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Carriles AA, Muzzolini L, Minici C, Tornaghi P, Patrone M, Degano M. Structure-Function Insights into the Dual Role in Nucleobase and Nicotinamide Metabolism and a Possible Use in Cancer Gene Therapy of the URH1p Riboside Hydrolase. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7032. [PMID: 39000137 PMCID: PMC11241417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The URH1p enzyme from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has gained significant interest due to its role in nitrogenous base metabolism, particularly involving uracil and nicotinamide salvage. Indeed, URH1p was initially classified as a nucleoside hydrolase (NH) with a pronounced preference for uridine substrate but was later shown to also participate in a Preiss-Handler-dependent pathway for recycling of both endogenous and exogenous nicotinamide riboside (NR) towards NAD+ synthesis. Here, we present the detailed enzymatic and structural characterisation of the yeast URH1p enzyme, a member of the group I NH family of enzymes. We show that the URH1p has similar catalytic efficiencies for hydrolysis of NR and uridine, advocating a dual role of the enzyme in both NAD+ synthesis and nucleobase salvage. We demonstrate that URH1p has a monomeric structure that is unprecedented for members of the NH homology group I, showing that oligomerisation is not strictly required for the N-ribosidic activity in this family of enzymes. The size, thermal stability and activity of URH1p towards the synthetic substrate 5-fluoruridine, a riboside precursor of the antitumoral drug 5-fluorouracil, make the enzyme an attractive tool to be employed in gene-directed enzyme-prodrug activation therapy against solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Angela Carriles
- Biocrystallography Group, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Muzzolini
- Biocrystallography Group, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Minici
- Biocrystallography Group, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Tornaghi
- Biocrystallography Group, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Patrone
- Biocrystallography Group, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Degano
- Biocrystallography Group, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
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Lonati C, Berezhnoy G, Lawler N, Masuda R, Kulkarni A, Sala S, Nitschke P, Zizmare L, Bucci D, Cannet C, Schäfer H, Singh Y, Gray N, Lodge S, Nicholson J, Merle U, Wist J, Trautwein C. Urinary phenotyping of SARS-CoV-2 infection connects clinical diagnostics with metabolomics and uncovers impaired NAD + pathway and SIRT1 activation. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:770-788. [PMID: 37955280 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The stratification of individuals suffering from acute and post-acute SARS-CoV-2 infection remains a critical challenge. Notably, biomarkers able to specifically monitor viral progression, providing details about patient clinical status, are still not available. Herein, quantitative metabolomics is progressively recognized as a useful tool to describe the consequences of virus-host interactions considering also clinical metadata. METHODS The present study characterized the urinary metabolic profile of 243 infected individuals by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results were compared with a historical cohort of noninfected subjects. Moreover, we assessed the concentration of recently identified antiviral nucleosides and their association with other metabolites and clinical data. RESULTS Urinary metabolomics can stratify patients into classes of disease severity, with a discrimination ability comparable to that of clinical biomarkers. Kynurenines showed the highest fold change in clinically-deteriorated patients and higher-risk subjects. Unique metabolite clusters were also generated based on age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Changes in the concentration of antiviral nucleosides were associated with either other metabolites or clinical variables. Increased kynurenines and reduced trigonelline excretion indicated a disrupted nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD+) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the potential of urinary metabolomics for noninvasive diagnostic/prognostic screening and show that the antiviral nucleosides could represent novel biomarkers linking viral load, immune response, and metabolism. Moreover, we established for the first time a casual link between kynurenine accumulation and deranged NAD+/SIRT1, offering a novel mechanism through which SARS-CoV-2 manipulates host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Lonati
- Center for Preclinical Research, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georgy Berezhnoy
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nathan Lawler
- Australian National Phenome Centre and Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University Perth, Australia
| | - Reika Masuda
- Australian National Phenome Centre and Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University Perth, Australia
| | - Aditi Kulkarni
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Samuele Sala
- Australian National Phenome Centre and Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University Perth, Australia
| | - Philipp Nitschke
- Australian National Phenome Centre and Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University Perth, Australia
| | - Laimdota Zizmare
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniele Bucci
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claire Cannet
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, AIC Division, Ettlingen, Germany
| | | | - Yogesh Singh
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicola Gray
- Australian National Phenome Centre and Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University Perth, Australia
| | - Samantha Lodge
- Australian National Phenome Centre and Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University Perth, Australia
| | - Jeremy Nicholson
- Australian National Phenome Centre and Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University Perth, Australia
| | - Uta Merle
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julien Wist
- Australian National Phenome Centre and Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University Perth, Australia
| | - Christoph Trautwein
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Chen Y, Ying Y, Lalsiamthara J, Zhao Y, Imani S, Li X, Liu S, Wang Q. From bacteria to biomedicine: Developing therapies exploiting NAD + metabolism. Bioorg Chem 2024; 142:106974. [PMID: 37984103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) serves as a critical cofactor in cellular metabolism and redox reactions. Bacterial pathways rely on NAD+ participation, where its stability and concentration govern essential homeostasis and functions. This review delves into the role and metabolic regulation of NAD+ in bacteria, highlighting its influence on physiology and virulence. Notably, we explore enzymes linked to NAD+ metabolism as antibacterial drug targets and vaccine candidates. Moreover, we scrutinize NAD+'s medical potential, offering insights for its application in biomedicine. This comprehensive assessment informs future research directions in the dynamic realm of NAD+ and its biomedical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ying
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jonathan Lalsiamthara
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yuheng Zhao
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Saber Imani
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sijing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China.
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Xu C, Han J, Jia D, Cai J, Yuan J, Ge X. Sirtuin3 confers protection against acute pulmonary embolism through anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidative stress, and anti-apoptosis properties: participation of the AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Exp Anim 2023; 72:346-355. [PMID: 36858596 PMCID: PMC10435360 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.22-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have suggested that oxidative stress and inflammation play momentous roles in acute pulmonary embolism (APE). Honokiol, a bioactive biphenolic phytochemical substance, is known for its strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, and it served as an activator of sirtuin3 (SIRT3) in the present study. The purposes of the study were to explore the effects of honokiol on APE rats and investigate whether the function of honokiol is mediated by SIRT3 activation. In the study, the rats received a right femoral vein injection of dextran gel G-50 particles (12 mg/kg) to establish the APE model and were subsequently administered honokiol and/or a selective SIRT3 inhibitor 3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine (3-TYP; 5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. The results showed that SIRT3 activation by honokiol attenuated the loss in lung function, ameliorated the inflammatory response and oxidative damage, and inhibited apoptosis in lung tissues of the rats with APE but that this was reversed by 3-TYP. In addition, we found that the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway might be activated by honokiol but restrained by 3-TYP. These results indicated that honokiol was capable of suppressing the adverse effects of APE and that this was diminished by SIRT3 suppression, implying that activation of SIRT3 might serve as a therapeutic method for APE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Han
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
| | - Di Jia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
| | - Jimin Cai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Yuan
- Department of Science and Education, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Ge
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
- Orthopedic Institution of Wuxi City, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
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5
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The DarT/DarG Toxin-Antitoxin ADP-Ribosylation System as a Novel Target for a Rational Design of Innovative Antimicrobial Strategies. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020240. [PMID: 36839512 PMCID: PMC9967889 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical modification of cellular macromolecules by the transfer of ADP-ribose unit(s), known as ADP-ribosylation, is an ancient homeostatic and stress response control system. Highly conserved across the evolution, ADP-ribosyltransferases and ADP-ribosylhydrolases control ADP-ribosylation signalling and cellular responses. In addition to proteins, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic transferases can covalently link ADP-ribosylation to different conformations of nucleic acids, thus highlighting the evolutionary conservation of archaic stress response mechanisms. Here, we report several structural and functional aspects of DNA ADP-ribosylation modification controlled by the prototype DarT and DarG pair, which show ADP-ribosyltransferase and hydrolase activity, respectively. DarT/DarG is a toxin-antitoxin system conserved in many bacterial pathogens, for example in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which regulates two clinically important processes for human health, namely, growth control and the anti-phage response. The chemical modulation of the DarT/DarG system by selective inhibitors may thus represent an exciting strategy to tackle resistance to current antimicrobial therapies.
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Mahamood A, Yaku K, Hikosaka K, Gulshan M, Inoue SI, Kobayashi F, Nakagawa T. Nmnat3 deficiency in hemolytic anemia exacerbate malaria infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 637:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sedivy-Haley K, Blimkie T, Falsafi R, Lee AHY, Hancock REW. A transcriptomic analysis of the effects of macrophage polarization and endotoxin tolerance on the response to Salmonella. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276010. [PMID: 36240188 PMCID: PMC9565388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an intracellular pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality. Its ability to grow inside macrophages is important to virulence, and is dependent on the activation state of the macrophages. Classically activated M1 macrophages are non-permissive for Salmonella growth, while alternatively activated M2 macrophages are permissive for Salmonella growth. Here we showed that endotoxin-primed macrophages (MEP), such as those associated with sepsis, showed similar levels of Salmonella resistance to M1 macrophages after 2 hr of intracellular infection, but at the 4 hr and 24 hr time points were susceptible like M2 macrophages. To understand this mechanistically, transcriptomic sequencing, RNA-Seq, was performed. This showed that M1 and MEP macrophages that had not been exposed to Salmonella, demonstrated a process termed here as primed activation, in expressing relatively higher levels of particular anti-infective genes and pathways, including the JAK-STAT (Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway. In contrast, in M2 macrophages these genes and pathways were largely expressed only in response to infection. Conversely, in response to infection, M1 macrophages, but not MEP macrophages, modulated additional genes known to be associated with susceptibility to Salmonella infection, possibly contributing to the differences in resistance at later time points. Application of the JAK inhibitor Ruxolitinib before infection reduced resistance in M1 macrophages, supporting the importance of early JAK-STAT signalling in M1 resistance to Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Sedivy-Haley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Travis Blimkie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Reza Falsafi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy Huei-Yi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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8
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Phytogen Improves Performance during Spotty Liver Disease by Impeding Bacterial Metabolism and Pathogenicity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0075822. [PMID: 36094201 PMCID: PMC9499015 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00758-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of antibiotic alternative products is increasingly studied and manufactured in the current animal agriculture, particularly in the poultry industry. Phytogenic feed additives are known for their remarkable ability to suppress pathogens such as Clostridium spp., Escherichia coli, and Salmonella. Other than enhancing biosecurity, improvements in productivity and performance were also observed. However, clear mechanisms for these improvements were not established. In this study, 20,000 Lohman-Brown layers were provided with phytogenic supplement from 16 to 40 weeks of age, and performance parameters were assessed against the same number of unsupplemented control birds. The performance results showed that the birds with phytogenic supplementation presented consistently reduced mortality, increased rate of lay, and increased average egg weight. Functional analysis through shotgun sequencing of cecal metagenomes confirmed a substantial functional shift in the microbial community, showing that phytogen significantly reduced the range of microbial functions, including the production of essential vitamins, cofactors, energy, and amino acids. Functional data showed that phytogen supplementation induced a phenotypic shift in intestinal bacteria LPS phenotype toward the less pathogenic form. The study corroborates the use of phytogenic products in antibiotic-free poultry production systems. The productivity improvements in the number and weight of eggs produced during Spotty Liver Disease justify further optimizing phytogenic alternatives for use in high-risk open and free-range poultry systems. IMPORTANCE The present study establishes the beneficial effects of the continuous phytogenic supplementation reflected in reduced diarrhea and mortality and higher egg productivity under normal conditions and during a natural outbreak of Spotty Liver Disease. Our data points to the importance of phytogen-driven alteration of microbial pathogenicity and fitness-related functional capabilities revealed on the commercial layer farm. Phytogenic product showed an ability to improve the bird's welfare and sustainability in free-range poultry production systems.
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9
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Renalase Challenges the Oxidative Stress and Fibroproliferative Response in COVID-19. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4032704. [PMID: 36132227 PMCID: PMC9484957 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4032704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathophysiology was reported to be an inappropriate and uncontrolled immune response, evidenced by activated macrophages, and a robust surge of proinflammatory cytokines, followed by the release of reactive oxygen species, that synergistically result in acute respiratory distress syndrome, fibroproliferative lung response, and possibly even death. For these reasons, all identified risk factors and pathophysiological processes of COVID-19, which are feasible for the prevention and treatment, should be addressed in a timely manner. Accordingly, the evolving anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic therapy for severe COVID-19 and hindering post-COVID-19 fibrosis development should be comprehensively investigated. Experimental evidence indicates that renalase, a novel amino-oxidase, derived from the kidneys, exhibits remarkable organ protection, robustly addressing the most powerful pathways of cell trauma: inflammation and oxidative stress, necrosis, and apoptosis. As demonstrated, systemic renalase administration also significantly alleviates experimentally induced organ fibrosis and prevents adverse remodeling. The recognition that renalase exerts cytoprotection via sirtuins activation, by raising their NAD+ levels, provides a “proof of principle” for renalase being a biologically impressive molecule that favors cell protection and survival and maybe involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. This premise supports the rationale that renalase's timely supplementation may prove valuable for pathologic conditions, such as cytokine storm and related acute respiratory distress syndrome. Therefore, the aim for this review is to acknowledge the scientific rationale for renalase employment in the experimental model of COVID-19, targeting the acute phase mechanisms and halting fibrosis progression, based on its proposed molecular pathways. Novel therapies for COVID-19 seek to exploit renalase's multiple and distinctive cytoprotective mechanisms; therefore, this review should be acknowledged as the thorough groundwork for subsequent research of renalase's employment in the experimental models of COVID-19.
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Yan C, Hong F, Xin G, Duan S, Deng X, Xu Y. Alterations in the vaginal microbiota of patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:858732. [PMID: 36004326 PMCID: PMC9393476 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.858732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) is a common pregnancy complication. Yet, the main cause of PPROM remains poorly understood. In this study, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology to identify the differences in vaginal microbiota between pregnant women with PPROM and those who delivered at term. Methods Vaginal samples were collected from 48 patients with PPROM and 54 age- and gestational age-matched pregnant women who delivered at term (controls). The vaginal microbiota of the two groups was compared using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3-V4 regions. Results The vaginal microbial composition of the PPROM group was significantly different from that of the control group. Our results showed that the diversity of vaginal microbiota in patients with PPROM increased compared with controls. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus iners, Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella bivia, Ochrobactrum sp., Prevotella timonensis, and Ureaplasma parvum were more abundant in patients with PPROM, while Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus gasseri were more abundant in controls. Ochrobactrum sp., Prevotella timonensis, and Gardnerella vaginalis, could serve as biomarkers for PPROM. Finally, we proposed several metabolic pathways, including PWY-6339, PWY-6992, and PWY-7295. Conclusion PPROM is characterized by vaginal microbial dysbiosis. The dysbiotic vaginal microbiota signatures in patients with PPROM include a higher bacterial diversity, decreased autochthonous bacteria, and increased pathogenic bacteria. These results may be beneficial for developing biomarkers for screening and early diagnosis of PPROM and may provide effective preventative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Yan
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fanzhen Hong
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gang Xin
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuhong Duan
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Deng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Deng, ; Yongping Xu,
| | - Yongping Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Deng, ; Yongping Xu,
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11
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N'Gadjaga MD, Perrinet S, Connor MG, Bertolin G, Millot GA, Subtil A. Chlamydia trachomatis development requires both host glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation but has only minor effects on these pathways. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102338. [PMID: 35931114 PMCID: PMC9449673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis obtain all nutrients from the cytoplasm of their epithelial host cells and stimulate glucose uptake by these cells. They even hijack host ATP, exerting a strong metabolic pressure on their host at the peak of the proliferative stage of their developmental cycle. However, it is largely unknown whether infection modulates the metabolism of the host cell. Also, the reliance of the bacteria on host metabolism might change during their progression through their biphasic developmental cycle. Herein, using primary epithelial cells and 2 cell lines of nontumoral origin, we showed that between the 2 main ATP-producing pathways of the host, oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) remained stable and glycolysis was slightly increased. Inhibition of either pathway strongly reduced bacterial proliferation, implicating that optimal bacterial growth required both pathways to function at full capacity. While we found C. trachomatis displayed some degree of energetic autonomy in the synthesis of proteins expressed at the onset of infection, functional host glycolysis was necessary for the establishment of early inclusions, whereas OxPhos contributed less. These observations correlated with the relative contributions of the pathways in maintaining ATP levels in epithelial cells, with glycolysis contributing the most. Altogether, this work highlights the dependence of C. trachomatis on both host glycolysis and OxPhos for efficient bacterial replication. However, ATP consumption appears at equilibrium with the normal production capacity of the host and the bacteria, so that no major shift between these pathways is required to meet bacterial needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimouna D N'Gadjaga
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Cellular Biology of Microbial Infection, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Perrinet
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Cellular Biology of Microbial Infection, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michael G Connor
- Institut Pasteur, Chromatin and Infection, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Bertolin
- CNRS, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes), UMR 6290, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Gaël A Millot
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique-DBC, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Subtil
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Cellular Biology of Microbial Infection, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Gómez-Carballa A, Rivero-Calle I, Pardo-Seco J, Gómez-Rial J, Rivero-Velasco C, Rodríguez-Núñez N, Barbeito-Castiñeiras G, Pérez-Freixo H, Cebey-López M, Barral-Arca R, Rodriguez-Tenreiro C, Dacosta-Urbieta A, Bello X, Pischedda S, Currás-Tuala MJ, Viz-Lasheras S, Martinón-Torres F, Salas A. A multi-tissue study of immune gene expression profiling highlights the key role of the nasal epithelium in COVID-19 severity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112890. [PMID: 35202626 PMCID: PMC8861187 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) symptoms range from mild to severe illness; the cause for this differential response to infection remains unknown. Unravelling the immune mechanisms acting at different levels of the colonization process might be key to understand these differences. We carried out a multi-tissue (nasal, buccal and blood; n = 156) gene expression analysis of immune-related genes from patients affected by different COVID-19 severities, and healthy controls through the nCounter technology. Mild and asymptomatic cases showed a powerful innate antiviral response in nasal epithelium, characterized by activation of interferon (IFN) pathway and downstream cascades, successfully controlling the infection at local level. In contrast, weak macrophage/monocyte driven innate antiviral response and lack of IFN signalling activity were present in severe cases. Consequently, oral mucosa from severe patients showed signals of viral activity, cell arresting and viral dissemination to the lower respiratory tract, which ultimately could explain the exacerbated innate immune response and impaired adaptative immune responses observed at systemic level. Results from saliva transcriptome suggest that the buccal cavity might play a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and dissemination in patients with worse prognosis. Co-expression network analysis adds further support to these findings, by detecting modules specifically correlated with severity involved in the abovementioned biological routes; this analysis also provides new candidate genes that might be tested as biomarkers in future studies. We also found tissue specific severity-related signatures mainly represented by genes involved in the innate immune system and cytokine/chemokine signalling. Local immune response could be key to determine the course of the systemic response and thus COVID-19 severity. Our findings provide a framework to investigate severity host gene biomarkers and pathways that might be relevant to diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gómez-Carballa
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Rivero-Calle
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jacobo Pardo-Seco
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Gómez-Rial
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio de Inmunología. Servicio de Análisis Clínicos. Hospital Clínico Universitario (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain
| | - Carmen Rivero-Velasco
- Intensive Medicine Department, Hospital Clìnico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodríguez-Núñez
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Clìnico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Gema Barbeito-Castiñeiras
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Hugo Pérez-Freixo
- Preventive Medicine Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miriam Cebey-López
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Barral-Arca
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodriguez-Tenreiro
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Dacosta-Urbieta
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xabier Bello
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Pischedda
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Currás-Tuala
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Viz-Lasheras
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Salas
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Zhang M, Fei S, Xia J, Wang Y, Wu H, Li X, Guo Y, Swevers L, Sun J, Feng M. Sirt5 Inhibits BmNPV Replication by Promoting a Relish-Mediated Antiviral Pathway in Bombyx mori. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906738. [PMID: 35693834 PMCID: PMC9186105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Silent information regulators (Sirtuins) belong to the family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs) that have diverse functions in cells. Mammalian Sirtuins have seven isoforms (Sirt1–7) which have been found to play a role in viral replication. However, Sirtuin members of insects are very different from mammals, and the function of insect Sirtuins in regulating virus replication is unclear. The silkworm, Bombyx mori, as a model species of Lepidoptera, is also an important economical insect. B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a major pathogen that specifically infects silkworms and causes serious losses in the sericulture industry. Here, we used the infection of the silkworm by BmNPV as a model to explore the effect of Sirtuins on virus replication. We initially knocked down all silkworm Sirtuins, and then infected with BmNPV to analyze its replication. Sirt2 and Sirt5 were found to have potential antiviral functions in the silkworm. We further confirmed the antiviral function of silkworm Sirt5 through its effects on viral titers during both knockdown and overexpression experiments. Additionally, Suramin, a Sirt5 inhibitor, was found to promote BmNPV replication. In terms of molecular mechanism, it was found that silkworm Sirt5 might promote the immune pathway mediated by Relish, thereby enhancing the host antiviral response. This study is the first to explore the role of Sirtuins in insect-virus interactions, providing new insights into the functional role of members of the insect Sirtuin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shigang Fei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junming Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yeyuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyun Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyao Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, Athens, Greece
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jingchen Sun, ; Min Feng,
| | - Min Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jingchen Sun, ; Min Feng,
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14
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Kennedy BE, Giacomantonio M, Murphy JP, Cutler S, Sadek M, Konda P, Paulo JA, Pathak GP, Renkens SH, Grieve S, Pol J, Gygi SP, Richardson C, Gaston D, Reiman A, Kroemer G, Elnenaei MO, Gujar SA. NAD+ depletion enhances reovirus-induced oncolysis in multiple myeloma. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:695-706. [PMID: 35284625 PMCID: PMC8904403 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell energy metabolism plays an important role in dictating the efficacy of oncolysis by oncolytic viruses. To understand the role of multiple myeloma metabolism in reovirus oncolysis, we performed semi-targeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics on 12 multiple myeloma cell lines and revealed a negative correlation between NAD+ levels and susceptibility to oncolysis. Likewise, a negative correlation was observed between the activity of the rate-limiting NAD+ synthesis enzyme NAMPT and oncolysis. Indeed, depletion of NAD+ levels by pharmacological inhibition of NAMPT using FK866 sensitized several myeloma cell lines to reovirus-induced killing. The myelomas that were most sensitive to this combination therapy expressed a functional p53 and had a metabolic and transcriptomic profile favoring mitochondrial metabolism over glycolysis, with the highest synergistic effect in KMS12 cells. Mechanistically, U-13C-labeled glucose flux, extracellular flux analysis, multiplex proteomics, and cell death assays revealed that the reovirus + FK866 combination caused mitochondrial dysfunction and energy depletion, leading to enhanced autophagic cell death in KMS12 cells. Finally, the combination of reovirus and NAD+ depletion achieved greater antitumor effects in KMS12 tumors in vivo and patient-derived CD138+ multiple myeloma cells. These findings identify NAD+ depletion as a potential combinatorial strategy to enhance the efficacy of oncolytic virus-based therapies in multiple myeloma.
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15
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Temporal dynamics of base excision/single-strand break repair protein complex assembly/disassembly are modulated by the PARP/NAD +/SIRT6 axis. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109917. [PMID: 34731617 PMCID: PMC8607749 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Assembly and disassembly of DNA repair protein complexes at DNA damage sites are essential for maintaining genomic integrity. Investigating factors coordinating assembly of the base excision repair (BER) proteins DNA polymerase β (Polβ) and XRCC1 to DNA lesion sites identifies a role for Polβ in regulating XRCC1 disassembly from DNA repair complexes and, conversely, demonstrates Polβ’s dependence on XRCC1 for complex assembly. LivePAR, a genetically encoded probe for live-cell imaging of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), reveals that Polβ and XRCC1 require PAR for repair-complex assembly, with PARP1 and PARP2 playing unique roles in complex dynamics. Further, BER complex assembly is modulated by attenuation/augmentation of NAD+ biosynthesis. Finally, SIRT6 does not modulate PARP1 or PARP2 activation but does regulate XRCC1 recruitment, leading to diminished Polβ abundance at sites of DNA damage. These findings highlight coordinated yet independent roles for PARP1, PARP2, and SIRT6 and their regulation by NAD+ bioavailability to facilitate BER. Koczor et al. use quantitative confocal microscopy to characterize DNA-damage-induced poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) formation and assembly/disassembly kinetics in human cells. These studies highlight the coordinated yet independent roles for XRCC1, POLΒ, PARP1, PARP2, and SIRT6 (and regulation by NAD+) to facilitate BER/SSBR protein complex dynamics.
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16
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Halsey CR, Glover RC, Thomason MK, Reniere ML. The redox-responsive transcriptional regulator Rex represses fermentative metabolism and is required for Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009379. [PMID: 34398937 PMCID: PMC8389512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of the foodborne disease listeriosis, one of the deadliest bacterial infections known. In order to cause disease, L. monocytogenes must properly coordinate its metabolic and virulence programs in response to rapidly changing environments within the host. However, the mechanisms by which L. monocytogenes senses and adapts to the many stressors encountered as it transits through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and disseminates to peripheral organs are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the role of the redox-responsive transcriptional regulator Rex in L. monocytogenes growth and pathogenesis. Rex is a conserved canonical transcriptional repressor that monitors the intracellular redox state of the cell by sensing the ratio of reduced and oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NADH and NAD+, respectively). Here, we demonstrated that L. monocytogenes Rex represses fermentative metabolism and is therefore required for optimal growth in the presence of oxygen. We also show that in vitro, Rex represses the production of virulence factors required for survival and invasion of the GI tract, as a strain lacking rex was more resistant to acidified bile and invaded host cells better than wild type. Consistent with these results, Rex was dispensable for colonizing the GI tract and disseminating to peripheral organs in an oral listeriosis model of infection. However, Rex-dependent regulation was required for colonizing the spleen and liver, and L. monocytogenes lacking the Rex repressor were nearly sterilized from the gallbladder. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Rex functions as a repressor of fermentative metabolism and suggests a role for Rex-dependent regulation in L. monocytogenes pathogenesis. Importantly, the gallbladder is the bacterial reservoir during listeriosis, and our data suggest redox sensing and Rex-dependent regulation are necessary for bacterial survival and replication in this organ. Listeriosis is a foodborne illness caused by Listeria monocytogenes and is one of the deadliest bacterial infections known, with a mortality rate of up to 30%. Following ingestion of contaminated food, L. monocytogenes disseminates from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to peripheral organs, including the spleen, liver, and gallbladder. In this work, we investigated the role of the redox-responsive regulator Rex in L. monocytogenes growth and pathogenesis. We demonstrated that alleviation of Rex repression coordinates expression of genes necessary in the GI tract during infection, including fermentative metabolism, bile resistance, and invasion of host cells. Accordingly, Rex was dispensable for colonizing the GI tract of mice during an oral listeriosis infection. Interestingly, Rex-dependent regulation was required for bacterial replication in the spleen, liver, and gallbladder. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Rex-mediated redox sensing and transcriptional regulation are important for L. monocytogenes metabolic adaptation and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortney R. Halsey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rochelle C. Glover
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maureen K. Thomason
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Reniere
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Roussin M, Salcedo SP. NAD+-targeting by bacteria: an emerging weapon in pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6315328. [PMID: 34223888 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a major cofactor in redox reactions in all lifeforms. A stable level of NAD+ is vital to ensure cellular homeostasis. Some pathogens can modulate NAD+ metabolism to their advantage and even utilize or cleave NAD+ from the host using specialized effectors known as ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins and NADases, leading to energy store depletion, immune evasion, or even cell death. This review explores recent advances in the field of bacterial NAD+-targeting toxins, highlighting the relevance of NAD+ modulation as an emerging pathogenesis strategy. In addition, we discuss the role of specific NAD+-targeting toxins in niche colonization and bacterial lifestyle as components of Toxin/Antitoxin systems and key players in inter-bacterial competition. Understanding the mechanisms of toxicity, regulation, and secretion of these toxins will provide interesting leads in the search for new antimicrobial treatments in the fight against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Roussin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5086, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Suzana P Salcedo
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5086, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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18
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Xiao N, Nie M, Pang H, Wang B, Hu J, Meng X, Li K, Ran X, Long Q, Deng H, Chen N, Li S, Tang N, Huang A, Hu Z. Integrated cytokine and metabolite analysis reveals immunometabolic reprogramming in COVID-19 patients with therapeutic implications. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1618. [PMID: 33712622 PMCID: PMC7955129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a major cause of the multi-organ injury and fatal outcome induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in severe COVID-19 patients. Metabolism can modulate the immune responses against infectious diseases, yet our understanding remains limited on how host metabolism correlates with inflammatory responses and affects cytokine release in COVID-19 patients. Here we perform both metabolomics and cytokine/chemokine profiling on serum samples from healthy controls, mild and severe COVID-19 patients, and delineate their global metabolic and immune response landscape. Correlation analyses show tight associations between metabolites and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, such as IL-6, M-CSF, IL-1α, IL-1β, and imply a potential regulatory crosstalk between arginine, tryptophan, purine metabolism and hyperinflammation. Importantly, we also demonstrate that targeting metabolism markedly modulates the proinflammatory cytokines release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus macaques ex vivo, hinting that exploiting metabolic alterations may be a potential strategy for treating fatal CRS in COVID-19. Metabolism changes can modulate immune responses in many contexts, and vice versa. Here the authors associate metabolomic, as well as cytokine and chemokine, data from stratified COVID-19 patients to find that arginine, tryptophan and purine metabolic pathways correlate with hyperproliferation, thus hinting at potential therapeutic targets for severe COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Meng Nie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huanhuan Pang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bohong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jieli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ke Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaorong Ran
- Agilent Technologies (China), Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Quanxin Long
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haijun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shao Li
- Institute for TCM-X, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division, BNRIST, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zeping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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19
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The Pleiotropic Function of Human Sirtuins as Modulators of Metabolic Pathways and Viral Infections. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020460. [PMID: 33669990 PMCID: PMC7927137 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent histone deacetylases that incorporate complex functions in the mechanisms of cell physiology. Mammals have seven distinct members of the SIRT family (SIRT1-7), which play an important role in a well-maintained network of metabolic pathways that control and adapt the cell to the environment, energy availability and cellular stress. Until recently, very few studies investigated the role of SIRTs in modulating viral infection and progeny. Recent studies have demonstrated that SIRT1 and SIRT2 are promising antiviral targets because of their specific connection to numerous metabolic and regulatory processes affected during infection. In the present review, we summarize some of the recent progress in SIRTs biochemistry and their emerging function as antiviral targets. We also discuss the potential of natural polyphenol-based SIRT modulators to control their functional roles in several diseases including viral infections.
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20
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Elucidating the tunability of binding behavior for the MERS-CoV macro domain with NAD metabolites. Commun Biol 2021; 4:123. [PMID: 33504944 PMCID: PMC7840908 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The macro domain is an ADP-ribose (ADPR) binding module, which is considered to act as a sensor to recognize nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolites, including poly ADPR (PAR) and other small molecules. The recognition of macro domains with various ligands is important for a variety of biological functions involved in NAD metabolism, including DNA repair, chromatin remodeling, maintenance of genomic stability, and response to viral infection. Nevertheless, how the macro domain binds to moieties with such structural obstacles using a simple cleft remains a puzzle. We systematically investigated the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) macro domain for its ligand selectivity and binding properties by structural and biophysical approaches. Of interest, NAD, which is considered not to interact with macro domains, was co-crystallized with the MERS-CoV macro domain. Further studies at physiological temperature revealed that NAD has similar binding ability with ADPR because of the accommodation of the thermal-tunable binding pocket. This study provides the biochemical and structural bases of the detailed ligand-binding mode of the MERS-CoV macro domain. In addition, our observation of enhanced binding affinity of the MERS-CoV macro domain to NAD at physiological temperature highlights the need for further study to reveal the biological functions. Meng-Hsuan Lin et al. investigate MERS-CoV macro domain binding selectivity with NAD and NAD metabolites under various conditions. At physiological temperature, NAD is observed to have enhanced binding affinity to the MERS-CoV macro domain, shedding light on a new possible role of the MERS-CoV macro domain in viral replication.
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21
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Chaurasiya A, Garg S, Khanna A, Narayana C, Dwivedi VP, Joshi N, E Anam Z, Singh N, Singhal J, Kaushik S, Kaur Kahlon A, Srivastava P, Marothia M, Kumar M, Kumar S, Kumari G, Munjal A, Gupta S, Singh P, Pati S, Das G, Sagar R, Ranganathan A, Singh S. Pathogen induced subversion of NAD + metabolism mediating host cell death: a target for development of chemotherapeutics. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:10. [PMID: 33441562 PMCID: PMC7806871 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hijacking of host metabolic status by a pathogen for its regulated dissemination from the host is prerequisite for the propagation of infection. M. tuberculosis secretes an NAD+-glycohydrolase, TNT, to induce host necroptosis by hydrolyzing Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Herein, we expressed TNT in macrophages and erythrocytes; the host cells for M. tuberculosis and the malaria parasite respectively, and found that it reduced the NAD+ levels and thereby induced necroptosis and eryptosis resulting in premature dissemination of pathogen. Targeting TNT in M. tuberculosis or induced eryptosis in malaria parasite interferes with pathogen dissemination and reduction in the propagation of infection. Building upon our discovery that inhibition of pathogen-mediated host NAD+ modulation is a way forward for regulation of infection, we synthesized and screened some novel compounds that showed inhibition of NAD+-glycohydrolase activity and pathogen infection in the nanomolar range. Overall this study highlights the fundamental importance of pathogen-mediated modulation of host NAD+ homeostasis for its infection propagation and novel inhibitors as leads for host-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Chaurasiya
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Swati Garg
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashish Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chintam Narayana
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Nishant Joshi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, 201314, India
| | - Zill E Anam
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Niharika Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jhalak Singhal
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shikha Kaushik
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur Kahlon
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pallavi Srivastava
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manisha Marothia
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Geeta Kumari
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Akshay Munjal
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Preeti Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Soumya Pati
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, 201314, India
| | - Gobardhan Das
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ram Sagar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anand Ranganathan
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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22
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Nation CS, Da'Dara AA, Skelly PJ. The essential schistosome tegumental ectoenzyme SmNPP5 can block NAD-induced T cell apoptosis. Virulence 2020; 11:568-579. [PMID: 32441549 PMCID: PMC7549896 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1770481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with intravascular platyhelminths of the genus Schistosoma can result in the debilitating disease schistosomiasis. Schistosomes (blood flukes) can survive in the host for many years. We hypothesize that proteins on their host-interactive surface modify the worm's external environment to help insure worm survival. Previously, we have shown that a surface ectoenzyme of Schistosoma mansoni, SmNPP5 - a nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase - can cleave ADP and block platelet aggregation in vitro. In this work, we show that both adult schistosomes and recombinant SmNPP5 can cleave the exogenous purinergic signaling molecule nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). In doing so, worms and rSmNPP5 can prevent NAD-induced apoptosis of T cells in vitro. Since regulatory T cells (Tregs) are especially prone to such NAD-induced cell death (NICD), we hypothesize that schistosome cleavage of NAD promotes Treg survival which creates a more immunologically hospitable environment for the worms in vivo. In addition to SmNPP5, schistosomes express another host-interactive NAD-degrading enzyme, SmNACE. We successfully suppressed the expression of SmNPP5 and SmNACE (singly or together) using RNAi. Only SmNPP5-suppressed worms, and not SmNACE-suppressed worms, were significantly impaired in their ability to cleave exogenous NAD compared to controls. Therefore, we contend that ectoenzyme SmNPP5 on the surface of the worm is primarily responsible for extracellular NAD cleavage and that this helps modulate the host immune environment by preventing Treg cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Nation
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University , North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Akram A Da'Dara
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University , North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Patrick J Skelly
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University , North Grafton, MA, USA
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23
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Nambou K, Anakpa M. Deciphering the co-adaptation of codon usage between respiratory coronaviruses and their human host uncovers candidate therapeutics for COVID-19. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104471. [PMID: 32707288 PMCID: PMC7374176 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused thousands of deaths worldwide and has become an urgent public health concern. The extraordinary interhuman transmission of this disease has urged scientists to examine the various facets of its pathogenic agent, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Herein, based on publicly available genomic data, we analyzed the codon usage co-adaptation profiles of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory coronaviruses (CoVs) with their human host, identified CoV-responsive human genes and their functional roles on the basis of both the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU)-based correlation of viral genes with human genes and differential gene expression analysis, and predicted potential drugs for COVID-19 treatment based on these genes. The relatively high codon adaptation index (CAI) values (>0.70) signposted the gene expressivity efficiency of CoVs in human. The ENc-GC3 plot indicated that SARS-CoV-2 genome was under strict selection pressure while SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were under selection and mutational pressures. The RSCU-based correlation analysis indicated that the viral genomes shared similar codons with a panoply of human genes. The merging of RSCU-based correlation data and SARS-CoV-2-responsive differentially expressed genes allowed the identification of human genes potentially affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were enriched in biological processes and pathways related to host response to viral infection and immune response. Using the drug-gene interaction database, we screened a list of drugs that could target these genes as potential COVID-19 therapeutics. Our findings not only will contribute in vaccine development but also provide a useful set of drugs that could guide practitioners in strategical monitoring of COVID-19. We recommend practitioners to scrupulously screen this list of predicted drugs in order to authenticate those qualified for treating COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komi Nambou
- Shenzhen Nambou1 Biotech, 506, Block B, West Silicon Valley, 5010 Baoan Avenue, Baoan District, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Manawa Anakpa
- Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Ministry of Education, School of Sofware, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 10 Xitucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100876, China
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24
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Sica A, Colombo MP, Trama A, Horn L, Garassino MC, Torri V. Immunometabolic Status of COVID-19 Cancer Patients. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1839-1850. [PMID: 32721181 PMCID: PMC7839651 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients appear to be more likely to be diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This is supported by the understanding of immunometabolic pathways that intersect patients with infection and cancer. However, data derived by case series and retrospective studies do not offer a coherent interpretation, since data from China suggest an increased risk of COVID-19, while data from the United States and Italy show a prevalence of COVID-19 in cancer patients comparable with the general population. Noteworthy, cancer and COVID-19 exploit distinct patterns of macrophage activation that promote disease progression in the most severe forms. In particular, the alternative activation of M2-polarized macrophages plays a crucial role in cancer progression. In contrast, the macrophage-activation syndrome appears as the source of M1-related cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 disease, thus indicating macrophages as a source of distinct inflammatory states in the two diseases, nonetheless as a common therapeutic target. New evidence indicates that NAMPT/NAD metabolism can direct both innate immune cell effector functions and the homeostatic robustness, in both cancer and infection. Moreover, a bidirectional relationship exists between the metabolism of NAD and the protective role that angiotensin converting enzyme 2, the COVID-19 receptor, can play against hyperinflammation. Within this immunometabolic framework, the review considers possible interference mechanisms that viral infections and tumors elicit on therapies and provides an overview for the management of patients with cancer affected by COVID-19, particularly for the balance of risk and benefit when planning normally routine cancer treatments and follow-up appointments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sica
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro," Novara, Italy; Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Evaluative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Thoracic Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; and Clinical Research Lab, Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Milan, Italy
| | - M P Colombo
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro," Novara, Italy; Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Evaluative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Thoracic Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; and Clinical Research Lab, Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Milan, Italy
| | - A Trama
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro," Novara, Italy; Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Evaluative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Thoracic Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; and Clinical Research Lab, Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Milan, Italy
| | - L Horn
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro," Novara, Italy; Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Evaluative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Thoracic Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; and Clinical Research Lab, Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Milan, Italy
| | - M C Garassino
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro," Novara, Italy; Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Evaluative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Thoracic Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; and Clinical Research Lab, Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Milan, Italy
| | - V Torri
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro," Novara, Italy; Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Evaluative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Thoracic Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; and Clinical Research Lab, Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Milan, Italy
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25
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Bitew MA, Wawegama NK, Newton HJ, Sansom FM. Meso-tartrate inhibits intracellular replication of Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of the zoonotic disease Q fever. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5679890. [PMID: 31845968 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic disease Q fever caused by the intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii remains a global health threat due to its high infectivity, environmental stability, the debilitating nature and the long duration of treatment. Designing new and potent drugs that target previously unexplored pathways is essential to shorten treatment time and minimise antibiotic resistance. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential and ubiquitous cofactor in all living organisms. NadB, an L-aspartate oxidase catalysing the first step of the prokaryotic-specific NAD de novo biosynthetic pathway, is required for C. burnetii growth and replication inside host cells. In this study, in vitro enzyme assays utilising recombinant glutathione S-transferase tagged NadB (GST-NadB) demonstrated inhibition of the L-aspartate oxidase activity of NadB by meso-tartrate. Furthermore, meso-tartrate inhibits intracellular growth and replication of C. burnetii inside host cells in a dose-dependent manner, and has no effect on the viability of mammalian cells. Unexpectedly, meso-tartrate also inhibited growth of C. burnetii in axenic medium, and further reduces replication of the nadB mutant inside host cells, suggesting it is acting more widely than simple inhibition of NadB. Overall, these results suggest that the antibacterial activity of meso-tartrate warrants further study, including investigation of its additional target(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebratu A Bitew
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Preclinical Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Preclinical Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hayley J Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona M Sansom
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Preclinical Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Naicker N, Sigal A, Naidoo K. Metformin as Host-Directed Therapy for TB Treatment: Scoping Review. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:435. [PMID: 32411100 PMCID: PMC7201016 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) disease is an international health concern caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Evolution of multi-drug-resistant strains may cause bacterial persistence, rendering existing antibiotics ineffective. Hence, development of new or repurposing of currently approved drugs to fight Mtb in combination with existing antibiotics is urgently needed to cure TB which is refractory to current therapy. The shortening of TB therapy and reduction in lung injury can be achieved using adjunctive host-directed therapies. There is a wide range of probable candidates which include numerous agents permitted for the treatment of other diseases. One potential candidate is metformin, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). However, there is a scarcity of evidence supporting the biological basis for the effect of metformin as a host-directed therapy for TB. This scoping review summarizes the current body of evidence and outlines scientific gaps that need to be addressed in determining the potential role of metformin as a host-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Naicker
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kogieleum Naidoo
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa.,MRC-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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27
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Hsieh CL, Hsieh SY, Huang HM, Lu SL, Omori H, Zheng PX, Ho YN, Cheng YL, Lin YS, Chiang-Ni C, Tsai PJ, Wang SY, Liu CC, Noda T, Wu JJ. Nicotinamide Increases Intracellular NAD + Content to Enhance Autophagy-Mediated Group A Streptococcal Clearance in Endothelial Cells. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:117. [PMID: 32117141 PMCID: PMC7026195 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS) is a versatile pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of diseases in humans. Invading host cells is a known strategy for GAS to avoid antibiotic killing and immune recognition. However, the underlying mechanisms of GAS resistance to intracellular killing need to be explored. Endothelial HMEC-1 cells were infected with GAS, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Salmonella Typhimurium under nicotinamide (NAM)-supplemented conditions. The intracellular NAD+ level and cell viability were respectively measured by NAD+ quantification kit and protease-based cytotoxicity assay. Moreover, the intracellular bacteria were analyzed by colony-forming assay, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy. We found that supplementation with exogenous nicotinamide during infection significantly inhibited the growth of intracellular GAS in endothelial cells. Moreover, the NAD+ content and NAD+/NADH ratio of GAS-infected endothelial cells were dramatically increased, whereas the cell cytotoxicity was decreased by exogenous nicotinamide treatment. After knockdown of the autophagy-related ATG9A, the intracellular bacterial load was increased in nicotinamide-treated endothelial cells. The results of Western blot and transmission electron microscopy also revealed that cells treated with nicotinamide can increase autophagy-associated LC3 conversion and double-membrane formation during GAS infection. Confocal microscopy images further showed that more GAS-containing vacuoles were colocalized with lysosome under nicotinamide-supplemented conditions than without nicotinamide treatment. In contrast to GAS, supplementation with exogenous nicotinamide did not effectively inhibit the growth of MRSA or S. Typhimurium in endothelial cells. These results indicate that intracellular NAD+ homeostasis is crucial for controlling intracellular GAS infection in endothelial cells. In addition, nicotinamide may be a potential new therapeutic agent to overcome persistent infections of GAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lu Hsieh
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Hsieh
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Min Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Ling Lu
- Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Omori
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Po-Xing Zheng
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ning Ho
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chuan Chiang-Ni
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chuan Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Center for Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jiunn-Jong Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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28
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Singhal A, Cheng CY. Host NAD+ metabolism and infections: therapeutic implications. Int Immunol 2020; 31:59-67. [PMID: 30329059 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is both a crucial coenzyme and a cosubstrate for various metabolic reactions in all living cells. Maintenance of NAD+ levels is essential for cell energy homeostasis, survival, proliferation and function. Mounting evidence points to NAD+ as one of the major modulators of immuno-metabolic circuits, thus regulating immune responses and functions. Recent studies delineate impaired host NAD+ metabolism during chronic infections and inflammation, suggesting NAD+ replenishment as an avenue to ameliorate deleterious inflammatory responses. Here, we discuss aspects of NAD+ biosynthesis and consumption, NAD+ biology during infections and how NAD+ metabolism can be intervened with pharmacologically to enhance the host's immunological fitness against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singhal
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre (VIDRC), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Catherine Youting Cheng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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Vergnes B, Gazanion E, Mariac C, Du Manoir M, Sollelis L, Lopez-Rubio JJ, Sterkers Y, Bañuls AL. A single amino acid substitution (H451Y) in Leishmania calcium-dependent kinase SCAMK confers high tolerance and resistance to antimony. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 74:3231-3239. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
For almost a century, antimonials have remained the first-line drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis. However, little is known about their mode of action and clinical resistance mechanisms.
Objectives
We have previously shown that Leishmania nicotinamidase (PNC1) is an essential enzyme for parasite NAD+ homeostasis and virulence in vivo. Here, we found that parasites lacking the pnc1 gene (Δpnc1) are hypersusceptible to the active form of antimony (SbIII) and used these mutant parasites to better understand antimony’s mode of action and the mechanisms leading to resistance.
Methods
SbIII-resistant WT and Δpnc1 parasites were selected in vitro by a stepwise selection method. NAD(H)/NADP(H) dosages and quantitative RT–PCR experiments were performed to explain the susceptibility differences observed between strains. WGS and a marker-free CRISPR/Cas9 base-editing approach were used to identify and validate the role of a new resistance mutation.
Results
NAD+-depleted Δpnc1 parasites were highly susceptible to SbIII and this phenotype could be rescued by NAD+ precursor or trypanothione precursor supplementation. Δpnc1 parasites could become resistant to SbIII by an unknown mechanism. WGS revealed a unique amino acid substitution (H451Y) in an EF-hand domain of an orphan calcium-dependent kinase, recently named SCAMK. When introduced into a WT reference strain by base editing, the H451Y mutation allowed Leishmania parasites to survive at extreme concentrations of SbIII, potentiating the rapid emergence of resistant parasites.
Conclusions
These results establish that Leishmania SCAMK is a new central hub of antimony’s mode of action and resistance development, and uncover the importance of drug tolerance mutations in the evolution of parasite drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yvon Sterkers
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Center of Montpellier, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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30
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Kurundkar D, Kurundkar AR, Bone NB, Becker EJ, Liu W, Chacko B, Darley-Usmar V, Zmijewski JW, Thannickal VJ. SIRT3 diminishes inflammation and mitigates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. JCI Insight 2019; 4:120722. [PMID: 30626741 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by exuberant proinflammatory responses and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in ALI is not well understood. In this report, we demonstrate a critical role for the mitochondrial NAD+-dependent deacetylase, sirtuin-3 (SIRT3), in regulating macrophage mitochondrial bioenergetics, ROS formation, and proinflammatory responses. We found that SIRT3 expression was significantly diminished in lungs of mice subjected to LPS-induced ALI. SIRT3-deficient mice (SIRT3-/-) develop more severe ALI compared with wild-type controls (SIRT3+/+). Macrophages obtained from SIRT3-/- mice show significant alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetic and redox homeostasis, in association with a proinflammatory phenotype characterized by NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The SIRT3 activator viniferin restored macrophage bioenergetic function in LPS-treated macrophages. Viniferin also reduced NLRP3 activation and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, effects that were absent in SIRT3-/- macrophages. In-vivo administration of viniferin reduced production of inflammatory mediators TNF-α, MIP-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and HMGB1, and diminished neutrophil influx and severity of endotoxin-mediated ALI; this protective effect of vinferin was abolished in SIRT3-/- mice. Taken together, our results show that the induction/activation of SIRT3 may serve as a new therapeutic strategy in ALI by modulating cellular bioenergetics, controlling inflammatory responses, and reducing the severity of lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish R Kurundkar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | | | - Balu Chacko
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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31
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Bitew MA, Khoo CA, Neha N, De Souza DP, Tull D, Wawegama NK, Newton HJ, Sansom FM. De novo NAD synthesis is required for intracellular replication of Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of the neglected zoonotic disease Q fever. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18636-18645. [PMID: 30315113 PMCID: PMC6290155 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular Gram-negative bacterium responsible for the important zoonotic disease Q fever. Improved genetic tools and the ability to grow this bacterium in host cell-free media has advanced the study of C. burnetii pathogenesis, but the mechanisms that allow it to survive inside the hostile phagolysosome remain incompletely understood. Previous screening of a transposon mutant library for replication within HeLa cells has suggested that nadB, encoding a putative l-aspartate oxidase required for de novo NAD synthesis, is needed for intracellular replication. Here, using genetic complementation of two independent nadB mutants and intracellular replication assays, we confirmed this finding. Untargeted metabolite analyses demonstrated key changes in metabolites in the NAD biosynthetic pathway in the nadB mutant compared with the WT, confirming the involvement of NadB in de novo NAD synthesis. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the presence of a functionally conserved arginine residue at position 275. Using site-directed mutagenesis to substitute this residue with leucine, which abolishes the activity of Escherichia coli NadB, and expression of WT and R275L GST-NadB fusion proteins in E. coli JM109, we found that purified recombinant WT GST-NadB has l-aspartate oxidase activity and that the R275L NadB variant is inactive. Complementation of the C. burnetii nadB mutant with a plasmid expressing this inactive R275L NadB failed to restore replication to WT levels, confirming the link between de novo NAD synthesis and intracellular replication of C. burnetii This suggests that targeting this prokaryotic-specific pathway could advance the development of therapeutics to combat C. burnetii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebratu A Bitew
- From the Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School and
| | - Chen Ai Khoo
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Nitika Neha
- From the Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School and
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia and
| | - David P De Souza
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia and
| | - Dedreia Tull
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia and
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- From the Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School and
| | - Hayley J Newton
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Fiona M Sansom
- From the Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School and
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32
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Hsieh CL, Huang HM, Hsieh SY, Zheng PX, Lin YS, Chiang-Ni C, Tsai PJ, Wang SY, Liu CC, Wu JJ. NAD-Glycohydrolase Depletes Intracellular NAD + and Inhibits Acidification of Autophagosomes to Enhance Multiplication of Group A Streptococcus in Endothelial Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1733. [PMID: 30123194 PMCID: PMC6085451 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a human pathogen causing a wide spectrum of diseases, from mild pharyngitis to life-threatening necrotizing fasciitis. GAS has been shown to evade host immune killing by invading host cells. However, how GAS resists intracellular killing by endothelial cells is still unclear. In this study, we found that strains NZ131 and A20 have higher activities of NADase and intracellular multiplication than strain SF370 in human endothelial cells (HMEC-1). Moreover, nga mutants of NZ131 (SW957 and SW976) were generated to demonstrate that NADase activity is required for the intracellular growth of GAS in endothelial cells. We also found that intracellular levels of NAD+ and the NAD+/NADH ratio of NZ131-infected HMEC-1 cells were both lower than in cells infected by the nga mutant. Although both NZ131 and its nga mutant were trapped by LC3-positive vacuoles, only nga mutant vacuoles were highly co-localized with acidified lysosomes. On the other hand, intracellular multiplication of the nga mutant was increased by bafilomycin A1 treatment. These results indicate that NADase causes intracellular NAD+ imbalance and impairs acidification of autophagosomes to escape autophagocytic killing and enhance multiplication of GAS in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lu Hsieh
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Min Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Hsieh
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Xing Zheng
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chuan Chiang-Ni
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chuan Liu
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Jong Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhang B, Xu D, She L, Wang Z, Yang N, Sun R, Zhang Y, Yan C, Wei Q, Aa J, Liu B, Wang G, Xie Y. Silybin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome assembly through the NAD +/SIRT2 pathway in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. FASEB J 2018; 32:757-767. [PMID: 28970254 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700602r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Silybin is one of the effective, traditional Chinese medicines used as a hepatoprotective agent in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) therapy worldwide, and the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been recognized as an important factor involved in NAFLD development. However, little is known about the mechanisms of silybin in the regulation of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced liver inflammation. In our study, we found that silybin inhibited endoplasmic reticulum stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the livers of HFD-fed mice and in cultured hepatocytes. Phosphorylation of inositol-requiring enzyme (IRE)1α and eIF2α, expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein and cleaved caspase-1, and release of IL-1β were reduced by silybin. In addition, silybin inhibited the approach of calreticulin and translocase of outer membrane 20 (Tom20), prevented assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, and suppressed the accumulation of acetylated α-tubulin in the perinuclear region. Both MEC-17 and sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) were influenced by palmitate and silybin, whereas histone deacetylase 6 was not affected. In addition, supplementing NAD+ directly or increasing NAD+ concentration with silybin could maintain the activity of SIRT2. The anti-inflammatory effect of silybin was blocked by SIRT2 silencing or by the SIRT2 inhibitor AGK2, as evidenced by NLRP3/ASC colocalization, AC-α-tubulin expression, and IL-1β release. These findings indicate that the NAD+/SIRT2 pathway is an important mediator through which silybin prevents NLRP3 inflammasome activation during NAFLD.-Zhang, B., Xu, D., She, L., Wang, Z., Yang, N., Sun, R., Zhang, Y., Yan, C., Wei, Q., Aa, J., Liu, B., Wang, G., Xie, Y. Silybin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome assembly through the NAD+/SIRT2 pathway in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Research and Development Center, Nanjing Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical, Nanjing, China
| | - Linlin She
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zixia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Runbin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yirui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Caixia Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingli Wei
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiye Aa
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Gazanion E, Vergnes B. Protozoan Parasite Auxotrophies and Metabolic Dependencies. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2018; 109:351-375. [PMID: 30535605 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by protozoan parasites have a major impact on world health. These early branching eukaryotes cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock. During evolution, protozoan parasites have evolved toward complex life cycles in multiple host organisms with different nutritional resources. The conservation of functional metabolic pathways required for these successive environments is therefore a prerequisite for parasitic lifestyle. Nevertheless, parasitism drives genome evolution toward gene loss and metabolic dependencies (including strict auxotrophy), especially for obligatory intracellular parasites. In this chapter, we will compare and contrast how protozoan parasites have perfected this metabolic adaptation by focusing on specific auxotrophic pathways and scavenging strategies used by clinically relevant apicomplexan and trypanosomatid parasites to access host's nutritional resources. We will further see how these metabolic dependencies have in turn been exploited for therapeutic purposes against these human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Gazanion
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Baptiste Vergnes
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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35
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Mesquita I, Vergnes B, Silvestre R. Alterations on Cellular Redox States upon Infection and Implications for Host Cell Homeostasis. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2018; 109:197-220. [PMID: 30535600 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its phosphate form, NADP+, are crucial molecules present in all living cells. The delicate balance between the oxidized and reduced forms of these molecules is tightly regulated by intracellular metabolism assuring the maintenance of homeostatic conditions, which are essential for cell survival and proliferation. A recent cluster of data has highlighted the importance of the intracellular NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH ratios during host-pathogen interactions, as fluctuations in the levels of these cofactors and in precursors' bioavailability may condition host response and, therefore, pathogen persistence or elimination. Furthermore, an increasing interest has been given towards how pathogens are capable of hijacking host cell proteins in their own advantage and, consequently, alter cellular redox states and immune function. Here, we review the basic principles behind biosynthesis and subcellular compartmentalization of NAD+ and NADP+, as well as the importance of these cofactors during infection, with a special emphasis on pathogen-driven modulation of host NAD+/NADP+ levels and contribution to the associated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mesquita
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Baptiste Vergnes
- MIVEGEC (IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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36
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Young T, Kesarcodi-Watson A, Alfaro AC, Merien F, Nguyen TV, Mae H, Le DV, Villas-Bôas S. Differential expression of novel metabolic and immunological biomarkers in oysters challenged with a virulent strain of OsHV-1. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 73:229-245. [PMID: 28373065 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Early lifestages of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) are highly susceptible to infection by OsHV-1 μVar, but little information exists regarding metabolic or pathophysiological responses of larval hosts. Using a metabolomics approach, we identified a range of metabolic and immunological responses in oyster larvae exposed to OsHV-1 μVar; some of which have not previously been reported in molluscs. Multivariate analyses of entire metabolite profiles were able to separate infected from non-infected larvae. Correlation analysis revealed the presence of major perturbations in the underlying biochemical networks and secondary pathway analysis of functionally-related metabolites identified a number of prospective pathways differentially regulated in virus-exposed larvae. These results provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of OsHV-1 infection in oyster larvae, which may be applied to develop disease mitigation strategies and/or as new phenotypic information for selective breeding programmes aiming to enhance viral resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Young
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Fabrice Merien
- AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Thao V Nguyen
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hannah Mae
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Dung V Le
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Silas Villas-Bôas
- Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Muller-Steffner H, Jacques SA, Kuhn I, Schultz MD, Botta D, Osswald P, Maechling C, Lund FE, Kellenberger E. Efficient Inhibition of SmNACE by Coordination Complexes Is Abolished by S. mansoni Sequestration of Metal. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1787-1795. [PMID: 28481502 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SmNACE is a NAD catabolizing enzyme expressed on the outer tegument of S. mansoni, a human parasite that is one of the major agents of the neglected tropical disease schistosomiasis. Recently, we identified aroylhydrazone derivatives capable of inhibiting the recombinant form of the enzyme with variable potency (IC50 ranging from 88 μM to 33 nM). In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of action of the least potent micromolar inhibitor (compound 1) and the most potent nanomolar inhibitor (compound 2) in the series on both the recombinant and native SmNACE enzymes. Using mass spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, and activity assays under different experimental conditions, we demonstrated that the >3 log gain in potency against recombinant SmNACE by this class of compounds is dependent on the formation of a coordination complex with metal cations, such as Ni(II), Zn(II), and Fe(II), that are loaded on the protein surface. Testing the compounds on live parasites, we observed that only the weak micromolar compound 1 was active on the native enzyme. We showed that S. mansoni effectively sequesters the metal from the coordination complex, resulting in the loss of inhibitory activity of the potent nanomolar compound 2. Importantly, the modeling of the transition complex between Zn(II) and compound 2 enabled the discovery of a new metal-independent aroylhydrazone analogue, which is now the most potent and selective inhibitor of native SmNACE known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Muller-Steffner
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Chimiques Fonctionnels, CAMB UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, MEDALIS Drug Discovery Center,
Faculté de Pharmacie, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Sylvain A. Jacques
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, LIT UMR 7200 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, MEDALIS Drug Discovery Center,
Faculté de Pharmacie, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Isabelle Kuhn
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Chimiques Fonctionnels, CAMB UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, MEDALIS Drug Discovery Center,
Faculté de Pharmacie, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Michael D. Schultz
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 276 BBRB Box
11, 1720 Second Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Davide Botta
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 276 BBRB Box
11, 1720 Second Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Paul Osswald
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Chimiques Fonctionnels, CAMB UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, MEDALIS Drug Discovery Center,
Faculté de Pharmacie, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Clarisse Maechling
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, LIT UMR 7200 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, MEDALIS Drug Discovery Center,
Faculté de Pharmacie, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Frances E. Lund
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 276 BBRB Box
11, 1720 Second Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Esther Kellenberger
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, LIT UMR 7200 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, MEDALIS Drug Discovery Center,
Faculté de Pharmacie, 67400 Illkirch, France
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Hill LJ, Williams AC. Meat Intake and the Dose of Vitamin B 3 - Nicotinamide: Cause of the Causes of Disease Transitions, Health Divides, and Health Futures? Int J Tryptophan Res 2017; 10:1178646917704662. [PMID: 28579801 PMCID: PMC5419340 DOI: 10.1177/1178646917704662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat and vitamin B3 - nicotinamide - intake was high during hunter-gatherer times. Intake then fell and variances increased during and after the Neolithic agricultural revolution. Health, height, and IQ deteriorated. Low dietary doses are buffered by 'welcoming' gut symbionts and tuberculosis that can supply nicotinamide, but this co-evolved homeostatic metagenomic strategy risks dysbioses and impaired resistance to pathogens. Vitamin B3 deficiency may now be common among the poor billions on a low-meat diet. Disease transitions to non-communicable inflammatory disorders (but longer lives) may be driven by positive 'meat transitions'. High doses of nicotinamide lead to reduced regulatory T cells and immune intolerance. Loss of no longer needed symbiotic 'old friends' compounds immunological over-reactivity to cause allergic and auto-immune diseases. Inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide consumers and loss of methyl groups or production of toxins may cause cancers, metabolic toxicity, or neurodegeneration. An optimal dosage of vitamin B3 could lead to better health, but such a preventive approach needs more equitable meat distribution. Some people may require personalised doses depending on genetic make-up or, temporarily, when under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Hill
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adrian C Williams
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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39
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Williams AC, Hill LJ. Meat and Nicotinamide: A Causal Role in Human Evolution, History, and Demographics. Int J Tryptophan Res 2017; 10:1178646917704661. [PMID: 28579800 PMCID: PMC5417583 DOI: 10.1177/1178646917704661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hunting for meat was a critical step in all animal and human evolution. A key brain-trophic element in meat is vitamin B3 / nicotinamide. The supply of meat and nicotinamide steadily increased from the Cambrian origin of animal predators ratcheting ever larger brains. This culminated in the 3-million-year evolution of Homo sapiens and our overall demographic success. We view human evolution, recent history, and agricultural and demographic transitions in the light of meat and nicotinamide intake. A biochemical and immunological switch is highlighted that affects fertility in the 'de novo' tryptophan-to-kynurenine-nicotinamide 'immune tolerance' pathway. Longevity relates to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide consumer pathways. High meat intake correlates with moderate fertility, high intelligence, good health, and longevity with consequent population stability, whereas low meat/high cereal intake (short of starvation) correlates with high fertility, disease, and population booms and busts. Too high a meat intake and fertility falls below replacement levels. Reducing variances in meat consumption might help stabilise population growth and improve human capital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Williams
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lisa J Hill
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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40
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Qin K, Han C, Zhang H, Li T, Li N, Cao X. NAD + dependent deacetylase Sirtuin 5 rescues the innate inflammatory response of endotoxin tolerant macrophages by promoting acetylation of p65. J Autoimmun 2017; 81:120-129. [PMID: 28461090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The induction and persistence of a hypo-inflammatory and immunosuppressive state in severe sepsis is commonly associated with increased risks of secondary infections and mortality. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-triggered inflammatory response of macrophages/monocytes plays an important role in determining the outcome of hyper-inflammation during the acute phase and the hypo-inflammation during immunosuppressive phase of sepsis. However, the mechanisms for controlling hypo-inflammatory response in endotoxin tolerant macrophages remain to be fully understood. Considering that metabolic control of inflammation is an emerging field and the balance between AMP/ATP and oxidized NAD+/reduced NADH is associated with inflammation and metabolism, we analyzed the level of NAD+ in TLR-triggered innate inflammatory response, and found that the decreased level of NAD+ was significantly related to the increased inflammatory cytokine production both in vivo and in vitro. By screening the expression and function of NAD+ dependent type III deacetylase Sirtuin family members, we found that SIRT5 and SIRT1/2 had opposite expression patterns and functions in macrophages. SIRT5 deficiency decreased TLR-triggered inflammation in both acute and immunosuppressive phases of sepsis. Interestingly, cytoplasmic SIRT5 counteracted the inhibitory effects of SIRT2 and enhanced the innate inflammatory responses in macrophages and even in endotoxin-tolerant macrophages by promoting acetylation of p65 and activation of NF-κB pathway. Mechanistically, SIRT5 competed with SIRT2 to interact with NF-κB p65, in a deacetylase activity-independent way, to block the deacetylation of p65 by SIRT2, which consequently led to increased acetylation of p65 and the activation of NF-κB pathway and its downstream cytokines. Our study discovered the new functions of different Sirtuin members in sepsis, indicating that targeting of Sirtuin family members at different sepsis phases can be helpful to precisely control the progression of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chaofeng Han
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tianliang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Nan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Immunology & Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China.
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Zapata-Pérez R, García-Saura AG, Jebbar M, Golyshin PN, Sánchez-Ferrer Á. Combined Whole-Cell High-Throughput Functional Screening for Identification of New Nicotinamidases/Pyrazinamidases in Metagenomic/Polygenomic Libraries. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1915. [PMID: 28018295 PMCID: PMC5147024 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamidases catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in nicotinamide (NAM) to produce ammonia and nicotinic acid (NA). These enzymes are an essential component of the NAD+ salvage pathway and are implicated in the viability of several pathogenic organisms. Its absence in humans makes them a promising drug target. In addition, although they are key analytical biocatalysts for screening modulators in relevant biomedical enzymes, such as sirtuins and poly-ADP-ribosyltransferases, no commercial sources are available. Surprisingly, the finding of an affordable source of nicotinamidase from metagenomic libraries is hindered by the absence of a suitable and fast screening method. In this manuscript, we describe the development of two new whole-cell methods using the chemical property of one of the products formed in the enzymatic reaction (pyrazinoic or NA) to form colored complexes with stable iron salts, such as ammonium ferrous sulfate or sodium nitroprusside (SNP). After optimization of the assay conditions, a fosmid polygenomic expression library obtained from deep-sea mesophilic bacteria was screened, discovering several positive clones with the ammonium ferrous sulfate method. Their quantitative rescreening with the SNP method allowed the finding of the first nicotinamidase with balanced catalytic efficiency toward NAM (nicotinamidase activity) and pyrazinamide (pyrazinamidase activity). Its biochemical characterization has also made possible the development of the first high-throughput whole-cell method for prescreening of new nicotinamidase inhibitors by the naked eye, saving time and costs in the design of future antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Zapata-Pérez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio G García-Saura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Mohamed Jebbar
- Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, UMR 6197-Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM) Plouzané, France
| | - Peter N Golyshin
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor UniversityBangor, UK; Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityKaliningrad, Russia
| | - Álvaro Sánchez-Ferrer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Murcia Biomedical Research InstituteMurcia, Spain
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Vergnes B, Gazanion E, Grentzinger T. Functional divergence of SIR2 orthologs between trypanosomatid parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 207:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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