin-1 receptor 4, dual-specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase 4, and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A had more than a 5-fold change in abundance across gestation (these 9 proteins are known to be involved in a wide range of both physiological and pathological processes, such as growth regulation, embryogenesis, angiogenesis immunoregulation, inflammation etc); and (3) biological processes associated with protein changes in normal pregnancy included defense response, defense response to bacteria, proteolysis, and leukocyte migration (false discovery rate, 10%). CONCLUSION The plasma proteome of normal pregnancy demonstrates dramatic changes in both the magnitude of changes and the fraction of the proteins involved. Such information is important to understand the physiology of pregnancy and the development of biomarkers to differentiate normal vs abnormal pregnancy and determine the response to interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Eli Maymon
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Piya Chaemsaithong
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Zhonghui Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Percy Pacora
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Bogdan Done
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
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Papy-Garcia D, Albanese P. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans as key regulators of the mesenchymal niche of hematopoietic stem cells. Glycoconj J 2017; 34:377-391. [PMID: 28577070 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complex microenvironment that surrounds hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow niche involves different coordinated signaling pathways. The stem cells establish permanent interactions with distinct cell types such as mesenchymal stromal cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts or endothelial cells and with secreted regulators such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and their receptors. These interactions are mediated through adhesion to extracellular matrix compounds also. All these signaling pathways are important for stem cell fates such as self-renewal, proliferation or differentiation, homing and mobilization, as well as for remodeling of the niche. Among these complex molecular cues, this review focuses on heparan sulfate (HS) structures and functions and on the role of enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and turnover. HS associated to core protein, constitute the superfamily of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of all tissues. The key regulatory effects of major medullar HSPGs are described, focusing on their roles in the interactions between hematopoietic stem cells and their endosteal niche, and on their ability to interact with Heparin Binding Proteins (HBPs). Finally, according to the relevance of HS moieties effects on this complex medullar niche, we describe recent data that identify HS mimetics or sulfated HS signatures as new glycanic tools and targets, respectively, for hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cell based therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Papy-Garcia
- CRRET Laboratory, Université Paris Est, EA 4397 Université Paris Est Créteil, ERL CNRS 9215, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Patricia Albanese
- CRRET Laboratory, Université Paris Est, EA 4397 Université Paris Est Créteil, ERL CNRS 9215, F-94010, Créteil, France.
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