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Aryan A, Aghajanpour F, Dashtdar M, Hejazi F, Salimi M, Afshar A, Soltani R, Seyed Hasani AH, Aliaghaei A, Abbaszadeh HA, Mahmoodi H, Zahedi L, Abdollahifar MA, Fadaei Fathabadi F. Exploring Intercellular Dynamics: Ultra-Weak Biophoton Emission as a Novel Indicator of Altered Cell Functions and Disease in Oligospermia Mice. J Lasers Med Sci 2023; 14:e65. [PMID: 38318218 PMCID: PMC10843233 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2023.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: Biophoton emission, the spontaneous release of photons from living cells, has emerged as an attractive field of research in the study of biological systems. Scientists have recently discovered that changes in biophoton emission could serve as potential indicators of pathological conditions. This intriguing phenomenon suggests that cells might communicate and interact with each other through the exchange of these faint but significant light signals. Therefore, the present study introduces intercellular relationships with biophoton release to detect normal and abnormal cell functions to further achieve cellular interactions by focusing on cell and cell arrangement in disease conditions. Methods: Twenty male mice were assigned to control and busulfan groups. Five weeks after the injection of busulfan, the testis was removed, and then the stereological techniques and TUNEL assay were applied to estimate the histopathology of the testis tissue sections. Results: The findings revealed that the ultra-weak biophoton emission in the control group was significantly lower than in the busulfan group. The oligospermia mice model showed that it significantly changed the spatial arrangement of testicular cells and notably decreased the testis volume, length of seminiferous tubules, and the number of testicular cells. The results of the TUNEL assay showed that the percentage of apoptotic cells significantly increased in the busulfan group. Conclusion: The ultra-weak biophoton emission from testis tissue was reduced in oligospermia mice. As a result, the decline of ultra-weak biophoton can indicate a change in cell arrangement, a decrease in intercellular interaction, and eventually disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arefeh Aryan
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical, Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Rasht University of Medical Sciences, Gilan, Iran
| | - Fakhroddin Aghajanpour
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical, Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Hejazi
- Department of Advanced Technology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Salimi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azar Afshar
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Soltani
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Hasan Seyed Hasani
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjat-Allah Abbaszadeh
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical, Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Mahmoodi
- Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Zahedi
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical, Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fadaei Fathabadi
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical, Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Zhu L, Tang Q, Mao Z, Chen H, Wu L, Qin Y. Microfluidic-based platforms for cell-to-cell communication studies. Biofabrication 2023; 16:012005. [PMID: 38035370 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication is critical to the understanding of human health and disease progression. However, compared to traditional methods with inefficient analysis, microfluidic co-culture technologies developed for cell-cell communication research can reliably analyze crucial biological processes, such as cell signaling, and monitor dynamic intercellular interactions under reproducible physiological cell co-culture conditions. Moreover, microfluidic-based technologies can achieve precise spatial control of two cell types at the single-cell level with high throughput. Herein, this review focuses on recent advances in microfluidic-based 2D and 3D devices developed to confine two or more heterogeneous cells in the study of intercellular communication and decipher the advantages and limitations of these models in specific cellular research scenarios. This review will stimulate the development of more functionalized microfluidic platforms for biomedical research, inspiring broader interests across various disciplines to better comprehend cell-cell communication and other fields, such as tumor heterogeneity and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvyang Zhu
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No. 9, Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qu Tang
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No. 9, Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Mao
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No. 9, Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Chen
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No. 9, Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wu
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No. 9, Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Qin
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No. 9, Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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3
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Paterlini A. A year at the forefront of plasmodesmal biology. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio060123. [PMID: 37874138 PMCID: PMC10618598 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is a central feature of multicellular organisms, enabling division of labour and coordinated responses. Plasmodesmata are membrane-lined pores that provide regulated cytoplasmic continuity between plant cells, facilitating signalling and transport across neighboring cells. Plant development and survival profoundly depend on the existence and functioning of these structures, bringing them to the spotlight for both fundamental and applied research. Despite the rich conceptual and translational rewards in sight, however, the study of plasmodesmata poses significant challenges. This Review will mostly focus on research published between May 2022 and May 2023 and intends to provide a short overview of recent discoveries, innovations, community resources and hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paterlini
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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4
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Panstruga R, Antonin W, Lichius A. Looking outside the box: a comparative cross-kingdom view on the cell biology of the three major lineages of eukaryotic multicellular life. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:198. [PMID: 37418047 PMCID: PMC10329083 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04843-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Many cell biological facts that can be found in dedicated scientific textbooks are based on findings originally made in humans and/or other mammals, including respective tissue culture systems. They are often presented as if they were universally valid, neglecting that many aspects differ-in part considerably-between the three major kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotic life, comprising animals, plants and fungi. Here, we provide a comparative cross-kingdom view on the basic cell biology across these lineages, highlighting in particular essential differences in cellular structures and processes between phyla. We focus on key dissimilarities in cellular organization, e.g. regarding cell size and shape, the composition of the extracellular matrix, the types of cell-cell junctions, the presence of specific membrane-bound organelles and the organization of the cytoskeleton. We further highlight essential disparities in important cellular processes such as signal transduction, intracellular transport, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and cytokinesis. Our comprehensive cross-kingdom comparison emphasizes overlaps but also marked differences between the major lineages of the three kingdoms and, thus, adds to a more holistic view of multicellular eukaryotic cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Wolfram Antonin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Lichius
- inncellys GmbH, Dorfstrasse 20/3, 6082, Patsch, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Li Z, Wang T, Liu P, Huang Y. SpatialDM for rapid identification of spatially co-expressed ligand-receptor and revealing cell-cell communication patterns. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3995. [PMID: 37414760 PMCID: PMC10325966 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39608-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is a key aspect of dissecting the complex cellular microenvironment. Existing single-cell and spatial transcriptomics-based methods primarily focus on identifying cell-type pairs for a specific interaction, while less attention has been paid to the prioritisation of interaction features or the identification of interaction spots in the spatial context. Here, we introduce SpatialDM, a statistical model and toolbox leveraging a bivariant Moran's statistic to detect spatially co-expressed ligand and receptor pairs, their local interacting spots (single-spot resolution), and communication patterns. By deriving an analytical null distribution, this method is scalable to millions of spots and shows accurate and robust performance in various simulations. On multiple datasets including melanoma, Ventricular-Subventricular Zone, and intestine, SpatialDM reveals promising communication patterns and identifies differential interactions between conditions, hence enabling the discovery of context-specific cell cooperation and signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxuan Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tianjie Wang
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pentao Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yuanhua Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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6
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Vassilieff H, Geering ADW, Choisne N, Teycheney PY, Maumus F. Endogenous Caulimovirids: Fossils, Zombies, and Living in Plant Genomes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1069. [PMID: 37509105 PMCID: PMC10377300 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Caulimoviridae is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect plants. The genomes of most vascular plants contain endogenous caulimovirids (ECVs), a class of repetitive DNA elements that is abundant in some plant genomes, resulting from the integration of viral DNA in the chromosomes of germline cells during episodes of infection that have sometimes occurred millions of years ago. In this review, we reflect on 25 years of research on ECVs that has shown that members of the Caulimoviridae have occupied an unprecedented range of ecological niches over time and shed light on their diversity and macroevolution. We highlight gaps in knowledge and prospects of future research fueled by increased access to plant genome sequence data and new tools for genome annotation for addressing the extent, impact, and role of ECVs on plant biology and the origin and evolutionary trajectories of the Caulimoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew D W Geering
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Pierre-Yves Teycheney
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410 Saint-Pierre de La Réunion, France
- UMR PVBMT, Université de la Réunion, F-97410 Saint-Pierre de La Réunion, France
| | - Florian Maumus
- INRAE, URGI, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026 Versailles, France
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7
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Nagy L, Vonk P, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm R, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu X, Nan S, Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu H, Yang X, Merényi Z. Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Stud Mycol 2023; 104:1-85. [PMID: 37351542 PMCID: PMC10282164 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Citation: Nagy LG, Vonk PJ, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm RA, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu XB, Nan S, M. Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu W, Yang X, Merényi Z (2023). Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Studies in Mycology 104: 1-85. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - P.J. Vonk
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - C. Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - M. Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - R.A. Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - F. Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;
| | - B. Bálint
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Á. Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Z. Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X.B. Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - S. Nan
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - M. Pareek
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - N. Sahu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Szathmári
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - T. Varga
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - H. Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X. Yang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Z. Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
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8
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Mamun MAA, Cao W, Nakamura S, Maruyama JI. Large-scale identification of genes involved in septal pore plugging in multicellular fungi. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1418. [PMID: 36932089 PMCID: PMC10023807 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular filamentous fungi have septal pores that allow cytoplasmic exchange, and thus connectivity, between neighboring cells in the filament. Hyphal wounding and other stress conditions induce septal pore closure to minimize cytoplasmic loss. However, the composition of the septal pore and the mechanisms underlying its function are not well understood. Here, we set out to identify new septal components by determining the subcellular localization of 776 uncharacterized proteins in a multicellular ascomycete, Aspergillus oryzae. The set of 776 uncharacterized proteins was selected on the basis that their genes were present in the genomes of multicellular, septal pore-bearing ascomycetes (three Aspergillus species, in subdivision Pezizomycotina) and absent/divergent in the genomes of septal pore-lacking ascomycetes (yeasts). Upon determining their subcellular localization, 62 proteins were found to localize to the septum or septal pore. Deletion of the encoding genes revealed that 23 proteins are involved in regulating septal pore plugging upon hyphal wounding. Thus, this study determines the subcellular localization of many uncharacterized proteins in A. oryzae and, in particular, identifies a set of proteins involved in septal pore function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Cao
- Research Center for Agricultural Information Technology, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shugo Nakamura
- Department of Information Networking for Innovation and Design, Faculty of Information Networking for Innovation and Design, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Maruyama
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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9
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Rojas V, Larrondo LF. Coupling Cell Communication and Optogenetics: Implementation of a Light-Inducible Intercellular System in Yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:71-82. [PMID: 36534043 PMCID: PMC9872819 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell communication is a widespread mechanism in biology, allowing the transmission of information about environmental conditions. In order to understand how cell communication modulates relevant biological processes such as survival, division, differentiation, and apoptosis, different synthetic systems based on chemical induction have been successfully developed. In this work, we coupled cell communication and optogenetics in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our approach is based on two strains connected by the light-dependent production of α-factor pheromone in one cell type, which induces gene expression in the other type. After the individual characterization of the different variants of both strains, the optogenetic intercellular system was evaluated by combining the cells under contrasting illumination conditions. Using luciferase as a reporter gene, specific co-cultures at a 1:1 ratio displayed activation of the response upon constant blue light, which was not observed for the same cell mixtures grown in darkness. Then, the system was assessed at several dark/blue-light transitions, where the response level varies depending on the moment in which illumination was delivered. Furthermore, we observed that the amplitude of response can be tuned by modifying the initial ratio between both strains. Finally, the two-population system showed higher fold inductions in comparison with autonomous strains. Altogether, these results demonstrated that external light information is propagated through a diffusible signaling molecule to modulate gene expression in a synthetic system involving microbial cells, which will pave the road for studies allowing optogenetic control of population-level dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Rojas
- Departamento
de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias
Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad
Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Millennium
Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Luis F. Larrondo
- Departamento
de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias
Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad
Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Millennium
Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8331150, Chile
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10
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Zhao Y, Qin Q, Chen L, Long Y, Song N, Jiang H, Si W. Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of multiple C2 domain and transmembrane region proteins in maize. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:388. [PMID: 35922779 PMCID: PMC9347167 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple C2 domain and transmembrane region proteins (MCTPs) are evolutionarily conserved and important signaling molecules. However, the MCTP gene family has not been comprehensively analyzed in maize. RESULTS In this study, 385 MCTP genes were identified in all surveyed 38 species. Moreover, gene duplication mode exploration showed that whole genome duplication (WGD) mainly contributed to the expansion of MCTP genes in angiosperms. Phylogeny reconstruction with all surveyed species by the maximum-likelihood (ML) method showed five clades of MCTPs, Clades I to V. Each clade of MCTPs had conservative structures and motifs. Focusing on maize, 17 MCTPs were identified, and a neighborjoining (NJ) phylogenetic tree with only ZmMCTPs was also constructed. As expected, 17 MCTPs showed similar phylogenetic relationships in the neighbor-joining (NJ) tree with those in the maximum-likelihood (ML) tree and could also be divided into five subclades. Moreover, ZmMCTP members in different clades showed specific gene structure, conserved motif, and domain structure compositions. Intriguingly, most ZmMCTP genes were intronless. Analyses of isoelectric points (pIs) and grand averages of hydropathicity (GRAVYs) indicated that the N-terminus was more dispersive than the C-terminus. Further tissue-specific expression analysis indicated that duplicated ZmMCTP pairs involved in whole genome duplication (WGD) had similar expression trends. Finally, ZmMCTPs were transcriptionally altered under diverse abiotic stresses and hormone treatments. CONCLUSIONS Our results contribute to deciphering the evolutionary history of MCTPs in maize and other plants, facilitating further functional analysis of these factors, and provide a basis for further clarification of the molecular mechanism of stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Qianqian Qin
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Li Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yun Long
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Nannan Song
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Weina Si
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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11
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Rubio-Casillas A, Redwan EM, Uversky VN. SARS-CoV-2: A Master of Immune Evasion. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061339. [PMID: 35740361 PMCID: PMC9220273 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses and their hosts have coevolved for a long time. This coevolution places both the pathogen and the human immune system under selective pressure; on the one hand, the immune system has evolved to combat viruses and virally infected cells, while viruses have developed sophisticated mechanisms to escape recognition and destruction by the immune system. SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen that is causing the current COVID-19 pandemic, has shown a remarkable ability to escape antibody neutralization, putting vaccine efficacy at risk. One of the virus’s immune evasion strategies is mitochondrial sabotage: by causing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial physiology is impaired, and the interferon antiviral response is suppressed. Seminal studies have identified an intra-cytoplasmatic pathway for viral infection, which occurs through the construction of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), hence enhancing infection and avoiding immune surveillance. Another method of evading immune monitoring is the disruption of the antigen presentation. In this scenario, SARS-CoV-2 infection reduces MHC-I molecule expression: SARS-CoV-2’s open reading frames (ORF 6 and ORF 8) produce viral proteins that specifically downregulate MHC-I molecules. All of these strategies are also exploited by other viruses to elude immune detection and should be studied in depth to improve the effectiveness of future antiviral treatments. Compared to the Wuhan strain or the Delta variant, Omicron has developed mutations that have impaired its ability to generate syncytia, thus reducing its pathogenicity. Conversely, other mutations have allowed it to escape antibody neutralization and preventing cellular immune recognition, making it the most contagious and evasive variant to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rubio-Casillas
- Biology Laboratory, Autlán Regional Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, Autlán 48900, Jalisco, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.R.-C.); (V.N.U.); Tel.: +52-317-38-935-55 (A.R.-C.)
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence: (A.R.-C.); (V.N.U.); Tel.: +52-317-38-935-55 (A.R.-C.)
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12
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Day TC, Márquez-Zacarías P, Bravo P, Pokhrel AR, MacGillivray KA, Ratcliff WC, Yunker PJ. Varied solutions to multicellularity: The biophysical and evolutionary consequences of diverse intercellular bonds. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:021305. [PMID: 35673523 PMCID: PMC9164275 DOI: 10.1063/5.0080845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of multicellular organisms is, in large part, due to the fact that multicellularity has independently evolved many times. Nonetheless, multicellular organisms all share a universal biophysical trait: cells are attached to each other. All mechanisms of cellular attachment belong to one of two broad classes; intercellular bonds are either reformable or they are not. Both classes of multicellular assembly are common in nature, having independently evolved dozens of times. In this review, we detail these varied mechanisms as they exist in multicellular organisms. We also discuss the evolutionary implications of different intercellular attachment mechanisms on nascent multicellular organisms. The type of intercellular bond present during early steps in the transition to multicellularity constrains future evolutionary and biophysical dynamics for the lineage, affecting the origin of multicellular life cycles, cell-cell communication, cellular differentiation, and multicellular morphogenesis. The types of intercellular bonds used by multicellular organisms may thus result in some of the most impactful historical constraints on the evolution of multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Day
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | | | - Aawaz R. Pokhrel
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | - William C. Ratcliff
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Peter J. Yunker
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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13
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Insights into the crystallization and vitrification of cryopreserved cells. Cryobiology 2022; 106:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Incomplete abscission and cytoplasmic bridges in the evolution of eukaryotic multicellularity. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R385-R397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Merolli A, Kasaei L, Ramasamy S, Kolloli A, Kumar R, Subbian S, Feldman LC. An intra-cytoplasmic route for SARS-CoV-2 transmission unveiled by Helium-ion microscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3794. [PMID: 35260703 PMCID: PMC8904465 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virions enter the host cells by docking their spike glycoproteins to the membrane-bound Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2. After intracellular assembly, the newly formed virions are released from the infected cells to propagate the infection, using the extra-cytoplasmic ACE2 docking mechanism. However, the molecular events underpinning SARS-CoV-2 transmission between host cells are not fully understood. Here, we report the findings of a scanning Helium-ion microscopy study performed on Vero E6 cells infected with mNeonGreen-expressing SARS-CoV-2. Our data reveal, with unprecedented resolution, the presence of: (1) long tunneling nanotubes that connect two or more host cells over submillimeter distances; (2) large scale multiple cell fusion events (syncytia); and (3) abundant extracellular vesicles of various sizes. Taken together, these ultrastructural features describe a novel intra-cytoplasmic connection among SARS-CoV-2 infected cells that may act as an alternative route of viral transmission, disengaged from the well-known extra-cytoplasmic ACE2 docking mechanism. Such route may explain the elusiveness of SARS-CoV-2 to survive from the immune surveillance of the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Merolli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. .,Department Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, DLS Building, 145 Bevier Road, Room 108, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Leila Kasaei
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Santhamani Ramasamy
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Afsal Kolloli
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Leonard C Feldman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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16
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Kuhar F, Terzzoli L, Nouhra E, Robledo G, Mercker M. Pattern formation features might explain homoplasy: fertile surfaces in higher fungi as an example. Theory Biosci 2022; 141:1-11. [PMID: 35174438 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-022-00363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fungi show a high degree of morphological convergence. Regarded for a long time as an obstacle for phylogenetic studies, homoplasy has also been proposed as a source of information about underlying morphogenetic patterning mechanisms. The "local-activation and long-range inhibition principle" (LALIP), underlying the famous reaction-diffusion model proposed by Alan Turing in 1952, appears to be one of the universal phenomena that can explain the ontogenetic origin of seriate patterns in living organisms. Reproductive structures of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes show a highly periodic structure resulting in, for example, poroid, odontoid, lamellate or labyrinthic hymenophores. In this paper, we claim that self-organized patterns might underlie the basic ontogenetic processes of these structures. Simulations based on LALIP-driven models and covering a wide range of parameters show an absolute mutual correspondence with the morphospace explored by extant agaricomycetes. This could not only explain geometric particularities but could also account for the limited possibilities displayed by hymenial configurations, thus making homoplasy a direct consequence of the limited morphospace resulting from the proposed patterning dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Kuhar
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611 CC. 4955000, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Leticia Terzzoli
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611 CC. 4955000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Nouhra
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611 CC. 4955000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Robledo
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias BioTecA3 - Centro de Biotecnología Aplicada Al Agro Y Alimentos, Universidad Nacionel de Córdoba, Ing. Agr. Félix Aldo Marrone 746, CC509 - CP 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.,CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz 2290, (C1425FQB), CABA, Argentina
| | - Moritz Mercker
- Institute of Applied Mathematics (IAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Rahmaninejad H, Pace T, Chun BJ, Kekenes-Huskey PM. Crowding within synaptic junctions influences the degradation of nucleotides by CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidases. Biophys J 2022; 121:309-318. [PMID: 34922916 PMCID: PMC8790186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapsed cells can communicate using exocytosed nucleotides like adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Ectonucleotidases localized to synaptic junctions degrade nucleotides into metabolites like adenosine monophosphate (AMP) or adenosine. Oftentimes nucleotide degradation occurs in a sequential manner, of which ATP degradation by CD39 and CD73 is a representative example. Here, CD39 first converts ATP and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into AMP, after which AMP is dephosphorylated into adenosine by CD73. Hence, the concerted activity of CD39 and CD73 can help shape cellular responses to extracellular ATP. In a previous study, we demonstrated that coupled CD39 and CD73 activity within synapse-like junctions is strongly controlled by the enzymes' co-localization, their surface charge densities, and the electrostatic potential of the surrounding cell membranes. In this study, we demonstrate that crowders within synaptic junctions, which can include globular proteins like cytokines and membrane-bound proteins, impact coupled CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidase activity and, in turn, the availability of intrasynapse ATP. Specifically, we developed a spatially explicit, reaction-diffusion model for the coupled conversion of ATP → AMP and AMP → adenosine in a model synaptic junction with crowders that is solved via the finite element method. Our modeling results suggest that the association rate for ATP to CD39 is strongly influenced by the density of intrasynaptic protein crowders, as increasing crowder density generally suppressed ATP association kinetics. Much of this suppression can be rationalized based on a loss of configurational entropy. The surface charges of crowders can further influence the association rate, with the surprising result that favorable crowder-nucleotide electrostatic interactions can yield CD39 association rates that are faster than crowder-free configurations. However, attractive crowder-nucleotide interactions decrease the rate and efficiency of adenosine production, which in turn increases the availability of ATP and AMP within the synapse relative to crowder-free configurations. These findings highlight how CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidase activity, electrostatics, and crowding within synapses influence the availability of nucleotides for intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Rahmaninejad
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,Corresponding author
| | - Tom Pace
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago,Corresponding author
| | - Byeong Jae Chun
- Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago
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18
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Zhang F, Zhang Y, Kong L, Luo H, Zhang Y, Mäkilä E, Salonen J, Hirvonen JT, Zhu Y, Cheng Y, Deng L, Zhang H, Kros A, Cui W, Santos HA. Multistage signal-interactive nanoparticles improve tumor targeting through efficient nanoparticle-cell communications. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109131. [PMID: 34038723 PMCID: PMC8170549 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between biological components is critical for homeostasis maintenance among the convergence of complicated bio-signals. For therapeutic nanoparticles (NPs), the general lack of effective communication mechanisms with the external cellular environment causes loss of homeostasis, resulting in deprived autonomy, severe macrophage-mediated clearance, and limited tumor accumulation. Here, we develop a multistage signal-interactive system on porous silicon particles through integrating the Self-peptide and Tyr-Ile-Gly-Ser-Arg (YIGSR) peptide into a hierarchical chimeric signaling interface with “don’t eat me” and “eat me” signals. This biochemical transceiver can act as both the signal receiver for amantadine to achieve NP transformation and signal conversion as well as the signal source to present different signals sequentially by reversible self-mimicking. Compared with the non-interactive controls, these signal-interactive NPs loaded with AS1411 and tanespimycin (17-AAG) as anticancer drugs improve tumor targeting 2.8-fold and tumor suppression 6.5-fold and showed only 51% accumulation in the liver with restricted hepatic injury. Constructing a signal-interactive NP system improves NP-cell communication efficiency Functional chimeric peptide design enables orderly integrating of multiple signal modules Signal-interactive NPs reduce liver accumulation and promote tumor targeting
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yiran Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Li Kong
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China; Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9052, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Huanhuan Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yuezhou Zhang
- Xían Institute of Flexible Electronics & Xían Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xían 710072, P.R. China
| | - Ermei Mäkilä
- Laboratory of Industrial Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jarno Salonen
- Laboratory of Industrial Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jouni T Hirvonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yueqi Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Yingsheng Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Lianfu Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland.
| | - Alexander Kros
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9052, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China.
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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19
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Peters WS, Jensen KH, Stone HA, Knoblauch M. Plasmodesmata and the problems with size: Interpreting the confusion. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 257:153341. [PMID: 33388666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissues exhibit a symplasmic organization; the individual protoplasts are connected to their neighbors via cytoplasmic bridges that extend through pores in the cell walls. These bridges may have diameters of a micrometer or more, as in the sieve pores of the phloem, but in most cell types they are smaller. Historically, botanists referred to cytoplasmic bridges of all sizes as plasmodesmata. The meaning of the term began to shift when the transmission electron microscope (TEM) became the preferred tool for studying these structures. Today, a plasmodesma is widely understood to be a 'nano-scale' pore. Unfortunately, our understanding of these nanoscopic channels suffers from methodological limitations. This is exemplified by the fact that state-of-the-art EM techniques appear to reveal plasmodesmal pore structures that are much smaller than the tracer molecules known to diffuse through these pores. In general, transport processes in pores that have dimensions in the size range of the transported molecules are governed by different physical parameters than transport process in the macroscopic realm. This can lead to unexpected effects, as experience in nanofluidic technologies demonstrates. Our discussion of problems of size in plasmodesma research leads us to conclude that the field will benefit from technomimetic reasoning - the utilization of concepts developed in applied nanofluidics for the interpretation of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried S Peters
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA; Department of Biology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN, 46805, USA.
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Howard A Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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20
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Yang BA, Westerhof TM, Sabin K, Merajver SD, Aguilar CA. Engineered Tools to Study Intercellular Communication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002825. [PMID: 33552865 PMCID: PMC7856891 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
All multicellular organisms rely on intercellular communication networks to coordinate physiological functions. As members of a dynamic social network, each cell receives, processes, and redistributes biological information to define and maintain tissue homeostasis. Uncovering the molecular programs underlying these processes is critical for prevention of disease and aging and development of therapeutics. The study of intercellular communication requires techniques that reduce the scale and complexity of in vivo biological networks while resolving the molecular heterogeneity in "omic" layers that contribute to cell state and function. Recent advances in microengineering and high-throughput genomics offer unprecedented spatiotemporal control over cellular interactions and the ability to study intercellular communication in a high-throughput and mechanistic manner. Herein, this review discusses how salient engineered approaches and sequencing techniques can be applied to understand collective cell behavior and tissue functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biointerfaces Institute2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research ComplexAnn ArborMIA10‐183USA
| | - Trisha M. Westerhof
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biointerfaces Institute2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research ComplexAnn ArborMIA10‐183USA
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Hematology/Oncology and Rogel Cancer Center1500 East Medical Center Drive, Rogel Cancer CenterAnn ArborMI7314USA
| | - Kaitlyn Sabin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biointerfaces Institute2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research ComplexAnn ArborMIA10‐183USA
| | - Sofia D. Merajver
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Hematology/Oncology and Rogel Cancer Center1500 East Medical Center Drive, Rogel Cancer CenterAnn ArborMI7314USA
| | - Carlos A. Aguilar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biointerfaces Institute2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research ComplexAnn ArborMIA10‐183USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research ComplexAnn ArborMIA10‐183USA
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21
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Nagy LG, Varga T, Csernetics Á, Virágh M. Fungi took a unique evolutionary route to multicellularity: Seven key challenges for fungal multicellular life. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Genotypic and Phenotypic Changes in Candida albicans as a Result of Cold Plasma Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218100. [PMID: 33143065 PMCID: PMC7663045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We treated Candida albicans cells with a sublethal dose of nonequilibrium (cold) atmospheric-pressure He plasma and studied alterations in the genome of this fungus as well as changes in the phenotypic traits, such as assimilation of carbon from carbohydrates, hydrolytic enzyme activity, and drug susceptibility. There is a general problem if we use cold plasma to kill microorganism cells and some of them survive the process—whether the genotypic and phenotypic features of the cells are significantly altered in this case, and, if so, whether these changes are environmentally hazardous. Our molecular genetic studies have identified six single nucleotide variants, six insertions, and five deletions, which are most likely significant changes after plasma treatment. It was also found that out of 19 tested hydrolytic enzymes, 10 revealed activity, of which nine temporarily decreased their activity and one (naphthol-AS-BI- phosphohydrolase) permanently increased activity as a result of the plasma treatment. In turn, carbon assimilation and drug susceptibility were not affected by plasma. Based on the performed studies, it can be concluded that the observed changes in C. albicans cells that survived the plasma action are not of significant importance to the environment, especially for the drug resistance and pathogenicity of this fungus.
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23
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Auguste M, Balbi T, Ciacci C, Canesi L. Conservation of Cell Communication Systems in Invertebrate Host-Defence Mechanisms: Possible Role in Immunity and Disease. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E234. [PMID: 32824821 PMCID: PMC7464772 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is continuously revealing multiple and highly conserved host-defence mechanisms. Studies on mammalian immunocytes are showing different communication systems that may play a role in coordinating innate immune responses also in invertebrates. Extracellular traps (ETs) are an immune response by which cells release net-like material, including DNA, histones and proteins. ETs are thought to immobilise and kill microorganisms, but are also involved in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Immune cells are also known to communicate through extracellular vesicles secreted in the extracellular environment or exosomes, which can carry a variety of different signalling molecules. Tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs) represent a direct cell-to-cell communication over a long distance, that allow for bi- or uni-directional transfer of cellular components between cells. Their functional role in a number of physio-pathological processes, including immune responses and pathogen transfer, has been underlined. Although ETs, exosomes, and TNTs have been described in invertebrate species, their possible role in immune responses is not fully understood. In this work, available data on these communication systems are summarised, in an attempt to provide basic information for further studies on their relevance in invertebrate immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Auguste
- Department of Earth Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16136 Genoa, Italy; (M.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Teresa Balbi
- Department of Earth Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16136 Genoa, Italy; (M.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Caterina Ciacci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DIBS), University “Carlo Bo” of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy;
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16136 Genoa, Italy; (M.A.); (T.B.)
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24
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Francisco CS, Zwyssig MM, Palma-Guerrero J. The role of vegetative cell fusions in the development and asexual reproduction of the wheat fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. BMC Biol 2020; 18:99. [PMID: 32782023 PMCID: PMC7477884 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of fungal cells to undergo cell-to-cell communication and anastomosis, the process of vegetative hyphal fusion, allows them to maximize their overall fitness. Previous studies in a number of fungal species have identified the requirement of several signaling pathways for anastomosis, including the so far best characterized soft (So) gene, and the MAPK pathway components MAK-1 and MAK-2 of Neurospora crassa. Despite the observations of hyphal fusions’ involvement in pathogenicity and host adhesion, the connection between cell fusion and fungal lifestyles is still unclear. Here, we address the role of anastomosis in fungal development and asexual reproduction in Zymoseptoria tritici, the most important fungal pathogen of wheat in Europe. Results We show that Z. tritici undergoes self-fusion between distinct cellular structures, and its mechanism is dependent on the initial cell density. Contrary to other fungi, cell fusion in Z. tritici only resulted in cytoplasmic mixing but not in multinucleated cell formation. The deletion of the So orthologous ZtSof1 disrupted cell-to-cell communication affecting both hyphal and germling fusion. We show that Z. tritici mutants for MAPK-encoding ZtSlt2 (orthologous to MAK-1) and ZtFus3 (orthologous to MAK-2) genes also failed to undergo anastomosis, demonstrating the functional conservation of this signaling mechanism across species. Additionally, the ΔZtSof1 mutant was severely impaired in melanization, suggesting that the So gene function is related to melanization. Finally, we demonstrated that anastomosis is dispensable for pathogenicity, but essential for the pycnidium development, and its absence abolishes the asexual reproduction of Z. tritici. Conclusions We demonstrate the role for ZtSof1, ZtSlt2, and ZtFus3 in cell fusions of Z. tritici. Cell fusions are essential for different aspects of the Z. tritici biology, and the ZtSof1 gene is a potential target to control septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Manuela Zwyssig
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Javier Palma-Guerrero
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland. .,New Address: Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.
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25
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Wang M, Dean RA. Movement of small RNAs in and between plants and fungi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:589-601. [PMID: 32027079 PMCID: PMC7060135 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference is a biological process whereby small RNAs inhibit gene expression through neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules. This process is conserved in eukaryotes. Here, recent work regarding the mechanisms of how small RNAs move within and between organisms is examined. Small RNAs can move locally and systemically in plants through plasmodesmata and phloem, respectively. In fungi, transportation of small RNAs may also be achieved by septal pores and vesicles. Recent evidence also supports bidirectional cross-kingdom communication of small RNAs between host plants and adapted fungal pathogens to affect the outcome of infection. We discuss several mechanisms for small RNA trafficking and describe evidence for transport through naked form, combined with RNA-binding proteins or enclosed by vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Wang
- Fungal Genomics LaboratoryCenter for Integrated Fungal ResearchDepartment of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Ralph A. Dean
- Fungal Genomics LaboratoryCenter for Integrated Fungal ResearchDepartment of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
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26
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Zhu M, Yan B, Hu Y, Cui Z, Wang X. Genome-wide identification and phylogenetic analysis of rice FTIP gene family. Genomics 2020; 112:3803-3814. [PMID: 32145381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
FT-INTERACTING PROTEIN (FTIP) gene family in rice are the members of multiple C2 domain and transmembrane region proteins (MCTPs). There are many homologs of OsFTIPs in plants; however, the bioinformatics of them remains unclear. In the studies, 13 OsFTIP genes are identified in rice. OsFTIPs are unevenly located in 12 chromosomes. The OsFTIPs are phylogenetically divided into three clades. Cis-elements respond to abiotic stress, light, and hormones are found in the promoter region of OsFTIPs which are induced by the stimuli. All OsFTIPs are expressed with different profiles. Syntenic analysis of 128 OsFTIPs and FTIP-like homologs reveals that various number of gene pairs are identified between rice and other species. The 128 FTIP-like homologs are divided into six groups which fall into three classes. Ten motifs are shared by most OsFTIPs and their homologs. The studies provide a theoretical basis for further elucidating the functions of OsFTIP gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Bowen Yan
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Yanjuan Hu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Zhibo Cui
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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27
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Greenwood M, Locke JC. The circadian clock coordinates plant development through specificity at the tissue and cellular level. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:65-72. [PMID: 31783323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock is a genetic circuit that allows organisms to anticipate daily events caused by the rotation of the Earth. The plant clock regulates physiology at multiple scales, from cell division to ecosystem-scale interactions. It is becoming clear that rather than being a single perfectly synchronised timer throughout the plant, the clock can be sensitive to different cues, run at different speeds, and drive distinct processes in different cell types and tissues. This flexibility may help the plant clock to regulate such a range of developmental and physiological processes. In this review, using examples from the literature, we describe how the clock regulates development at multiple scales and discuss how the clock might allow local flexibility in regulation whilst remaining coordinated across the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Greenwood
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Cw Locke
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, UK.
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28
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Ayala‐Mar S, Donoso‐Quezada J, Gallo‐Villanueva RC, Perez‐Gonzalez VH, González‐Valdez J. Recent advances and challenges in the recovery and purification of cellular exosomes. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:3036-3049. [PMID: 31373715 PMCID: PMC6972601 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted by most cellular types that carry important biochemical compounds throughout the body with different purposes, playing a preponderant role in cellular communication. Because of their structure, physicochemical properties and stability, recent studies are focusing in their use as nanocarriers for different therapeutic compounds for the treatment of different diseases ranging from cancer to Parkinson's disease. However, current bioseparation protocols and methodologies are selected based on the final exosome application or intended use and present both advantages and disadvantages when compared among them. In this context, this review aims to present the most important technologies available for exosome isolation while discussing their advantages and disadvantages and the possibilities of being combined with other strategies. This is critical since the development of novel exosome-based therapeutic strategies will be constrained to the effectiveness and yield of the selected downstream purification methodologies for which a thorough understanding of the available technological resources is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ayala‐Mar
- Tecnologico de MonterreySchool of Engineering and Science, AvEugenio Garza Sada 2501 SurMonterreyNLMexico
| | - Javier Donoso‐Quezada
- Tecnologico de MonterreySchool of Engineering and Science, AvEugenio Garza Sada 2501 SurMonterreyNLMexico
| | | | - Victor H. Perez‐Gonzalez
- Tecnologico de MonterreySchool of Engineering and Science, AvEugenio Garza Sada 2501 SurMonterreyNLMexico
| | - José González‐Valdez
- Tecnologico de MonterreySchool of Engineering and Science, AvEugenio Garza Sada 2501 SurMonterreyNLMexico
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29
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Valet M, Pontani LL, Voituriez R, Wandersman E, Prevost AM. Diffusion through Nanopores in Connected Lipid Bilayer Networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:088101. [PMID: 31491227 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.088101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A biomimetic model of cell-cell communication was developed to probe the passive molecular transport across ion channels inserted in synthetic lipid bilayers formed between contacting droplets arranged in a linear array. Diffusion of a fluorescent probe across the array was measured for different pore concentrations. The diffusion characteristic timescale is found to vary nonlinearly with the pore concentration. Our measurements are successfully modeled by a continuous time random walk description whose waiting time is the first exit time from a droplet through a cluster of pores. The size of the cluster of pores is found to increase with their concentration. Our results provide a direct link between the mesoscopic permeation properties and the microscopic characteristics of the pores, such as their number, size, and spatial arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valet
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin CNRS UMR 8237, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - L-L Pontani
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin CNRS UMR 8237, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - R Voituriez
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin CNRS UMR 8237, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS UMR 7600, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - E Wandersman
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin CNRS UMR 8237, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - A M Prevost
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin CNRS UMR 8237, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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30
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Coordinated circadian timing through the integration of local inputs in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000407. [PMID: 31415556 PMCID: PMC6695092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual plant cells have a genetic circuit, the circadian clock, that times key processes to the day-night cycle. These clocks are aligned to the day-night cycle by multiple environmental signals that vary across the plant. How does the plant integrate clock rhythms, both within and between organs, to ensure coordinated timing? To address this question, we examined the clock at the sub-tissue level across Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings under multiple environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. Our results show that the clock runs at different speeds (periods) in each organ, which causes the clock to peak at different times across the plant in both constant environmental conditions and light-dark (LD) cycles. Closer examination reveals that spatial waves of clock gene expression propagate both within and between organs. Using a combination of modeling and experiment, we reveal that these spatial waves are the result of the period differences between organs and local coupling, rather than long-distance signaling. With further experiments we show that the endogenous period differences, and thus the spatial waves, can be generated by the organ specificity of inputs into the clock. We demonstrate this by modulating periods using light and metabolic signals, as well as with genetic perturbations. Our results reveal that plant clocks can be set locally by organ-specific inputs but coordinated globally via spatial waves of clock gene expression. Computational modeling and experiments with Arabidopsis thaliana reveal a new mechanism for the coordination of circadian timing across an organism, acting through a combination of organ-specific sensitivity to environmental inputs and local cell-cell coupling.
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31
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Niklas KJ, Wayne R, Benítez M, Newman SA. Polarity, planes of cell division, and the evolution of plant multicellularity. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:585-599. [PMID: 30368592 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Organisms as diverse as bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals manifest a property called "polarity." The literature shows that polarity emerges as a consequence of different mechanisms in different lineages. However, across all unicellular and multicellular organisms, polarity is evident when cells, organs, or organisms manifest one or more of the following: orientation, axiation, and asymmetry. Here, we review the relationships among these three features in the context of cell division and the evolution of multicellular polarity primarily in plants (defined here to include the algae). Data from unicellular and unbranched filamentous organisms (e.g., Chlamydomonas and Ulothrix) show that cell orientation and axiation are marked by cytoplasmic asymmetries. Branched filamentous organisms (e.g., Cladophora and moss protonema) require an orthogonal reorientation of axiation, or a localized cell asymmetry (e.g., "tip" growth in pollen tubes and fungal hyphae). The evolution of complex multicellular meristematic polarity required a third reorientation of axiation. These transitions show that polarity and the orientation of the future plane(s) of cell division are dyadic dynamical patterning modules that were critical for multicellular eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Niklas
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Randy Wayne
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mariana Benítez
- Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- C3, Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stuart A Newman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
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32
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Enkavi G, Javanainen M, Kulig W, Róg T, Vattulainen I. Multiscale Simulations of Biological Membranes: The Challenge To Understand Biological Phenomena in a Living Substance. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5607-5774. [PMID: 30859819 PMCID: PMC6727218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Biological
membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex
in terms of molecular composition and structure, functional
over a wide range of time scales, and characterized
by nonequilibrium conditions. Because of all of these
features, simulations are a great technique to study biomembrane
behavior. A significant part of the functional processes
in biological membranes takes place at the molecular
level; thus computer simulations are the method of
choice to explore how their properties emerge from specific
molecular features and how the interplay among the numerous
molecules gives rise to function over spatial and
time scales larger than the molecular ones. In this
review, we focus on this broad theme. We discuss the current
state-of-the-art of biomembrane simulations that, until
now, have largely focused on a rather narrow picture
of the complexity of the membranes. Given this, we
also discuss the challenges that we should unravel in the
foreseeable future. Numerous features such as the actin-cytoskeleton
network, the glycocalyx network, and nonequilibrium
transport under ATP-driven conditions have so far
received very little attention; however, the potential
of simulations to solve them would be exceptionally high. A
major milestone for this research would be that one day
we could say that computer simulations genuinely research
biological membranes, not just lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giray Enkavi
- Department of Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Department of Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo naḿesti 542/2 , 16610 Prague , Czech Republic.,Computational Physics Laboratory , Tampere University , P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere , Finland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department of Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland.,Computational Physics Laboratory , Tampere University , P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere , Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland.,Computational Physics Laboratory , Tampere University , P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere , Finland.,MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics
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33
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Monzen S, Ueno T, Chiba M, Mariya Y. [15. Predictive Biomarker for the Detection of Ionizing Radiation Toxicity]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2019; 75:480-485. [PMID: 31105097 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2019_jsrt_75.5.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Monzen
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences
| | - Tatsuya Ueno
- Department of Radiology, Southern TOHOKU General Hospital
| | - Mitsuru Chiba
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences
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Baluška F, Lyons S. Energide-cell body as smallest unit of eukaryotic life. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:741-745. [PMID: 29474513 PMCID: PMC6215040 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The evolutionary origin of the eukaryotic nucleus is obscure and controversial. Currently preferred are autogenic concepts; ideas of a symbiotic origin are mostly discarded and forgotten. Here we briefly discuss these issues and propose a new version of the symbiotic and archaeal origin of the eukaryotic nucleus. Scope and Conclusions The nucleus of eukaryotic cells forms via its perinuclear microtubules, the primary eukaryotic unit known also as the Energide-cell body. As for all other endosymbiotic organelles, new Energides are generated only from other Energides. While the Energide cannot be generated de novo, it can use its secretory apparatus to generate de novo the cell periphery apparatus. We suggest that Virchow's tenet Omnis cellula e cellula should be updated as Omnis Energide e Energide to reflect the status of the Energide as the primary unit of the eukaryotic cell, and life. In addition, the plasma membrane provides feedback to the Energide and renders it protection via the plasma membrane-derived endosomal network. New discoveries suggest archaeal origins of both the Energide and its host cell.
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35
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The Expanding Role of Vesicles Containing Aquaporins. Cells 2018; 7:cells7100179. [PMID: 30360436 PMCID: PMC6210599 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals and plants, membrane vesicles containing proteins have been defined as key for biological systems involving different processes such as trafficking or intercellular communication. Docking and fusion of vesicles to the plasma membrane occur in living cells in response to different stimuli, such as environmental changes or hormones, and therefore play an important role in cell homeostasis as vehicles for certain proteins or other substances. Because aquaporins enhance the water permeability of membranes, their role as proteins immersed in vesicles formed of natural membranes is a recent topic of study. They regulate numerous physiological processes and could hence serve new biotechnological purposes. Thus, in this review, we have explored the physiological implications of the trafficking of aquaporins, the mechanisms that control their transit, and the proteins that coregulate the migration. In addition, the importance of exosomes containing aquaporins in the cell-to-cell communication processes in animals and plants have been analyzed, together with their potential uses in biomedicine or biotechnology. The properties of aquaporins make them suitable for use as biomarkers of different aquaporin-related diseases when they are included in exosomes. Finally, the fact that these proteins could be immersed in biomimetic membranes opens future perspectives for new biotechnological applications.
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Kodirov SA, Psyrakis D, Brachmann J, Zhuravlev VL. Limulus and heart rhythm. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2018; 331:61-79. [PMID: 30251467 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Great interest in the comparative physiology of hearts and their functions in Animalia has emerged with classic papers on Limulus polyphemus and mollusks. The recurrent cardiac activity-heart rate-is the most important physiological parameter and when present the kardia (Greek) is vital to the development of entire organs of the organisms in the animal kingdom. Extensive studies devoted to the regulation of cardiac rhythm in invertebrates have revealed that the basics of heart physiology are comparable to mammals. The hearts of invertebrates also beat spontaneously and are supplied with regulatory nerves: either excitatory or inhibitory or both. The distinct nerves and the source of excitation/inhibition at the level of single neurons are described for many invertebrate genera. The vertebrates and a majority of invertebrates have myogenic hearts, whereas the horseshoe crab L. polyphemus and a few other animals have a neurogenic cardiac rhythm. Nevertheless, the myogenic nature of heartbeat is precursor, because the contraction of native and stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes does occur in the absence of any neural elements. Even in L. polyphemus, the heart rhythm is myogenic at embryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sodikdjon A Kodirov
- Department of General Physiology, Saint Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Almazov Federal Heart, Blood and Endocrinology Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Laboratory of Emotions' Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Psyrakis
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Brachmann
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Coburg, Teaching Hospital of the University of Würzburg, Coburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir L Zhuravlev
- Department of General Physiology, Saint Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Thomas MA, Kleist AB, Volkman BF. Decoding the chemotactic signal. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:359-374. [PMID: 29873835 PMCID: PMC6099250 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0218-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From an individual bacterium to the cells that compose the human immune system, cellular chemotaxis plays a fundamental role in allowing cells to navigate, interpret, and respond to their environments. While many features of cellular chemotaxis are shared among systems as diverse as bacteria and human immune cells, the machinery that guides the migration of these model organisms varies widely. In this article, we review current literature on the diversity of chemoattractant ligands, the cell surface receptors that detect and process chemotactic gradients, and the link between signal recognition and the regulation of cellular machinery that allow for efficient directed cellular movement. These facets of cellular chemotaxis are compared among E. coli, Dictyostelium discoideum, and mammalian neutrophils to derive organizational principles by which diverse cell systems sense and respond to chemotactic gradients to initiate cellular migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A. Thomas
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Andrew B. Kleist
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Brian F. Volkman
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
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39
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Nagy LG, Kovács GM, Krizsán K. Complex multicellularity in fungi: evolutionary convergence, single origin, or both? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1778-1794. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- László G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit; Institute of Biochemistry, BRC-HAS, 62 Temesvári krt; 6726 Szeged Hungary
| | - Gábor M. Kovács
- Department of Plant Anatomy; Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C; H-1117 Budapest Hungary
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research; Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA-ATK); PO Box 102, H-1525 Budapest Hungary
| | - Krisztina Krizsán
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit; Institute of Biochemistry, BRC-HAS, 62 Temesvári krt; 6726 Szeged Hungary
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40
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Nair S, Salomon C. Extracellular vesicles and their immunomodulatory functions in pregnancy. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:425-437. [PMID: 29616307 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles released into the extracellular space by almost all types of cells. EVs can cross the physiological barriers, and a variety of biological fluids are enriched in them. EVs are a heterogeneous population of vesicles, including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. The different subpopulations of vesicles can be differentiated by size and origin, in which exosomes (~100 nm and from endocytic origin) are the most studied so far. EVs have essential roles in cell-to-cell communication and are critical modulators of immune response under normal and pathological conditions. Pregnancy is a unique situation of immune-modulation in which the maternal immune system protects the fetus from allogenic rejection and maintains the immunosurveillance. The placenta is a vital organ that performs a multitude of functions to support the pregnancy. The EVs derived from the human placenta have crucial roles in regulating the maternal immune response for successful pregnancy outcome. Placenta-derived vesicles perform a myriad of functions like suppression of immune reaction to the developing fetus and establishment and maintenance of a systemic inflammatory response to combat infectious intruders. A fine-tuning of these mechanisms is quintessential for successful completion of pregnancy and healthy outcome for mother and fetus. Dysregulation in the mechanisms mentioned above can lead to several pregnancy disorders. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding the critical roles played by the EVs in immunomodulation during pregnancy with particular attention to the placenta-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyalekshmi Nair
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Brisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918, Brisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia. .,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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Choi WG, Miller G, Wallace I, Harper J, Mittler R, Gilroy S. Orchestrating rapid long-distance signaling in plants with Ca 2+ , ROS and electrical signals. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:698-707. [PMID: 28112437 PMCID: PMC5677518 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants show a rapid systemic response to a wide range of environmental stresses, where the signals from the site of stimulus perception are transmitted to distal organs to elicit plant-wide responses. A wide range of signaling molecules are trafficked through the plant, but a trio of potentially interacting messengers, reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+ and electrical signaling ('trio signaling') appear to form a network supporting rapid signal transmission. The molecular components underlying this rapid communication are beginning to be identified, such as the ROS producing NAPDH oxidase RBOHD, the ion channel two pore channel 1 (TPC1), and glutamate receptor-like channels GLR3.3 and GLR3.6. The plant cell wall presents a plant-specific route for possible propagation of signals from cell to cell. However, the degree to which the cell wall limits information exchange between cells via transfer of small molecules through an extracellular route, or whether it provides an environment to facilitate transmission of regulators such as ROS or H+ remains to be determined. Similarly, the role of plasmodesmata as both conduits and gatekeepers for the propagation of rapid cell-to-cell signaling remains a key open question. Regardless of how signals move from cell to cell, they help prepare distant parts of the plant for impending challenges from specific biotic or abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Gyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- For correspondence ( or )
| | - Gad Miller
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, The Gonda Medical Diagnostic Research Building (204), Room 211, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Ian Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Jeffrey Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- For correspondence ( or )
| | - Ron Mittler
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Dmitrieva VA, Ivanova AN, Tyutereva EV, Evkaikina AI, Klimova EA, Voitsekhovskaja OV. Chlorophyllide-a-Oxygenase (CAO) deficiency affects the levels of singlet oxygen and formation of plasmodesmata in leaves and shoot apical meristems of barley. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1300732. [PMID: 28272988 PMCID: PMC5437820 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1300732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In plants, organogenesis and specification of cell layers and tissues rely on precise symplastic delivery of regulatory molecules via plasmodesmata. Accordingly, abundance and aperture of plasmodesmata at individual cell boundaries should be controlled by the plant. Recently, studies in Arabidopsis established reactive oxygen species as major regulators of plasmodesmata formation and gating. We show that in a barley mutant deficient in the synthesis of chlorophyll b, the numbers of plasmodesmata in leaves and in the shoot apical meristem are significantly higher than in the corresponding wild type, probably due to redox imbalance in the mutant. The resulting disturbance of symplasmic transport is likely to be the reason for the observed delayed floral transition in these mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria A. Dmitrieva
- Laboratory of Plant Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra N. Ivanova
- Laboratory of Plant Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Plant Anatomy and Morphology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena V. Tyutereva
- Laboratory of Plant Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasiia I. Evkaikina
- Laboratory of Plant Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Klimova
- Laboratory of Plant Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga V. Voitsekhovskaja
- Laboratory of Plant Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, Russia
- CONTACT Olga V. Voitsekhovskaja Plant Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, ul. Professora Popova, 2, Saint Petersburg, 197376, Russia
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Kitagawa M, Jackson D. Plasmodesmata-Mediated Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Shoot Apical Meristem: How Stem Cells Talk. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 6:E12. [PMID: 28257070 PMCID: PMC5371771 DOI: 10.3390/plants6010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Positional information is crucial for the determination of plant cell fates, and it is established based on coordinated cell-to-cell communication, which in turn is essential for plant growth and development. Plants have evolved a unique communication pathway, with tiny channels called plasmodesmata (PD) spanning the cell wall. PD interconnect most cells in the plant and generate a cytoplasmic continuum, to mediate short- and long-distance trafficking of various molecules. Cell-to-cell communication through PD plays a role in transmitting positional signals, however, the regulatory mechanisms of PD-mediated trafficking are still largely unknown. The induction and maintenance of stem cells in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) depends on PDmediated cell-to-cell communication, hence, it is an optimal model for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication and its function in specifying cell fates. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication in the SAM, and discuss mechanisms underlying molecular trafficking through PD and its role in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Kitagawa
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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Liang L, Gao H, Li J, Liu L, Liu Z, Zhang KQ. The Woronin body in the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora is essential for trap formation and efficient pathogenesis. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Scholkmann F. Long range physical cell-to-cell signalling via mitochondria inside membrane nanotubes: a hypothesis. Theor Biol Med Model 2016; 13:16. [PMID: 27267202 PMCID: PMC4896004 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-016-0042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated interaction of single cells by cell-to-cell communication (signalling) enables complex behaviour necessary for the functioning of multicellular organisms. A quite newly discovered cell-to-cell signalling mechanism relies on nanotubular cell-co-cell connections, termed "membrane nanotubes" (MNTs). The present paper presents the hypothesis that mitochondria inside MNTs can form a connected structure (mitochondrial network) which enables the exchange of energy and signals between cells. It is proposed that two modes of energy and signal transmission may occur: electrical/electrochemical and electromagnetic (optical). Experimental work supporting the hypothesis is reviewed, and suggestions for future research regarding the discussed topic are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Scholkmann
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstr. 10, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Research Office for Complex Physical and Biological Systems (ROCoS), Mutschellenstr. 179, 8038, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Imhof S, Fragoso C, Hemphill A, von Schubert C, Li D, Legant W, Betzig E, Roditi I. Flagellar membrane fusion and protein exchange in trypanosomes; a new form of cell-cell communication? F1000Res 2016; 5:682. [PMID: 27239276 PMCID: PMC4870996 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8249.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse structures facilitate direct exchange of proteins between cells, including plasmadesmata in plants and tunnelling nanotubes in bacteria and higher eukaryotes. Here we describe a new mechanism of protein transfer, flagellar membrane fusion, in the unicellular parasite
Trypanosoma brucei. When fluorescently tagged trypanosomes were co-cultured, a small proportion of double-positive cells were observed. The formation of double-positive cells was dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium and was enhanced by placing cells in medium supplemented with fresh bovine serum. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that double-positive cells arose by bidirectional protein exchange in the absence of nuclear transfer. Furthermore, super-resolution microscopy showed that this process occurred in ≤1 minute, the limit of temporal resolution in these experiments. Both cytoplasmic and membrane proteins could be transferred provided they gained access to the flagellum. Intriguingly, a component of the RNAi machinery (Argonaute) was able to move between cells, raising the possibility that small interfering RNAs are transported as cargo. Transmission electron microscopy showed that shared flagella contained two axonemes and two paraflagellar rods bounded by a single membrane. In some cases flagellar fusion was partial and interactions between cells were transient. In other cases fusion occurred along the entire length of the flagellum, was stable for several hours and might be irreversible. Fusion did not appear to be deleterious for cell function: paired cells were motile and could give rise to progeny while fused. The motile flagella of unicellular organisms are related to the sensory cilia of higher eukaryotes, raising the possibility that protein transfer between cells via cilia or flagella occurs more widely in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Imhof
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Fragoso
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Conrad von Schubert
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, DCR-VPH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dong Li
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Wesley Legant
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Isabel Roditi
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Burtey A, Wagner M, Hodneland E, Skaftnesmo KO, Schoelermann J, Mondragon IR, Espedal H, Golebiewska A, Niclou SP, Bjerkvig R, Kögel T, Gerdes H. Intercellular transfer of transferrin receptor by a contact‐, Rab8‐dependent mechanism involving tunneling nanotubes. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-268615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Burtey
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Marek Wagner
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of PathologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Erlend Hodneland
- Department of Clinical MedicineHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | | | - Julia Schoelermann
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Biomaterials, Department of Clinical DentistryUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Heidi Espedal
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Anna Golebiewska
- NorLux Neuro‐Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of OncologyLuxembourg Institute of Health (LIH)LuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Simone P. Niclou
- K. G. Jebsen Brain Tumour Research CenterUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- NorLux Neuro‐Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of OncologyLuxembourg Institute of Health (LIH)LuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- K. G. Jebsen Brain Tumour Research CenterUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- NorLux Neuro‐Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of OncologyLuxembourg Institute of Health (LIH)LuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Tanja Kögel
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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Wang X, Yu X, Xie C, Tan Z, Tian Q, Zhu D, Liu M, Guan Y. Rescue of Brain Function Using Tunneling Nanotubes Between Neural Stem Cells and Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2480-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Sharma R, Gassel S, Steiger S, Xia X, Bauer R, Sandmann G, Thines M. The genome of the basal agaricomycete Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous provides insights into the organization of its acetyl-CoA derived pathways and the evolution of Agaricomycotina. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:233. [PMID: 25887949 PMCID: PMC4393869 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is a basal agaricomycete with uncertain taxonomic placement, known for its unique ability to produce astaxanthin, a carotenoid with antioxidant properties. It was the aim of this study to elucidate the organization of its CoA-derived pathways and to use the genomic information of X. dendrorhous for a phylogenomic investigation of the Basidiomycota. Results The genome assembly of a haploid strain of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous revealed a genome of 19.50 Megabases with 6385 protein coding genes. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted including 48 fungal genomes. These revealed Ustilaginomycotina and Agaricomycotina as sister groups. In the latter a well-supported sister-group relationship of two major orders, Polyporales and Russulales, was inferred. Wallemia occupies a basal position within the Agaricomycotina and X. dendrorhous represents the basal lineage of the Tremellomycetes, highlighting that the typical tremelloid parenthesomes have either convergently evolved in Wallemia and the Tremellomycetes, or were lost in the Cystofilobasidiales lineage. A detailed characterization of the CoA-related pathways was done and all genes for fatty acid, sterol and carotenoid synthesis have been assigned. Conclusions The current study ascertains that Wallemia with tremelloid parenthesomes is the most basal agaricomycotinous lineage and that Cystofilobasidiales without tremelloid parenthesomes are deeply rooted within Tremellomycetes, suggesting that parenthesomes at septal pores might be the core synapomorphy for the Agaricomycotina. Apart from evolutionary insights the genome sequence of X. dendrorhous will facilitate genetic pathway engineering for optimized astaxanthin or oxidative alcohol production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1380-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sharma
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Center for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
| | - Sören Gassel
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, J.W. Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
| | - Sabine Steiger
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, J.W. Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
| | - Xiaojuan Xia
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
| | - Robert Bauer
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Sandmann
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, J.W. Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
| | - Marco Thines
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Center for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
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Terauchi M, Nagasato C, Motomura T. Plasmodesmata of brown algae. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:7-15. [PMID: 25516500 PMCID: PMC4375301 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are intercellular connections in plants which play roles in various developmental processes. They are also found in brown algae, a group of eukaryotes possessing complex multicellularity, as well as green plants. Recently, we conducted an ultrastructural study of PD in several species of brown algae. PD in brown algae are commonly straight plasma membrane-lined channels with a diameter of 10-20 nm and they lack desmotubule in contrast to green plants. Moreover, branched PD could not be observed in brown algae. In the brown alga, Dictyota dichotoma, PD are produced during cytokinesis through the formation of their precursor structures (pre-plasmodesmata, PPD). Clustering of PD in a structure termed "pit field" was recognized in several species having a complex multicellular thallus structure but not in those having uniseriate filamentous or multiseriate one. The pit fields might control cell-to-cell communication and contribute to the establishment of the complex multicellular thallus. In this review, we discuss fundamental morphological aspects of brown algal PD and present questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Terauchi
- />Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
- />Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Chikako Nagasato
- />Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0003 Japan
| | - Taizo Motomura
- />Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0003 Japan
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