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Marioli C, Muzzi M, Colasuonno F, Fiorucci C, Cicolani N, Petrini S, Bertini E, Tartaglia M, Compagnucci C, Moreno S. Caspase-dependent apoptosis in Riboflavin Transporter Deficiency iPSCs and derived motor neurons. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:54. [PMID: 38278809 PMCID: PMC10817897 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin Transporter Deficiency (RTD) is a rare genetic, childhood-onset disease. This pathology has a relevant neurological involvement, being characterized by motor symptoms, ponto-bulbar paralysis and sensorineural deafness. Such clinical presentation is associated with muscle weakness and motor neuron (MN) degeneration, so that RTD is considered part of the MN disease spectrum. Based on previous findings demonstrating energy dysmetabolism and mitochondrial impairment in RTD induced Pluripotent Stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSC-derived MNs, here we address the involvement of intrinsic apoptotic pathways in disease pathogenesis using these patient-specific in vitro models by combined ultrastructural and confocal analyses. We show impaired neuronal survival of RTD iPSCs and MNs. Focused Ion Beam/Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB/SEM) documents severe alterations in patients' cells, including deranged mitochondrial ultrastructure, and altered plasma membrane and nuclear organization. Occurrence of aberrantly activated apoptosis is confirmed by immunofluorescence and TUNEL assays. Overall, our work provides evidence of a role played by mitochondrial dysfunction in RTD, and identifies neuronal apoptosis as a contributing event in disease pathogenesis, indicating intrinsic apoptosis pathways as possible relevant targets for more effective therapeutical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Marioli
- Department of Science, LIME, University Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Muzzi
- Department of Science, LIME, University Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Neurodevelopment, Neurogenetics and Neuromolecular Biology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Colasuonno
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristian Fiorucci
- Department of Science, LIME, University Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolò Cicolani
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Department of Science, LIME, University Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Neurodevelopment, Neurogenetics and Neuromolecular Biology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179, Rome, Italy.
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2
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Yde Ohki CM, Walter NM, Bender A, Rickli M, Ruhstaller S, Walitza S, Grünblatt E. Growth rates of human induced pluripotent stem cells and neural stem cells from attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder patients: a preliminary study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:243-252. [PMID: 36800023 PMCID: PMC10033475 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental polygenic disorder that affects more than 5% of children and adolescents around the world. Genetic and environmental factors play important roles in ADHD etiology, which leads to a wide range of clinical outcomes and biological phenotypes across the population. Brain maturation delays of a 4-year lag are commonly found in patients, when compared to controls of the same age. Possible differences in cellular growth rates might reflect the clinical observations in ADHD patients. However, the cellular mechanisms are still not elucidated. To test this hypothesis, we analysed the proliferation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from male children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and with genetic predisposition to it (assessed using polygenic risk scores), as well as their respective matched controls. In the current pilot study, it was noticeable that NSCs from the ADHD group proliferate less than controls, while no differences were seen at the iPSC developmental stage. Our results from two distinct proliferation methods indicate that the functional and structural delays found in patients might be associated with these in vitro phenotypic differences, but start at a distinct neurodevelopmental stage. These findings are the first ones in the field of disease modelling of ADHD and might be crucial to better understand the pathophysiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine Marie Yde Ohki
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Biomedicine PhD Program, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Monet Walter
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Bender
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Rickli
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sina Ruhstaller
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Translational Molecular Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
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3
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Borghi R, Magliocca V, Trivisano M, Specchio N, Tartaglia M, Bertini E, Compagnucci C. Modeling PCDH19-CE: From 2D Stem Cell Model to 3D Brain Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073506. [PMID: 35408865 PMCID: PMC8998847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PCDH19 clustering epilepsy (PCDH19-CE) is a genetic disease characterized by a heterogeneous phenotypic spectrum ranging from focal epilepsy with rare seizures and normal cognitive development to severe drug-resistant epilepsy associated with intellectual disability and autism. Unfortunately, little is known about the pathogenic mechanism underlying this disease and an effective treatment is lacking. Studies with zebrafish and murine models have provided insights on the function of PCDH19 during brain development and how its altered function causes the disease, but these models fail to reproduce the human phenotype. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has provided a complementary experimental approach for investigating the pathogenic mechanisms implicated in PCDH19-CE during neurogenesis and studying the pathology in a more physiological three-dimensional (3D) environment through the development of brain organoids. We report on recent progress in the development of human brain organoids with a particular focus on how this 3D model may shed light on the pathomechanisms implicated in PCDH19-CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Borghi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Valentina Magliocca
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Marina Trivisano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Nicola Specchio
- Department of Neurosciences, Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Kuruş M, Akbari S, Eskier D, Bursalı A, Ergin K, Erdal E, Karakülah G. Transcriptome Dynamics of Human Neuronal Differentiation From iPSC. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:727747. [PMID: 34970540 PMCID: PMC8712770 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.727747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation and use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in order to obtain all differentiated adult cell morphologies without requiring embryonic stem cells is one of the most important discoveries in molecular biology. Among the uses of iPSCs is the generation of neuron cells and organoids to study the biological cues underlying neuronal and brain development, in addition to neurological diseases. These iPSC-derived neuronal differentiation models allow us to examine the gene regulatory factors involved in such processes. Among these regulatory factors are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), genes that are transcribed from the genome and have key biological functions in establishing phenotypes, but are frequently not included in studies focusing on protein coding genes. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis and overview of the coding and non-coding transcriptome during multiple stages of the iPSC-derived neuronal differentiation process using RNA-seq. We identify previously unannotated lncRNAs via genome-guided de novo transcriptome assembly, and the distinct characteristics of the transcriptome during each stage, including differentially expressed and stage specific genes. We further identify key genes of the human neuronal differentiation network, representing novel candidates likely to have critical roles in neurogenesis using coexpression network analysis. Our findings provide a valuable resource for future studies on neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Kuruş
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Doğa Eskier
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, İzmir, Turkey.,İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Kemal Ergin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Esra Erdal
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Karakülah
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, İzmir, Turkey.,İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
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5
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Borghi R, Magliocca V, Petrini S, Conti LA, Moreno S, Bertini E, Tartaglia M, Compagnucci C. Dissecting the Role of PCDH19 in Clustering Epilepsy by Exploiting Patient-Specific Models of Neurogenesis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132754. [PMID: 34201522 PMCID: PMC8268119 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PCDH19-related epilepsy is a rare genetic disease caused by defective function of PCDH19, a calcium-dependent cell–cell adhesion protein of the cadherin superfamily. This disorder is characterized by a heterogeneous phenotypic spectrum, with partial and generalized febrile convulsions that are gradually increasing in frequency. Developmental regression may occur during disease progression. Patients may present with intellectual disability (ID), behavioral problems, motor and language delay, and a low motor tone. In most cases, seizures are resistant to treatment, but their frequency decreases with age, and some patients may even become seizure-free. ID generally persists after seizure remission, making neurological abnormalities the main clinical issue in affected individuals. An effective treatment is lacking. In vitro studies using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reported accelerated neural differentiation as a major endophenotype associated with PCDH19 mutations. By using this in vitro model system, we show that accelerated in vitro neurogenesis is associated with a defect in the cell division plane at the neural progenitors stage. We also provide evidence that altered PCDH19 function affects proper mitotic spindle orientation. Our findings identify an altered equilibrium between symmetric versus asymmetric cell division as a previously unrecognized mechanism contributing to the pathogenesis of this rare epileptic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Borghi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (E.B.); (M.T.)
- Department of Science, University “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valentina Magliocca
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (E.B.); (M.T.)
- Department of Science, University “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (L.A.C.)
| | - Libenzio Adrian Conti
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (L.A.C.)
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Department of Science, University “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (E.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (E.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (E.B.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Niceforo A, Marioli C, Colasuonno F, Petrini S, Massey K, Tartaglia M, Bertini E, Moreno S, Compagnucci C. Altered cytoskeletal arrangement in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and motor neurons from patients with riboflavin transporter deficiency. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm.046391. [PMID: 33468503 PMCID: PMC7927654 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.046391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeletal network plays a crucial role in differentiation, morphogenesis, function and homeostasis of the nervous tissue, so that alterations in any of its components may lead to neurodegenerative diseases. Riboflavin transporter deficiency (RTD), a childhood-onset disorder characterized by degeneration of motor neurons (MNs), is caused by biallelic mutations in genes encoding the human riboflavin (RF) transporters. In a patient- specific induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) model of RTD, we recently demonstrated altered cell-cell contacts, energy dysmetabolism and redox imbalance.The present study focusses on cytoskeletal composition and dynamics associated to RTD, utilizing patients' iPSCs and derived MNs. Abnormal expression and distribution of α- and β-tubulin (α- and β-TUB), as well as imbalanced tyrosination of α-TUB, accompanied by impaired ability to repolymerize after nocodazole treatment, were found in RTD patient-derived iPSCs. Following differentiation, MNs showed consistent changes in TUB content, which was associated with abnormal morphofunctional features, such as neurite length and Ca++ homeostasis, suggesting impaired differentiation.Beneficial effects of RF supplementation, alone or in combination with the antioxidant molecule N-acetyl-cystine (NAC), were assessed. RF administration resulted in partially improved cytoskeletal features in patients' iPSCs and MNs, suggesting that redundancy of transporters may rescue cell functionality in the presence of adequate concentrations of the vitamin. Moreover, supplementation with NAC was demonstrated to be effective in restoring all the considered parameters, when used in combination with RF, thus supporting the therapeutic use of both compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Niceforo
- Department of Science, Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University Roma Tre, Rome 00146, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Chiara Marioli
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Fiorella Colasuonno
- Department of Science, Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University Roma Tre, Rome 00146, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Keith Massey
- Science Director, Cure RTD Foundation, 6228 Northaven Road, Dallas, TX 75230, USA
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome 00146, Italy
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Department of Science, Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, University Roma Tre, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome 00146, Italy
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Logotheti S, Marquardt S, Richter C, Sophie Hain R, Murr N, Takan I, Pavlopoulou A, Pützer BM. Neural Networks Recapitulation by Cancer Cells Promotes Disease Progression: A Novel Role of p73 Isoforms in Cancer-Neuronal Crosstalk. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123789. [PMID: 33339112 PMCID: PMC7765507 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is initiated by alterations in specific genes. However, at late stages, cancer cells become metastatic not necessarily through continuous accumulation of additional mutations, but by hijacking programs of normal embryonic development and reactivating them in an unusual place, at the wrong time. Here, we applied computational and experimental approaches to show that these malignant reactivations include genes that are crucial for the development and function of the nervous system. We use the paradigm of melanoma transition from less invasive to highly aggressive stages in order to show that major players of metastasis, such as TP73 gene products, are implicated in this process. This work provides evidence for interactions between cancer cells and the neuronal system, which may have important future implications for metastasis prevention and cancer management. Abstract Mechanisms governing tumor progression differ from those of initiation. One enigmatic prometastatic process is the recapitulation of pathways of neural plasticity in aggressive stages. Cancer and neuronal cells develop reciprocal interactions via mutual production and secretion of neuronal growth factors, neurothrophins and/or axon guidance molecules in the tumor microenvironment. Understanding cancer types where this process is active, as well as the drivers, markers and underlying mechanisms, has great significance for blocking tumor progression and improving patient survival. By applying computational and systemic approaches, in combination with experimental validations, we provide compelling evidence that genes involved in neuronal development, differentiation and function are reactivated in tumors and predict poor patient outcomes across various cancers. Across cancers, they co-opt genes essential for the development of distinct anatomical parts of the nervous system, with a frequent preference for cerebral cortex and neural crest-derived enteric nerves. Additionally, we show that p73, a transcription factor with a dual role in neuronal development and cancer, simultaneously induces neurodifferentiation and stemness markers during melanoma progression. Our data yield the basis for elucidating driving forces of the nerve–tumor cell crosstalk and highlight p73 as a promising regulator of cancer neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Logotheti
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (S.M.); (C.R.); (R.S.H.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (B.M.P.); Tel.: +49-381-494-5066/68 (B.M.P.)
| | - Stephan Marquardt
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (S.M.); (C.R.); (R.S.H.); (N.M.)
| | - Christin Richter
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (S.M.); (C.R.); (R.S.H.); (N.M.)
| | - Renée Sophie Hain
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (S.M.); (C.R.); (R.S.H.); (N.M.)
| | - Nico Murr
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (S.M.); (C.R.); (R.S.H.); (N.M.)
| | - Işıl Takan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova, Izmir, Turkey; (I.T.); (A.P.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340 Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Athanasia Pavlopoulou
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova, Izmir, Turkey; (I.T.); (A.P.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340 Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Brigitte M. Pützer
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (S.M.); (C.R.); (R.S.H.); (N.M.)
- Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (B.M.P.); Tel.: +49-381-494-5066/68 (B.M.P.)
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8
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Liu G, David BT, Trawczynski M, Fessler RG. Advances in Pluripotent Stem Cells: History, Mechanisms, Technologies, and Applications. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:3-32. [PMID: 31760627 PMCID: PMC6987053 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, and particularly in the last decade, significant developmental milestones have driven basic, translational, and clinical advances in the field of stem cell and regenerative medicine. In this article, we provide a systemic overview of the major recent discoveries in this exciting and rapidly developing field. We begin by discussing experimental advances in the generation and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), next moving to the maintenance of stem cells in different culture types, and finishing with a discussion of three-dimensional (3D) cell technology and future stem cell applications. Specifically, we highlight the following crucial domains: 1) sources of pluripotent cells; 2) next-generation in vivo direct reprogramming technology; 3) cell types derived from PSCs and the influence of genetic memory; 4) induction of pluripotency with genomic modifications; 5) construction of vectors with reprogramming factor combinations; 6) enhancing pluripotency with small molecules and genetic signaling pathways; 7) induction of cell reprogramming by RNA signaling; 8) induction and enhancement of pluripotency with chemicals; 9) maintenance of pluripotency and genomic stability in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); 10) feeder-free and xenon-free culture environments; 11) biomaterial applications in stem cell biology; 12) three-dimensional (3D) cell technology; 13) 3D bioprinting; 14) downstream stem cell applications; and 15) current ethical issues in stem cell and regenerative medicine. This review, encompassing the fundamental concepts of regenerative medicine, is intended to provide a comprehensive portrait of important progress in stem cell research and development. Innovative technologies and real-world applications are emphasized for readers interested in the exciting, promising, and challenging field of stem cells and those seeking guidance in planning future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gele Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Brian T David
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Matthew Trawczynski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Richard G Fessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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9
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Broeders M, Herrero-Hernandez P, Ernst MPT, van der Ploeg AT, Pijnappel WWMP. Sharpening the Molecular Scissors: Advances in Gene-Editing Technology. iScience 2020; 23:100789. [PMID: 31901636 PMCID: PMC6941877 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to precisely modify human genes has been made possible by the development of tools such as meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas. These now make it possible to generate targeted deletions, insertions, gene knock outs, and point variants; to modulate gene expression by targeting transcription factors or epigenetic machineries to DNA; or to target and modify RNA. Endogenous repair mechanisms are used to make the modifications required in DNA; they include non-homologous end joining, homology-directed repair, homology-independent targeted integration, microhomology-mediated end joining, base-excision repair, and mismatch repair. Off-target effects can be monitored using in silico prediction and sequencing and minimized using Cas proteins with higher accuracy, such as high-fidelity Cas9, enhanced-specificity Cas9, and hyperaccurate Cas9. Alternatives to Cas9 have been identified, including Cpf1, Cas12a, Cas12b, and smaller Cas9 orthologs such as CjCas9. Delivery of gene-editing components is performed ex vivo using standard techniques or in vivo using AAV, lipid nanoparticles, or cell-penetrating peptides. Clinical development of gene-editing technology is progressing in several fields, including immunotherapy in cancer treatment, antiviral therapy for HIV infection, and treatment of genetic disorders such as β-thalassemia, sickle cell disease, lysosomal storage disorders, and retinal dystrophy. Here we review these technological advances and the challenges to their clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Broeders
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pablo Herrero-Hernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijn P T Ernst
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ans T van der Ploeg
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - W W M Pim Pijnappel
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands; Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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Recent Progress in the Regeneration of Spinal Cord Injuries by Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153838. [PMID: 31390782 PMCID: PMC6695701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of injuries occurring in the central nervous system, particularly spinal cord injuries (SCIs), is extremely difficult. The complex pathological events following a SCI often restrict regeneration of nervous tissue at the injury site and frequently lead to irreversible loss of motor and sensory function. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) possess neuroregenerative and neuroprotective features, and transplantation of such cells into the site of damaged tissue is a promising stem cell-based therapy for SCI. However, NSC/NPCs have mostly been induced from embryonic stem cells or fetal tissue, leading to ethical concerns. The pioneering work of Yamanaka and colleagues gave rise to the technology to induce pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells, overcoming these ethical issues. The advent of iPSCs technology has meant significant progress in the therapy of neurodegenerative disease and nerve tissue damage. A number of published studies have described the successful differentiation of NSCs/NPCs from iPSCs and their subsequent engraftment into SCI animal models, followed by functional recovery of injury. The aim of this present review is to summarize various iPSC- NPCs differentiation methods, SCI modelling, and the current status of possible iPSC- NPCs- based therapy of SCI.
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11
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Falsafi N, Soleimani T, Fallahi H, Azadbakht M. Regulatory networks upon neurogenesis induction in PC12 cell line by small molecules. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18813-18824. [PMID: 30919969 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alteration in the normal regulatory pathway of differentiation can lead to the induction of programmed cell death. Accordingly, some chemicals like staurosporine, nerve growth factor, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide, and trimethyltin are shown to be able to induce differentiation in vitro, via different mechanisms in the PC12 cell line. Hence, understanding the details of the molecular mechanisms of differentiation induction by these small molecules are important for further application of these molecules in neurogenesis. Therefore, we sought to determine these signaling pathways, using gene regulatory networks analysis. Then, we have conducted a comparative analysis of the alterations in the gene expression pattern of the PC12 cell lines in response to these chemicals at the early stages. Based on the comparative analysis and previous knowledge, we have proposed the affected pathways during differentiation and apoptosis. Our findings could be useful in the development of protocols to reprogramming of neurons by such small molecules with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Falsafi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Tahereh Soleimani
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hossein Fallahi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehri Azadbakht
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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12
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Colasuonno F, Borghi R, Niceforo A, Muzzi M, Bertini E, Di Giulio A, Moreno S, Compagnucci C. Senescence-associated ultrastructural features of long-term cultures of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 9:2209-2222. [PMID: 29064821 PMCID: PMC5680563 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for developing personalized regenerative medicine, however characterization of their biological features is still incomplete. Moreover, changes occurring in long-term cultured iPSCs have been reported, suggesting these as a model of cellular aging. For this reason, we addressed the ultrastructural characterization of iPSCs, with a focus on possible time-dependent changes, involving specific cell compartments. To this aim, we comparatively analysed cultures at different timepoints, by an innovative electron microscopic technology (FIB/SEM). We observed progressive loss of cell-to-cell contacts, associated with increased occurrence of exosomes. Mitochondria gradually increased, while acquiring an elongated shape, with well-developed cristae. Such mitochondrial maturation was accompanied by their turnover, as assessed by the presence of autophagomes (undetectable in young iPSCs), some containing recognizable mitochondria. This finding was especially frequent in middle-aged iPSCs, while being occasional in aged cells, suggesting early autophagic activation followed by a decreased efficiency of the process with culturing time. Accordingly, confocal microscopy showed age-dependent alterations to the expression and distribution of autophagic markers. Interestingly, responsivity to rapamycin, highest in young iPSCs, was almost lost in aged cells. Overall, our results strongly support long-term cultured iPSCs as a model for studying relevant aspects of cellular senescence, involving intercellular communication, energy metabolism, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Colasuonno
- Department of Science, LIME, University "Roma Tre", Rome 00146, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Rossella Borghi
- Department of Science, LIME, University "Roma Tre", Rome 00146, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Alessia Niceforo
- Department of Science, LIME, University "Roma Tre", Rome 00146, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Maurizio Muzzi
- Department of Science, LIME, University "Roma Tre", Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Giulio
- Department of Science, LIME, University "Roma Tre", Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Department of Science, LIME, University "Roma Tre", Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
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13
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Abstract
During the process of neurogenesis, the stem cell committed to the neuronal cell fate starts a series of molecular and morphological changes. The understanding of the physio-pathology of mechanisms controlling the molecular and morphological changes occurring during neuronal differentiation is fundamental to the development of effective therapies for many neurologic diseases. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the biological events occurring in the cell during neuronal differentiation is still poor. In this study, we focus preliminarily on the relevance of the cytoskeletal rearrangements, which earlier drive the morphology of the neuronal precursors, and later the migrating/mature neurons. In fact, neuritogenesis, neurite branching, outgrowth and retraction are seminal to the development of a fully functional nervous system. With this in mind, we highlight the importance of iPSC technology to study the processes of cytoskeletal-driven morphological changes during neuronal differentiation.
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Yu C, Griffiths LR, Haupt LM. Exploiting Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Human Neurogenesis-Controlling Lineage Specification and Fate. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:28. [PMID: 29089873 PMCID: PMC5650988 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Unspecialized, self-renewing stem cells have extraordinary application to regenerative medicine due to their multilineage differentiation potential. Stem cell therapies through replenishing damaged or lost cells in the injured area is an attractive treatment of brain trauma and neurodegenerative neurological disorders. Several stem cell types have neurogenic potential including neural stem cells (NSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Currently, effective use of these cells is limited by our lack of understanding and ability to direct lineage commitment and differentiation of neural lineages. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are ubiquitous proteins within the stem cell microenvironment or niche and are found localized on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM), where they interact with numerous signaling molecules. The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains carried by HSPGs are heterogeneous carbohydrates comprised of repeating disaccharides with specific sulfation patterns that govern ligand interactions to numerous factors including the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and wingless-type MMTV integration site family (Wnts). As such, HSPGs are plausible targets for guiding and controlling neural stem cell lineage fate. In this review, we provide an overview of HSPG family members syndecans and glypicans, and perlecan and their role in neurogenesis. We summarize the structural changes and subsequent functional implications of heparan sulfate as cells undergo neural lineage differentiation as well as outline the role of HSPG core protein expression throughout mammalian neural development and their function as cell receptors and co-receptors. Finally, we highlight suitable biomimetic approaches for exploiting the role of HSPGs in mammalian neurogenesis to control and tailor cell differentiation into specific lineages. An improved ability to control stem cell specific neural lineage fate and produce abundant cells of lineage specificity will further advance stem cell therapy for the development of improved repair of neurological disorders. We propose a deeper understanding of HSPG-mediated neurogenesis can potentially provide novel therapeutic targets of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh Yu
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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15
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Use of Human Neurons Derived via Cellular Reprogramming Methods to Study Host-Parasite Interactions of Toxoplasma gondii in Neurons. Cells 2017; 6:cells6040032. [PMID: 28946615 PMCID: PMC5755492 DOI: 10.3390/cells6040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite, with approximately one-third of the worlds' population chronically infected. In chronically infected individuals, the parasite resides in tissue cysts in neurons in the brain. The chronic infection in immunocompetant individuals has traditionally been considered to be asymptomatic, but increasing evidence indicates that chronic infection is associated with diverse neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, cryptogenic epilepsy, and Parkinson's Disease. The mechanisms by which the parasite exerts affects on behavior and other neuronal functions are not understood. Human neurons derived from cellular reprogramming methods offer the opportunity to develop better human neuronal models to study T. gondii in neurons. Results from two studies using human neurons derived via cellular reprogramming methods indicate these human neuronal models provide better in vitro models to study the effects of T. gondii on neurons and neurological functions. In this review, an overview of the current neural reprogramming methods will be given, followed by a summary of the studies using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons and induced neurons (iNs) to study T. gondii in neurons. The potential of these neural reprogramming methods for further study of the host-parasite interactions of T. gondii in neurons will be discussed.
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16
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Ashwini A, Naganur SS, Smitha B, Sheshadri P, Prasanna J, Kumar A. Cyclosporine A-Mediated IL-6 Expression Promotes Neural Induction in Pluripotent Stem Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2017. [PMID: 28623616 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to neural lineages has gathered huge attention in both basic research and regenerative medicine. The major hurdle lies in the efficiency of differentiation and identification of small molecules that facilitate neurogenesis would partly circumvent this limitation. The small molecule Cyclosporine A (CsA), a commonly used immunosuppressive drug, has been shown to enhance in vivo neurogenesis. To extend the information to in vitro neurogenesis, we examined the effect of CsA on neural differentiation of PSCs. We found CsA to increase the expression of neural progenitor genes during early neural differentiation. Gene silencing approach revealed CsA-mediated neural induction to be dependent on blocking the Ca2+-activated phosphatase calcineurin (Cn) signaling. Similar observation with FK506, an independent inhibitor of Cn, further strengthened the necessity of blocking Cn for enhanced neurogenesis. Surprisingly, mechanistic insight revealed Cn-inhibition dependent upregulation of IL-6 protein to be necessary for CsA-mediated neurogenesis. Together, these findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of CsA in neurogenesis, thus suggesting a method for obtaining large numbers of neural progenitors from PSCs for possible transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwathnarayan Ashwini
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Allalasandra, GKVK post, Yelahanka, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Sushma S Naganur
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Allalasandra, GKVK post, Yelahanka, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Bhaskar Smitha
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Allalasandra, GKVK post, Yelahanka, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Preethi Sheshadri
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Allalasandra, GKVK post, Yelahanka, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Jyothi Prasanna
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Allalasandra, GKVK post, Yelahanka, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Anujith Kumar
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Allalasandra, GKVK post, Yelahanka, Bangalore, 560065, India.
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Petrini S, Borghi R, D'Oria V, Restaldi F, Moreno S, Novelli A, Bertini E, Compagnucci C. Aged induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) as a new cellular model for studying premature aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:1453-1469. [PMID: 28562315 PMCID: PMC5472744 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear integrity and mechanical stability of the nuclear envelope (NE) are conferred by the nuclear lamina, a meshwork of intermediate filaments composed of A- and B-type lamins, supporting the inner nuclear membrane and playing a pivotal role in chromatin organization and epigenetic regulation. During cell senescence, nuclear alterations also involving NE architecture are widely described. In the present study, we utilized induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) upon prolonged in vitro culture as a model to study aging and investigated the organization and expression pattern of NE major constituents. Confocal and four-dimensional imaging combined with molecular analyses, showed that aged iPSCs are characterized by nuclear dysmorphisms, nucleoskeletal components (lamin A/C-prelamin isoforms, lamin B1, emerin, and nesprin-2) imbalance, leading to impaired nucleo-cytoplasmic MKL1 shuttling, actin polymerization defects, mitochondrial dysfunctions, SIRT7 downregulation and NF-kBp65 hyperactivation. The observed age-related NE features of iPSCs closely resemble those reported for premature aging syndromes (e.g., Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome) and for somatic cell senescence. These findings validate the use of aged iPSCs as a suitable cellular model to study senescence and for investigating therapeutic strategies aimed to treat premature aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesu’ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Rossella Borghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu’ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
- Department of Science-LIME, University “Roma Tre”, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Valentina D'Oria
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesu’ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Restaldi
- Medical Genetic Unit and Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesu’ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Department of Science-LIME, University “Roma Tre”, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Medical Genetic Unit and Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesu’ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu’ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu’ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
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Jiráková K, Šeneklová M, Jirák D, Turnovcová K, Vosmanská M, Babič M, Horák D, Veverka P, Jendelová P. The effect of magnetic nanoparticles on neuronal differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural precursors. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:6267-6281. [PMID: 27920532 PMCID: PMC5125991 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s116171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is suitable for noninvasive long-term tracking. We labeled human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural precursors (iPSC-NPs) with two types of iron-based nanoparticles, silica-coated cobalt zinc ferrite nanoparticles (CZF) and poly-l-lysine-coated iron oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles (PLL-coated γ-Fe2O3) and studied their effect on proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Materials and methods We investigated the effect of these two contrast agents on neural precursor cell proliferation and differentiation capability. We further defined the intracellular localization and labeling efficiency and analyzed labeled cells by MR. Results Cell proliferation was not affected by PLL-coated γ-Fe2O3 but was slowed down in cells labeled with CZF. Labeling efficiency, iron content and relaxation rates measured by MR were lower in cells labeled with CZF when compared to PLL-coated γ-Fe2O3. Cytoplasmic localization of both types of nanoparticles was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemical analysis of specific markers expressed during neuronal differentiation did not show any significant differences between unlabeled cells or cells labeled with both magnetic nanoparticles. Conclusion Our results show that cells labeled with PLL-coated γ-Fe2O3 are suitable for MR detection, did not affect the differentiation potential of iPSC-NPs and are suitable for in vivo cell therapies in experimental models of central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Jiráková
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
| | - Monika Šeneklová
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University
| | - Daniel Jirák
- MR-Unit, Radiodiagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University
| | - Karolína Turnovcová
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
| | - Magda Vosmanská
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology
| | - Michal Babič
- Department of Polymer Particles, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
| | - Daniel Horák
- Department of Polymer Particles, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
| | - Pavel Veverka
- Department of Magnetics and Superconductors, Institute of Physics, ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Jendelová
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University
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Jaworska E, Kozlowska E, Switonski PM, Krzyzosiak WJ. Modeling simple repeat expansion diseases with iPSC technology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4085-100. [PMID: 27261369 PMCID: PMC11108530 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A number of human genetic disorders, including Huntington's disease, myotonic dystrophy type 1, C9ORF72 form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and several spinocerebellar ataxias, are caused by the expansion of various microsatellite sequences in single implicated genes. The neurodegenerative and neuromuscular nature of the repeat expansion disorders considerably limits the access of researchers to appropriate cellular models of these diseases. This limitation, however, can be overcome by the application of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on the modeling of repeat expansion diseases with human iPSCs and iPSC-derived cells, focusing on the disease phenotypes recapitulated in these models. In subsequent sections, we provide basic practical knowledge regarding iPSC generation, characterization and differentiation into neurons. We also cover disease modeling in iPSCs, neuronal stem cells and specialized neuronal cultures. Furthermore, we also summarize the therapeutic potential of iPSC technology in repeat expansion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Jaworska
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14 Str., 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Emilia Kozlowska
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14 Str., 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Pawel M Switonski
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14 Str., 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wlodzimierz J Krzyzosiak
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14 Str., 61-704, Poznan, Poland.
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Compagnucci C, Piermarini E, Sferra A, Borghi R, Niceforo A, Petrini S, Piemonte F, Bertini E. Cytoskeletal dynamics during in vitro neurogenesis of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 77:113-124. [PMID: 27756615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a novel tool to investigate the pathophysiology of poorly known diseases, in particular those affecting the nervous system, which has been difficult to study for its lack of accessibility. In this emerging and promising field, recent iPSCs studies are mostly used as "proof-of-principle" experiments that are confirmatory of previous findings obtained from animal models and postmortem human studies; its promise as a discovery tool is just beginning to be realized. A recent number of studies point to the functional similarities between in vitro neurogenesis and in vivo neuronal development, suggesting that similar morphogenetic and patterning events direct neuronal differentiation. In this context, neuronal adhesion, cytoskeletal organization and cell metabolism emerge as an integrated and unexplored processes of human neurogenesis, mediated by the lack of data due to the difficult accessibility of the human neural tissue. These observations raise the necessity to understand which are the players controlling cytoskeletal reorganization and remodeling. In particular, we investigated human in vitro neurogenesis using iPSCs of healthy subjects to unveil the underpinnings of the cytoskeletal dynamics with the aim to shed light on the physiologic events controlling the development and the functionality of neuronal cells. We validate the iPSCs system to better understand the development of the human nervous system in order to set the bases for the future understanding of pathologies including developmental disorders (i.e. intellectual disability), epilepsy but also neurodegenerative disorders (i.e. Friedreich's Ataxia). We investigate the changes of the cytoskeletal components during the 30days of neuronal differentiation and we demonstrate that human neuronal differentiation requires a (time-dependent) reorganization of actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules; and that immature neurons present a finely regulated localization of Glu-, Tyr- and Acet-TUBULINS. This study advances our understanding on cytoskeletal dynamics with the hope to pave the way for future therapies that could be potentially able to target cytoskeletal based neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Compagnucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Research Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Piermarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Research Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Antonella Sferra
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Research Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Rossella Borghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Research Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Alessia Niceforo
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Research Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Fiorella Piemonte
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Research Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Research Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
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21
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Azari H, Reynolds BA. In Vitro Models for Neurogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a021279. [PMID: 26438595 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The process of generating new neurons of different phenotype and function from undifferentiated stem and progenitor cells starts at very early stages of development and continues in discrete regions of the mammalian nervous system throughout life. Understanding mechanisms underlying neuronal cell development, biology, function, and interaction with other cells, especially in the neurogenic niche of fully developed adults, is important in defining and developing new therapeutic regimes in regenerative neuroscience. Studying these complex and dynamic processes in vivo is challenging because of the complexity of the nervous system and the presence of many known and unknown confounding variables. However, the challenges could be overcome with simple and robust in vitro models that more or less recapitulate the in vivo events. In this work, we will present an overview of present available in vitro cell-based models of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Azari
- Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 Neural Stem Cell and Regenerative Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomical Sciences & Shiraz Stem Cell Institute, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Brent A Reynolds
- Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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22
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Compagnucci C, Barresi S, Petrini S, Billuart P, Piccini G, Chiurazzi P, Alfieri P, Bertini E, Zanni G. Rho Kinase Inhibition Is Essential During In Vitro Neurogenesis and Promotes Phenotypic Rescue of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons With Oligophrenin-1 Loss of Function. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:860-9. [PMID: 27160703 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Rho-GTPases have relevant functions in various aspects of neuronal development, such as differentiation, migration, and synaptogenesis. Loss of function of the oligophrenin-1 gene (OPHN1) causes X-linked intellectual disability with cerebellar hypoplasia and leads to hyperactivation of the rho kinase (ROCK) pathway. ROCK mainly acts through phosphorylation of the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1, triggering actin-myosin contractility. We show that during in vitro neurogenesis, ROCK activity decreases from day 10 until terminal differentiation, whereas in OPHN1-deficient human induced pluripotent stem cells (h-iPSCs), the levels of ROCK are elevated throughout differentiation. ROCK inhibition favors neuronal-like appearance of h-iPSCs, in parallel with transcriptional upregulation of nuclear receptor NR4A1, which is known to induce neurite outgrowth. This study analyzed the morphological, biochemical, and functional features of OPHN1-deficient h-iPSCs and their rescue by treatment with the ROCK inhibitor fasudil, shedding light on the relevance of the ROCK pathway during neuronal differentiation and providing a neuronal model for human OPHN1 syndrome and its treatment. SIGNIFICANCE The analysis of the levels of rho kinase (ROCK) activity at different stages of in vitro neurogenesis of human induced pluripotent stem cells reveals that ROCK activity decreases progressively in parallel with the appearance of neuronal-like morphology and upregulation of nuclear receptor NR4A1. These results shed light on the role of the ROCK pathway during early stages of human neurogenesis and provide a neuronal stem cell-based model for the treatment of OPHN1 syndrome and other neurological disorders due to ROCK dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Compagnucci
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Barresi
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Research Laboratories, Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, and Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierre Billuart
- Department of Genetic and Development, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Giorgia Piccini
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Chiurazzi
- Institute of Human and Medical Genetics, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Alfieri
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
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23
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Chin EWM, Goh ELK. Studying neurological disorders using induced pluripotent stem cells and optogenetics. Neural Regen Res 2016; 10:1720-2. [PMID: 26807089 PMCID: PMC4705766 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.169607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eunice W M Chin
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Singapore, Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eyleen L K Goh
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; KK Research Center, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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24
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Telezhkin V, Schnell C, Yarova P, Yung S, Cope E, Hughes A, Thompson BA, Sanders P, Geater C, Hancock JM, Joy S, Badder L, Connor-Robson N, Comella A, Straccia M, Bombau G, Brown JT, Canals JM, Randall AD, Allen ND, Kemp PJ. Forced cell cycle exit and modulation of GABAA, CREB, and GSK3β signaling promote functional maturation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 310:C520-41. [PMID: 26718628 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00166.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous protocols have been developed for differentiation of neurons from a variety of pluripotent stem cells, most have concentrated on being able to specify effectively appropriate neuronal subtypes and few have been designed to enhance or accelerate functional maturity. Of those that have, most employ time courses of functional maturation that are rather protracted, and none have fully characterized all aspects of neuronal function, from spontaneous action potential generation through to postsynaptic receptor maturation. Here, we describe a simple protocol that employs the sequential addition of just two supplemented media that have been formulated to separate the two key phases of neural differentiation, the neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, each characterized by different signaling requirements. Employing these media, this new protocol synchronized neurogenesis and enhanced the rate of maturation of pluripotent stem cell-derived neural precursors. Neurons differentiated using this protocol exhibited large cell capacitance with relatively hyperpolarized resting membrane potentials; moreover, they exhibited augmented: 1) spontaneous electrical activity; 2) regenerative induced action potential train activity; 3) Na(+) current availability, and 4) synaptic currents. This was accomplished by rapid and uniform development of a mature, inhibitory GABAAreceptor phenotype that was demonstrated by Ca(2+) imaging and the ability of GABAAreceptor blockers to evoke seizurogenic network activity in multielectrode array recordings. Furthermore, since this protocol can exploit expanded and frozen prepatterned neural progenitors to deliver mature neurons within 21 days, it is both scalable and transferable to high-throughput platforms for the use in functional screens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Polina Yarova
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sun Yung
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Cope
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alis Hughes
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philip Sanders
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charlene Geater
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jane M Hancock
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; and
| | - Shona Joy
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Luned Badder
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrea Comella
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Straccia
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgina Bombau
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jon T Brown
- Hatherly Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Josep M Canals
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew D Randall
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; and Hatherly Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D Allen
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom;
| | - Paul J Kemp
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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25
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A Dishful of a Troubled Mind: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Psychiatric Research. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:7909176. [PMID: 26839567 PMCID: PMC4709917 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7909176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct reprogramming represent powerful methods for modeling the development of neurons in vitro. Moreover, this approach is also a means for comparing various cellular phenotypes between cell lines originating from healthy and diseased individuals or isogenic cell lines engineered to differ at only one or a few genomic loci. Despite methodological constraints and initial skepticism regarding this approach, the field is expanding at a fast pace. The improvements include the development of new differentiation protocols resulting in selected neuronal populations (e.g., dopaminergic, GABAergic, hippocampal, and cortical), the widespread use of genome editing methods, and single-cell techniques. A major challenge awaiting in vitro disease modeling is the integration of clinical data in the models, by selection of well characterized clinical populations. Ideally, these models will also demonstrate how different diagnostic categories share overlapping molecular disease mechanisms, but also have unique characteristics. In this review we evaluate studies with regard to the described developments, to demonstrate how differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct reprogramming can contribute to psychiatry.
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26
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Patriarchi T, Amabile S, Frullanti E, Landucci E, Lo Rizzo C, Ariani F, Costa M, Olimpico F, W Hell J, M Vaccarino F, Renieri A, Meloni I. Imbalance of excitatory/inhibitory synaptic protein expression in iPSC-derived neurons from FOXG1(+/-) patients and in foxg1(+/-) mice. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:871-80. [PMID: 26443267 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder associated with mutations in either MECP2, CDKL5 or FOXG1. The precise molecular mechanisms that lead to the pathogenesis of RTT have yet to be elucidated. We recently reported that expression of GluD1 (orphan glutamate receptor δ-1 subunit) is increased in iPSC-derived neurons obtained from patients with mutations in either MECP2 or CDKL5. GluD1 controls synaptic differentiation and shifts the balance between excitatory and inhibitory synapses toward the latter. Thus, an increase in GluD1 might be a critical factor in the etiology of RTT by affecting the excitatory/inhibitory balance in the developing brain. To test this hypothesis, we generated iPSC-derived neurons from FOXG1(+/-) patients. We analyzed mRNA and protein levels of GluD1 together with key markers of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in these iPSC-derived neurons and in Foxg1(+/-) mouse fetal (E11.5) and adult (P70) brains. We found strong correlation between iPSC-derived neurons and fetal mouse brains, where GluD1 and inhibitory synaptic markers (GAD67 and GABA AR-α1) were increased, whereas the levels of a number of excitatory synaptic markers (VGLUT1, GluA1, GluN1 and PSD-95) were decreased. In adult mice, GluD1 was decreased along with all GABAergic and glutamatergic markers. Our findings further the understanding of the etiology of RTT by introducing a new pathological event occurring in the brain of FOXG1(+/-) patients during embryonic development and its time-dependent shift toward a general decrease in brain synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Patriarchi
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Elisa Frullanti
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Ariani
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Mario Costa
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Olimpico
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Flora M Vaccarino
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
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27
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Masotti A, Celluzzi A, Petrini S, Bertini E, Zanni G, Compagnucci C. Aged iPSCs display an uncommon mitochondrial appearance and fail to undergo in vitro neurogenesis. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 6:1094-108. [PMID: 25567319 PMCID: PMC4298368 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of human fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) leads to mitochondrial rejuvenation, making iPSCs a candidate model to study the mitochondrial biology during stemness and differentiation. At present, it is generally accepted that iPSCs can be maintained and propagated indefinitely in culture, but no specific studies have addressed this issue. In our study, we investigated features related to the 'biological age' of iPSCs, culturing and analyzing iPSCs kept for prolonged periods in vitro. We have demonstrated that aged iPSCs present an increased number of mitochondria per cell with an altered mitochondrial membrane potential and fail to properly undergo in vitro neurogenesis. In aged iPSCs we have also found an altered expression of genes relevant to mitochondria biogenesis. Overall, our results shed light on the mitochondrial biology of young and aged iPSCs and explore how an altered mitochondrial status may influence neuronal differentiation. Our work suggests to deepen the understanding of the iPSCs biology before considering their use in clinical applications.
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28
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Chinchalongporn V, Koppensteiner P, Prè D, Thangnipon W, Bilo L, Arancio O. Connectivity and circuitry in a dish versus in a brain. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2015; 7:44. [PMID: 26045718 PMCID: PMC4456047 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand and find therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders, disease models that recapitulate the connectivity and circuitry of patients’ brain are needed. Owing to many limitations of animal disease models, in vitro neuronal models using patient-derived stem cells are currently being developed. However, prior to employing neurons as a model in a dish, they need to be evaluated for their electrophysiological properties, including both passive and active membrane properties, dynamics of neurotransmitter release, and capacity to undergo synaptic plasticity. In this review, we survey recent attempts to study these issues in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Although progress has been made, there are still many hurdles to overcome before human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons can fully recapitulate all of the above physiological properties of adult mature neurons. Moreover, proper integration of neurons into pre-existing circuitry still needs to be achieved. Nevertheless, in vitro neuronal stem cell-derived models hold great promise for clinical application in neurological diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vorapin Chinchalongporn
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA ; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain P&S Bldg, Room 12-420D, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA ; Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, CUMC, New York, NY 10032 USA ; Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Peter Koppensteiner
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA ; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain P&S Bldg, Room 12-420D, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA ; Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, CUMC, New York, NY 10032 USA ; Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Deborah Prè
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA ; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain P&S Bldg, Room 12-420D, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA ; Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, CUMC, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Wipawan Thangnipon
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Leonilda Bilo
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA ; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain P&S Bldg, Room 12-420D, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA ; Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, CUMC, New York, NY 10032 USA ; Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA ; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain P&S Bldg, Room 12-420D, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA ; Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, CUMC, New York, NY 10032 USA
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29
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Conway MK, Gerger MJ, Balay EE, O'Connell R, Hanson S, Daily NJ, Wakatsuki T. Scalable 96-well Plate Based iPSC Culture and Production Using a Robotic Liquid Handling System. J Vis Exp 2015:e52755. [PMID: 26068617 DOI: 10.3791/52755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Continued advancement in pluripotent stem cell culture is closing the gap between bench and bedside for using these cells in regenerative medicine, drug discovery and safety testing. In order to produce stem cell derived biopharmaceutics and cells for tissue engineering and transplantation, a cost-effective cell-manufacturing technology is essential. Maintenance of pluripotency and stable performance of cells in downstream applications (e.g., cell differentiation) over time is paramount to large scale cell production. Yet that can be difficult to achieve especially if cells are cultured manually where the operator can introduce significant variability as well as be prohibitively expensive to scale-up. To enable high-throughput, large-scale stem cell production and remove operator influence novel stem cell culture protocols using a bench-top multi-channel liquid handling robot were developed that require minimal technician involvement or experience. With these protocols human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were cultured in feeder-free conditions directly from a frozen stock and maintained in 96-well plates. Depending on cell line and desired scale-up rate, the operator can easily determine when to passage based on a series of images showing the optimal colony densities for splitting. Then the necessary reagents are prepared to perform a colony split to new plates without a centrifugation step. After 20 passages (~3 months), two iPSC lines maintained stable karyotypes, expressed stem cell markers, and differentiated into cardiomyocytes with high efficiency. The system can perform subsequent high-throughput screening of new differentiation protocols or genetic manipulation designed for 96-well plates. This technology will reduce the labor and technical burden to produce large numbers of identical stem cells for a myriad of applications.
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30
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Hopkins AM, DeSimone E, Chwalek K, Kaplan DL. 3D in vitro modeling of the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 125:1-25. [PMID: 25461688 PMCID: PMC4324093 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There are currently more than 600 diseases characterized as affecting the central nervous system (CNS) which inflict neural damage. Unfortunately, few of these conditions have effective treatments available. Although significant efforts have been put into developing new therapeutics, drugs which were promising in the developmental phase have high attrition rates in late stage clinical trials. These failures could be circumvented if current 2D in vitro and in vivo models were improved. 3D, tissue-engineered in vitro systems can address this need and enhance clinical translation through two approaches: (1) bottom-up, and (2) top-down (developmental/regenerative) strategies to reproduce the structure and function of human tissues. Critical challenges remain including biomaterials capable of matching the mechanical properties and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition of neural tissues, compartmentalized scaffolds that support heterogeneous tissue architectures reflective of brain organization and structure, and robust functional assays for in vitro tissue validation. The unique design parameters defined by the complex physiology of the CNS for construction and validation of 3D in vitro neural systems are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Hopkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Science & Technology Center, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Elise DeSimone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Science & Technology Center, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Karolina Chwalek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Science & Technology Center, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Science & Technology Center, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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31
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:244-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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