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Seetsi A, N'da DD, Molefe-Nyembe N, Suganuma K, Ramatla T, Thekisoe O. In vitro anti-trypanosomal activity of synthetic nitrofurantoin-triazole hybrids against Trypanosoma species causing human African trypanosomosis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024; 38:72-83. [PMID: 37479675 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomosis (HAT) which is also known as sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense that is endemic in western and central Africa and T. b. rhodesiense that is endemic in eastern and southern Africa. Drugs used for treatment against HAT first stage have limited effectiveness, and the second stage drugs have been reported to be toxic, expensive, and have time-consuming administration, and parasitic resistance has developed against these drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-trypanosomal activity of nitrofurantoin-triazole hybrids against T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense parasites in vitro. This study screened 19 synthesized nitrofurantoin-triazole (NFT) hybrids on two strains of human trypanosomes, and cytotoxicity was evaluated on Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. The findings in this study showed that an increase in the chain length and the number of carbon atoms in some n-alkyl hybrids influenced the increase in anti-trypanosomal activity against T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense. The short-chain n-alkyl hybrids showed decreased activity compared to the long-chain n-alkyl hybrids, with increased activity against both T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense. Incorporation of additional electron-donating substituents in some NFT hybrids showed increased anti-trypanosomal activity than to electron-withdrawing substituents in NFT hybrids. All 19 NFT hybrids tested displayed better anti-trypanosomal activity against T. b. gambiense than T. b. rhodesiense. The NFT hybrid no. 16 was among the best performing hybrids against both T. b. gambiense (0.08 ± 0.04 μM) and T. b.rhodesiense (0.11 ± 0.06 μM), and its activity might be influenced by the introduction of fluorine in the para-position on the benzyl ring. Remarkably, the NFT hybrids in this study displayed weak to moderate cytotoxicity on MDBK cells. All of the NFT hybrids in this study had selectivity index values ranging from 18 to greater than 915, meaning that they were up to 10-100 times fold selective in their anti-trypanosomal activity. The synthesized NFT hybrids showed strong selectivity >10 to T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense, which indicates that they qualify from the initial selection criteria for potential hit drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Seetsi
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - David D N'da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PHARMACEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nthatisi Molefe-Nyembe
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Janse van Rensburg HD, N'Da DD, Suganuma K. In vitro trypanocidal potency and in vivo treatment efficacy of oligomeric ethylene glycol-tethered nitrofurantoin derivatives. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 192:106668. [PMID: 38065268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a significant vector-borne disease of humans and animals in the tsetse fly belt of Africa, particularly affecting production animals such as cattle, and thus, hindering food security. Trypanosoma congolense (T. congolense), the causative agent of nagana, is livestock's most virulent trypanosome species. There is currently no vaccine against trypanosomiasis; its treatment relies solely on chemotherapy. However, pathogenic resistance has been established against trypanocidal agents in clinical use. This underscores the need to develop new therapeutics to curb trypanosomiasis. Many nitroheterocyclic drugs or compounds, including nitrofurantoin, possess antiparasitic activities in addition to their clinical use as antibiotics. The current study evaluated the in vitro trypanocidal potency and in vivo treatment efficacy of previously synthesized antileishmanial active oligomeric ethylene glycol derivatives of nitrofurantoin. The trypanocidal potency of analogues 2a-o varied among the trypanosome species; however, T. congolense strain IL3000 was more susceptible to these drug candidates than the other human and animal trypanosomes. The arylated analogues 2k (IC50 0.04 µM; SI >6365) and 2l (IC50 0.06 µM; SI 4133) featuring 4-chlorophenoxy and 4-nitrophenoxy moieties, respectively, were revealed as the most promising antitrypanosomal agents of all analogues against T. congolense strain IL3000 trypomastigotes with nanomolar activities. In a preliminary in vivo study involving T. congolense strain IL3000 infected BALB/c mice, the oral administration of 100 mg/kg/day of 2k caused prolonged survival up to 18 days post-infection relative to the infected but untreated control mice which survived 9 days post-infection. However, no cure was achieved due to its poor solubility in the in vivo testing medium, assumably leading to low oral bioavailability. These results confirm the importance of the physicochemical properties lipophilicity and water solubility in attaining not only in vitro trypanocidal potency but also in vivo treatment efficacy. Future work will focus on the chemical optimization of 2k through the investigation of analogues containing solubilizing groups at certain positions on the core structure to improve solubility in the in vivo testing medium which, in the current investigation, is the biggest stumbling block in successfully treating either animal or human Trypanosoma infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David D N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Velásquez-Torres M, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Godínez-Victoria M, Jarillo-Luna RA, Tsutsumi V, Sánchez-Monroy V, Posadas-Mondragón A, Cuevas-Hernández RI, Santiago-Cruz JA, Pacheco-Yépez J. Riluzole, a Derivative of Benzothiazole as a Potential Anti-Amoebic Agent against Entamoeba histolytica. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:896. [PMID: 37375843 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amoebiasis is produced by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica; this disease affects millions of people throughout the world who may suffer from amoebic colitis or amoebic liver abscess. Metronidazole is used to treat this protozoan, but it causes important adverse effects that limit its use. Studies have shown that riluzole has demonstrated activity against some parasites. Thus, the present study aimed, for the first time, to demonstrate the in vitro and in silico anti-amoebic activity of riluzole. In vitro, the results of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites treated with IC50 (319.5 μM) of riluzole for 5 h showed (i) a decrease of 48.1% in amoeba viability, (ii) ultrastructural changes such as a loss of plasma membrane continuity and alterations in the nuclei followed by lysis, (iii) apoptosis-like cell death, (iv) the triggering of the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, and (v) the downregulation of amoebic antioxidant enzyme gene expression. Interestingly, docking studies have indicated that riluzole presented a higher affinity than metronidazole for the antioxidant enzymes thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, rubrerythrin, and peroxiredoxin of Entamoeba histolytica, which are considered as possible candidates of molecular targets. Our results suggest that riluzole could be an alternative treatment against Entamoeba histolytica. Future studies should be conducted to analyze the in vivo riluzole anti-amoebic effect on the resolution of amebic liver abscess in a susceptible model, as this will contribute to developing new therapeutic agents with anti-amoebic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Velásquez-Torres
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - José Guadalupe Trujillo-Ferrara
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bioquímica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Rosa Adriana Jarillo-Luna
- Coordinación de Ciencias Morfológicas, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Víctor Tsutsumi
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07360, Mexico
| | - Virginia Sánchez-Monroy
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Araceli Posadas-Mondragón
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Roberto Issac Cuevas-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bioquímica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - José Angel Santiago-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11350, Mexico
| | - Judith Pacheco-Yépez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
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Vázquez-Jiménez LK, Juárez-Saldivar A, Gómez-Escobedo R, Delgado-Maldonado T, Méndez-Álvarez D, Palos I, Bandyopadhyay D, Gaona-Lopez C, Ortiz-Pérez E, Nogueda-Torres B, Ramírez-Moreno E, Rivera G. Ligand-Based Virtual Screening and Molecular Docking of Benzimidazoles as Potential Inhibitors of Triosephosphate Isomerase Identified New Trypanocidal Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10047. [PMID: 36077439 PMCID: PMC9456061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is a parasite that affects humans and other mammals. T. cruzi depends on glycolysis as a source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply, and triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) plays a key role in this metabolic pathway. This enzyme is an attractive target for the design of new trypanocidal drugs. In this study, a ligand-based virtual screening (LBVS) from the ZINC15 database using benzimidazole as a scaffold was accomplished. Later, a molecular docking on the interface of T. cruzi TIM (TcTIM) was performed and the compounds were grouped by interaction profiles. Subsequently, a selection of compounds was made based on cost and availability for in vitro evaluation against blood trypomastigotes. Finally, the compounds were analyzed by molecular dynamics simulation, and physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties were determined using SwissADME software. A total of 1604 molecules were obtained as potential TcTIM inhibitors. BP2 and BP5 showed trypanocidal activity with half-maximal lytic concentration (LC50) values of 155.86 and 226.30 µM, respectively. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation analyzes showed a favorable docking score of BP5 compound on TcTIM. Additionally, BP5 showed a low docking score (-5.9 Kcal/mol) on human TIM compared to the control ligand (-7.2 Kcal/mol). Both compounds BP2 and BP5 showed good physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties as new anti-T. cruzi agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenci K Vázquez-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Juárez-Saldivar
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Gómez-Escobedo
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Timoteo Delgado-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Domingo Méndez-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Isidro Palos
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Rodhe, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Reynosa 88779, Mexico
| | - Debasish Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry and SEEMS, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Carlos Gaona-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Eyra Ortiz-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Esther Ramírez-Moreno
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07320, Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
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Vázquez-Jiménez LK, Moreno-Herrera A, Juárez-Saldivar A, González-González A, Ortiz-Pérez E, Paz-González AD, Palos-Pizarro I, Ramírez-Moreno E, Rivera G. Recent Advances in the Development of Triose Phosphate Isomerase Inhibitors as Antiprotozoal Agents. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2504-2529. [PMID: 34517794 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210913090928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic diseases caused by protozoa such as Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, African trypanosomiasis, amebiasis, trichomoniasis, and giardiasis are considered serious public health problems in developing countries. Drug-resistance among parasites justifies the search for new therapeutic drugs and the identification of new targets becomes a valuable approach. In this scenario, glycolysis pathway which consists of the conversion of glucose into pyruvate plays an important role in the protozoa energy supply and it is therefore considered as a promising target. In this pathway, triose phosphate isomerase (TIM) plays an essential role in efficient energy production. Furthermore, protozoa TIM show structural differences with human enzyme counterparts suggesting the possibility of obtaining selective inhibitors. Therefore, TIM is considered a valid approach to develop new antiprotozoal agents, inhibiting the glycolysis in the parasite. OBJECTIVE In this review, we discuss the drug design strategies, structure-activity relationship, and binding modes of outstanding TIM inhibitors against Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, Plasmodium falciparum, Giardia lamblia, Leishmania mexicana, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Entamoeba histolytica. RESULTS TIM inhibitors showed mainly aromatic systems and symmetrical structure, where the size and type of heteroatom are important for enzyme inhibition. This inhibition is mainly based on the interaction with i) the interfacial region of TIM inducing changes on the quaternary and tertiary structure or ii) with the TIM catalytic region were the main pathways that disabled the catalytic activity of the enzyme. CONCLUSION Benzothiazole, benzoxazole, benzimidazole, and sulfhydryl derivatives stand out as TIM inhibitors. In silico and in vitro studies demonstrate that the inhibitors bind mainly at the TIM dimer interface. In this review, the development of new TIM inhibitors as antiprotozoal drugs is demonstrated as an important pharmaceutical strategy that may lead to new therapies for these ancient parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenci K Vázquez-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Antonio Moreno-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Alfredo Juárez-Saldivar
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Alonzo González-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Eyra Ortiz-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Alma D Paz-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Isidro Palos-Pizarro
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Rodhe, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, 88779 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Esther Ramírez-Moreno
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07320 Ciudad de México. Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
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Martínez-Cerón S, Gutiérrez-Nágera NA, Mirzaeicheshmeh E, Cuevas-Hernández RI, Trujillo-Ferrara JG. Phenylbenzothiazole derivatives: effects against a Trypanosoma cruzi infection and toxicological profiles. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2905-2918. [PMID: 34195872 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for Chagas disease have a limited impact during the chronic stage and trigger severe side effects. Treatments target Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of the disease. The aims of this study were to evaluate the trypanocidal activity of four 2-phenylbenzothiazole derivatives (BZT1-4) in vitro by using the infectious and non-infectious forms of T. cruzi (trypomastigotes and epimastigotes, respectively) and to test the most promising compound (BZT4) in vivo in mice. Additionally, the toxicological profile and possible neuronal damage were examined. In relation to trypomastigotes, BZT4 was more selective and effective than the reference drug (benznidazole) during this infective stage, apparently due to the synergistic action of the CF3 and COOH substituents in the molecule. During the first few hours post-administration of BZT4, parasitemia decreased by 40% in an in vivo model of short-term treatment, but parasite levels later returned to the basal state. In the long-term assessment, the compound did not produce a significant antiparasitic effect, only attaining a 30% reduction in parasitemia by day 20 with the dose of 16 mg/kg. The toxicity test was based on repeated dosing of BZT4 (administered orally) during 21 days, which did not cause liver damage. However, the compound altered the concentration of proteins and the proteinic profile of neuronal cells in vitro, perhaps leading to an effect on the central nervous system. Further research on the low trypanocidal activity in vivo compared to the better in vitro effect could possibly facilitate molecular redesign to improve trypanocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarai Martínez-Cerón
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Research, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón S/N, Casco de Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nora Andrea Gutiérrez-Nágera
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica - INMEGEN, Av. Periférico Sur No. 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, 14610, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elaheh Mirzaeicheshmeh
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica - INMEGEN, Av. Periférico Sur No. 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, 14610, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roberto I Cuevas-Hernández
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Research, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón S/N, Casco de Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - José G Trujillo-Ferrara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Research, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón S/N, Casco de Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Munsimbwe L, Seetsi A, Namangala B, N’Da DD, Inoue N, Suganuma K. In Vitro and In Vivo Trypanocidal Efficacy of Synthesized Nitrofurantoin Analogs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113372. [PMID: 34199682 PMCID: PMC8199755 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes cause diseases in humans and livestock. Human African trypanosomiasis is caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense. Animal trypanosomoses have major effects on livestock production and the economy in developing countries, with disease management depending mainly on chemotherapy. Moreover, only few drugs are available and these have adverse effects on patients, are costly, show poor accessibility, and parasites develop drug resistance to them. Therefore, novel trypanocidal drugs are urgently needed. Here, the effects of synthesized nitrofurantoin analogs were evaluated against six species/strains of animal and human trypanosomes, and the treatment efficacy of the selected compounds was assessed in vivo. Analogs 11 and 12, containing 11- and 12-carbon aliphatic chains, respectively, showed the highest trypanocidal activity (IC50 < 0.34 µM) and the lowest cytotoxicity (IC50 > 246.02 µM) in vitro. Structure-activity relationship analysis suggested that the trypanocidal activity and cytotoxicity were related to the number of carbons in the aliphatic chain and electronegativity. In vivo experiments, involving oral treatment with nitrofurantoin, showed partial efficacy, whereas the selected analogs showed no treatment efficacy. These results indicate that nitrofurantoin analogs with high hydrophilicity are required for in vivo assessment to determine if they are promising leads for developing trypanocidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linous Munsimbwe
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Department of Veterinary Services, Mulungushi House, P.O. Box 50600, Ridgeway, Lusaka 15100, Zambia;
| | - Anna Seetsi
- Unit for Environmental Science and Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa;
| | - Boniface Namangala
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
| | - David D. N’Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PHARMACEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa;
| | - Noboru Inoue
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, National Research Centre for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan;
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-155-49-5697
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Djuidje EN, Sciabica S, Buzzi R, Dissette V, Balzarini J, Liekens S, Serra E, Andreotti E, Manfredini S, Vertuani S, Baldisserotto A. Design, synthesis and evaluation of benzothiazole derivatives as multifunctional agents. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:103960. [PMID: 32559579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the product or aetiology of various multifactorial diseases; on the other hand, the development of multifunctional compounds is a recognized strategy for the control of complex diseases. To this end, a series of benzothiazole derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for their multifunctional effectiveness as antioxidant, sunscreen (filter), antifungal and antiproliferative agents. Compounds were easily synthesized via condensation reaction between 2-aminothiophenols and different benzaldehydes. SAR study, particularly in position 2 and 6 of benzothiazoles, led to the identification of 4g and 4k as very interesting potential compounds for the design of multifunctional drugs. In particular, compound 4g is the best blocker of hERG potassium channels expressed in HEK 293 cells exhibiting 60.32% inhibition with IC50 = 4.79 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernestine Nicaise Djuidje
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technologies, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sciabica
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via F. di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Raissa Buzzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technologies, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valeria Dissette
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technologies, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Elena Serra
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technologies, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Aptuit, An Evotec Company, Via A. Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Andreotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Manfredini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technologies, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Vertuani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technologies, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Anna Baldisserotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Master Course in Cosmetic Science and Technologies, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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A Fluorinated Phenylbenzothiazole Arrests the Trypanosoma cruzi Cell Cycle and Diminishes the Infection of Mammalian Host Cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01742-19. [PMID: 31712204 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01742-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a human infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi CD was traditionally endemic to the Americas; however, due to migration it has spread to countries where it is not endemic. The current chemotherapy to treat CD induces several side effects, and its effectiveness in the chronic phase of the disease is controversial. In this contribution, substituted phenylbenzothiazole derivatives were synthesized and biologically evaluated as trypanocidal agents against Trypanosoma cruzi The trypanocidal activities of the most promising compounds were determined through systematic in vitro screening, and their modes of action were determined as well. The physicochemical-structural characteristics responsible for the trypanocidal effects were identified, and their possible therapeutic application in Chagas disease is discussed. Our results show that the fluorinated compound 2-methoxy-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl] phenol (BT10) has the ability to inhibit the proliferation of epimastigotes [IC50(Epi) = 23.1 ± 1.75 μM] and intracellular forms of trypomastigotes [IC50(Tryp) = 8.5 ± 2.9 μM] and diminishes the infection index by more than 80%. In addition, BT10 has the ability to selectively fragment 68% of the kinetoplastid DNA compared with 5% of nucleus DNA. The mode of action for BT10 on T. cruzi suggests that the development of fluorinated phenylbenzothiazole with electron-withdrawing substituent is a promising strategy for the design of trypanocidal drugs.
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10
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Jethava DJ, Acharya PT, Vasava MS, Bhoi MN, Bhavsar ZA, Rathwa SK, Rajani DP, Patel HD. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and computational study of novel triazolo [4,3-a]pyrazin analogues. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Niu ZG, Chen J, Tan P, Sun W, Zheng YX, Li GN, Zuo JL. Efficient yellow electroluminescence of four iridium(iii) complexes with benzo[d]thiazole derivatives as main ligands. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:8032-8040. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01479e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four yellow iridium(iii) complexes with benzo[d]thiazole derivatives as the main ligands display good device performances with a maximum current efficiency of up to 69.8 cd A−1 and a maximum external quantum efficiency of up to 24.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Peng Tan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hainan Normal University
- Haikou 571158
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hainan Normal University
- Haikou 571158
- P. R. China
| | - You-Xuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Gao-Nan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hainan Normal University
- Haikou 571158
- P. R. China
| | - Jing-Lin Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
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12
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Expansion of the active site of the azoreductase from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 78:213-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Benzothiazole analogues: Synthesis, characterization, MO calculations with PM6 and DFT, in silico studies and in vitro antimalarial as DHFR inhibitors and antimicrobial activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5396-5406. [PMID: 28789907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Benzothiazole analogues are of interest due to their potential activity against malarial and microbial infections. In search of suitable antimicrobial and antimalarial agents, we report here the synthesis, characterization and biological activities of benzothiazole analogues (J 1-J 10). The molecules were characterized by IR, Mass, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was investigated against pathogenic strains; the results were explained with the help of DFT and PM6 molecular orbital calculations. In vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the molecules were studied against S. pombe cells. In vitro antimalarial activity was studied. The active compounds J 1, J 2, J 3, J 5 and J 6 were further evaluated for enzyme inhibition efficacy against the receptor Pf-DHFR, computational and in vitro studies were carried out to examine their candidatures as lead dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors.
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14
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Kashiwazaki G, Maeda R, Kawase T, Hashiya K, Bando T, Sugiyama H. WITHDRAWN: Evaluation of alkylating pyrrole-imidazole polyamide conjugates by a novel method for high-throughput sequencer. Bioorg Med Chem 2017:S0968-0896(17)31427-X. [PMID: 29884583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gengo Kashiwazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Rina Maeda
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Nakaadachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8306, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawase
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi 36-1, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kaori Hashiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Bando
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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15
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Lara-Ramirez EE, López-Cedillo JC, Nogueda-Torres B, Kashif M, Garcia-Perez C, Bocanegra-Garcia V, Agusti R, Uhrig ML, Rivera G. An in vitro and in vivo evaluation of new potential trans -sialidase inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi predicted by a computational drug repositioning method. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 132:249-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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