1
|
Żórawik A, Hajdusianek W, Markiewicz-Górka I, Jaremków A, Pawlas K, Martynowicz H, Mazur G, Poręba R, Gać P. Coexistence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Blood Renalase Concentration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16666. [PMID: 38068986 PMCID: PMC10705922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the biggest health challenges facing health systems around the world. There are certain risk factors (CVRFs) that contribute to CVD. Risk factors associated with lifestyle such as tobacco consumption are particularly essential. Renalase is a recently discovered flavoprotein that may be involved in the progression of cardiometabolic diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between CVRFs and blood renalase concentration (BRC). The study group consisted of 96 people (51% women) who were hospitalized in the internal medicine department. CVRFs were measured using the AHA Life 7 scale. The E3109Hu ELISA kit was used to assess BRC. We found higher BRC in groups with a lower number of CVRFs (p < 0.05). We found a negative correlation between BRC and the number of CVRFs (r = -0.41). With the regression analysis, obesity, smoking, and a lack of physical activity (LoPE) were independently associated with lower blood renalase concentration. ROC analysis indicated the highest accuracy of BRC < 38.98 ng/mL in patients with ≥5 CVRFs. In conclusion, patients with a higher number of CVRFs had lower BRCs. The CVRFs particularly associated with a lower BRC were obesity, smoking, and LoPE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Żórawik
- Department of Population Health, Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Hajdusianek
- Department of Population Health, Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Markiewicz-Górka
- Department of Population Health, Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jaremków
- Department of Population Health, Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pawlas
- Department of Population Health, Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Helena Martynowicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, PL 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Mazur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, PL 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Poręba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, PL 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Gać
- Department of Population Health, Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Iyer DR, Arige V, Ananthamohan K, Venkatasubramaniam S, Tokinoya K, Akoi K, Kurtz CL, Sethupathy P, Takekoshi K, Mahapatra NR. Cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB) and microRNA miR-29b regulate renalase gene expression under catecholamine excess conditions. Life Sci 2023:121859. [PMID: 37315838 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Renalase, a key mediator of cross-talk between kidneys and sympathetic nervous system, exerts protective roles in various cardiovascular/renal disease states. However, molecular mechanisms underpinning renalase gene expression remain incompletely understood. Here, we sought to identify the key molecular regulators of renalase under basal/catecholamine-excess conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Identification of the core promoter domain of renalase was carried out by promoter-reporter assays in N2a/HEK-293/H9c2 cells. Computational analysis of the renalase core promoter domain, over-expression of cyclic-AMP-response-element-binding-protein (CREB)/dominant negative mutant of CREB, ChIP assays were performed to determine the role of CREB in transcription regulation. Role of the miR-29b-mediated-suppression of renalase was validated in-vivo by using locked-nucleic-acid-inhibitors of miR-29. qRT-PCR and Western-blot analyses measured the expression of renalase, CREB, miR-29b and normalization controls in cell lysates/ tissue samples under basal/epinephrine-treated conditions. KEY FINDINGS CREB, a downstream effector in epinephrine signaling, activated renalase expression via its binding to the renalase-promoter. Physiological doses of epinephrine and isoproteronol enhanced renalase-promoter activity and endogenous renalase protein level while propranolol diminished the promoter activity and endogenous renalase protein level indicating a potential role of beta-adrenergic receptor in renalase gene regulation. Multiple animal models (acute exercise, genetically hypertensive/stroke-prone mice/rat) displayed directionally-concordant expression of CREB and renalase. Administration of miR-29b inhibitor in mice upregulated endogenous renalase expression. Moreover, epinephrine treatment down-regulated miR-29b promoter-activity/transcript levels. SIGNIFICANCE This study provides evidence for renalase gene regulation by concomitant transcriptional activation via CREB and post-transcriptional attenuation via miR-29b under excess epinephrine conditions. These findings have implications for disease states with dysregulated catecholamines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya R Iyer
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Vikas Arige
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Kalyani Ananthamohan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - S Venkatasubramaniam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Katsuyuki Tokinoya
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kai Akoi
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - C Lisa Kurtz
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Takekoshi
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Nitish R Mahapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Heydarpour M, Parksook WW, Hopkins PN, Pojoga LH, Williams GH, Williams JS. A candidate locus in the renalase gene and susceptibility to blood pressure responses to the dietary salt. J Hypertens 2023; 41:723-732. [PMID: 36789764 PMCID: PMC10079562 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High dietary salt confers a risk of elevating blood pressure (BP) and the development of hypertension. BP to salt intake may be determined in part by individual genetic predisposition. Identifying these genetic underpinnings will enhance our understanding of the biological mechanisms of BP regulation. This study aims to assess the genetic association with salt sensitivity of BP (SSBP) within two well-phenotyped multinational cohorts. METHODS A total of 720 white participants from the HyperPATH consortium program were selected and genotyped using a multiethnic genotyping array. Individuals consumed two study diets containing high (>200 mEq/day) and low (<10 mEq/day) sodium content, after which SSBP, aldosterone, and plasma renin activity (PRA) were assessed in a controlled inpatient research setting. RESULTS A top signal (rs10887801; beta = 4.57, P = 5.03E - 07) at the renalase gene ( RNLS ) region was significantly associated with SSBP. We also identified seven single nucleotide variants with linkage disequilibrium to the top signal at this region that comprised a significant haplotype (TCTTAGTT, P = 0.00081). Homozygous carriers of the T-risk allele of the key single nucleotide variant had higher SSBP ( P ≤ 0.00001) and lower PRA ( P = 0.0076) compared with the nonrisk allele. CONCLUSION We identified significant associations between genetic variants of the RNLS gene and BP responses to dietary salt intervention and PRA that suggest susceptibility to volume-driven hypertension. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying BP regulation, support the role of RNLS in the pathogenesis of SSBP, and identify individuals who may be at risk from excess dietary salt intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Heydarpour
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wasita W. Parksook
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul N. Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research Unit, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Luminita H. Pojoga
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gordon H. Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Renalase: a novel regulator of cardiometabolic and renal diseases. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:1582-1598. [PMID: 35941358 PMCID: PMC9358379 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Renalase is a ~38 kDa flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) domain-containing protein that can function as a cytokine and an anomerase. It is emerging as a novel regulator of cardiometabolic diseases. Expressed mainly in the kidneys, renalase has been reported to have a hypotensive effect and may control blood pressure through regulation of sympathetic tone. Furthermore, genetic variations in the renalase gene, such as a functional missense polymorphism (Glu37Asp), have implications in the cardiovascular and renal systems and can potentially increase the risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Research on the physiological functions and biochemical actions of renalase over the years has indicated a role for renalase as one of the key proteins involved in various disease states, such as diabetes, impaired lipid metabolism, and cancer. Recent studies have identified three transcription factors (viz., Sp1, STAT3, and ZBP89) as key positive regulators in modulating the expression of the human renalase gene. Moreover, renalase is under the post-transcriptional regulation of two microRNAs (viz., miR-29b, and miR-146a), which downregulate renalase expression. While renalase supplementation may be useful for treating hypertension, inhibition of renalase signaling may be beneficial to patients with cancerous tumors. However, more incisive investigations are required to unravel the potential therapeutic applications of renalase. Based on the literature pertaining to the function and physiology of renalase, this review attempts to consolidate and comprehend the role of renalase in regulating cardiometabolic and renal disorders. ![]()
Collapse
|
5
|
Luo M, Cao S, Lv D, He L, He Z, Li L, Li Y, Luo S, Chang Q. Aerobic Exercise Training Improves Renal Injury in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats by Increasing Renalase Expression in Medulla. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:922705. [PMID: 35898283 PMCID: PMC9309879 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.922705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to examine the effects of aerobic exercise training on renal function in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and elucidate their possible mechanisms. Adult male SHR and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were divided into four groups: WKY sedentary group, SHR sedentary group, low-intensity training group, and medium-intensity training group. Using molecular and biochemical approaches, we investigated the effects of 14-week training on renalase (RNLS) protein levels, renal function, and apoptosis and oxidative stress modulators in kidney tissues. In vitro, angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced human kidney proximal epithelial cells (HK-2) were treated with RNLS, and changes in apoptosis and oxidative stress levels were observed. Our results show that moderate training improved renal function decline in SHR. In addition, aerobic exercise therapy significantly increased levels of RNLS in the renal medulla of SHR. We observed in vitro that RNLS significantly inhibited the increase of Ang II-inducedapoptosis and oxidative stress levels in HK-2. In conclusion, aerobic exercise training effectively improved renal function in SHR by promoting RNLS expression in the renal medulla. These results explain the possible mechanism in which exercise improves renal injury in hypertensive patients and suggest RNLS as a novel therapy for kidney injury patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Luo
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Shuyuan Cao
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dingyi Lv
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Longlin He
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou He
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingang Li
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongjian Li
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Suxin Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Qing Chang
- The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The College of Exercise Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Chang
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Renalase and its receptor, PMCA4b, are expressed in the placenta throughout the human gestation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4953. [PMID: 35322081 PMCID: PMC8943056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental function requires organized growth, transmission of nutrients, and an anti-inflammatory milieu between the maternal and fetal interface, but placental factors important for its function remain unclear. Renalase is a pro-survival, anti-inflammatory flavoprotein found to be critical in other tissues. We examined the potential role of renalase in placental development. PCR, bulk RNA sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence for renalase and its binding partners, PMCA4b and PZP, were performed on human placental tissue from second-trimester and full-term placentas separated into decidua, placental villi and chorionic plates. Quantification of immunohistochemistry was used to localize renalase across time course from 17 weeks to term. Endogenous production of renalase was examined in placental tissue and organoids. Renalase and its receptor PMCA4b transcripts and proteins were present in all layers of the placenta. Estimated RNLS protein levels did not change with gestation in the decidual samples. However, placental villi contained more renalase immunoreactive cells in fetal than full-term placental samples. RNLS co-labeled with markers for Hofbauer cells and trophoblasts within the placental villi. Endogenous production of RNLS, PMCA4b, and PZP by trophoblasts was validated in placental organoids. Renalase is endogenously expressed throughout placental tissue and specifically within Hofbauer cells and trophoblasts, suggesting a potential role for renalase in placental development and function. Future studies should assess renalase's role in normal and diseased human placenta.
Collapse
|
7
|
Yilmaz R, Yildirim T, Abudalal A, Erdem Y. Impact of the kidney transplantation on renalase and blood pressure levels in renal transplant donors and recipients. Nefrologia 2022; 42:171-176. [PMID: 36153913 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Prevalence of hypertension increases as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declines. Renalase metabolizes catecholamines and have an important role in blood pressure (BP) regulation. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of kidney transplantation on renalase levels and BP in kidney donors and recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty kidney transplant recipients and their donors were included in the study. Serum renalase levels and ambulatory BP values were measured in both donors and recipients before and after transplantation. Factor associated with change in renalase and BP levels were also evaluated. RESULTS In donors; mean GFR and hemoglobin levels decreased while night-time systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels and serum renalase levels increased simultaneously after nephrectomy. Day-time SBP and DBP levels did not changed and the night/day ratio of mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased significantly. In recipients, mean GFR increased, while mean serum renalase levels, creatinine and BP levels decreased after transplantation. Correlation analysis revealed that changes in MAP correlated with alteration in serum renalase levels and GFR. CONCLUSIONS After transplantation, serum renalase levels increased in donors and decreased in recipients. The renalase levels are associated with change in MAP and circadian rhythm of BP in donors and recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahmi Yilmaz
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Nephrology Department, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Tolga Yildirim
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Nephrology Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayman Abudalal
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Nephrology Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yunus Erdem
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Nephrology Department, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Buraczynska M, Gwiazda-Tyndel K, Drop B, Zaluska W. Renalase gene Glu37Asp polymorphism affects susceptibility to diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 2021; 58:1595-1602. [PMID: 34156537 PMCID: PMC8542546 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-021-01740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Renalase (RNLS) is an enzyme with monoamine oxidase activity that metabolizes circulating catecholamines. The RNLS gene Asp37Glu missense polymorphism (rs2296545) has been associated with hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction, and stroke. The purpose of our study was to investigate the potential involvement of this polymorphism in the microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS In this case-control study, the polymorphism was genotyped in 860 patients with T2DM and 400 healthy controls. The genotype and allele distribution was compared in subgroups of patients: with diabetic nephropathy (DN+) (n = 405) versus DN- (independently of the presence of DR) and, similarly, patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR+) (n = 328) versus DR- (independently of the presence of DN). RESULTS No significant association was detected between analyzed polymorphism and DN. In contrast, the retinopathy subgroup showed a significantly higher frequency of G allele (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.16-1.72, p = 0.0005) and GG genotype (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.26-2.75, p = 0.001) than DR- patients. The effect of RNLS Glu37Asp polymorphism on DR remained significant after adjustments for age, gender, BMI, and duration of T2DM (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to investigate RNLS gene polymorphism in microvascular complications of T2DM. The results suggest that RNLS rs2296545 SNP might be considered a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy in T2DM patients. This can provide new insight into the role of renalase gene in the pathophysiology of microvascular complications of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Buraczynska
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Karolina Gwiazda-Tyndel
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Drop
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zaluska
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li X, Huang Q, Xu J. Renalase gene polymorphisms and plasma levels are associated with preeclampsia: a hospital-based study in the Chinese cohort. Women Health 2021; 61:957-967. [PMID: 34724880 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2021.1994512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the major contributors to maternal and fetal mortality worldwide. Many host-related biomolecules regulate the pathophysiology of PE. The current study aims to examine the role of the renalase in PE manifestations. A total of 384 Chinese women consisting of subjects with normotensive pregnancy (n = 105), women with PE (n = 121), and healthy women (n = 158) were included in the study. Serum renalase level was measured in all subjects by ELISA. Renalase gene polymorphisms (rs10887800, rs2576178, and rs2296545) were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. The pregnant women had elevated renalase levels compared to healthy controls and subjects with PE. Renalase level was negatively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Interestingly, renalase was positively correlated with the glomerular filtration rate. Prevalence of homozygous mutant (GG) and minor allele (G) for rs10887800 and rs2576178 renalase gene polymorphisms were significantly higher in PE patients compared to normotensive pregnant women and healthy controls. Furthermore, an association of G-G-C haplotype with susceptibility to PE was also noticed. A low level of renalase may be associated with an increased risk of PE during pregnancy. Renalase gene polymorphisms (rs10887800 and rs2576178) are correlated with serum renalase and are associated with predisposition to PE development in the Chinese cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianshu Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Daqing People's Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | | | - Jing Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Daqing People's Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Effect of Renalase rs2576178 and rs10887800 Polymorphisms on Ischemic Stroke Susceptibility in Young Patients (<50 Years): A Case-Control Study and In Silico Analysis. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:5542292. [PMID: 34603559 PMCID: PMC8483926 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5542292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke (IS) is the most common form of cerebrovascular accident which its precise etiology remains mysterious. Renalase is a catecholamine-degrading enzyme playing a major role in blood pressure control. Recent studies show the effect of renalase activity on various diseases like IS. In the current study, we examined the possible effects of renalase gene (RNLS) rs2576178 and rs10887800 variants at the 5′-flanking and intron 6 regions on IS, respectively. Methods One hundred and fifty-four IS patients younger than 50 years and 165 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited in the study. For genotyping of rs2576178 and rs10887800 variants, the PCR-RFLP method was used. Results The RNLS rs10887800 AG genotype was more repeated in IS patients, but the difference was marginally nonsignificant (P = 0.054). This variant was associated with IS in the overdominant model, and the AG genotype is associated with a1.6-fold increased risk of IS compared to AA+ GG genotypes (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1-2.5, P = 0.033). No relationship was observed between RNLS rs2576178 polymorphism and IS in all genetic models. The findings of the haplotype and combination effects of rs10887800 and rs2576178 variants on IS showed no significant association. The in silico analysis showed no effect of rs2576178 and rs10887800 polymorphisms in the RNA structure, but the alteration of RNA sequence in rs2576178 results in the lack of a MBNL1 protein binding site. Conclusions RNLS rs10887800 but not rs2576178 polymorphism was associated with IS susceptibility in the overdominant model (AG vs AA+ GG genotypes).
Collapse
|
11
|
Czerwińska K, Poręba R, Gać P. Renalase-A new understanding of its enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity and its implications for future research. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 49:3-9. [PMID: 34545616 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Renalase was first described in 2005 and since then it became an object of scientific interest because of its proposed ability to catalyse circulating neurotransmitters and its promising antihypertensive effects. However, further research on the enzymatic activity of renalase did not confirm these initial findings and yielded that renalase serves to oxidize isomeric forms of β-NAD(P)H and recycle them by forming β-NAD(P)+. Moreover, in contrast to initial assumptions, it is indicated that renalase's enzymatic activity is confined to the cell and that extracellular renalase loses its enzymatic properties. These new reports led scientists to question as to whether renalase, as an enzyme, still has the potential to influence various systemic physiological responses (e.g. blood pressure). It was also put into question whether many physiological discoveries published based on the notion that renalase is secreted into the blood and acts by oxidation of catecholamines can still be considered valid. In this article, we attempt to review the literature to confront these doubts and find further possible directions of research on the importance of renalase. Our aim was to evaluate recent reports of non-enzymatic activity for renalase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafał Poręba
- Department of Internal and Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Gać
- Department of Hygiene, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yilmaz R, Yildirim T, Abudalal A, Erdem Y. Impact of the kidney transplantation on renalase and blood pressure levels in renal transplant donors and recipients. Nefrologia 2021; 42:S0211-6995(21)00111-9. [PMID: 34281748 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Prevalence of hypertension increases as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declines. Renalase metabolizes catecholamines and have an important role in blood pressure (BP) regulation. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of kidney transplantation on renalase levels and BP in kidney donors and recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty kidney transplant recipients and their donors were included in the study. Serum renalase levels and ambulatory BP values were measured in both donors and recipients before and after transplantation. Factor associated with change in renalase and BP levels were also evaluated. RESULTS In donors; mean GFR and hemoglobin levels decreased while night-time systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels and serum renalase levels increased simultaneously after nephrectomy. Day-time SBP and DBP levels did not changed and the night/day ratio of mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased significantly. In recipients, mean GFR increased, while mean serum renalase levels, creatinine and BP levels decreased after transplantation. Correlation analysis revealed that changes in MAP correlated with alteration in serum renalase levels and GFR. CONCLUSIONS After transplantation, serum renalase levels increased in donors and decreased in recipients. The renalase levels are associated with change in MAP and circadian rhythm of BP in donors and recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahmi Yilmaz
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Nephrology Department, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Tolga Yildirim
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Nephrology Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayman Abudalal
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Nephrology Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yunus Erdem
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Nephrology Department, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang F, Liu W, Wu Y, Li X, Zhang S, Feng Y, Lu R, Sun L. Association of renalase gene polymorphisms with the risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in northeastern Han Chinese population. Gynecol Endocrinol 2020; 36:986-990. [PMID: 32338092 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2020.1750000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Renalase is a novel enzyme that can regulate blood pressure by degrading circulating catecholamines. We aimed to evaluate the possible effect of rs2296545, rs2576178 and rs10887800 polymorphisms of the renalase gene (RNLS) on the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). This case-control study consisted of 185 patients with HDP and 380 normotensive pregnant women from the northeastern Chinese Han population. Association analyses were performed using PLINK, to compare allele and genotype frequencies in cases and controls. Adjustment for logistic regression analysis was performed by permutation testing. In the HDP patients compared with controls, we found that there was statistically significant difference in genotype distribution of rs2296545 (p = .037). Rs2296545 and rs2576178 polymorphisms have 1.91-fold (p = .004) and 1.73-fold (p = .015) increased risk of HDP in the dominant model, respectively. When compared preeclampsia (PE) to control, the RNLS rs2296545 polymorphism was significantly associated with PE risk in the dominant model (p = .021). We next analyzed the haplotypes of these SNPs and there was no difference between controls and HDP or PE. These findings suggest that rs2296545 was significantly associated with HDP and PE risk and the rs2576178 polymorphism may increase the susceptibility to HDP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Mudanjiang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Yingnan Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanan Feng
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Lu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Litao Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li Y, Wu W, Liu W, Zhou M. Roles and mechanisms of renalase in cardiovascular disease: A promising therapeutic target. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110712. [PMID: 32916539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is prevalent worldwide and remains a leading cause of death. Although substantial progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of CVD, the prognosis remains unsatisfactory. Renalase is a newly discovered cytokine that is synthesized by the kidney and then secreted into blood. Numerous studies have suggested the efficacy of renalase in treating CVD by metabolizing catecholamines in the circulatory system. As a new biomarker of heart disease, renalase is normally recognized as a signalling molecule that activates cytoprotective intracellular signals to lower blood pressure, protect ischaemic heart muscle and promote atherosclerotic plaque stability in CVD, which subsequently improves cardiac function. Due to its important regulatory role in the circulatory system, renalase has gradually become a potential target in the treatment of CVD. This review summarizes the structure, mechanism and function of renalase in CVD, thereby providing preclinical evidence for alternative approaches and new prospects in the development of renalase-related drugs against CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- London Metropolitan University, London, N7 8DB, United Kingdom
| | - Weihong Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Mingxue Zhou
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Akbari H, Asadikaram G, Vakili S, Masoumi M. Atorvastatin and losartan may upregulate renalase activity in hypertension but not coronary artery diseases: The role of gene polymorphism. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9159-9171. [PMID: 30548657 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim is to explore the treatment effect of coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension on plasma levels of renalase activity and also the possible association of renalase rs10887800 gene polymorphism with CAD and hypertension. A total of 286 patients who received coronary angiography were included in the study. Subjects were divided into four groups including (1) hypertensive with no CAD (H-Tens, n = 60); (2) CAD with hypertension (CAD + H-Tens, n = 71); (3) CAD with no hypertension (CAD, n = 61); and (4) nonhypertensive with no CAD as a control group (Con, n = 69). The plasma renalase activity was measured using the Amplex Red Monoamine Oxidase Assay Kit. Renalase rs10887800 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Atorvastatin (P = 0.005), losartan (P < 0.001), and captopril (P = 0.001) were administered significantly more in case groups compared with the Con group. Significant higher and lower levels of renalase activity were observed in H-Tens and CAD patients compared with control subjects (P < 0.001 for both comparisons). Furthermore, no significant differences were obtained in the risk or protective effects of renalase rs10887800 SNP against hypertension and/or CAD in both recessive and dominant genetic models (P > 0.05). According to the findings of the present study, atorvastatin and losartan therapy assumes considerable significance in alleviating hypertension, but not CAD, by increasing the renalase activity. Furthermore, it was found that renalase rs10887800 is less likely a predisposing factor for susceptibility to hypertension and/or CAD in an Iranian southeast population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Akbari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sina Vakili
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Masoumi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Teimoori B, Moradi‐Shahrebabak M, Rezaei M, Mohammadpour‐Gharehbagh A, Salimi S. Renalase rs10887800 polymorphism is associated with severe pre‐eclampsia in southeast Iranian women. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3277-3285. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Batool Teimoori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology School of Medicine Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran
| | - Maryam Moradi‐Shahrebabak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology School of Medicine Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran
| | - Mahnaz Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry School of Medicine Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran
| | - Abbas Mohammadpour‐Gharehbagh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry School of Medicine Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran
| | - Saeedeh Salimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry School of Medicine Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kandil NS, Sharkawy RME, Desouky LMI, Kandil LS, Masoud I, Amin NG. Renalase gene polymorphisms (rs2576178 and rs10887800) in Egyptian hypertensive end stage renal disease patients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
|
18
|
Investigation of Renalase gene rs2576178 polymorphism in patients with coronary artery disease. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180839. [PMID: 30181378 PMCID: PMC6137248 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renalase gene rs2576178 polymorphism has been demonstrated to be a risk factor of ischemic stroke, essential hypertension, and end-stage renal disease, but the association Renalase with risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been less reported. Therefore, we detected Renalase rs2576178 polymorphism in 449 CAD patients and 507 healthy controls using matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization (MALDI)/time of flight (TOF)-mass spectrometry (MS). It was found that GG genotype or G allele of rs2576178 polymorphism was associated with the risk of CAD. Stratified analysis indicated that Renalase polymorphism significantly increased the risk of CAD in females, smokers, and alcoholics. However, there was no significant association between different genotypes of rs2576178 polymorphism and clinical parameters. In summary, Renalase rs2576178 polymorphism is associated with increased risk of CAD, but this finding should be confirmed by larger studies with more diverse ethnic populations.
Collapse
|
19
|
Langefeld CD, Comeau ME, Ng MCY, Guan M, Dimitrov L, Mudgal P, Spainhour MH, Julian BA, Edberg JC, Croker JA, Divers J, Hicks PJ, Bowden DW, Chan GC, Ma L, Palmer ND, Kimberly RP, Freedman BI. Genome-wide association studies suggest that APOL1-environment interactions more likely trigger kidney disease in African Americans with nondiabetic nephropathy than strong APOL1-second gene interactions. Kidney Int 2018; 94:599-607. [PMID: 29885931 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
African Americans carrying two apolipoprotein L1 gene (APOL1) renal risk variants have a high risk for nephropathy. However, only a minority develops end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Hence, modifying factors likely contribute to initiation of kidney disease such as endogenous (HIV infection) or exogenous (interferon treatment) environmental modifiers. In this report, genome-wide association studies and a meta-analysis were performed to identify novel loci for nondiabetic ESRD in African Americans and to detect genetic modifiers in APOL1-associated nephropathy. Two African American cohorts were analyzed, 1749 nondiabetic ESRD cases and 1136 controls from Wake Forest and 901 lupus nephritis (LN)-ESRD cases and 520 controls with systemic lupus erythematosus but lacking nephropathy from the LN-ESRD Consortium. Association analyses adjusting for APOL1 G1/G2 renal-risk variants were completed and stratified by APOL1 risk genotype status. Individual genome-wide association studies and meta-analysis results of all 2650 ESRD cases and 1656 controls did not detect significant genome-wide associations with ESRD beyond APOL1. Similarly, no single nucleotide polymorphism showed significant genome-wide evidence of an interaction with APOL1 risk variants. Thus, although variants with small individual effects cannot be ruled out and are likely to exist, our results suggest that APOL1-environment interactions may be of greater clinical importance in triggering nephropathy in African Americans than APOL1 interactions with other single nucleotide polymorphisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl D Langefeld
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Center for Public Health Genomics; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary E Comeau
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Center for Public Health Genomics; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maggie C Y Ng
- Department of Biochemistry; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Center for Diabetes Research; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meijian Guan
- Center for Diabetes Research; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Latchezar Dimitrov
- Center for Diabetes Research; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Poorva Mudgal
- Center for Diabetes Research; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mitzie H Spainhour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bruce A Julian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology; University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Edberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology; University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jennifer A Croker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology; University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jasmin Divers
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Center for Public Health Genomics; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pamela J Hicks
- Department of Biochemistry; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Center for Diabetes Research; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Department of Biochemistry; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Center for Diabetes Research; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gary C Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lijun Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholette D Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Center for Diabetes Research; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert P Kimberly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology; University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Center for Public Health Genomics; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Center for Diabetes Research; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huang YS, Lai JB, Li SF, Wang T, Liu YN, Zhang QX, Zhang SY, Sun CH, Hu N, Zhang XZ. Relationship between Renalase Expression and Kidney Disease: an Observational Study in 72 Patients Undergoing Renal Biopsy. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:268-276. [PMID: 30074185 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the levels of renalase and changes in proteinuria, hypertension, renal function, renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was investigated in patients (chronic nephritis, primary nephrotic syndrome or other kidney disease) that underwent renal biopsy. The study group comprised 72 patients undergoing renal biopsy. Patient profiles and renal function were collected. Concentrations of renalase and Bcl-2 were measured by immunohistochemistry. Tubular injury was detected by periodic acid Schiff staining (PAS) and renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL assay. The expression of renalase was significantly lower in renal biopsy specimens than in normal kidney tissues. There was a positive linear relationship between renalase and some serum and cardiac indices; a negative correlation was found between age, eGFR, Ccr and 24-h urinary protein. Renal tubule injury index and tubular epithelial cell apoptosis index showed a negative linear correlation with renalase. The results showed that renalase probably increased the expression of Bcl-2. By two independent samples t-test, renalase levels were significantly increased in the non-hypertension group than in the hypertension group. One-way ANOVA showed that renalase expression was higher in samples with Lee's grade III than in those with Lee's grade V. The expression of renalase was significantly decreased in patients who underwent renal biopsy, and was also associated with blood and renal function. The research proved that renalase may reduce renal tubular injury and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, finally achieving the purpose of delaying the progress of renal failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sha Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Key Renal Laboratory of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Jian-Bo Lai
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Sheng-Fa Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Huizhou First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Huizhou, 516000, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ying-Nan Liu
- Department of Hand Microsurgry, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Qing-Xia Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Key Renal Laboratory of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Key Renal Laboratory of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Chun-Han Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Huizhou First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Huizhou, 516000, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
- Key Renal Laboratory of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518108, China.
| | - Xin-Zhou Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
- Key Renal Laboratory of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518108, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The prevalence of hypertension in pediatric populations continues to rise. Recent studies suggest that renalase plays an important role in blood pressure regulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum renalase concentrations in hypertensive children. This study was a prospective cohort analysis of 88 adolescents (40 girls; 48 boys) aged 11-18 years, divided into two groups: HT-38 subjects with primary hypertension; and R (reference group)-50 subjects with normal blood pressure. Serum renalase concentration was measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Hypertensive patients had higher serum renalase levels (median 29.8 µg/mL; Q1-Q3: 26.1-35.8) than the reference group (median 26.8; Q1-Q3: 22.96-29.4, p < 0.01). Serum renalase was strongly related to serum uric acid levels. In hypertensive patients, serum renalase was positively correlated with 24-h systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 24-h diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and with 24-h SBP and 24-h DBP Z-score (LMS). Our results allow us to conclude that serum renalase correlates with blood pressure elevation. Special attention should be drawn to the correlation between renalase and serum uric acid levels not only in hypertensive, but also in normotensive teenagers. Further studies are needed to answer the question of whether increased serum renalase may be a predisposing factor to hypertension in normotensive patients with hyperuricemia.
Collapse
|
22
|
Orlowska-Baranowska E, Gadomska vel Betka L, Gora J, Baranowski R, Pedzich-Placha E, Zakrzewski D, Dlugosz A, Kossowska H, Zebrowska A, Zakoscielna E, Janiszewska A, Hryniewiecki T, Gaciong Z, Placha G. Functional polymorphism of the renalase gene is associated with cardiac hypertrophy in female patients with aortic stenosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186729. [PMID: 29065134 PMCID: PMC5655536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Renalase decreases circulating catecholamines concentration and is important in maintaining primary cellular metabolism. Renalase acts through the plasma membrane calcium ATPase 4b in the heart, which affects pressure overload but not exercise induced heart hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to test the association between a functional polymorphism Glu37Asp (rs2296545) of the renalase gene and left ventricular hypertrophy in a large cohort of patients with aortic stenosis. The study group consisted of 657 patients with aortic stenosis referred for aortic valve replacement. Preoperative echocardiographic assessment was performed to obtain cardiac phenotypes. Generalized-linear models were implemented to analyze data using crude or full model adjusted for selected clinical factors. In females, the Asp37 variant of the Glu37Asp polymorphism was associated with higher left ventricular mass (p = 0.0021 and p = 0.055 crude and full model respectively), intraventricular septal thickness (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0143) and posterior wall thickness (p = 0.0005 and p = 0.0219) all indexed to body surface area, as well as relative wall thickness (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0097). No significant associations were found among the male patients. In conclusion, we have found the association of the renalase Glu37Asp polymorphism with left ventricle hypertrophy in large group of females with aortic stenosis. The Glu37Asp polymorphism causes not only amino-acid substitution in FAD binding domain but may also change binding affinity of the hypoxia- and hypertrophy-related transcription factors and influence renalase gene expression. Our data suggest that renalase might play a role in hypertrophic response to pressure overload, but the exact mechanism requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucja Gadomska vel Betka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Gora
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Baranowski
- Department of Arrhythmia, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Pedzich-Placha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Zakrzewski
- Department of Acquired Cardiac Defects, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angelika Dlugosz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Helena Kossowska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zebrowska
- Department of Acquired Cardiac Defects, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Zakoscielna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Janiszewska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Hryniewiecki
- Department of Acquired Cardiac Defects, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Gaciong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Placha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stec A. Rs10887800 renalase gene polymorphism influences the level of circulating renalase in patients undergoing hemodialysis but not in healthy controls. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:118. [PMID: 28372594 PMCID: PMC5379720 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human renalase (RNLS), a recently identified flavoprotein with oxidoreductase activity, is secreted into blood by kidneys and metabolizes circulating catecholamines. Recent studies have revealed that common polymorphisms in RNLS gene might affect the risk of several cardiovascular conditions in hemodialyzed patients. However, the exact mechanism underlying this link remains unclear. The study aims to investigate the association between RNLS gene polymorphisms and plasma renalase level in ESKD patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD group) and healthy controls (HC). Methods A total of 309 hemodialyzed patients and 90 controls were enrolled in the study. All the participants were genotyped for two RNLS SNPs (rs2576178 and rs10887800) using PCR-RFLP method. Plasma renalase concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (USCN Life Science Inc., Wuhan, China). The IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analyses. Results Genotype distribution and allele frequencies of studied SNPs did not differ between two analyzed groups, p > .050. RNLS concentration in HD group (33.54 μg/mL) was significantly higher than in HC (13.16 μg/mL), p < .001. HD patients with rs10887800AA genotype had lower renalase level (29.32 μg/mL) compared to those with AG (34.52 μg/mL), p < .010 and GG genotype (35.91 μg/mL), p < .010. No significant differences in plasma RNLS between rs10887800AG and GG carriers were observed, p > .050. Interestingly, in HC group rs10887800 polymorphism did not influence RNLS concentration. Rs2576178 SNP did not affect the level of plasma RNLS either in HD group or in HC. Conclusion Rs10887800 polymorphic variant of RNLS gene influences the level of circulating RNLS in patients undergoing hemodialysis, and thus elucidates the potentially functional relevance of this polymorphism in HD population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stec
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Jaczewskiego Street, 20954, Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Skrzypczyk P, Przychodzień J, Mizerska-Wasiak M, Kuźma-Mroczkowska E, Okarska-Napierała M, Górska E, Stelmaszczyk-Emmel A, Demkow U, Pańczyk-Tomaszewska M. Renalase in Children with Glomerular Kidney Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1021:81-92. [PMID: 28405891 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that renalase, a renal catecholamine-inactivating enzyme, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of kidney and cardiovascular diseases in adults. This study seeks to determine the role of renalase in children with glomerular kidney diseases. We evaluated the serum renalase, arterial stiffness, intima-media thickness, blood pressure, and clinical and biochemical parameters in 78 children (11.9 ± 4.6 years of age) with glomerulopathies such as idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (40 cases), IgA nephropathy (12 cases), Henoch-Schönlein nephropathy (12 cases), and other glomerulopathies (14 cases). The control group consisted of 38 healthy children aged 11.8 ± 3.3 years. The mean renalase was 25.74 ± 8.94 μg/mL in the glomerulopathy group, which was not significantly different from the 27.22 ± 5.15 in the control group. The renalase level did not differ among various glomerulopathies either. However, proteinuric patients had a higher renalase level than those without proteinuria (28.43 ± 11.71 vs. 24.05 ± 6.23, respectively; p = 0.03). In proteinuric patients, renalase correlated with daily proteinuria. In the entire glomerulopathy group, renalase correlated with age, systolic central blood pressure (BP), diastolic peripheral and central BP, mean peripheral and central BP; peripheral diastolic BP Z-score, glomerular filtration rate, cholesterol, triglycerides, and pulse wave velocity. We conclude that in children with glomerulopathies renalase, although basically not enhanced, may underlie blood pressure elevation and arterial damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Skrzypczyk
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Przychodzień
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Mizerska-Wasiak
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kuźma-Mroczkowska
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Elżbieta Górska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stelmaszczyk-Emmel
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pańczyk-Tomaszewska
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fedchenko V, Medvedev A. Comparative analysis of expression of genes encoding enzymes of catecholamine catabolism and renalase in tissues of normotensive and hypertensive rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 63:312-315. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20176304312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Comparative analysis of expression of genes encoding enzymes of catecholamine catabolism (monoaminbe oxidases A and B (MAO A and MAO B) and catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)) and renalase has been carried out in tissues of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Among investigated tissues the highest level of mRNA of genes encoding key enzymes of catecholamine catabolism (MAO A, MAO B, COMT) was found in the heart of WKY rats. In SHR the mRNA levels of these genes were lower (p<0.05-0.01), however, no similar changes were observed in the tissues studied in dependence of hypertension. The relative mRNA levels of the studied genes normalized versus actin mRNA significantly varied. In heart and kidney the relative level of COMT mRNA significantly exceeded the relative levels of both MAO A mRNA and MAO B mRNA. In the brain differences in mRNAs of MAOA, MAOB, and COMT were less pronounced. However, in all examined tissue the renalase mRNA level was much (at least 10-20-fold) lower than any other mRNA studied. Taking into consideration known correlations between mRNAs and corresponding protein products reported in the literature for many genes these results suggest that in the case of any catalytic scenarios proposed or even proved for renalase this protein cannot contribute to catecholamine degradation. It is also unlikely that the products of renalase reaction, b-NAD(P)+ and hydrogen peroxide, can exhibit a hypotensive effect due to low expression of the renalase encoding gene.
Collapse
|
26
|
Lv YB, Wang Y, Ma WG, Yan DY, Zheng WL, Chu C, Guo TS, Yuan ZY, Mu JJ. Association of Renalase SNPs rs2296545 and rs2576178 with the Risk of Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158880. [PMID: 27434211 PMCID: PMC4951046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Two renalase single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs2296545 and rs2576178 have been reported to be associated with the susceptibility to hypertension (HT). Given the inconsistent results, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association between these two SNPs and the risk of HT. Methods Electronic databases were systematically searched to find relevant studies. Subgroup analysis was conducted according to the different concomitant diseases and ethnicities in the study population. Pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using fixed-effect or random-effect models. Results A total of six case–control studies on rs2296545 and six studies on rs2576178 were included. In the combined analysis, results showed a significant association between SNP rs2296545 and risk of HT in all genetic models (dominant model CG+CC/GG: OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.24–1.65; recessive model CC/CG+GG: OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.09–1.69; codominant model CC/GG: OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.20–2.20, CG/GG: OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.12–1.52; allelic model C/G: OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.10–1.51). In subgroup analysis, we observed a significant association between rs2296545 and risk of essential HT. Although we did not observe an association between rs2576178 polymorphism and HT in the combined analysis, an increased risk was observed in the essential HT patients versus healthy controls (subgroup 1) analysis under the dominant, recessive, and codominant genetic models. Conclusions Renalase gene rs2296545 polymorphism is significantly associated with increased risk of HT, whereas rs2576178 polymorphism may not be associated with the susceptibility to HT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bo Lv
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Wang-Ge Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Ding-Yi Yan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Wen-Ling Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Chao Chu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Tong-Shuai Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Zu-Yi Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Jian-Jun Mu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yılmaz ZV, Akkaş E, Yıldırım T, Yılmaz R, Erdem Y. A novel marker in pregnant with preeclampsia: renalase. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:808-813. [PMID: 27147460 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1186637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia is characterized by an increase in high blood pressure and decrease in GFR and proteinuria, however, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Renalase is a recently discovered protein implicated in regulation of blood pressure in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma concentrations of serum renalase were measured in healthy controls, healthy pregnant and pregnant with preeclampsia matched for age, gestational age, in the third trimester of pregnancy. Serum renalase levels were compared in pregnant with and without preeclampsia and non-pregnant controls. Factors associated with serum renalase levels in pregnancies were also evaluated. RESULTS In healthy pregnant serum renalase levels were significantly higher than in controls. However, pregnant with preeclampsia had lower renalase levels than healthy controls. Serum renalase levels were inversely associated with blood pressure levels and positively correlated with glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the development of preeclampsia in pregnant is accompanied by altered serum renalase levels. High blood pressure and kidney damage that characterize this disorder are mediated at least in part by low renalase levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Vural Yılmaz
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Dr. Sami Ulus Women's and Children's Health Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey , and
| | - Elif Akkaş
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Dr. Sami Ulus Women's and Children's Health Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey , and
| | - Tolga Yıldırım
- b Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Rahmi Yılmaz
- b Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Yunus Erdem
- b Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Severina IS, Fedchenko VI, Veselovsky AV, Medvedev AE. [The history of renalase from amine oxidase to a a-NAD(P)H-oxidase/anomerase]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2016; 61:667-79. [PMID: 26716738 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156106667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Renalase is a recently discovered secretory protein, which plays a certain (still poorly understood) role in regulation of blood pressure. The review summarizes own and literature data accumulated since the first publication on relanase (2005). Initial reports on FAD-dependent amine oxidase activity of this protein were not confirmed in independent experiments performed in different laboratories. In addition, proposed amine oxidase activity of circulating extracellular renalase requires the presence of FAD, which has not been detected either in blood or urinary renalase. Moreover, renalase excreted into urine lacks its N-terminal peptide, which is ultimately needed for accommodation of the FAD cofactor. Results of the Aliverti's group on NAD(P)H binding by renalase and weak diaphorase activity of this protein stimulated further studies of renalase as NAD(P)H oxidase catalyzing reaction of catecholamine co-oxidation. However, physiological importance of such extracellular catecholamine-metabolizing activity (demonstrated in one laboratory and not detected in another laboratory) remains unclear due to existence of much more active enzymatic systems (e.g. neutrophil NAD(P)H oxidase, xanthine oxidase/xanthine) in circulation, which can perform such co-oxidation reactions. Recently a-NAD(P)H oxidase/anomerase activity of renalase, which also pomotes oxidative conversion of b-NADH isomers inhibiting activity of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, has been described. However, its possible contribution to the antihypertensive effect of renalase remains unclear. Thus, the antihypertensive effect of renalase still remains a phenomenon with unclear biochemical mechanim(s) and functions of intracellular and extracellular (circulating) renalases obviously differ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I S Severina
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - A E Medvedev
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bagci B, Karakus S, Bagci G, Sancakdar E. Renalase gene polymorphism is associated with increased blood pressure in preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 2016; 6:115-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
30
|
Stec A, Ksiazek A, Buraczynska M. Rs10887800 renalase gene polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease in hemodialyzed patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 48:871-6. [PMID: 27023477 PMCID: PMC4894921 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Coronary artery disease (CAD) is common in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Recent studies have suggested that renalase, a novel FAD-dependent amine oxidase, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications in ESRD patients. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between renalase gene polymorphisms and a risk of CAD in patients on hemodialysis. Methods In a case–control study, a total of 309 hemodialyzed patients (107 with and 202 without CAD) were genotyped for two SNPs in the renalase gene (rs10887800 and rs2576178) using the PCR–RFLP method. Results By multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found that rs10887800GG genotype was associated with an increased risk of CAD under the codominant model [GG vs AA; adjusted OR 2.66 (95 % CI, 1.19–5.94), p = .017] and under the recessive model [GG vs AG + AA; adjusted OR 2.10 (95 % CI, 1.10–4.02), p = .025]. The rs2576178 polymorphism did not influence the risk of CAD. Conclusion The study suggested for the first time that the rs10887800 renalase gene polymorphism may be involved in the pathogenesis of CAD in hemodialyzed patients and thus could be considered a new genetic risk factor for CAD in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stec
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego Street 8, 20954, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Ksiazek
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego Street 8, 20954, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Buraczynska
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego Street 8, 20954, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zheng WL, Wang J, Mu JJ, Liu FQ, Yuan ZY, Wang Y, Wang D, Ren KY, Guo TS, Xiao HY. Effects of salt intake and potassium supplementation on renalase expression in the kidneys of Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:382-6. [PMID: 26553126 PMCID: PMC4935415 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215611584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Renalase is currently the only known amine oxidase in the blood that can metabolize catecholamines and regulate sympathetic activity. High salt intake is associated with high blood pressure (BP), possibly through the modulation of renalase expression and secretion, whereas potassium can reverse the high salt-mediated increase in blood pressure. However, whether potassium could also modulate BP through renalase is unclear. In this study, we aim to investigate how salt intake and potassium supplementation affect the level of renalase in rats. Eighteen salt-sensitive (SS) and 18 SS-13BN rats were divided into six groups, receiving normal salt (0.3% NaCl), high salt (8% NaCl) and high salt/potassium (8% NaCl and 8% KCl) dietary intervention for four weeks. At the end of experiments, blood and kidneys were collected for analysis. mRNA level of renalase was measured by quantitative real-time PCR and protein level was determined by Western blot. We found that mRNA and protein levels of renalase in the kidneys of SS and SS-13BN rats were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) after high salt intervention, whereas dopamine in plasma was increased (P < 0.05) compared with rats received normal salt, suggesting that salt may induce salt-sensitive hypertension through inhibition of renalase expression. We also found increased mRNA level and protein level of renalase, decreased catecholamine levels in plasma, and decreased BP in SS rats treated with high salt/potassium, compared with that of the high salt SS group. Taken together, the salt-induced increase and potassium-induced decrease in BP could be mediated through renalase. More studies are needed to confirm our findings and understand the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R China Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R China Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Mu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R China Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Qiang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R China Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Zu-Yi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R China Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R China Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R China Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Yu Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R China Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Tong-Shuai Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R China Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yu Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P. R China Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kiseljakovic E, Mackic-Djurovic M, Hasic S, Beciragic A, Valjevac A, Alic L, Resic H. Renalase Gene rs2576178 Polymorphism in Hemodialysis Patients: Study in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Med Arch 2016; 70:31-4. [PMID: 26980928 PMCID: PMC4779349 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2016.70.31-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Renalase is a protein secreted in kidneys and considered as a blood pressure modulator. High rates of hypertension and its regulation in patients on hemodialysis demands search for potential cause and treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the genotype and allele frequencies of renalase gene rs2576178 polymorphism in population from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Also, the objective of present study was to find the possible association between renalase gene rs2576178 polymorphism and hypertension in patients on hemodialysis. Material and Methods: The genotype of renalase gene rs2576178 polymorphism was determined in 137 participants (100 patients on hemodialysis and 37 controls), using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent cleavage with MspI restriction endonuclease. Genotype and allele frequencies were assessed for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium using a Chi-squared test. The value of P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Comparison of genotype distribution and allele frequency in participants on hemodialysis with and without hypertension, and healthy control showed no statistical difference. Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that renalase gene rs2576178 polymorphism is not a factor that influences blood pressure in patients on hemodialysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emina Kiseljakovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mirela Mackic-Djurovic
- Center for Genetic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sabaheta Hasic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amela Beciragic
- Clinic for Hemodialysis, University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amina Valjevac
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lejla Alic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Halima Resic
- Clinic for Hemodialysis, University Clinical Center Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ounissi M, Benkirane A, Dempsey E, Soares R, Jullien V, Pons G, Chhun S. A review of potential pharmacogenetic effects on catecholamine responses. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:558-64. [PMID: 26530497 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Considerably, variability in the clinical response to inotropic agents is observed and could be explained partially by the genetic variants, such as single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in genes encoding for enzymes implicated in catecholamines synthesis, metabolism, storage and release or in the signaling pathway. This review highlights the potential effect of pharmacogenetics studies in hemodynamic response and identified 11 SNPs that could be relevant to explain the high variability drug response for a same dose. Cardiovascular instability, such as hypotension, is one of the premature birth complications. The pharmacogenetics studies evaluating these SNP may be useful to better understand the clinical outcome, particularly in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Ounissi
- a Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1129 , Paris , France
| | - Aida Benkirane
- a Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1129 , Paris , France
| | - Eugene Dempsey
- b Department of Pediatrics and Child Health , University College and Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT) , Cork , Ireland
| | - Ricardo Soares
- a Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1129 , Paris , France
| | - Vincent Jullien
- a Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1129 , Paris , France .,c Service De Pharmacologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou , Paris , France
| | - Gérard Pons
- a Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1129 , Paris , France
| | - Stéphanie Chhun
- d Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151 , Paris , France , and.,e Laboratoire D'immunologie Biologique , Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades , AP-HP Paris , France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) remains one of the crucial issues related to the development of invasive cardiology. The massive use of contrast media exposes patients to a great risk of contrast-induced nephropathy and chronic kidney disease development, and increases morbidity and mortality rates. The serum creatinine concentration does not allow for a timely and accurate CI-AKI diagnosis; hence numerous other biomarkers of renal injury have been proposed. Renalase, a novel catecholamine-metabolizing amine oxidase, is synthesized mainly in proximal tubular cells and secreted into urine and blood. It is primarily engaged in the degradation of circulating catecholamines. Notwithstanding its key role in blood pressure regulation, renalase remains a potential CI-AKI biomarker, which was shown to be markedly downregulated in the aftermath of renal injury. In this sense, renalase appears to be the first CI-AKI marker revealing an actual loss of renal function and indicating disease severity. SUMMARY The purpose of this review is to summarize the contemporary knowledge about the application of novel biomarkers of CI-AKI and to highlight the potential role of renalase as a functional marker of contrast-induced renal injury. KEY MESSAGES Renalase may constitute a missing biochemical link in the mutual interplay between kidney and cardiac pathology known as the cardiorenal syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej T Wybraniec
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mizia-Stec
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Maciorkowska D, Zbroch E, Malyszko J. Circulating renalase, catecholamines, and vascular adhesion protein 1 in hypertensive patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 9:855-64. [PMID: 26403854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to estimate and correlate circulating levels of renalase, vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), catecholamines in patients with primary hypertension. The renalase, VAP-1, and catecholamines concentration was estimated in 121 hypertensive patients. The correlation between renalase, VAP-1 levels and catecholamine concentration in blood, blood pressure control, pharmacological therapy, and medical history were taken in to consideration. The median office blood pressure was 145.5/86 mm Hg and was significantly higher than the median home blood pressure measurement value, which was 135/80 mm Hg, P < .05. Circulating renalase and VAP-1 (Me 9.57 μg/mL and Me = 326.7 ng/mL) levels were significantly higher in patients with hypertension comparing to healthy individuals (3.83 μg/mL and 248.37 ng/mL, P < .05). The correlation between renalase and noradrenalin concentration in blood was observed (r = 0.549; P < .05), also the correlation between VAP-1 and noradrenaline was noticed (r = 0.21, P = .029). Renalase level was higher in patients with coronary artery disease and correlated with decreased ejection fraction. VAP-1 concentration correlated also with left ventricular ejection fraction (r = -0.23, P = .013). Hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus had almost statistically significant higher VAP-1 concentration compared with hypertensive patients without diabetes mellitus (Me = 403.22 ng/mL vs. Me = 326,68 ng/mL, P = .064). In multiple regression analysis, renalase was predicted by plasma dopamine and norepinephrine as also diastolic office blood pressure and left ventricle ejection fraction. Circulating renalase and VAP-1 levels are elevated in patients with poor blood pressure control. Its correlation with noradrenalin concentration need further studies to find out the role of renalase as also VAP-1 in pathogenesis and treatment of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Maciorkowska
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Edyta Zbroch
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jolanta Malyszko
- Second Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kalyani A, Sonawane PJ, Khan AA, Subramanian L, Ehret GB, Mullasari AS, Mahapatra NR. Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Renalase Gene by miR-29 and miR-146 MicroRNAs: Implications for Cardiometabolic Disorders. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:2629-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
37
|
Abstract
Hypertension associated with chronic kidney diseases often is resistant to drug treatment. This review deals with two main aspects of the management of CKD patients with hypertension: the role of sodium/volume and the need for dietary salt restriction, as well as appropriate use of diuretics and what currently is called sequential nephron blockade; the second aspect that is addressed extensively in this review is the role of the sympathetic nervous system and the possible clinical use of renal denervation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vito M Campese
- Division of Nephrology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hoag MR, Roman J, Beaupre BA, Silvaggi NR, Moran GR. Bacterial Renalase: Structure and Kinetics of an Enzyme with 2- and 6-Dihydro-β-NAD(P) Oxidase Activity from Pseudomonas phaseolicola. Biochemistry 2015; 54:3791-802. [PMID: 26016690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite a lack of convincing in vitro evidence and a number of sound refutations, it is widely accepted that renalase is an enzyme unique to animals that catalyzes the oxidative degradation of catecholamines in blood in order to lower vascular tone. Very recently, we identified isomers of β-NAD(P)H as substrates for renalase (Beaupre, B. A. et al. (2015) Biochemistry, 54, 795-806). These molecules carry the hydride equivalent on the 2 or 6 position of the nicotinamide base and presumably arise in nonspecific redox reactions of nicotinamide dinucleotides. Renalase serves to rapidly oxidize these isomers to form β-NAD(P)⁺ and then pass the electrons to dioxygen, forming H₂O₂. We have also shown that these substrate molecules are highly inhibitory to dehydrogenase enzymes and thus have proposed an intracellular metabolic role for this enzyme. Here, we identify a renalase from an organism without a circulatory system. This bacterial form of renalase has the same substrate specificity profile as that of human renalase but, in terms of binding constant (K(d)), shows a marked preference for substrates derived from β-NAD⁺. 2-dihydroNAD(P) substrates reduce the enzyme with rate constants (k(red)) that greatly exceed those for 6-dihydroNAD(P) substrates. Taken together, k(red)/K(d) values indicate a minimum 20-fold preference for 2DHNAD. We also offer the first structures of a renalase in complex with catalytically relevant ligands β-NAD⁺ and β-NADH (the latter being an analogue of the substrate(s)). These structures show potential electrostatic repulsion interactions with the product and a unique binding orientation for the substrate nicotinamide base that is consistent with the identified activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Hoag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
| | - Joseph Roman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
| | - Brett A Beaupre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
| | - Nicholas R Silvaggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
| | - Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Renalase does not catalyze the oxidation of catecholamines. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 579:62-6. [PMID: 26049000 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the function of human renalase is to oxidize catecholamines in blood. However, this belief is based on experiments that did not account for slow, facile catecholamine autoxidation reactions. Recent evidence has shown that renalase has substrates with which it reacts rapidly. The reaction catalyzed defines renalase as an oxidase, one that harvests two electrons from either 2-dihydroNAD(P) or 6-dihydroNAD(P) to form β-NAD(P)(+) and hydrogen peroxide. The apparent metabolic purpose of such a reaction is to avoid inhibition of primary dehydrogenase enzymes by these β-NAD(P)H isomers. This article demonstrates that renalase does not catalyze the oxidation of neurotransmitter catecholamines. Using high-performance liquid chromatography we show that there is no evidence of consumption of epinephrine by renalase. Using time-dependent spectrophotometry we show that the renalase FAD cofactor spectrum is unresponsive to added catecholamines, that adrenochromes are not observed to accumulate in the presence of renalase and that the kinetics of single turnover reactions with 6-dihydroNAD are unaltered by the addition of catecholamines. Lastly we show using an oxygen electrode assay that plasma renalase activity is below the level of detection and only when exogenous renalase and 6-dihydroNAD are added can dioxygen be observed to be consumed.
Collapse
|
40
|
Renalase: Another puzzle piece between hypertension and simple renal cysts? Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 47:1181-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-1008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
41
|
Abstract
Background An increased risk for developing essential hypertension, stroke and diabetes is associated with single nucleotide gene polymorphisms in renalase, a newly described secreted flavoprotein with oxidoreductase activity. Gene deletion causes hypertension, and aggravates acute ischemic kidney (AKI) and cardiac injury. Independent of its intrinsic enzymatic activities, extracellular renalase activates MAPK signaling and prevents acute kidney injury (AKI) in wild type (WT) mice. Therefore, we sought to identity the receptor for extracellular renalase. Methods and Results RP-220 is a previously identified, 20 amino acids long renalase peptide that is devoid of any intrinsic enzymatic activity, but it is equally effective as full-length recombinant renalase at protecting against toxic and ischemic injury. Using biotin transfer studies with RP-220 in the human proximal tubular cell line HK-2 and protein identification by mass spectrometry, we identified PMCA4b as a renalase binding protein. This previously characterized plasma membrane ATPase is involved in cell signaling and cardiac hypertrophy. Co-immunoprecipitation and co-immunolocalization confirmed protein-protein interaction between endogenous renalase and PMCA4b. Down-regulation of endogenous PMCA4b expression by siRNA transfection, or inhibition of its enzymatic activity by the specific peptide inhibitor caloxin1b each abrogated RP-220 dependent MAPK signaling and cytoprotection. In control studies, these maneuvers had no effect on epidermal growth factor mediated signaling, confirming specificity of the interaction between PMCA4b and renalase. Conclusions PMCA4b functions as a renalase receptor, and a key mediator of renalase dependent MAPK signaling.
Collapse
|
42
|
Renalase: its role as a cytokine, and an update on its association with type 1 diabetes and ischemic stroke. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2015; 23:513-8. [PMID: 24992568 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Remarkable progress has been achieved over the past 2 years in understanding the cellular actions of renalase, its pathophysiology and potential therapeutic utility. RECENT FINDINGS There has been a paradigm shift in our thinking about the mechanisms underlying the cellular actions of renalase. We now understand that, independent of its enzymatic properties, renalase functions as a signaling molecule, a cytokine that interacts with a yet-to-be identified plasma membrane receptor(s) to activate protein kinase B and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. These signaling properties are critical to its cytoprotective effects. New information regarding renalase's enzymatic function as an α-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase/anomerase will be reviewed. Lastly, we will discuss the association of certain single nucleotide polymorphisms in the renalase gene with type 1 diabetes and with ischemic stroke, and the clinical implications of these findings. SUMMARY The consistent association of renalase single nucleotide polymorphisms and the development of type 1 diabetes is a great interest particularly because we now understand that renalase functions as a cytokine. Future work on renalase should focus on exploring the identity of its receptor(s), and its potential role as an immune modulator.
Collapse
|
43
|
The catalytic function of renalase: A decade of phantoms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1864:177-86. [PMID: 25900362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ten years after the initial identification of human renalase the first genuinely catalytic substrates have been identified. Throughout the prior decade a consensus belief that renalase is produced predominantly by the kidney and catalytically oxidizes catecholamines in order to lower blood pressure and slow the heart has prevailed. This belief was, however, based on fundamentally flawed scientific observations that did not include control reactions to account for the well-known autoxidation of catecholamines in oxygenated solutions. Nonetheless, the initial claims have served as the kernel for a rapidly expanding body of research largely predicated on the belief that catecholamines are substrates for this enzyme. The proliferation of scientific studies pertaining to renalase as a hormone has proceeded unabated despite well-reasoned expressions of dissent that have indicated the deficiencies of the initial observations and other inconsistencies. Our group has very recently identified isomeric forms of β-NAD(P)H as substrates for renalase. These substrates arise from non-specific reduction of β-NAD(P)(+) that forms β-4-dihydroNAD(P) (β-NAD(P)H), β-2-dihydroNAD(P) and β-6-dihydroNAD(P); the latter two being substrates for renalase. Renalase oxidizes these substrates with rate constants that are up to 10(4)-fold faster than any claimed for catecholamines. The electrons harvested are delivered to dioxygen via the enzyme's FAD cofactor forming both H2O2 and β-NAD(P)(+) as products. It would appear that the metabolic purpose of this chemistry is to alleviate the inhibitory effect of β-2-dihydroNAD(P) and β-6-dihydroNAD(P) on primary metabolism dehydrogenase enzymes. The identification of this genuinely catalytic activity for renalase calls for re-evaluation of much of the research of this enzyme, in which definitive links between renalase catecholamine consumption and physiological responses were reported. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Physiological enzymology and protein functions.
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang Z, Su G, Guo J, Li J, Wu H, Wang M, Xie X. Pooled genetic analysis reveals an association of snps of only a few genes with risk predisposition to ischemic stroke in a Chinese population. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:170-4. [PMID: 25855559 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- Department of Neurology; School Hospital of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Gang Su
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Neurology; School Hospital of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Jiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Hua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Manxia Wang
- Department of Neurology; School Hospital of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Malyszko J, Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Dobrzycki S. Renalase, kidney and cardiovascular disease: are they related or just coincidentally associated? Adv Med Sci 2015; 60:41-9. [PMID: 25461379 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension are the leading cause of death in the developed countries. Diabetes and chronic kidney disease became also more prevalent reaching almost the level of epidemy. Researchers are looking eagerly for the new risk and/or pathogenetic factors, as well as therapeutic option in these disease. It has been suggested that human kidney releases a protein named renalase into the bloodstream. It is supposed to be an enzyme which breaks down catecholamines in the blood circulation and regulate blood pressure. However, there were several doubts whether renalase exerts monoaminooxidase activity, or if it is monoaminooxidase at all. Recently, a hypothesis that it is also a cytokine was postulated. Studies on renalase polymorphisms in hypertension, cardiovascular disease or diabetes are inconsistent. Similarly, there are several discrepancies in the animal on the possible role of renalase in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Some studies report a protective role of renalase in acute kidney injury, whereas others showed that renalase levels were mainly dependent on kidney function, indicating rather a role of kidney in excretion of this substance. Moreover, validated assays are needed to evaluate renalase levels and activity. On one hand a deeper and more accurate link between renalase and cardiovascular diseases require further profound research, on the other hand whether or not renalase protein could be a new therapeutic target in these pathologies should also be considered. Whether renalase, discovered in 2005, might be a Holy Grail of hypertension, linking kidney and cardiovascular diseases, remains to be proven.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Malyszko
- 2nd Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | | | - Slawomir Dobrzycki
- Invasive Cardiology Department, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rezk NA, Zidan HE, Elnaggar YA, Ghorab A. Renalase Gene Polymorphism and Epinephrine Level in Chronic Kidney Disease. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:2309-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1433-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
47
|
Sonawane PJ, Gupta V, Sasi BK, Kalyani A, Natarajan B, Khan AA, Sahu BS, Mahapatra NR. Transcriptional regulation of the novel monoamine oxidase renalase: Crucial roles of transcription factors Sp1, STAT3, and ZBP89. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6878-92. [PMID: 25295465 DOI: 10.1021/bi500798n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Renalase, a novel monoamine oxidase, is emerging as an important regulator of cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal diseases. However, the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of this enzyme remains largely unknown. We undertook a systematic analysis of the renalase gene to identify regulatory promoter elements and transcription factors. Computational analysis coupled with transfection of human renalase promoter/luciferase reporter plasmids (5'-promoter-deletion constructs) into various cell types (HEK-293, IMR32, and HepG2) identified two crucial promoter domains at base pairs -485 to -399 and -252 to -150. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using renalase promoter oligonucleotides with and without potential binding sites for transcription factors Sp1, STAT3, and ZBP89 displayed formation of specific complexes with HEK-293 nuclear proteins. Consistently, overexpression of Sp1, STAT3, and ZBP89 augmented renalase promoter activity; additionally, siRNA-mediated downregulation of Sp1, STAT3, and ZBP89 reduced the level of endogenous renalase transcription as well as the transfected renalase promoter activity. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed in vivo interactions of these transcription factors with renalase promoter. Interestingly, renalase promoter activity was augmented by nicotine and catecholamines; while Sp1 and STAT3 synergistically activated the nicotine-induced effect, Sp1 appeared to enhance epinephrine-evoked renalase transcription. Moreover, renalase transcript levels in mouse models of human essential hypertension were concomitantly associated with endogenous STAT3 and ZBP89 levels, suggesting crucial roles for these transcription factors in regulating renalase gene expression in cardiovascular pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parshuram J Sonawane
- Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ton QV, Hammes SR. Recent Insights on Circulating Catecholamines in Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2014; 16:498. [DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
49
|
Wasilewski G, Przybyłowski P, Janik L, Nowak E, Sadowski J, Małyszko J. Dopamine and Noradrenaline Are Unrelated to Renalase, Heart Rate, and Blood Pressure in Heart Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc 2014; 46:2835-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
50
|
Wybraniec MT, Mizia-Stec K, Trojnarska O, Chudek J, Czerwieńska B, Wikarek M, Więcek A. Low plasma renalase concentration in hypertensive patients after surgical repair of coarctation of aorta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 8:464-74. [PMID: 25064768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|