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Maisenbacher TC, Ehnert S, Histing T, Nüssler AK, Menger MM. Advantages and Limitations of Diabetic Bone Healing in Mouse Models: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3302. [PMID: 38137522 PMCID: PMC10741210 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes represents a major risk factor for impaired fracture healing. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a growing epidemic worldwide, hence an increase in diabetes-related complications in fracture healing can be expected. However, the underlying mechanisms are not yet completely understood. Different mouse models are used in preclinical trauma research for fracture healing under diabetic conditions. The present review elucidates and evaluates the characteristics of state-of-the-art murine diabetic fracture healing models. Three major categories of murine models were identified: Streptozotocin-induced diabetes models, diet-induced diabetes models, and transgenic diabetes models. They all have specific advantages and limitations and affect bone physiology and fracture healing differently. The studies differed widely in their diabetic and fracture healing models and the chosen models were evaluated and discussed, raising concerns in the comparability of the current literature. Researchers should be aware of the presented advantages and limitations when choosing a murine diabetes model. Given the rapid increase in type II diabetics worldwide, our review found that there are a lack of models that sufficiently mimic the development of type II diabetes in adult patients over the years. We suggest that a model with a high-fat diet that accounts for 60% of the daily calorie intake over a period of at least 12 weeks provides the most accurate representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja C. Maisenbacher
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, BG Clinic Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (T.H.); (M.M.M.)
- Siegfried Weller Institute at the BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Institute at the BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Tina Histing
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, BG Clinic Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (T.H.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Andreas K. Nüssler
- Siegfried Weller Institute at the BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.E.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Maximilian M. Menger
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, BG Clinic Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (T.H.); (M.M.M.)
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2
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Wu EL, Cheng M, Zhang XJ, Wu TG, Zhang L. The role of non-coding RNAs in diabetes-induced osteoporosis. Differentiation 2023; 133:98-108. [PMID: 37643534 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and osteoporosis are two major health care problems worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that DM poses a risk for osteoporosis and can contribute to the development of diabetes-induced osteoporosis (DOP). Interestingly, some epidemiological studies suggest that DOP may be at least partially distinct from those skeletal abnormalities associated with old age or postmenopausal osteoporosis. The increasing number of DM patients who also have DOP calls for a discussion of the pathogenesis of DOP and the investigation of drugs to treat DOP. Recently, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have received more attention due to their significant role in cellular functions and bone formation. It is worth noting that ncRNAs have also been demonstrated to participate in the progression of DOP. Meanwhile, nano-delivery systems are considered a promising strategy to treat DOP because of their cellular targeting, sustained release, and controlled release characteristics. Additionally, the utilization of novel technologies such as the CRISPR system has expanded the scope of available options for treating DOP. Hence, this paper explores the functions and regulatory mechanisms of ncRNAs in DOP and highlights the advantages of employing nanoparticle-based drug delivery techniques to treat DOP. Finally, this paper also explores the potential of ncRNAs as diagnostic DOP biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Li Wu
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Ming Cheng
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Xin-Jing Zhang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Tian-Gang Wu
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Periodontology, Anhui Stomatology Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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3
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Linnemann C, Şahin F, Li N, Pscherer S, Götz F, Histing T, Nussler AK, Ehnert S. Insulin Can Delay Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation In Vitro-Implication for Diabetic Wound Care? BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1082. [PMID: 37626968 PMCID: PMC10452400 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a worldwide evolving disease with many associated complications, one of which is delayed or impaired wound healing. Appropriate wound healing strongly relies on the inflammatory reaction directly after injury, which is often altered in diabetic wound healing. After an injury, neutrophils are the first cells to enter the wound site. They have a special defense mechanism, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), consisting of released DNA coated with antimicrobial proteins and histones. Despite being a powerful weapon against pathogens, NETs were shown to contribute to impaired wound healing in diabetic mice and are associated with amputations in diabetic foot ulcer patients. The anti-diabetic drugs metformin and liraglutide have already been shown to regulate NET formation. In this study, the effect of insulin was investigated. NET formation after stimulation with PMA (phorbol myristate acetate), LPS (lipopolysaccharide), or calcium ionophore (CI) in the presence/absence of insulin was analyzed. Insulin led to a robust delay of LPS- and PMA-induced NET formation but had no effect on CI-induced NET formation. Mechanistically, insulin induced reactive oxygen species, phosphorylated p38, and ERK, but reduced citrullination of histone H3. Instead, bacterial killing was induced. Insulin might therefore be a new tool for the regulation of NET formation during diabetic wound healing, either in a systemic or topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Linnemann
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Filiz Şahin
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Ningna Li
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pscherer
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (A.K.N.)
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Sophien- and Hufeland-Hospital, 99425 Weimar, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tina Histing
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (C.L.); (A.K.N.)
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4
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Karuga FF, Jaromirska J, Malicki M, Sochal M, Szmyd B, Białasiewicz P, Strzelecki D, Gabryelska A. The role of microRNAs in pathophysiology and diagnostics of metabolic complications in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1208886. [PMID: 37547923 PMCID: PMC10403239 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1208886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most common sleep disorders, which is characterized by recurrent apneas and/or hypopneas occurring during sleep due to upper airway obstruction. Among a variety of health consequences, OSA patients are particularly susceptible to developing metabolic complications, such as metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as epigenetic modulators are promising particles in both understanding the pathophysiology of OSA and the prediction of OSA complications. This review describes the role of miRNAs in the development of OSA-associated metabolic complications. Moreover, it summarizes the usefulness of miRNAs as biomarkers in predicting the aforementioned OSA complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Franciszek Karuga
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Julia Jaromirska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Malicki
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Sochal
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Szmyd
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Białasiewicz
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Gabryelska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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5
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Araújo R, Martin V, Ferreira R, Fernandes MH, Gomes PS. A new ex vivo model of the bone tissue response to the hyperglycemic environment - The embryonic chicken femur organotypic culture in high glucose conditions. Bone 2022; 158:116355. [PMID: 35151894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) embrace a group of chronic metabolic conditions with a high morbidity, causing deleterious effects in different tissues and organs, including bone. Hyperglycemia seems to be one of the most contributing etiological factors of bone-related alterations, altering metabolic functionality and inducing morphological adaptations. Despite the established models for the assessment of bone functionality in hyperglycemic conditions, in vitro studies present a limited representativeness given the imperfect cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and restricted three-dimensional spatial arrangement; while in vivo studies raise ethical issues and offer limited mechanistic characterization, given the modulatory influence of many systemic factors and/or regulatory systems. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to establish and characterize an innovative ex vivo model of the bone tissue response to hyperglycemia, reaching hand of the organotypic culture of embryonic chicken femurs in high glucose conditions, showcasing the integrative responsiveness of the model regarding hyperglycemia-induced alterations. A thorough assessment of the cellular and tissue functionality was further conducted. Results show that, in high glucose conditions, femurs presented an increased cell proliferation and enhanced collagen production, despite the altered protein synthesis, substantiated by the increased carbonyl content. Gene expression analysis evidenced that high glucose levels induced the expression of pro-inflammatory and early osteogenic markers, further impairing the expression of late osteogenic markers. Furthermore, the tissue morphological organization and matrix mineralization were significantly altered by high glucose levels, as evidenced by histological, histochemical and microtomographic evaluations. Attained data is coherent with acknowledged hyperglycemia-induced bone tissue alterations, validating the models' effectiveness, and evidencing its integrative responsiveness regarding cell proliferation, gene and protein expression, and tissue morpho-functional organization. The assessed ex vivo model conjoins the capability to access both cellular and tissue outcomes in the absence of a systemic modulatory influence, outreaching the functionality of current experimental in vitro and in vivo models of the diabetic bone condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Araújo
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Victor Martin
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Fernandes
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Sousa Gomes
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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King S, Klineberg I, Brennan-Speranza TC. Adipose Tissue Dysfunction: Impact on Bone and Osseointegration. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 110:32-40. [PMID: 34374815 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone metabolism may be adversely affected in metabolic diseases such as obesity and metabolic syndrome, which are characterised by weight gain, due to the expansion of adipose tissue deposits. As an important regulator of energy metabolism, adipose tissues synthesise and secrete several key regulatory adipokines that influence a range of metabolic functions. This narrative review outlines the evidence for the mechanisms by which adipose tissue dysfunction may alter bone metabolism prior to the development of frank hyperglycaemia and presents the emerging evidence for the impact of diet-induced expansion of adipose tissue on implant osseointegration. Successful osseointegration requires normal bone cell function, and the expansion of adipose tissue deposits results in dysregulated adipokine production favouring an increase in pro-inflammatory adipokines, contributing to the development of a chronic inflammatory state and insulin resistance. The increase in inflammatory cytokines promotes the growth and differentiation of osteoclasts indirectly through the modulation of osteoblastic RANKL production and directly by reducing osteoclast apoptosis and increased osteoclastic expression of RANK. Conversely, the suppression of osteoblastic regulatory genes results in reduced osteoblast numbers and function contributing to compromised bone turnover. Compromised osseointegration has been established in hyperglycaemia; however, as discussed in this review, it may not be the only driver of altered bone metabolism. The incidence of metabolic disease in the community is rising, patients may present for implant treatment with undiagnosed, underlying changes to bone cell metabolism due to adipose tissue dysmetabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalinie King
- Sydney Dental School and Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Iven Klineberg
- Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Head Skeletal Endocrine Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Jeddi S, Yousefzadeh N, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Role of nitric oxide in type 1 diabetes-induced osteoporosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 197:114888. [PMID: 34968494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D)-induced osteoporosis is characterized by decreased bone mineral density, bone quality, rate of bone healing, bone formation, and increased bone resorption. Patients with T1D have a 2-7-fold higher risk of osteoporotic fracture. The mechanisms leading to increased risk of osteoporotic fracture in T1D include insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, lower insulin-like growth factor-1, hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, and inflammation. In addition, a higher probability of falling, kidney dysfunction, weakened vision, and neuropathy indirectly increase the risk of osteoporotic fracture in T1D patients. Decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability contributes to the pathophysiology of T1D-induced osteoporotic fracture. This review discusses the role of NO in osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in T1D. In addition, the mechanisms involved in reduced NO bioavailability and activity in type 1 diabetic bones as well as NO-based therapy for T1D-induced osteoporosis are summarized. Available data indicates that lower NO bioavailability in diabetic bones is due to disruption of phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase/protein kinase B/endothelial NO synthases and NO/cyclic guanosine monophosphate/protein kinase G signaling pathways. Thus, NO bioavailability may be boosted directly or indirectly by NO donors. As NO donors with NO-like effects in the bone, inorganic nitrate and nitrite can potentially be used as novel therapeutic agents for T1D-induced osteoporosis. Inorganic nitrites and nitrates can decrease the risk for osteoporotic fracture probably directly by decreasing osteoclast activity, decreasing fat accumulation in the marrow cavity, increasing osteoblast activity, and increasing bone perfusion or indirectly, by improving hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and reducing body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasibeh Yousefzadeh
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, NY, USA.
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Weng W, Zanetti F, Bovard D, Braun B, Ehnert S, Uynuk-Ool T, Histing T, Hoeng J, Nussler AK, Aspera-Werz RH. A simple method for decellularizing a cell-derived matrix for bone cell cultivation and differentiation. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:124. [PMID: 34524552 PMCID: PMC8443471 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix regulates cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. In vitro two-dimensional cell experiments are typically performed on a plastic plate or a substrate of a single extracellular matrix constituent such as collagen or calcium phosphate. As these approaches do not include extracellular matrix proteins or growth factors, they fail to mimic a complex cell microenvironment. The cell-derived matrix is an alternative platform for better representing the in vivo microenvironment in vitro. Standard decellularization of a cell-derived matrix is achieved by combining chemical and physical methods. In this study, we compared the decellularization efficacy of several methods: ammonium hydroxide, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or Triton X-100 with cold or heat treatment on a matrix of Saos-2 cells. We found that the protocols containing SDS were cytotoxic during recellularization. Heat treatment at 47 °C was not cytotoxic, removed cellular constituents, inactivated alkaline phosphatase activity, and maintained the levels of calcium deposition. Subsequently, we investigated the differentiation efficiency of a direct bone coculture system in the established decellularized Saos-2 matrix, an inorganic matrix of calcium phosphate, and a plastic plate as a control. We found that the decellularized Saos-2 cell matrix obtained by heat treatment at 47 °C enhanced osteoclast differentiation and matrix mineralization better than the inorganic matrix and the control. This simple and low-cost method allows us to create a Saos-2 decellularized matrix that can be used as an in vivo-like support for the growth and differentiation of bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Weng
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Filippo Zanetti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - David Bovard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bianca Braun
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tatiana Uynuk-Ool
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tina Histing
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Romina H Aspera-Werz
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Altered Secretome of Diabetic Monocytes Could Negatively Influence Fracture Healing-An In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179212. [PMID: 34502120 PMCID: PMC8430926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a main risk factor for delayed fracture healing and fracture non-unions. Successful fracture healing requires stimuli from different immune cells, known to be affected in diabetics. Especially, application of mononuclear cells has been proposed to promote wound and fracture healing. Thus, aim was to investigate the effect of pre-/diabetic conditions on mononuclear cell functions essential to promote osteoprogenitor cell function. We here show that pre-/diabetic conditions suppress the expression of chemokines, e.g., CCL2 and CCL8 in osteoprogenitor cells. The associated MCP-1 and MCP-2 were significantly reduced in serum of diabetics. Both MCPs chemoattract mononuclear THP-1 cells. Migration of these cells is suppressed under hyperglycemic conditions, proposing that less mononuclear cells invade the site of fracture in diabetics. Further, we show that the composition of cytokines secreted by mononuclear cells strongly differ between diabetics and controls. Similar is seen in THP-1 cells cultured under hyperinsulinemia or hyperglycemia. The altered secretome reduces the positive effect of the THP-1 cell conditioned medium on migration of osteoprogenitor cells. In summary, our data support that factors secreted by mononuclear cells may support fracture healing by promoting migration of osteoprogenitor cells but suggest that this effect might be reduced in diabetics.
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Häussling V, Aspera-Werz RH, Rinderknecht H, Springer F, Arnscheidt C, Menger MM, Histing T, Nussler AK, Ehnert S. 3D Environment Is Required In Vitro to Demonstrate Altered Bone Metabolism Characteristic for Type 2 Diabetics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062925. [PMID: 33805833 PMCID: PMC8002142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A large British study, with almost 3000 patients, identified diabetes as main risk factor for delayed and nonunion fracture healing, the treatment of which causes large costs for the health system. In the past years, much progress has been made to treat common complications in diabetics. However, there is still a lack of advanced strategies to treat diabetic bone diseases. To develop such therapeutic strategies, mechanisms leading to massive bone alterations in diabetics have to be well understood. We herein describe an in vitro model displaying bone metabolism frequently observed in diabetics. The model is based on osteoblastic SaOS-2 cells, which in direct coculture, stimulate THP-1 cells to form osteoclasts. While in conventional 2D cocultures formation of mineralized matrix is decreased under pre-/diabetic conditions, formation of mineralized matrix is increased in 3D cocultures. Furthermore, we demonstrate a matrix stability of the 3D carrier that is decreased under pre-/diabetic conditions, resembling the in vivo situation in type 2 diabetics. In summary, our results show that a 3D environment is required in this in vitro model to mimic alterations in bone metabolism characteristic for pre-/diabetes. The ability to measure both osteoblast and osteoclast function, and their effect on mineralization and stability of the 3D carrier offers the possibility to use this model also for other purposes, e.g., drug screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Häussling
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.H.); (R.H.A.-W.); (H.R.); (C.A.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.); (S.E.)
| | - Romina H. Aspera-Werz
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.H.); (R.H.A.-W.); (H.R.); (C.A.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.); (S.E.)
| | - Helen Rinderknecht
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.H.); (R.H.A.-W.); (H.R.); (C.A.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.); (S.E.)
| | - Fabian Springer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- Radiology Department, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Arnscheidt
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.H.); (R.H.A.-W.); (H.R.); (C.A.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.); (S.E.)
| | - Maximilian M. Menger
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.H.); (R.H.A.-W.); (H.R.); (C.A.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.); (S.E.)
| | - Tina Histing
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.H.); (R.H.A.-W.); (H.R.); (C.A.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.); (S.E.)
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.H.); (R.H.A.-W.); (H.R.); (C.A.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.); (S.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-606-1065
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.H.); (R.H.A.-W.); (H.R.); (C.A.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.); (S.E.)
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11
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Use of in vitro bone models to screen for altered bone metabolism, osteopathies, and fracture healing: challenges of complex models. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3937-3958. [PMID: 32910238 PMCID: PMC7655582 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Approx. every third hospitalized patient in Europe suffers from musculoskeletal injuries or diseases. Up to 20% of these patients need costly surgical revisions after delayed or impaired fracture healing. Reasons for this are the severity of the trauma, individual factors, e.g, the patients’ age, individual lifestyle, chronic diseases, medication, and, over 70 diseases that negatively affect the bone quality. To investigate the various disease constellations and/or develop new treatment strategies, many in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models can be applied. Analyzing these various models more closely, it is obvious that many of them have limits and/or restrictions. Undoubtedly, in vivo models most completely represent the biological situation. Besides possible species-specific differences, ethical concerns may question the use of in vivo models especially for large screening approaches. Challenging whether ex vivo or in vitro bone models can be used as an adequate replacement for such screenings, we here summarize the advantages and challenges of frequently used ex vivo and in vitro bone models to study disturbed bone metabolism and fracture healing. Using own examples, we discuss the common challenge of cell-specific normalization of data obtained from more complex in vitro models as one example of the analytical limits which lower the full potential of these complex model systems.
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12
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Zhang P, Zhang H, Lin J, Xiao T, Xu R, Fu Y, Zhang Y, Du Y, Cheng J, Jiang H. Insulin impedes osteogenesis of BMSCs by inhibiting autophagy and promoting premature senescence via the TGF-β1 pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:2084-2100. [PMID: 32017705 PMCID: PMC7041775 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dysfunction of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) may be a core factor in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) associated osteoporosis. However, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Here, we delineated the critical role of insulin impeding osteogenesis of BMSCs in T2DM. Compared with BMSCs from healthy people (H-BMSCs), BMSCs from T2DM patient (DM-BMSCs) showed decreased osteogenic differentiation and autophagy level, and increased senescent phenotype. H-BMSCs incubated in hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic conditions similarly showed these phenotypes of DM-BMSCs. Notably, enhanced TGF-β1 expression was detected not only in DM-BMSCs and high-glucose and insulin-treated H-BMSCs, but also in bone callus of streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Moreover, inhibiting TGF-β1 signaling not only enhanced osteogenic differentiation and autophagy level of DM-BMSCs, but also delayed senescence of DM-BMSCs, as well as promoted mandible defect healing of diabetic rats. Finally, we further verified that it was TGF-β receptor II (TβRII), not TβRI, markedly increased in both DM-BMSCs and insulin-treated H-BMSCs. Our data revealed that insulin impeded osteogenesis of BMSCs by inhibiting autophagy and promoting premature senescence, which it should be responsible for T2DM-induced bone loss, at least in part. These findings suggest that inhibiting TGF-β1 pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for T2DM associated bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hengguo Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jialin Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rongyao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yifei Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongbing Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
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13
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Zhu S, Ehnert S, Rouß M, Häussling V, Aspera-Werz RH, Chen T, Nussler AK. From the Clinical Problem to the Basic Research-Co-Culture Models of Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082284. [PMID: 30081523 PMCID: PMC6121694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue undergoes constant remodeling and healing when fracture happens, in order to ensure its structural integrity. In order to better understand open biological and clinical questions linked to various bone diseases, bone cell co-culture technology is believed to shed some light into the dark. Osteoblasts/osteocytes and osteoclasts dominate the metabolism of bone by a multitude of connections. Therefore, it is widely accepted that a constant improvement of co-culture models with both cell types cultured on a 3D scaffold, is aimed to mimic an in vivo environment as closely as possible. Although in recent years a considerable knowledge of bone co-culture models has been accumulated, there are still many open questions. We here try to summarize the actual knowledge and address open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhu
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Marc Rouß
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Victor Häussling
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Romina H Aspera-Werz
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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14
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Liu JM, Rosen CJ, Ducy P, Kousteni S, Karsenty G. Regulation of Glucose Handling by the Skeleton: Insights From Mouse and Human Studies. Diabetes 2016; 65:3225-3232. [PMID: 27959858 PMCID: PMC5860442 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, and Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME
| | - Patricia Ducy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Stavroula Kousteni
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY
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15
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Ehnert S, Falldorf K, Fentz AK, Ziegler P, Schröter S, Freude T, Ochs BG, Stacke C, Ronniger M, Sachtleben J, Nussler AK. Primary human osteoblasts with reduced alkaline phosphatase and matrix mineralization baseline capacity are responsive to extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field exposure - Clinical implication possible. Bone Rep 2015; 3:48-56. [PMID: 28377966 PMCID: PMC5365212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have been used clinically with various settings as an exogenous stimulation method to promote fracture healing. However, underlying mechanisms of action and EMF parameters responsible for certain effects remain unclear. Our aim was to investigate the influence of defined EMFs on human osteoblasts' and osteoclasts' viability and function. Primary human osteoblasts and osteoclasts were treated 3 times weekly for 21 days during their maturation process using the Somagen® device (Sachtleben GmbH, Hamburg, Germany), generating defined extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (ELF-PEMFs). Certain ELF-PEMF treatment significantly increased the total protein content (up to 66%), mitochondrial activity (up to 91.1%) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity (up to 129.9%) of human osteoblasts during the entire differentiation process. Furthermore, ELF-PEMF treatment enhanced formation of mineralized matrix (up to 276%). Interestingly, ELF-PEMF dependent induction of AP activity and matrix mineralization was strongly donor dependent — only osteoblasts with a poor initial osteoblast function responded to the ELF-PEMF treatment. As a possible regulatory mechanism, activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway was identified. Maturation of osteoclasts from human monocytes was not affected by the ELF-PEMF treatment. In summary the results indicate that a specific ELF-PEMF treatment with the Somagen® device improves viability and maturation of osteoblasts, while osteoclast viability and maturation was not affected. Hence, ELF-PEMF might represent an interesting adjunct to conventional therapy supporting bone formation during fracture healing or even for the treatment of osteoporosis. Exposure to extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (ELF-PEMFs) increases viability of human osteoblasts. Exposure to specific ELF-PEMFs improves primary human osteoblasts’ function. Especially osteoblasts with a low differentiation capacity profit from the ELF-PEMF exposure. For the observed effects ERK1/2 activation is pivotal. Osteoclast viability and function is not affected by the same ELF-PEMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Patrick Ziegler
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Schröter
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Freude
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Björn G Ochs
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Andreas K Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Saucedo R, Rico G, Vega G, Basurto L, Cordova L, Galvan R, Hernandez M, Puello E, Zarate A. Osteocalcin, under-carboxylated osteocalcin and osteopontin are not associated with gestational diabetes mellitus but are inversely associated with leptin in non-diabetic women. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:519-26. [PMID: 25480426 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure serum osteocalcin (OC), under-carboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), osteopontin (OPN), and leptin in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and in healthy pregnant women during pregnancy and after birth and relate these markers to glucose metabolism. METHODS This was a prospective study including 60 women with GDM and 60 subjects with normal gestation who were evaluated at gestational week 30 and 6 weeks postpartum. Serum OC, ucOC, OPN, leptin, insulin and insulin resistance were evaluated during the study. RESULTS Bone biomarkers and leptin were similar between GDM and normal pregnancy. After delivery, OC, ucOC and OPN increased in both groups, while leptin decreased only in healthy controls. Bone markers did not correlate with insulin and insulin resistance in the two groups, but leptin was positively correlated with insulin and insulin resistance and negatively correlated with bone biomarkers only in healthy women. Furthermore, the women who developed diabetes postpartum had lower levels of OC than women with normal glucose tolerance. CONCLUSION GDM is not associated with OC, ucOC, OPN, and leptin and does not correlate with insulin resistance. At postpartum, women who develop diabetes have lower osteocalcin concentrations. Leptin correlates with insulin resistance and bone biomarkers in non-diabetic women.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Saucedo
- Endocrine Research Unit, National Medical Center, IMSS, Cuauhtemoc 330, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - G Rico
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - G Vega
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L Basurto
- Endocrine Research Unit, National Medical Center, IMSS, Cuauhtemoc 330, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L Cordova
- Endocrine Research Unit, National Medical Center, IMSS, Cuauhtemoc 330, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Galvan
- Gerontology Research Unit, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Hernandez
- Endocrine Research Unit, National Medical Center, IMSS, Cuauhtemoc 330, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E Puello
- Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Center La Raza, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Zarate
- Endocrine Research Unit, National Medical Center, IMSS, Cuauhtemoc 330, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Fu C, Zhang X, Ye F, Yang J. High insulin levels in KK-Ay diabetic mice cause increased cortical bone mass and impaired trabecular micro-structure. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8213-26. [PMID: 25872143 PMCID: PMC4425077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and complications, including obesity and osteoporosis. Rodents have been widely used to model human T2DM and investigate its effect on the skeleton. We aimed to investigate skeletal alterations in Yellow Kuo Kondo (KK-Ay) diabetic mice displaying high insulin and glucose levels. Bone mineral density (BMD), micro-architecture and bone metabolism-related genes were analyzed. The total femoral areal BMD (aBMD), cortical volumetric BMD (vBMD) and thickness were significantly increased in KK-Ay mice, while the trabecular vBMD and mineralized bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness and number were decreased compared to C57BL mice. The expression of both osteoblast-related genes, such as osteocalcin (OC), bone sialoprotein, Type I Collagen, osteonectin, RUNX2 and OSX, and osteoclast-related genes, such as TRAP and TCIRG, were up-regulated in KK-Ay mice. Correlation analyses showed that serum insulin levels were positively associated with aBMD, cortical vBMD and thickness and negatively associated with trabecular vBMD and micro-architecture. In addition, serum insulin levels were positively related to osteoblast-related and osteoclast-related gene expression. Our data suggest that high insulin levels in KK-Ay diabetic mice may increase cortical bone mass and impair trabecular micro-structure by up-regulating osteoblast-and osteoclast-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Fu
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of MateriaMedica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Fei Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of MateriaMedica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jianhong Yang
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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18
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Ehnert S, Freude T, Ihle C, Mayer L, Braun B, Graeser J, Flesch I, Stöckle U, Nussler AK, Pscherer S. Factors circulating in the blood of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients affect osteoblast maturation – Description of a novel in vitro model. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:247-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Gene expression changes in cancellous bone of type 2 diabetics: a biomolecular basis for diabetic bone disease. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2014; 399:639-47. [PMID: 24715035 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-014-1188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes mellitus type 2 (2DM) is associated with altered bone quality. In order to analyze associated changes on a molecular level, we investigated the gene expression of key factors of osteoblast metabolism in type 2 diabetics. METHODS Total mRNA and protein of bone samples from 2DM patients and non-diabetic patients were isolated, and subsequently, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or Western blot was performed. Furthermore, pro- and anti-inflammatory serum cytokine levels were determined using a cytokine array. RESULTS Expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) was increased by 53 %. Expression of the bone sialoproteins, secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1; osteopontin), and integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP), was elevated by more than 50 %, and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) expression was 13 % lower in the investigated diabetes group compared to the control group. Similarly, the expression of versican (VCAN) and decorin (DCN) was upregulated twofold in the diabetic group. At the same time, 2DM patients and controls show alterations in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in the serum. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies considerable changes in the expression of transcription factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) components of bone in 2DM patients. Furthermore, the analysis of key differentiation factors of osteoblasts revealed significant alterations in gene expression of these factors, which may contribute to the dysregulation of energy metabolism in 2DM.
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20
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Fehrendt H, Linn T, Hartmann S, Szalay G, Heiss C, Schnettler R, Lips KS. Negative influence of a long-term high-fat diet on murine bone architecture. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:318924. [PMID: 24696682 PMCID: PMC3950495 DOI: 10.1155/2014/318924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A correlation between obesity and bone metabolism is strongly assumed because adipocytes and osteoblasts originate from the same precursor cells and their differentiation is conversely regulated by the same factors. It is controversially discussed if obesity protects bone or leads to loss of bone mass. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of diet-induced mild obesity (11% increased body weight compared to control) on bone microstructure in mice. Four-week-old male C57BL/6J mice received a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% kcal from fat) and were analyzed by means of dual X-ray absorptiometry, histological methods, real-time RT-PCR, and transmission electron microscopy in comparison to control animals (10% kcal from fat). The cancellous bone mass, collagen 1α1 expression, amount of osteoid, and cohesion of cells via cell-to-cell contacts decreased in HFD mice whereas the bone mineral density and the amount of osteoblasts and osteoclasts were not modified. The amount of apoptotic osteocytes was increased in HFD mice in comparison to controls. We conclude that moderately increased body weight does not protect bone architecture from age-dependent degeneration. By contrast, bone microstructure is negatively affected and reduced maintenance of cell-cell contacts may be one of the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinrich Fehrendt
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Kerkraderstrasse 9, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Linn
- Clinical Research Unit, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic 3, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sonja Hartmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Kerkraderstrasse 9, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gabor Szalay
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg, Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Heiss
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg, Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schnettler
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Kerkraderstrasse 9, 35394 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg, Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Susanne Lips
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Kerkraderstrasse 9, 35394 Giessen, Germany
- *Katrin Susanne Lips:
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Zhao X, Qu Z, Tickner J, Xu J, Dai K, Zhang X. The role of SATB2 in skeletogenesis and human disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 25:35-44. [PMID: 24411565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of SATB2 (special AT-rich sequence binding protein 2) a decade ago, its pivotal roles in development and tissue regeneration have emerged, particularly in craniofacial patterning and development, palate formation, and osteoblast differentiation and maturation. As a member of the special AT-rich binding proteins family that bind to nuclear matrix-attachment regions (MAR), it also displays functional versatility in central nervous development, especially corpus callosum and pons formation, cancer development and prognosis, as well as in immune regulation. At the molecular level, Satb2 gene expression appears to be tissue and stage-specific, and is regulated by several cytokines and growth factors, such as BMP2/4/7, insulin, CNTF, and LIF via ligand receptor signaling pathways. SATB2 mainly performs a twofold role as a transcription regulator by directly binding to AT-rich sequences in MARs to modulate chromatin remodeling, or through association with other transcription factors to modulate the cis-regulation elements and thus to regulate the expression of down-stream target genes and a wide range of biological processes. This contemporary review provides an exploration of the molecular characteristics and function of SATB2; including its expression and cytokine regulation, its involvement in human disease, and its potential roles in skeletogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhihu Qu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jennifer Tickner
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia (M504), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia (M504), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Kerong Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
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Pscherer S, Freude T, Forst T, Nussler AK, Braun KF, Ehnert S. Anti-diabetic treatment regulates pro-fibrotic TGF-β serum levels in type 2 diabetics. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013; 5:48. [PMID: 24004910 PMCID: PMC3847073 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-5-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The single-center, open-label, four-arm, exploratory study investigates the relation of different anti-diabetics to serum levels of active TGF-β, a known pro-fibrotic stimulus, before and after a defined test meal. FINDINGS We investigated sera of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with metformin and sulfonylurea, insulin glargine or a DPP-4 inhibitor (DPP4i). Patients' sera were analyzed before and 5 h after a defined test meal at intervals of 30 min.The sulfonylurea/metformin group exhibited the highest basal levels of active TGF-β (31.50 ± 3.58 ng/ml). The glargine/metformin group had active TGF-β levels (24.98 ± 1.90 ng/ml) that were comparable to those of the healthy participants (22.12 ± 2.34 ng/ml). The lowest basal levels of active TGF-β were detected in the DPP-4i/metformin group (12.28 ± 0.84 ng/ml). Following the intake of a standardized meal, active TGF-β levels decreased (approx. 30%) in healthy subjects as well as in the sulfonylurea/metformin group and in the glargine/metformin group. After 5 h, the active TGF-β levels were normalized to basal levels. Active TGF-β levels in the DPP-4i/metformin group did not change significantly after the test meal. Overall plasma levels of insulin and proinsulin were comparable between healthy participants, and T2DM patients in the glargin/metformin group and in the DPP4i/metformin group. However, no correlation between active TGF-β levels, glucose, insulin or pro-insulin levels was detected. CONCLUSIONS T2DM patients often exhibit elevated levels of pro-fibrotic active TGF-β. Our results suggest that glargine/metformin and DPP4i/metformin treatment may more effectively reduce active TGF-β serum levels than the sulfonylurea/metformin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pscherer
- Klinikum Traunstein, Diabetes Department, Cuno-Niggl-Straße 3, Traunstein 83278, Germany
| | - Thomas Freude
- BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Thomas Forst
- Department of Endocrinology, ikfe Mainz/University Mainz, Parcusstraße 8, Mainz 55116, Germany
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Karl F Braun
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstraße 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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23
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Inhibitory effects of high glucose/insulin environment on osteoclast formation and resorption in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 33:244-249. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-013-1105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Bosetti M, Sabbatini M, Nicolì E, Fusaro L, Cannas M. Effects and differentiation activity of IGF-I, IGF-II, insulin and preptin on human primary bone cells. Growth Factors 2013; 31:57-65. [PMID: 23410103 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2013.770392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the complex interrelated regulatory pathways involving IGF factors and pancreatic hormones can be observed in several metabolic diseases, where the deregulation of these factors has a wide impact on bone health. These findings have stimulated us to compare the effect of IGF-I, IGF-II, insulin and preptin on human bone cells. The effect on cell differentiation and cell activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts has been analysed. We have observed a significant effect by IGF-I, a modest effect by IGF-II and preptin and no effect after insulin administration on human primary osteoblast-like cells. All studied factors have shown an induction on human primary osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption activity, with IGF-I being the most potent factor. We hypothesize that these findings may be on the basis of decreased bone mass density observed in several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bosetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Alessandria, Novara, Vercelli, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich C Luft
- Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Lindenbergerweg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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